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The Territory of Hawai'i, the American West, and American Colonialism In University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History History, Department of August 2008 “WEST OF THE WEST?”: THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI’I, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Aaron Steven Wilson University of Nebraska Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the History Commons Wilson, Aaron Steven, "“WEST OF THE WEST?”: THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI’I, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY" (2008). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 18. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. “WEST OF THE WEST?”: THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI’I, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Aaron Steven Wilson A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor John R. Wunder Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2008 “WEST OF THE WEST?”: THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI’I, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Aaron Steven Wilson, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2008 Adviser: John R. Wunder Hawai’i holds a somewhat nebulous place in American History. While it easily fits in the dominant narrative surrounding the Spanish American War of 1898 and World War II, Hawai’i rarely factors into other major historical fields, often making a brief cameo appearance when it does. Because the state is geographically placed at the western extreme of America, one supposes that western historians would gladly accept the task of chronicling Hawaiian history; yet, even academics in this field hesitate to embrace the region. In fact, some scholars who study the American West completely dismiss the notion of including the Hawaiian Islands. General American history textbooks reflect academics’ uncertainty towards including the islands in the greater American narrative as they rarely mention Hawaiian events. Comparing Hawai’i with the continental territories, Native American policy, American insular colonies, and U.S. imperialism, however, quickly dispels the notion that Hawai’i lies outside the American West. In fact, it holds a very important role in American history as the transitional zone between the older expansionist American imperialism and a newer form of American colonialism. Moreover, incorporating Hawaiian history into western regional studies forces scholars in the field to rethink existing paradigms. At the present, western historians view the West as a place lying roughly between the Mississippi River and the Pacific coast. Including the Hawaiian Islands, however, forces them to refine their rigid political definition of the West to allow for more fluid boundaries. This dissertation argues that including Hawai’i forces scholars to redefine the region as those incorporated territories throughout western North America and the Pacific Ocean which the United States conquered, subdued, annexed, and admitted into the Union. Moreover, it is a place in which American imperialism reshaped, and continues to shape, all facets of human life and the environment. Copyright 2008, Aaron Steven Wilson v In memory of Emily Kahaleihinano Smith (May 7, 1927-May 10, 2005) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the support of a number of individuals and organizations, this dissertation would not have been possible. I must begin by extending my gratitude to Dr. John R. Wunder for his guidance during my five years at the University of Nebraska. As an advisor, he has challenged and broadened my perceptions of the American West. His advice also influenced me as a scholar, a teacher, and a writer. He has encouraged my projects, and when necessary prodded me towards the finish line. The faculty, staff, and students in the History Department, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, also deserves my sincerest appreciation. As members of my dissertation committee, Jessica Coope, Christin Mamiya, Tim Borstelmann, Fran Kaye, and James Le Sueur provided valuable advice on my dissertation. I am also most appreciative of the friendship and support of Rob Voss, Shanon Meyer, Dave Nesheim, Chris Rasmussen, Joann Ross, Lisa Schuelke, and Shayla Swift. I also appreciate the assistance of Joanna Safford and Kyle Heidtbrink. Finally, I would like to offer special thanks to Kurt Kinbacher whose support helped me keep a healthy perspective through the dissertation process. Also, I extend a sincere thank you to the University of Nebraska Graduate Studies for the Warren and Edith Day Dissertation Travel Awards, which helped me offset the cost of my research trip to Hawai’i. I am thankful for the helpful staff at the Nebraska State Historical Society, the Hawai’i State Archives, the Bishop Museum and Archives, and the Hawaiian Collection at the University of Hawai’i—Mānoa Library. Their advice and insight made my time in Honolulu very productive. I would like to extend a special vi vii thank you to DeSoto Brown at the Bishop Museum for taking time to discuss the many facets of Hawaiian society, statehood, and imagery. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my family and friends Dana, Steven, Erica, Michael, Caleb, and Michelle for the support they gave me throughout the project. Joan Beitner also made it possible for me to finance my education and dissertation travel. Last but not least, I am grateful for my grandmother, Emily Kahaleihinano Smith, whose life inspired me to learn more of my Native Hawaiian heritage. A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY Before delving into the history, it is necessary to clarify certain terminology. There is a growing trend among Western historians to use indigenous names when referring to indigenous political, social, and economic institutions. Thus, we refer to the Diné as opposed to the Navajo and the Lakota and Dakota instead of the Sioux. Western historians do this not only for accuracy, but also as recognition of the fact that indigenous societies in the Americas developed their own institutions and cultures. In other words, the use of indigenous terminology prevents repeating past mistakes of denigrating or incorrectly representing indigenous institutions by referring to elements of Native American society using European language, i.e., calling social leaders “chiefs” and their military leaders “braves.” In keeping with this trend, this dissertation uses Native Hawaiian terms to refer to their people and land. The terms “Kānaka” and “Kānaka Maoli” refer to Native Hawaiians. “Kānaka” is the plural form of Kanaka, which indicates Native Hawaiians. When speaking of Native Hawaiians as a group, or when using the adjective form of the word, the author uses the term “Kānaka.” The term “foreigners” indicates immigrants and non-Native Hawaiian residents in the islands prior to annexation. After annexation, the author uses “Hawaiian” to refer to all citizens of the Territory of Hawai’i and State of Hawai’i, including Native Hawaiians, while still using “Kānaka” and “Kānaka Maoli” for Native Hawaiians. It is recognized that islanders and Native Hawaiians refer to immigrants and new arrivals as “haole” or “malihini”; however, it was not deemed necessary to utilize Native Hawaiian terminology to refer social groups in the post-1893 overthrow period. When necessary, the text refers to ethnic groups as viii ix European/European American, Japanese/Japanese American, Filipino/Filipino American, and so forth. Only in very few cases are “malihini” and “haole” used. When discussing the masses of Native Hawaiian society prior to the overthrow of 1893, the term “maka’āinana” is used. Native Hawaiian terminology is also employed when discussing political institutions prior to 1893. “Ali’i” refers to political leaders. Although there is the temptation to refer to these individuals as “lords” or “chiefs,” the author considers these as poor translations. The former connotes a feudal or aristocratic society found in European nations such as Medieval England or the Austria-Hungarian Empire. While the status of ali’i was hereditary, there was also a spiritual element to this term in older Native Hawaiian society in which an ali’i’s mana gave instilled in him the right and ability to lead that was lacking in modern European political systems. On the other hand, “chief” has a very derogatory connotation in Western history as older narratives used this term in a pejorative manner when referring to indigenous political leaders. Finally, the term “mō’ī” is used interchangeably with for king and queen. Since this term appears later in the Hawaiian monarchy, the author generally uses the term “ali’i nui” to indicate earlier sovereigns like Kamehameha I. After 1893, the terminology uses basic American names to refer to political and social institutions and titles. Finally, the author recognizes that there exists some debate over the proper usage of Native Hawaiian terms. For sources on Native Hawaiian language, the author referred to leading scholars on Native Hawaiian history who use indigenous terms in their manuscripts. Jonathan Kay Kamakawiwo’ole Osorio’s Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887 was helpful in this aspect. CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI’I AND AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 23 3. MODELS FOR HAWAIIAN COLONIALISM 61 4. HAWAI’I TERRITORY AND COMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNANCE 101 5. PACIFIC ISLANDERS, NATIVE AMERICANS, AND AMERICAN COLONIALISM 127 6. SELLING A TERRITORY, HAWAIIAN BOOSTERISM AND STATEHOOD 184 7. CONCLUSION 237 BIBLIOGRAPHY 246 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION At six o’clock in the evening, on the day of Tuesday, January 17, 1893, Queen Lili’uokalani signed and dispatched a communication to Sanford B.
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