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Cristina Sircuța, , Interwar Romania. Empowering Women in Terms Of

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Cristina Sircuța, , Interwar Romania. Empowering Women in Terms Of Interwar Romania. Empowering Women in Terms of Socio-political and Cultural Life Cristina Sircuţa PhD candidate in History, University of the West, Timişoara Abstract : In the present study I intended to articulate an analysis of the interwar political emancipation movement of the Romanian women. Although the feminist movement was propagated by its followers as a reflex of society progress, and many European countries imposed the universal suffrage after the First World War, interwar Romanian society was casting down the feminine emancipation behavior since it was not congruent with Romanian’s society cultural patterns. After the women’s admission at the high school graduation exams, their subordination to men could no longer be sustained with strong argumentation, but preserving women in an inferiority state continued to be sustained by many political, cultural and intellectual personalities. Keywords: interwar Romania, womanʼs emancipation, feminist movement, discrimination, civil rights. Introduction "When I think about the recent field of the gender history in Eastern Europe, the following metaphor comes to my mind: the gender historiography as an archipelago of individual efforts, often with no connection between them and immature, that erupts periodically, as like many volcanic islands related to the institutional areas of power from the academic environment through rafts rather than thorough solid bridges." (Bucur 2008: 1375) The history of women in interwar Romania is little known to Romanian and universal historiography. In fact, the situation of women has been treated reductively by tangential references to the moment of obtaining the right to vote. The traditional historical discourse ignores both the elite women (except, perhaps, the Queen Mary and Ecaterina Teodoroiu) the proof being the lack of biographies of great personalities - Martha Bibescu, Alice Voinescu, Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, Elena Văcărescu etc., and most population of rural women. In Romania, women's history, and gender history even less, did not reach the significance Colloquium politicum Vol. 3, Nr. 2 (6), July-December 2012 gained in Western countries. The main reason is that both approaches have evolved on feminist agenda. Absence of wave II of feminism in Central and Eastern Europe (developed in the 60s and 70s in the U.S. and Western Europe countries), the legacy of communism in the late '80s led to a marginalization of women in public life. The situation of women in „Greater Romania” The start of the radical change of women’s condition in our country occurred at the end of WWI. From the perspective of the assertion of women's rights, the World War had a beneficial effect, as the need for labor led to the employment of women in various fields. Simultaneously, the development of industry, the technological inventions opened new opportunities for women. The organizations that argued for the necessity of recognition of civil and political rights for women were, in addition to feminist associations (The Association for Civil and Political Empowerment of Romanian Women, the Society Women's Rights, Romanian Women's Union from Greater Romanian etc. affiliated to the Romanian National Council of Romanian Women, body set on 8 June 1921), the Department of Women of Romanian Social Institute and the Society of Romanian Women Writers. Among the supporters of the principle of equality between women and men we can include some of the most distinguished feminine personalities of interwar Romania: Hortensia Papadat- Bengescu, Cecilia Cuţescu-Storck, Adela Xenopol, Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, Calypso Botez, Elena Meissner, Ella Negruzzi, Maria Baiulescu etc. There were supporters of women's rights among men as well (N. Iorga, Paul Bujor, Alexandru Marghiloman, Take Ionescu, I.G. Duca etc.), but the opinions favorable to the political emancipation of women were quite reduced. This study questions the formation of a new feminine consciousness, sometimes feminist, revealing the obstacles, failures and successes in the process of transformation of women’s condition after World War experiences and the many socio-economic and political changes of the interwar period. Between the two world wars, politics and social life was dominated by androcentrism. The prejudices of our cultural elite aimed at demonizing feminism. In general, two arguments were reiterated in favor of keeping women in the domestic space: family dissolution due to the participation of women in public life and women's political immaturity as an excuse for not giving them the right to vote. Except the representatives of the feminist movement and some intellectual women (who did not declare themselves feminist, but by their activity they supported women's rights), women were equally ignorant in relation to the civil and political emancipation movement.A deep transformation of the political culture and hence a change in the mentality through which women were perceived was not possible in the period between wars. The low level of civic culture that allowed for the preservation of a pseudo-democracy, when the elections were almost always won by the party in power, the religious traditions of Orthodoxy that gave preference to men within the family, the preference of certain 22 Vol. 3, Nr. 2 (6), July-December 2012 Colloquium politicum categories of women (poor, with a low education level ) for domestic life were the main reasons for perpetuating a false image, sometimes caricatured, about feminism which, at least in the period between the two world conflicts, sought equal rights for women and men. To this, we can add, as historian Victor Neumann noted, the ignorance of Romanian intellectuals in relation to the fundamental books of European democracies (such as, for example, the works of John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville and others, together with the preference for mystical, existentialist thinkers (Kierkegaard, Berdyaev, Nietzsche, Spengler, Heidegger). (Neumann 2001: 117) The idea of accepting women as equal to men before the law hardly made its way into the public consciousness, as the Romanian society kept rural customs and traditions where male domination against women was granted. Amid social prejudices, the feminist trend was received with hostility and accepted only by narrow elite. The most active feminists from the interwar period - Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, Ana Conta-Kernbach, Adela Xenopol, Ortansa Satmary, Cecilia Cuţescu-Storck etc. were spiritually formed in France in the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the next century. There, they assimilated the feminist principles that were in vogue at that time. Moreover, these highly educated women wanted a synchronization of the Romanian feminism with its Western development. Internationally, during this period, several states had legalized political rights for women: Finland (1906), Norway (1907), Denmark (1916), Iceland (1916), the Soviet Union (1917) and the Netherlands (1917). Immediately after the war, women were granted political rights in Canada, Luxembourg (1918), Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, Sweden (1919), USA (1920), Spain and Portugal (1931) and others. In this framework, the Romanian women feminists would argue for amendments to existing legislation, (especially the Civil Code of 1865 which applied to the first decade of interwar period), for the promotion of women in the professional field, including to positions reserved specially to men (lawyers, notaries, Member of the Board Administration etc.) and for political equality between women and men. Discrimination against women in the Romanian legislation The public discourse of the representatives of the feminist movement in the first interwar decade was marked by the bringing to the fore of the thesis regarding the need to improve the civil and political status of Romanian women. The situation required a quick resolution because in Austria-Hungary and Bessarabia, women had enjoyed civil rights. Furthermore, women in Bessarabia enjoyed voting rights in municipal elections (if they met the condition of being owners) and the right to free practice. The improvement of the legal condition of women was one of the most important claims of feminist associations at European level as well. The legal capacity of married women was accepted in England (1882), Switzerland (1907), Italy (1919), etc.. The nonsense of the legal 23 Colloquium politicum Vol. 3, Nr. 2 (6), July-December 2012 situation of Romanian wife (she was treated as a minor, the married woman had no civil rights, while single women or widows benefited from civil rights) was criticized by Grigore Trancu-Iaşi, politician, lawyer, founder and first Minister of Labour and Social Welfare in Averescu Government, who submitted a bill in favor of granting civil rights to married women. (Mihăilescu 2006: 135-139) The Civil Code, inspired by the French, introduced in the Old Kingdom on December 1, 1865, during the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza was true, with some minor modifications, until April 20, 1932 when the civil incapacity of the married women was abolished. Among the provisions that wronged women we can include: the civil incapacity of married women in the preparation of public documents without the husband's consent, the loss of nationality by marriage to a foreigner (only when she became a widow, she regained her Romanian citizenship), the prohibition to consider paternity, the lack of competence of women in managing their own fortunes (they were allowed to use it only if the man allowed
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