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Immigrants, 1946-1956

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Immigrants, 1946-1956 The "Undesirables": Canadian Deportation Policy and its Impact on Female Immigrants, 1946-1956 By Ellen Carrie Scheinberg Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Ph.D. degree for the History Department University of Ottawa © Ellen C. Scheinberg, Ottawa, Canada, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49397-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49397-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada u Ottawa l.'UnivcrsiltS cnnndicnnc Cnnadn's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES ]™ FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES [/University canadienne Canada's university Ellen Scheinberg "AUTEWD1TA1H^I7X0THORWTHESTS" Ph.D. (History) GRADE/DEGREE Department of History 7A7bTrfO(T6lE7blPW The "Undesirables": Canadian Deportation Policy and its Impact on Female Immigrants, 1946-1956 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Ruby Heap DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Franca Iacovetta _ Jeffrey Keshen Constance Backhouse Lorna McLean Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies ii For my family: Jack, Cory, and Mitchell, my inspiration iii Abstract This dissertation examines female immigrants who were targeted for deportation after the Second World War. The women documented in this study include a broad array of immigrants who came to Canada from different locales such as Europe, the Caribbean and the United States. They were also quite divergent in terms of their class and racial backgrounds and experiences during and after the war. The only thing they shared, was that they were targeted for deportation by the federal Immigration Branch. Relying on 376 deportation case files from the Library and Archives of Canada ~ along with many other types of sources ~ this study delves into the diverse experiences of these women and attempts to piece together their treatment by the state as well as responses to the deportation process. As non-citizens, I argue, they did not have the resources and rights that Canadians enjoyed. Consequently, female immigrants who committed an offence under the Immigration Actwere vulnerable to deportation and could not rely on the court system to protect them. Furthermore, this study illustrates that these women's experiences were different than those of Canadian women as well as their male counterparts. As such, regardless of the fact that the Immigration legislation appeared somewhat gender neutral, female immigrants were charged iv with different offences and subject to different standards than male immigrants, when the immigration officials were adjudicating their cases. The female immigrants in this study were typically convicted of offences under the Immigration Act relating to mental and physical health problems, moral charges, indebtedness and dependency. While these types of crimes were not included in the Criminal Code of Canada, they were an integral part of the Immigration Act, and female aliens who violated them, were typically reported, interrogated, regulated, and deported for committing these offences. Most of the women had no option but to submit to the deportation process and cooperate with the department's attempt to expel these female immigrants from Canada and return them to their homelands. There were, however, some women who fought back; a few disappeared, others refused to testify or sign the deportation order, and finally, a very small number challenged their cases all the way to the superior courts. Consequently, not all were victimized by the state. V Acknowledgements As a mother and full-time archivist, and later director of an archives, I was often forced to place my dissertation on a back-burner, in order to tend to my other responsibilities. Consequently, it has taken quite some time to complete, and would not have been possible without the support that I received from a large number of people and institutions. I would like to start by thanking my supervisor, Dr. Ruby Heap, for her patience, encouragement, and belief in my work. As a working mother, she understood the challenges that I confronted completing this study, and was extremely supportive. My husband Jack fulfilled the key function of entertaining the kids on weekends, so that I could dedicate my spare time to working on this project. And when I was feeling uninspired or lacked confidence, he always bolstered my spirits and provided me with the reassurance I needed to tackle this goal. Although my children are fairly young, the eldest, Cory, was always willing to share the computer with me, which was a big sacrifice for a seven year-old intent on playing games on the Internet. My youngest, Mitchell, was perpetually sweet and flexible during this time. And finally, my parents, Sandra and Steve, were also there to listen to my woes and provide me with encouragement and guidance when it was required. My mother has always served as my emotional sounding board, and my father, the history professor, was there to answer my questions and provide me with editorial assistance whenever required. VI I began this adventure ten years ago, on a part-time basis, and during the first year, the National Archives of Canada provided me with a year of leave to pursue my course work and comprehensive exams. I would like to thank my former boss and mentor, Dr. Terry Cook, for his constant encouragement and faith in my abilities, which motivated me to present papers at conferences, publish articles and pursue a Ph.D. In turn, my other bosses, Gabrielle Blais, Sheila Powell and Dan Moore, also supported my ambitions and made my career at the NAC extremely gratifying. My former colleagues Cathy, Tina, Paulette and Cynthia also played a pivotal role in supporting me and helped keep me sane. In turn, Dianne Dodd, whom I supervised briefly after her arrival at the NAC and befriended, completed a report on the deportation case files, inspiring me to rely on this valuable source for my dissertation. Other key players within the NAC (now LAC) that made this study possible were my former colleagues, Laura Madokoro and Kerry Badgely. Relying on criteria that I submitted to them, they went about selecting case files documenting the female deportees that I wanted to include in my study. This work would not have been possible without their assistance. Also, the Access Section staff deserve special commendation as well, as they spent countless months reviewing, severing, and copying the records that I requested, most of which were closed under the Privacy Act. vii After moving to Toronto and taking on the job of Director of the Ontario Jewish Archives, I was fortunate enough to work for the energetic and wise Susan Jackson, who helped this long-term bilingual bureaucrat find her inner-Jew and connect with the community that I now serve. She and my other bosses, Morris Zbar and Ted Sokolsky, as well as Brooky Robins, the chair of the OJA, supported my request for a ten-week sabbatical, which enabled me to complete much of the writing. Finally, I was very fortunate to have received a grant from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada for a year, as well as a scholarship from the University of Ottawa. This funding allowed me to take another year off from work and complete the research stage of my study in 2000-2001. I am truly grateful for all of the support - emotional, financial and editorial - that I received from all of the individuals and sources above. I am truly fortunate and blessed to be the recipient of such assistance. This study is dedicated to my husband and sons and to the
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