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A BOOK The Philip E. Lilienthal imprint honors special books in commemoration of a man whose work at the University of California Press from 1954 to 1979 was marked by dedication to young authors and to high standards in the field of Asian Studies. Friends, family, authors, and foundations have together endowed the Lilienthal Fund, which enables the Press to publish under this imprint selected books in a way that reflects the taste and judgment of a great and beloved editor. The costs of publishing this book have been defrayed in part by the Hiromi Arisawa Memorial Awards from the Books on Japan Fund. The awards are financed by The Japan Foundation from generous donations contributed by Japanese individuals and companies. Japan in Print asia: local studies/global themes Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Kären Wigen, and Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Editors Japan in Print information and nation in the early modern period Mary Elizabeth Berry university of california press berkeley los angeles london University of California Press, one of the most distin- guished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the hu- manities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philan- thropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2006 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berry, Mary Elizabeth, 1947– Japan in print : information and nation in the early modern period / Mary Elizabeth Berry. p. cm. — (Asia—local studies/global themes ; 12) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-520-23766-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Printing—Japan—History—17th century. I. Title. II. Series. Z186.J3B47 2006 686.2′0952′0909032—dc22 2005016916 Manufactured in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 10 987654321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R 1997) (Per- manence of Paper). Again, and ever, for Anne and Kate contents list of figures xi acknowledgments xv 1 A Traveling Clerk Goes to the Bookstores 1 2 The Library of Public Information 13 3 Maps Are Strange 54 4 Blood Right and Merit 104 5 The Freedom of the City 139 6 Cultural Custody, Cultural Literacy 185 7 Nation 209 notes 253 bibliography 291 index 309 figures 1. “Bookseller,” from Jinrin kinmo¯zui (An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Humanity, 1690) 2 2.Partial table of contents, Ko¯eki shojaku mokuroku taizen (A Catalogue of Publications for Public Utility, 1692), fascicle 5 3 3.Ishikawa Ryu¯sen, Nihon kaisan cho¯rikuzu (Map of the Seas, Mountains, and Lands of Japan, 1694), detail 4 4.“From Fuchu¯ to Yoshida,” from Ochikochi Do¯in and Hishikawa Moronobu, To¯kaido¯ bunken ezu (The Pictorial Survey of the To¯kaido¯, 1690), detail 6 5.Ishikawa Ryu¯sen, Bundo Edo ¯oezu (Great Survey Map of Edo, 1710), detail 9 6. Layout of the Imperial Palace Complex, from Kokka man’yo¯ki (The Ten-Thousand Leaf Record of the Provincial Flowers, 1697), compiled by Kikumoto Gaho¯ 16 7. Dai Nihonkoku no zu (Map of Great Japan), based on a model attributed to the monk Gyo¯ki 25 8. “Kabuki at the Shijo¯ Riverbank,” from Nakagawa Kiun, Kyo¯ warabe (A Child of Kyoto, 1658) 36 9. Nihonzu (Map of Japan, c. 1640), detail 41 10.Mori Fusae, Bunken Edo ¯oezu (Great Survey Map of Edo, 1858), detail 47 11.The imaginary Angelica College in California 62 12.Map of Hineno Village (Hineno-mura, c. 1316) 70 13.Map of Inoue Estate (Inoue-honsho¯, late fourteenth century) 73 14. Kubikigo ezu (Map of Kubiki), in Echigo no kuni ko¯ri ezu (The District Maps of Echigo Province, c. 1596), detail 86 xi 15. Echizen no kuni ezu (Map of Echizen Province, c. 1606), detail 89 16. Nihonzu (Map of Japan, c. 1640), detail 93 17.Ishikawa Ryu¯sen, Nihon kaisan cho¯rikuzu (Map of the Seas, Mountains, and Lands of Japan, 1694), detail 99 18. Shinpan Heian-jo¯ narabi ni Rakugai no zu (Newly Published Map of the Citadel of Heian and Its Surroundings, 1672) 102 19. Edo kagami (A Mirror of Edo, n.d.), sample page 105 20.“The Mo¯ri House,” from Gorin bukan (A Military Mirror of the Great Forest, 1701) 117 21.“The Tokugawa Lineage,” from Gorin bukan (A Military Mirror of the Great Forest, 1701) 118 22.“The Great Inspectors” and “The City Magistrates,” from Kansei bukan (A Military Mirror of the Kansei Period, 1789) 130 23.“The Otowa Falls at Kiyomizu Temple,” from Nakagawa Kiun, Kyo¯ warabe (A Child of Kyoto, 1658) 151 24. “Lacquer and Houseware Seller,” from Jinrin kinmo¯zui (An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Humanity, 1690) 157 25.“The Incumbent Emperor,” from Kyo¯ habutae taizen (The Kyoto Brocade Omnibus, 1768) 161 26.“The Middle Counselor Kujo¯Hisatada no kyo¯,” from Kyo¯ habutae taizen (The Kyoto Brocade Omnibus, 1768) 162 27.“Miedo¯Fan Shop,” from Akizato Rito¯, Miyako meisho zue (An Illustrated Guide to the Capital, 1787) 164 28.Partial entry for “Buddhist Goods” in Kyo¯to kaimono hitori annai (A Self-Guided Tour to Kyoto Shopping, 1831) 167 xii figures 29.“The Yasurai Festival at Murasakino Ima Miya on the Tenth Day of the Third Month,” from Akizato Rito¯, Miyako meisho zue (An Illustrated Guide to the Capital, 1787) 177 30.“Blossom Viewing at Omuro,” from Akizato Rito¯, Miyako meisho zue (An Illustrated Guide to the Capital, 1787) 180 31.“The Great Buddha Sweet Shop,” from Akizato Rito¯, Miyako meisho zue (An Illustrated Guide to the Capital, 1787) 182 32. “A Tour Guide to the Famous Places of the Capital,” from Akizato Rito¯, Miyako meisho zue (An Illustrated Guide to the Capital, 1787) 186 33. The Silver Pavilion and surrounding landmarks, from Kaibara Ekiken, Keijo¯sho¯ran (Excellent Views of Kyoto, 1718) 189 34.Ninnaji and surrounding landmarks, from Kaibara Ekiken, Keijo¯ sho¯ran (Excellent Views of Kyoto, 1718) 192 figures xiii acknowledgments Elizabeth Huff came to Berkeley as founding curator and head of the East Asian Library in 1947, the year I was born. Then a recent Harvard Ph.D. in Chinese literature, she had spent most of the previous seven years in China, including thirty months of internment by the Japanese army in Shantung. Once in Berkeley, Miss Huff (as everyone remembers her) un- dertook a visionary plan of development that would double and then re- double the library’s East Asian holdings by 1950. Her boldest decision, ap- proved that year during extraordinary summertime consultations between President Robert Gordon Sproul and the Regents of the University of Cal- ifornia, was to purchase 100,000 items offered by the Mitsui Bunko in Tokyo. Among those items were 736 sheet maps and almost 5,000 book ti- tles (in over 16,000 volumes) that were printed in Japan during the Toku- gawa period (1600–1868). This collection of early Japanese printed mate- rial is the largest outside Japan.1 It forms the foundation of this book, just one of the many legacies of a woman I never met but routinely visit in spirit. The second muse of this book is Donald Howard Shively, who came to Berkeley first in 1950 as an assistant professor of Oriental Languages and later in 1983 (after appointments at Stanford and Harvard) as head of the East Asian Library and professor of Oriental Languages (now East Asian Languages and Cultures). The return followed our marriage and the birth of our daughter, Anne. Don brought new life to the Mitsui collection, lan- guishing in storage and inventoried mainly in manuscript notebooks, by initiating projects to conserve and provide full bibliographic records for both the maps and the books. Funded between 1985 and 1987 by the De- partment of Education and the National Endowment for the Humanities, the projects relied on exceptional contributions from the East Asian Li- brary staff (led by Hisayuki Ishimatsu), the Conservation Department of the University of California Library (led by Barclay Ogden), and expert xv consultants from Japan (including Oka Masahiko, Yamori Kazuhiko, Ko- dama Fumiko, and Tozawa Ikuko).2 Their work has lasting importance for scholars around the world. It had immediate impact at Berkeley, where many of us gathered for the first time to look widely at the Mitsui col- lection and chat with our Japanese colleagues about its many treasures— particularly during seminars concerning the maps that Don organized for faculty and students in 1986. Professor Yamori, one of Japan’s most eminent cartographic historians and the third muse of this book, presided over a number of our meetings. I find in my notes the dozens of canny remarks and fruitful leads that guided my own research. I find at the front of my memory an image of Professor Yamori flipping unceremoniously through perhaps thirty huge maps heaped on our seminar table. Not much reverence there. And cer- tainly no sense that the maps were important because rare. He had seen most of them in many impressions and countless collections throughout Japan. So with practiced gestures he would not have thought to explain in words, Professor Yamori transformed the maps for me from forbiddingly precious goods into exhilaratingly mundane expressions of a print- and information-rich world. I was off. Over succeeding years, as I planned a monograph on early modern car- tography, many scholars helped me think about maps as complex cultural documents. I am especially indebted to Professors Kuroda Hideo and Su- gimoto Fumiko of the Historiographical Institute at Tokyo University, whose work set a standard for my own.