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HISTORY 1101A (Autumn 2009) THE MAKING OF CANADA MRT 218, Monday, 5.30-8.30 p.m.

Instructor: Prof. Jeff Keshen Office: Room 110, 155 Seraphin Marion

Office Hours - Monday, 3-5 Phone: 562-5800, ext. 1287 (or by appointment) Fax - 562-5995 e-mail- [email protected]

Teaching Assistants - TBA

** FOR A COURSE SYLLABUS WITH ALL LECTURE OUTLINES GO TO: http://www.sass.uottawa.ca/els-sae-shared/pdf/syllabus-history_1101-2009_revised.pdf

This course will cover some of the major political, economic, social, and cultural themes in order to build a general understanding of Canadian history. As such, besides examining the lives of prime ministers and other elites, we will also analyse, for example, what things were like for ordinary people; besides focussing upon the French-English divide, we will also look at issues revolving around gender roles and Canada’s First Peoples; and besides noting cultural expressions such as "high art," we will also touch upon things such as various forms of popular entertainment.

The general story will come from the lectures. However, your outline will refer to chapters from the Francis, Smith and Jones texts, Journeys. You should read these, especially if parts of the lecture remain unclear. The textbook will provide background; it will not replicate the lectures. Required readings will consist of a series of primary source documents. The lectures will refer to many of those documents, suggesting how they might be understood in relation to the general flow of events. Thus, on the mid-term test and final examination, you should be able to utilize the required readings and the lecture material in responding to questions.

Plagiarism:

Plagiarism is an extremely serious academic offence and carries penalties from failure in an assignment to debarment from the university. Definitions and potential penalties are outlined at http://www.uottawa.ca/plagiarism.pdf

Breakdown of Marks

Mid-Term Test - 25 to 30 per cent (November 2)

Essay - 35 per cent (December 7)

Final Exam - 35 to 40 per cent (date to be determined by faculty)

The higher mark between the mid-term test and final exam will receive greater weight

Bookstore Purchase

Required (A) Cornelius Jaenen and Cecelia Morgan, Material Memory: Documents in Pre-Confederation History; Jeffrey Keshen and Suzanne Morton, Material Memory: Documents in Post Confederation History. (Toronto: Addison-Wesley, 1998) 2

They are sold as a package at the University of Ottawa bookstore. One copy is on reserve at Morisett Library

(B) Essay Kit (if doing Option A for essay). Available at University of Ottawa Reprography (also one copy of each Essay Kit is on reserve at Morisett). Should you choose essay Option A, you will need to purchase 3 packages.

Recommended

R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith, Journeys: A History of Canada (Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2006). Available at University bookstore. One copy is on reserve at Morisett Library.

OTHER ACCEPTABLE SUPPLEMETAL GENERAL TEXTBOOKS ON CANADIAN HISTORY AND BOOKS TO CONSULT TO HELP WITH THE WRITING OF HISTORY PAPERS --

** ALL ON RESERVE AT MORISSET **

Alexander, Jeffrey W and Joy Dixon, Thompson Nelson Guide to Writing in History (Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2006)

Berkin, Carol and Betty S. Anderson, The History Handbook (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003)

Linteau, Paul-André, ed., Histoire générale du Canada (Montréal: Éditions du Boréal, 1990)

Buckley, Joanne, The Checkmate: Guide to Research & Documentation (Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2008)

Bumsted, J.M., A History of the Canadian Peoples (Toronto: Oxford, 2003)

Conrad, Margaret and Alvin Finkel, History of the Canadian Peoples, 4th edition, Beginnings to Confederation (Toronto: Pearson, 2006)

Conrad, Margaret and Alvin Finkel, History of the Canadian Peoples, 4th edition, 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Pearson, 2006)

Conrad, Margaret and Alvin Finkel, Canada: A National History, 2nd edition (Toronto: Pearson, 2006)

Couturier, Jacques Paul, L'expérience canadienne (Laval, Québec : Beauchemin, 2002)

Marius, Richard and Melvin E. Page, A Short Guide to Writing About History (New York: Longman, 2002)

Owram, Doug, ed., Canadian History: A Reader’s Guide. Confederation to the Present (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).

Robertson, Hugh, The Research Essay: A Guide to Essays and Papers (Ottawa: Piperhill Publications, 2001)

Taylor, M. Brook, ed., Canadian History: A Reader’s Guide, Beginnings to Confederation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994)

Turabian, Kate L., A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

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SSCHEDULE OF LECTURES

Class 1 (Sept. 14)

(A) Lecture: Course Introduction

(B) Lecture: The Age of Exploration and Canada’s First Peoples

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, Topic 1, pp. 288-290

Optional reading: Journeys, chapters 1, 2

Class 2 (Sept. 21)

(A) Lecture: New France

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, Topic 2, pp. 73-77, 80-83, 86-92

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 50-64

(B) Lecture: The Conquest

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, Topic 5

Optional reading: Journeys, Chapter 4, pp. 98-110

Class 3 (Sept. 28)

(A) Lecture: The Maritimes

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, Topic 3, pp. 122-123

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 64-71, chapter 8

(B) Lecture: Upper Canada: The Loyalists

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, pp. 129-137, 142

Optional reading: Journeys, 120-128

Class 4 (Oct. 5)

(A) Lecture: War of 1812

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, Topic 7

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 128-133

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(B) Lecture: The Canadas - Economic and Social Development during the Early 19th Century

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, pp. 172-177, 198-204, 267-271

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 110-116, 133-136

Class 5 (Oct. 19)

(A) Lecture: The Rebellions

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, Topic 11 except “Politics in the United Canada,” pp. 244-245

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 116-118, 136-140

(B) Lecture: The Union Period - Economics and Politics

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, pp. 183 (picture), 244-245 (“Politics in the United Canada, 1840s”), 272, 308-312

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 142-154

Class 6 (Oct. 26)

(A) Lecture: The Union Period - Society and Social Initiatives

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, pp. 179 (“Working Together”) until 182 (“Country Fair”); 186-189, 207-208 (Material on Temperance), 218, 226-228, 253-255, 259-264

Optional reading: Journeys, 155-162

(B) Lecture: Road to Confederation

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, pp. 306-308, 313-326; Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 1-9

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 237-254

Class 7 (Nov 2)

(A) Mid-term test

(B) Lecture: Rise of Regional Discontent - 1870s-1890s

Required reading: Jaenen/Morgan, Material Memory, pp. 297-303; Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 10- 21, Topic 2

Optional reading: Journeys, 261-291, 301-308

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Class 8 (Nov 9)

(A) Lecture: Nationalism and Imperialism

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, Topic 5

Optional reading: Journeys, 308-320

(B) Lecture: Industrialization and Social Strain in Canada to 1918

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 54-68, 73-74, 131-132

Optional reading: Journeys, 323-349

Class 9 (Nov. 16)

(A) Lecture: Immigration and Ethnicity

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 68-72, 163-167, 190-194, Topic 12

Optional reading: Journeys, 290-296, chapter 25

(B) Lecture: The Woman's Sphere - The Late-19th Century to the 1930s

Required Reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 132-138, 145-153

Optional Reading: Journeys, 349-354, 382, 398-99, 409

Class 10 (Nov. 23) –

(A) Lecture: The Great War, 1914-1918

Required Reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, Topic 7, except pp. 163-169

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 370-384

(B) Lecture: Inter-War Years

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 179-190, 195-203

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 384-403

Class 11 (Nov. 30)

(A) Lecture: Great Depression, 1929-1939

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, Topic 9

Optional reading: Journeys, 403-412

(B) Lecture - Second World War, 1939-1945

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Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, Topic 10

Optional reading: Journeys, chapter 19.

Class 12 (Dec 7) – ESSAY DUE

(A) Lecture: Canada's Post-War Consensus, 1945-63

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, Topic 11

Optional reading: Journeys, Chapter 20

(B) Lecture: Canada's Social Service State and Quebec's Quiet Revolution

Required reading: Keshen/Morton, Material Memory, pp. 301-307

Optional reading: Journeys, pp. 465-480, 507-512

Essay

** Please note that late essays will be penalized at the rate of 2.5% per day, with weekends counting for one day **

OPTION #A

Using the articles assigned, answer 3 of the following 6 questions. Each answer should be about 3-4 pages long. You are not required to use any supplemental texts. You are being asked to compare and contrast, analyse and assess the assigned material. Overall, which is the strongest piece and why? Why is the other one weaker? Is evidence solid and employed in a reasonable manner? Are arguments and conclusions logical and well supported? These are only some of the issues you can consider in concluding which essay presents the stronger argument in relation to the question asked.

** YOU MAY ALSO CHOOSE ONE PACKAGE AS PART OF YOUR FINAL EXAM. FOR THOSE WHO SELECT “OPTION A” FOR THEIR TERM PAPER, THE PACKAGE USED FOR THE FINAL EXAM MUST BE A DIFFERENT SET OF ARTICLES. **

Package A

What factors accounted for the expulsion of the Acadians? Was it justified?

Articles: C Bruce Fergusson, “The Expulsion of the Acadians,” and Naiomi Griffiths, “The Contexts of Acadian History.”

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Package B

What was the status of the Irish in Upper Canada/Canada West/Ontario?

Articles: Michael Cross, “The Shiners’ War: Social Violence in the Ottawa Valley in the 1830s” and Donald Akenson, “Ontario: What Ever Happened to the Irish?”

Package C

Did Confederation establish Canada as a bilingual and bicultural country?

Articles: Donald Creighton, “John A Macdonald, Confederation and the Canadian West”; Ralph Heintzman, “The Spirit of Confederation: Professor Creighton, Biculturalism, and the Use of History”; and Arthur Silver, “The French-Canadian Idea of Confederation”

Package D

Was Canadian foreign policy during the 1930s characterized by dishonourable avoidance of international responsibilities?

Articles: James Eayrs, “‘A Low Dishonest Decade’: Aspects of Canadian External Policy, 1931-1939,” and J.L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, “‘A Self-Evident National Duty’: Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935- 1939.”

Package E

Was there justification for the forced evacuation of Japanese-Canadians in 1942?

Articles: W. Peter Ward, “British Columbia and Japanese Evacuation,” and J.L. Granatstein and Gregory A. Johnson, “The Evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, 1942: A Realist Critique of the Received Version”

Package F

Did the status of women improve because of the new roles they assumed during the Second World War?

Articles: **Ruth Pierson, “They’re Still Women After All: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood” and Jeff Keshen, “Saints Sinners and Soldiers: Canada’s Second World War.”

**NOTE: If obtaining the this package from the library, the Pierson reading must be taken from her book, They’re Still Women After All: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood, which has been placed on reserve. The call number is: D 810 .W7 P49 1986. The assigned pages are: 9-61, 95-168, 215-220, 237-250, 262-276, 288-289

OPTION #B

Using at least 5 sources, write a 10-page paper (2500 words) on one of the following topics. You can also propose your own topic to the professor.

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1. What do we know about the Vikings’ existence in Canada? 2. Assess the impact of the Jesuits on Canada’s First Peoples 3. Assess the relations between the Hudson Bay Company and Canada’s First Peoples 4. What was more influential in New France: Church or State? 5. How influential were nuns in New France? 6. Was the seigneurial system inefficient? How did its production compare to freehold tenure? 7. What role did slavery play in colonial Canada? 8. What do we learn about New France from the writings of Peter Kalm? Do his observations appear dispassionate or biased? 9. Did Chief Joseph Brandt benefit the Mohawks? 10. What were Tecumseh’s goals? Why did he support the British in the War of 1812? 11. What was the impact of Philemon Wright on the development of Ottawa and Gatineau or the impact of Colonel John By on Ottawa and the Ottawa Valley? 12. Assess the importance of John Graves Simcoe or John Strachan to the development of Upper Canada. 13. Describe the Black Loyalist or Native Loyalist experience in Canada 14. What does the work of artist Paul Kane convey about the Canadian frontier? Are the images effective as an historical source? 15. Why did the American colonies fail to conquer Canada in the 1770s? 16. Describe the lives of Loyalist women or women in New France 17. What is the Loyalist legend? How was it “used” by certain Upper Canadians? 18. Why did the British prevail over the French at the Plains of Abraham? 19. Were the British benevolent conquerors of New France? (keep your answer focused on the period before 1800) 20. Describe and assess British Indian policy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries 21. Who won the War of 1812? 22. What is story of Laura Secord? Is it likely true? What was her tale supposed to represent? 23. Describe the importance of Evangeline to the development of Acadian identity 24. Why did the Mennonites migrate to Canada? Describe their experiences prior to Confederation. 25. What do we learn about Upper Canada from the work of Catherine Parr Trail and Susannah Moodie? 26. How reformist was the early 19th century political Reform movement in Upper Canada or Lower Canada or the Maritimes? 27. Why did the Orange Order gain such popularity in English Canada? 28. Assess the impact of American settlers on Ontario’s western frontier prior to Confederation 29. Describe William Lyon Mackenzie’s philosophy and plans for Upper Canada. Were they realistic for the colony? 30. Did Louis Joseph Papineau harbour a radical outlook on social change? 31. What role did “boosterism” play during the 1830-60 period in promoting the economic development of Ontario and Quebec? 32. How did Ottawa end up as the capital of Canada? 33. Did Egerton Ryerson seek progressive social change or greater social order? 34. What impact did the Fenians have on the creation of Canada? 35. What was the significance of the assassination of Thomas D’Arcy McGee? 36. What impact did the American Civil War and the Fenians have on the creation of a Canadian secret service? 37. Was the John A. Macdonald view of Confederation realistic? 38. Did the tenor of the Confederation debates support a decentralized or centralized federation? 39. What was the basis of support and opposition to Confederation in the Maritimes? Why did the former win? 40. Why did Newfoundland not join Canada in the late-1860s? 41. Was Canada inherently created as an officially bilingual and bilcultural country? 42. Assess the impact of residential schools on native youth 43. Was the treatment of Natives in the West in the late-19th century primarily based upon racism or misguided benevolence? 44. Were the Metis justified in their rebellions? 9

45. Was Louis Riel rightfully convicted and executed? 46. Why is Oliver Mowat called the “father of provincial rights”? 47. What impact did Lord Watson and Viscount Haldane of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council have on Canada’s federation? Did their decisions make for a more workable country? 48. Why did D'Alton McCarthy and his supporters propose the repeal of the 1870 Manitoba Act? Was Laurier's compromise fair? 49. What impact did the Boer War have upon Canadian nationalism? 50. Prior to 1900, was Canada's National Policy an economic and/or political success? 51. What was the Social Gospel movement and what accounted for its rise and decline? 52. Why did the Canadian government pass legislation during the early 20th century to deal with juvenile delinquency? Was this a progressive and effective response? 53. Account for the rising popularity of team sports during the late-19th and early-20th centuries 54. To what extent did public schools before World War I create a "level playing field" between social classes? 55. Was Nellie McClung a revolutionary thinker? 56. Was Canadian Imperialism a colonial-minded philosophy? 57. What perspective and roles did Quebec’s Catholic Church assume with regard to industrialization in late-19th and early-20th centuries? 58. Were the Knights of Labour a radical organization? 59. How was Timothy Eaton able to build a retailing empire? 60. Why did the railways become such a source of anger in Western Canada? Were these feelings justified? 61. Why did Laurier lose the 1911 election? 62. Why did so many Quebeckers migrate to New England during the late-19th and early-20th centuries? What were the social consequences? 63. To what extent was William Lyon Mackenzie King a reformer before becoming Liberal leader in 1919? 64. What was the achat chez nous movement? What did it reveal about Quebec? Was its message reflective of attitudes throughout Canada? 65. Did early 20th century female social workers or women missionaries conform to then-conventional constructions of gender roles? 66. Was the Person’s Case of great significance? Why or why not? 67. What did Carine Wilson champion/accomplish in her public career? 68. What did Agnes Macphail champion/accomplish in her public career? 69. To what extent did censorship shield Canadians at home from knowledge of conditions overseas during the First or the Second World War? 70. Was air ace William “Billy” Bishop a hero or fraud? 71. Was the Imperial Munitions Board a successful operation? 72. Was Sam Hughes effective as Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence during the First World War? 73. Was conscription necessary in Canada during the First World War? 74. What did the books written by Charles Yale Harrison and Philip Child reveal to Canadians about the First World War? 75. Assess the generosity of veterans programs for either First or Second World War veterans 76. What was the military, political and social significance of the victory by Canadian forces at Vimy Ridge in 1917? 77. Assess Arthur Currie’s effectiveness as a military commander 78. Was the internment of Ukrainian-Canadians justified in the First World War? 79. It has often been said that Canada entered the Great War as a colony and emerged out of the conflict as a nation. Do you agree? Why or why not? 80. Why did Canada’s military become involved in Russia in the 1917-20 period? Was the intervention a success? 81. Was there reason for authorities to react to the Winnipeg General Strike as representing a radical threat to constituted authority? 82. Was Howard Ferguson of Ontario an effective and successful premier? 83. Who was right in the King-Byng affair (Prime Minister King or Governor-General Byng)? 84. Why was the modern Royal Canadian Mounted Police created at the end of World War I? Was it 10

effective in this new job? (extend your answer to the mid-1930s) 85. When and why did the National Hockey League start to Americanize and were any concerns raised in Canada? 86. What is the historical significance of the Group of Seven or Tom Thompson or Emily Carr? 87. "The Progressives failed because they would not learn how the political system operated." Discuss 88. Why did the United Farmers of Ontario falter in office? 89. Why did Arthur Meighen not succeed as prime minister? 90. Was Prime Minister Richard Bedford Bennett unfairly maligned for being uncaring in his approach to the Great Depression? 91. What was the significance of H.H. Stevens as a political figure? 92. Did Prime Minister Bennett over-react to the Communist threat? 93. Why did the Communist Party falter in Canada before the Second World War? 94. What motivated Canadian immigration policy during the inter-war years? 95. Why was the CBC created? How effective was it in promoting Canadian culture and a Canadian perspective prior to 1960? 96. What was William Lyon Mackenzie King’s approach to battling the Great Depression? 97. To what extent were the economic and social policies of Duff Pattullo or Mitchell Hepburn or Maurice Duplessis or William Aberhart reformist? 98. Assess CD Howe’s impact on Canada’s development. 99. Why was the Rowell-Sirois Commission created and what impact did it have before 1943? 100. Did Mackenzie King effectively handle the conscription issue during the Second World War? 101. Why is the Second World War sometimes referred to as “Canada’s War?” 102. Why were the Jehovah's Witnesses outlawed during the Second World War? Was this justified? 103. Assess the economic and social impact of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan or the Alaska Highway upon Canada 104. Why did there emerge mixed reactions in Britain to the presence of Canadian troops during the Second World War? 105. Who were the British “Guest Children” in wartime Canada? Was this program successful? 106. Account for the military disaster for Canadian troops at Hong Kong in 1941 or Dieppe in 1942 107. Assess the effectiveness of Harry Crerar or Guy Simonds as a military commander 108. Why is Tommy Douglas considered such a seminal figure in Canadian history? 109. Were Canadian forces effective in the Normandy campaign? 110. To what extent did women break down barriers through the new roles they assumed during the Second World War? 111. What impact did the National Film Board have during the Second World War? 112. What impact did the National Research Council have on Canada’s war effort? 113. Did Canada benefit economically from its tighter relationship with the United States from 1940-53? 114. Explain the victory by pro-confederation forces in Newfoundland during the late-1940s. 115. What factors account for mass suburbanization in Canada during the 1945-60 period? 116. Why have the late-1940s and 1950s sometimes been called the "Golden Age" of Canadian foreign policy? Is this a just description? 117. What was the significance of the 1949 Asbestos strike? 118. Why did Canada go to war in Korea? Did it meet its policy objectives in this venture? 119. What goals guided Canada's federal and provincial governments in their dealings with northern aboriginal peoples following the Second World War? Were these policies successful? 120. Why did Canadian schools consolidate after the Second World War? Was the programme successful in achieving its goals? 121. Did organized labour in Canada generally become more accommodationist and mainstream during the 1945-60 period? 122. What factors explain the rise of John Diefenbaker to power in 1957? 123. What factors explain John Diefenbaker losing power in 1963? 124. Was John Diefenbaker anti-American? 125. Should the Canadian government have cancelled the Avro Arrow jet fighter? 126. How should one characterize the philosophy and programs of Charlotte Whitton (former mayor of Ottawa)? 127. What social conventions revolved around children and adolescents during the 1950s? To what extent 11

did youth conform to these notions? 128. Why did the Rocket Richard riot occur? What did it represent? 129. Who was Herbert Norman and why was he significant to US-Canada relations? 130. What was the Pearsonian concept of peacekeeping? Was it effective? 131. What did Chatelaine magazine have to say about the roles of women during the 1950s? 132. What accounted for Maurice Duplessis’ longevity as Quebec premier? 133. Why did the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation change itself into the New Democratic Party in 1961? Did this improve the party's political prospects? 134. What contributions did Lester Pearson make to building Canada's social programs? How was he able to forge agreements with the provinces? 135. What was unique about Toronto's Yorkville district during the 1960s? Did it impact politically? 136. Outline Canada's official policy towards America’s involvement in the Vietnam War 137. Why did Pierre Trudeau oppose Quebec nationalism? 138. Assess changes to Trudeau’s political philosophy prior to winning the Liberal leadership in 1968 139. Did Walter Gordon impact on US-Canada relations? 140. What impact did the Auto Pact have on Canada? 141. How did Jean Lesage change Quebec’s political landscape? 142. Was the federal government right to impose the War Measures Act to battle the FLQ in October 1970? 143. Should the 1972 Canada-Russia hockey series be portrayed as a significant unifying national event? 144. Why did the 1976 Montreal Olympics turn out to be a financial disaster? 145. Why did Canadian university education expand so rapidly during the 1960s-70s? What impact did this have on young Canadians? 146. Over the past 30 years, in what manner and why have Canadian attitudes changed towards conservation/ecology? 147. In what ways has the legal and social position of French-speaking minorities outside Quebec improved since 1960? (here it is best to concentrate upon one province) 148. What accounted for Joe Clark becoming prime minister in 1979 and then losing power one year later? 149. Why was Bill 101 passed in Quebec? Did it accomplish its goals? 150. What were the goals of Alberta’s energy policies, 1970-1990? Were they successful? Why or why not? 151. What accounts for Ernest Manning remaining Alberta’s premier for 25 years? 152. Is it accurate to portray Réné Levesque as an unyielding separatist? 153. Account for the rise and changing fortunes of the Reform/Alliance party 154. Why was Kim Campbell chosen to become Prime Minister and why did she lose power so quickly? 155. Why did the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords fail? 156. Explain the results of either the 1980 or 1995 Quebec referendum 157. Was Quebec double-crossed with the repatriation of the constitution? 158. Was FIRA or the Third Option a successful policy initiative by Trudeau? 159. Explain the outcome of the 1988 federal election between Mulroney and Turner. 160. How has the Charter of Rights and Freedoms impacted on Canadian homosexuals? 161. Has the FTA and NAFTA brought greater economic prosperity to Canada? 162. Outline and explain changes in Canada’s abortion laws during the last three decades 163. Outline and explain changes to the Reform/Conservative movement under Steven Harper

A few alternative essay questions:

164. Using historical sources, write a fictionalized diary of one of the following: (a) Irish immigrant to Canada in the 1830s; (b) Ukrainian settler on the prairies in the early 20th century; (c) Chinese immigrant to BC in 1908; (d) Jewish immigrant in Montreal in the 1930s (d) Jamaican immigrant in Toronto in 1990; or (e) Somalian refugee arriving in Ottawa in 1995 165. Using historical sources, write a short fictionalized story on one of the following: (a) native encountering Jacques Cartier; (b) the life of a merchant in Louisbourg; (c) a private in the War of 1812; (d) a child in Canada during the First or Second World War 166. Trace your family history back at least two generations and, melding that information with 12

academic historical sources, indicate what that personal story reveals about the “Canadian experience” 167. Produce a five-minute video or audio presentation, or website with text, on a key event in Canadian history (e.g., battle, election, strike) that could be used to engage citizens on the importance of the country’s past 168. Using copies of old photographs, write a pictorial essay on urban housing conditions in Canada during the early 20th century (provide approximately 15 photos with captions and 5 pages of accompanying text). You can propose an alternative pictorial essay, such as on the lives of women, children, or the experiences of immigrants. 169. Using film footage located at the Library and Archives of Canada, assess the degree to which Canadian civilians knew about realities at the front during either the First or the Second World War. 170. What can one learn about Canadian attitudes during the First World War from song sheets (located at the Library and Archives of Canada)? 171. By using student newspapers (available at the University of Ottawa archives), describe how your life would have been different at the University of Ottawa in either 1900, the First or Second World War, or the late-1960s? 172. Describe how and explain why your neighbourhood (Gloucester, Orleans, Nepean, etc.) changed over the past 25 years (you might want turn to local histories, census reports, newspaper articles, and/or interviews).

OPTION C – COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING

Bring your classroom into the community, help those in need, and practice history in the ‘real world,’ through Community Service Learning. This program links your course(s) with community based volunteer postings. Typically, you will be required to perform 30 hours of volunteer work and on the basis of that experience, produce a written report. Some sample postings and assignments are listed below. Others, linked to HIS 1101, can be found on the website of the University of Ottawa’s Experiential Learning Service, at www.sass.uottawa.ca/els

Time spent on a Service Learning assignment can be applied to the University of Ottawa’s Co-Curricular Record, which is an official attestation of verified volunteer activities undertaken both on and off the university campus. Details about this program can be found on the Experiential Learning website.

If you would like to choose the Service Learning option, please register on-line at http://www.sass.uottawa.ca/els/students/registered.php. Once you have selected an assignment linked with HIS 1101, you will be sent all pertinent contact information.

SOME SERVICE LEARNING ASSIGNMENTS

1. Remembrance Day project. You will be linked with a French- or English-language school in Ottawa, either at the elementary, intermediate or secondary level, depending upon your preference and availability. In consultation with a teacher, you will develop and present a lesson on the importance and meaning of Remembrance Day. That lesson plan will partly serve as your assignment for HIS 1101. You will also be required to submit a supplemental report (of approx 5 pages) outlining how you went about producing the lesson plan, namely what you included/left out, and why, the sources you used, and what the experience taught you about teaching history.

Number of Placements: 8-10

2. Working with a local nursing home (consult the ELS website for those participating), you will have a choice between two types of assignments: (a) Canadian History Presentation: You will research, design and deliver a 30 minute presentation on a topic in Canadian History, chosen in consultation with the residence’s volunteer coordinator. Your presentation should be interactive and ideally include visual material. For HIS 1101, you will be 13

required to submit the lecture and a list of the documentation you utilized. You will also be required to explain how you developed the talk with your audience in mind. (b) Personal History: You will work with a resident to put together a storyboard, essay, video or audio presentation, depicting events that defined their life, and weave those events into a broader history of the Canadian experience. A copy of the end product will be presented to the resident and will also serve as your essay for HIS 1101. Also for HIS 1101, you will include a list of the sources you utilized, as well as a short analysis, based on your interviews, on the potential historical benefits and pitfalls of using oral evidence. You may want to consult outside sources for the discussion of oral history.

Number of Placements: 8-10

3. Weekend Excursion to Upper Canada Village (Morrisburg, Ontario) October 2 (depart at 2 p.m. from the University of Ottawa and arrive at approx 4 p.m.) to October 4 (depart 1.30 p.m. from Upper Canada Village and arrive back at the University of Ottawa at approx. 3.30 p.m.)

You will have the opportunity to participate in an all-expenses paid weekend to undertake a project for Upper Canada Village, a “living museum” that depicts pioneer life in eastern Ontario. (see: http://www.uppercanadavillage.com/) . You will stay in barns at Upper Canada Village (so you need to bring a sleeping bag) and have all meals provided. There is funding for a maximum of 15 students to participate.

There are several projects that the Village management have identified as being of use to them, and that will also be written up to satisfy your essay requirement for HIS 1101. Projects can be done individually or in teams. You will have access to on-site written resources and tour guides to help you with your project, though in all cases it will be necessary to conduct outside research to combine with your on-site visit in order to produce a quality result. With each project, it will be necessary to submit a bibliography of the sources you used.

The following projects are currently available:

(a) Website update. Upper Canada Village would like an analysis done of its current website and suggestions and material for improvement to attract more visitors. New material might include historical games, puzzles and quizzes, particularly those that would interest and educate children and tourists. (3-5 placements) (b) Upper Canada Village has a Food and Fitness Program that they present in schools. It would benefit considerably by additional information on 19th century nutrition (namely ideas about nutrition and the actual diet of people at that time) and their physical activities, and how they compare to the current situation, especially with youth. (3-5 placements) (c) Upper Canada Village has a Teacher Resource Package about pioneer life and how it is reflected in its on-site resources. The Village would like an analysis of this package, what might be changed, and additional information that can be incorporated (3-5 placements) (d) Upper Canada Village would like an analysis and business plan developed for an Overnight Youth Camp that focuses on life in the early 19th century. What activities could be included given the Village’s resources? What would be the educational/recreational/entertainment benefits of your suggestions? Possible themes could include: What was life like for first settlers? The immigrant experience? Lessons learned from Aboriginal Peoples? (3-5 placements)

4. Volunteer Archivist, Pierre Savard Archives. Professor Pierre Savard taught at the University of Ottawa for nearly three decades before passing away in 1998. He was a leading historian of French- Canada, a former Chair of the History Department, the recipient of numerous awards, and, since 2000, has had a scholarship and an annual University of Ottawa graduate student conference named in his honour. He has left behind some 150 boxes of documents that need to be catalogued, which, collectively, will be of great value to researchers. Student volunteer(s) will be responsible for cataloguing and briefly describing as much material as can be organized within 30 hours. The volunteer(s) will also be required to write a 8-10 page paper on the principles they used to organize the documents, why they adopted those 14

organizing principles, some analysis of what they found in the papers they consulted, and what significance those documents might have for those interested in the researching, writing or teaching of history. Please note that the records are in both French and English and that a police record check is required for this task as the boxes are located at the home of Pierre Savard’s widow.

5. Researcher: Labour Unions in Canada for OPIRG-GRIPO (Ontario Public Interest Research Group / Groupe de recherche d'intérêt publique de l'Ontario) OPIRG Ottawa’s mission is to bring together and build upon a broad-based community dedicated to social, economic and environmental justice. OPIRG is concerned with the contribution students, the university and the community can make towards social change. The student volunteer(s) will research the evolving role of unions in Canada. This will include: the structure of unions, the effects of the current economic crisis, and unions as activists and lobbyists. There will be a specific focus on unions on university campuses and students in unionized labour. For HIS 1101, the volunteer(s) will submit the paper they produced for OPIRG-GRIPO (2 placements)

6. Researcher, ByWard Market BIA (Business Improvement Area). The mandate of the ByWard Market BIA is to support and promote the health and vitality of the ByWard Market as a unique business district and meeting place for residents as well as visitors. The ByWard Market is characterized by a wide variety of owner-operated businesses and a farmers’ market that make it rich in heritage, activity and animation. The student(s) will be asked to take part in the "365 days of the ByWard Market" project by researching and writing facts about the history of the ByWard Market. This information will be used primarily for the BIA’s website. For HIS 1101, the volunteer(s) will provide a web link to the material they produced (or hard-copy of what they submitted to the BIA), a list of documents they consulted, and a 3-4 page paper explaining their reasoning behind the selection of topics in light of their clients’ needs. (2 placements)

Finding Sources For Papers

You might want to refer to M. Brooks Taylor, ed., Canadian History: A Reader’s Guide, Beginnings to Confederation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994) and Doug Owram, ed., Canadian History: A Reader’s Guide, Confederation to the Present (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994). Also check the “Suggested Readings” section at the end of the appropriate chapters of Journeys or other general textbooks. Try to make use of the America: History and Life and the Expanded Academic Index electronic databases at Morisett.

Footnote and Bibliographic Style Guide

One Author fn - John Smith, The United States (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1993), 55. bib - Smith, John, The United States. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Two Authors fn - John Smith and Frank Jones, The Constitution (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1993), 54-5. bib - Smith, John and Frank Jones, The Constitution. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Article in a Journal fn - Barbara Macneil, "The Election of Thomas Jefferson," in William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Winter, 1992), 77.

15 bib - Macneil, Barbara, "The Election of Thomas Jefferson," William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Winter, 1992), pp. 55-99.

Article in a Book fn - Sandy Jones, "The Cold War in Retrospect," in Charles Beale (ed.), Essays on the 1950s (New York: HarperCollins, 1987), 99. bib - Jones, Sandy, "The Cold War in Retrospect," Beale, Charles (ed.), Essays on the 1950s. New York: HarperCollins, 1987, pp. 88-112.

Unpublished Thesis fn - John Smith, "Canada's Constitution," Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1983, 99. bib - Smith, John, "Canada's Constitution," Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1983.

Internet fn - John Smith, “First Among Equals: The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics. The Right Honourable John Alexander Macdonald,” http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3025-e.html. Date accessed, 1 July 2006. bib – Smith, John, “First Among Equals: The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics. The Right Honourable John Alexander Macdonald,” http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3025-e.html. Date accessed, 1 July 2006.

** SECONDARY SOURCES USED MORE THAN ONCE IN AN ESSAY CAN BE ABBREVIATED AFTER THE FIRST ENTRY **

A/ If the source is repeated consecutively (e.g., in note 12 and then cited again in note 13, then use Ibid, p. ?? in note 13 instead of repeating the full title).

12. Sandy Jones, "The Cold War in Retrospect," in Charles Beale (ed.), Essays on the 1950s (New York: HarperCollins, 1987), 99.

13. Ibid, 98.

B/ If the source is used more than once, but not consecutively in the notes:

12. Sandy Jones, "The Cold War in Retrospect," in Charles Beale (ed.), Essays on the 1950s (New York: HarperCollins, 1987), 99.

13. John Smith, "Canada's Constitution," Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1983, 67.

14. INSTEAD OF REPEATING THE FULL CITATION IN NOTE #12 USE -- Jones, "Cold War in Retrospect," 89.

Newspapers and Magazines fn - Edmonton Journal, 3 Oct. 1986, 4. bib - Edmonton Journal. 16

LECTURE OUTLINES

The Age of Exploration and Canada’s First Peoples

A/ Explorers

- Vikings -- Leif Ericsson; L’Anse aux Meadows; Thorvald Ericsson; Skraelings; Sagas (pp. 10-11) indicating Viking settlement and conflict with natives; Thorfinn Karlsefni - John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) -- 1497 - Beothuks - Renaissance - Jacques Cartier -- 1534-1541; cosmographer André Thevet (p. 14)

B/ Native Tribes

- Athapaskan (Sub-Arctic) - French attitudes, including that of Voltaire - Algonkian (Mi’kmaq) - Iroquois (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondagas, Cayuga, Seneca) - Huron/Wyandot (Bear, Cord, Rock, Dear) - Huronia

C/ Native-White (French) Contact

- Samuel de Champlain (Quebec City, 1608-9) - Respecting native customs: Hurons as middlemen, Calumet, gift-giving - Other indications of a decent relationship: 1663 Memorandum on Colonizing New France; 1716 Royal Memorandum; parallel legal systems (pp. 14-15, 19-20) - Effects of alcohol; divisions from the fur trade - Recollets (1615) - Jesuits (1629) - Film clip - Black Robe - Sainte-Marie religious mission (Huronia), 1639 - Father Jean de Brébeuf - Iroquois attack Huronia (1649)

D/ The West

- 1670 - Royal Charter for the Hudson Bay Company - Efforts by the Hudson Bay Company to accommodate natives - “Made Beaver” pelt as a medium of exchange - Chief Factor - Voyageurs - Anthony Henday, York Factory (1754) - Roles played by native women; Country Wives (pp. 288-90) - Lord Selkirk and the Red River Colony (1812) - George Simpson (1821), Frances Simpson (1829-1830) - 1821 Hudson Bay Company-North West Company merger

Theme Question: How were natives affected by contact with Europeans?

17

New France

A/ Historiography

- The history of historical writing/interpretation - Quebec nationalist(e) vs. anti-nationalist(e)

B/ Impact of France

- Company of 100 Associates - Daughters of the King (1663) - Order of Ursuline Nuns - French fears over depopulation - Mercantilism -- closed trading system: raw materials (New France) for finished goods (France) - Ministry of the Marine and Colonies; Minister of Marine Pontchartrain banning the emigration of weavers (p. 77) - Inadequate support from France (pp. 86-88)? Frontenac; Revenue problems in New France; Threats to abandon New France, 1754 (p. 90) - More optimistic reports: Marie de l’Incarnation, 1670, including on policies of Intendant Jean Talon (pp. 76-77), and from Pontchartrain, 1704-06 (p. 77)

C/ Colonial Government

- Governor, Intendant, Sovereign/Superior Council - Corruption? (pp. 28-29) - Good government? Price controls; laws to govern markets and to promote hygiene (pp. 30-32) - Bureau des Pauves (pp. 39-41) and other (though sometimes harsh) initiatives with welfare; Intendant Bigot - Democratic tendencies? - Custom of Paris (1664)

D/ Society

- A hierarchical community - Attitudes of elites (pp. 42-45) - Religious and racial prejudice; Code noir (pp. 37-39) - Impact/influence of the Catholic church (see 1691 comments of Bishop La Croix de Saint-Vallier, pp. 34-35)

E/ Economy

- Debate over the Seigneurial system (seigneurs, censitaires/habitants). See pp. 88-89 for positive statistics versus comments in the 1737 Memo on Colonial Progress

Slides - Grand Séminaire, 1678; Bishop François de Laval

- Dynamic francophone bourgeoisie and economy? Negative British assessment, 1765 (pp. 91-2); chronic cash shortages - Positive commentary from Peter Kalm, 1749 (pp. 80-83) - St. Maurice forges; Olivier de Vezin - Royal Shipyards, Quebec City (pp. 81-82)

Theme Question - How can the study of historiography help in understanding New France?

18

The Conquest

A/ Lead-Up

- 1664 - New Amsterdam falls to the British - Early skirmishes and the rallying role of the Catholic Church (pp. 98-99) - 1713 - Treaty of Utrecht - Acadians - 1720 - Construction of Louisbourg - 1744-1748 - War of Austrian Succession (Hapsburg line) - Siege of Louisbourg (pp. 105-106) - Grand Pré (1746) - Halifax (1749); Mi’qmaq raids; Governor Edward Cornwallis - Cumberland Pass (1748), Appalachian Mountains - Marquis de Duquesne

B/ The Conquest

- Problems for New France and its defenders: garrison troops from France (pp. 100-101); Colonial militia; Indian allies (pp. 101-102, 104-105); emergency troops from France - Higher British morale - The misuse of French-Canadian soldiers - Jean-Armand de Dieskau - Marquis de Montcalm, 1756-1759 - General Edward Braddock & Fort Duquesne - Fort William, 1757 (pp. 107-108); Abenaki - General James Wolfe - Siege of Quebec City, 1759 (pp. 108-109); Report from abbé Jean-Félix Récher (pp. 109-111) - Anse-au-Foulon, September 12, 1759 - Battle of the Plains of Abraham, September 13, 1759 - General James Murray, Governor Pierre Vaudreuil, General Jeffrey Amherst, and the surrender of New France, September 8, 1760 - 1763 Treaty of Paris

C/ The Fallout

- French inquest and imprisonment of Intendant François Bigot (scapegoat?) - Debate over support in France for New France (p. 114) - Articles of Capitulation, 1760 (pp. 111-113); overtures to French-Canadians supported by Governors James Murray and Guy Carleton (pp. 116-117) - Impact of the Conquest on natives - 1762 - Pontiac’s uprising - 1763 - Royal Proclamation creating “Indian Territory” - Condemnation of the Conquest by the Montreal School (“decapitation” thesis) - 1774 Quebec Act (p. 118); Chief Justice William Hey (pp. 118-119) versus Governor Frederick Haldimand (p. 119) - Arrival of the Loyalists; 1791 Constitution Act (separate governments in Upper and Lower Canada, each with an appointed Council and a less powerful elected Assembly) - Laval School - Longstanding structural problems (viz. dominance by the Catholic clergy and poor agricultural techniques) as opposed to the Conquest to explain ongoing dilemmas for French-Quebec

Theme Question - Account for the Conquest of New France in 1760, as well as controversies that have resulted from that event.

19

The Maritimes

A/ Outward Economic Orientation

- Newfoundland and Grand Banks cod fishery - Placentia Bay - 1662 - Avalon Peninsula - Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia - Prince Edward Island and absentee landlords - New Brunswick and timber

B/ Society

- Newfoundland: French (Placentia Bay and St. Mary’s Bay); Spanish (Bonavista Bay); Anglo/Irish (Avalon Peninsula) - Acadians (St. Croix River, 1604) - Bay of Fundy; dykes and clappervalve gates; see pp. 54-57 on general success of Acadians; British Governor Samuel Vetch, 1714 - Socially progressive aspects (pp. 56 & 58); Sieur de Dièreville, 1694 - The “neutral French” - British-Mi’kmaq relations; British fears of Mi’kmaq-Acadian collusion (pp. 61-62) - Clandestine trade by Acadians (p. 57) - Louisbourg, Cape Breton; Halifax, 1749 - Governor Edward Cornwallis; Governor Charles Lawrence and the 1755 expulsion (continued until 1762) - Cajuns (Louisiana) - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Evangeline (1847) and the flowering of Acadian nationalism (films: Evangeline’s Quest; Acadian Connection -- the LeBlanc family) - New England Planters - Political impact -- creation of an elected assembly - American rebellion and Nova Scotia -- John Allan, Jonathon Eddy, and a botched attempt to capture Fort Cumberland - “Missing Decade” thesis - Loyalists - Shelburne - New Brunswick (1784); Fredericton - Black Loyalists: Rev. Boston King (pp. 137-140); Birchtown; Thomas Peters & Sierra Leone; Petition from Preston, Nova Scotia, 1841 (p. 141)

C/ The Region Matures

- More migration - Economic growth and diversification - 1854 Reciprocity Treaty with America - Joseph Howe and the Novascotian - 1848 - Responsible Government in Nova Scotia - P.E.I. : Escheat movement; Tenant’s Party, 1851 - Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Sam Slick - Maritime Union versus Confederation

Theme Question – Why might the Maritimes before Confederation be classified as a distinct region within Canada?

20

Upper Canada: The Loyalists

A/ Migration - Hasty departure - Sir Frederick Haldimand - Loyalists as less suited to Quebec? (see 1787 Report of Merchants of Montreal, pp. 133-137; Correspondence of Anne Powell, p. 142) - Obtaining Indian Land - Mohawk Chief Joseph Brandt and the Grand River tract; Mississaugas (pp. 129-133) - Hardships faced by Loyalist settlers

B/ The Loyalists: Profile and Impact

- Some elites; Quakers and Mennonites; natives; soldiers; servants; former slaves (see 1821 petition by Richard Pierpoint, p. 142) - Land grants -- 100 to several thousand acres - United Empire Loyalists (U.E.L.); Late-Loyalists - 1791 Constitution Act; elected Assembly vs. appointed Councils (Legislative and Executive) and appointed Governor - Controls over who votes and who runs for office - Conception of society from leading Loyalists: deference from masses and responsible leadership from elites - The “established” Anglican church - Clergy Reserves - John Graves Simcoe - Jay’s Treaty, 1794 - Dundas Street, 1793 (York to London); Yonge Street, 1794-1796 (York to Lake Simcoe -- Thornhill, Richmond Hill, Barrie) - Robert Hamilton - Wild Land Tax - Multiple office holdings and nepotism with the distribution of government jobs - Religious divisions over clergy reserves: Anglicans versus Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Catholics - Anglican Bishop John Strachan (York) - Common Schools Act, 1816 - Opposition in the Assembly -- the emergence of Reformers

C/ A Sluggish Economy

- Poor transportation (corduroy roads) - Debtor economy operating largely on credit - Philemon Wright; Kingston (Cataraqui) - Colonial government with few means of raising money

Theme Question – Does the Loyalist experience demonstrate that Upper Canada before 1812 was a frontier area brimming with opportunity for all?

21

War of 1812

A/ Origins

- Impressment - 1807 - Leopard attacks Chesapeake - “Freedom of the Seas” - Unsuccessful U.S. embargo against Britain - British control over U.S. trade with France - “War Hawk” Congressmen (Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky) - William Henry Harrison (Indiana Territory) - Tecumseh (Shawnee); Prophetstown - Tippecanoe River (September 1811) - U.S. President James Madison declares war on Britain, 1 June 1812

B/ The War

- Patriotic declarations, including by Major-General Isaac Brock (pp. 147-150) - Problems with Canadian militia (also see pp. 150-155 for observations of Dr. William Dunlop in Quebec, 1813, and Lieut-Col. William Gubbins in New Brunswick, 1813) - Problems for the United States (e.g. uneven support for the war, questionable military) - General William Hull; Sandwich, Ontario; cooperation by Upper Canadians with American invaders - Problems for Brock in rallying Upper Canadians - Michilimackinac; native support (pp. 157-158) - Nationalism and myth-making; “Come All Ye Bold Canadians” - Queenston Heights and Brock’s death (October 1812); Sir Reginald Hale Sheaffe - Poor conduct by Upper Canadians (1813) - Captain Oliver Perry; Put-in Bay, Lake Erie (1813) - Moraviantown (October 1813) - Stoney Creek - Beaver Dams, Lieut. James FitzGibbon and Laura Secord - The war in French Canada (1813): Bishop Joseph-Octave Plessis; Châteauguay; Colonel Charles-Michel de Salaberry; Voltigeurs (see pp. 159-160 for contrasting views of French-Canadian opinion and the state of the French-Canadian militia) - Lundy’s Lane (July 1814) - Chesapeake Bay; attack on Washington (August 1814) - Fort McHenry; Francis Scott Key - Treaty of Ghent (24 December 1814)

C/ Legacy

- Enhanced American and Canadian nationalism - Assistance to the needy by the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada (pp. 165-169) versus controversy over war claims - 1830 - War Losses Compensation Bill - Loyalist use of the War of 1812 (viz. nationalism and patriotism) to solidify status (e.g. loyalty oaths for land)

Theme Question: Explain the origins, course of battle, and legacies of the War of 1812.

22

The Canadas - Economic and Social Development during the Early 19th Century

A/ Political/Social Division in Upper Canada - John Beverly Robinson - Attorney-General and Chief Justice of Upper Canada - Family Compact (an interlocking elite primarily of Anglo and Loyalist background) - Robert Gourlay (1817 statistical survey of Upper Canada; “What most retards improvement in Upper Canada?”) - Colonel Thomas Talbot (1818 - Superintendent of London Township) - Sir Peregrine Maitland - Barnabas Bidwell (former Massachusetts assemblyman and U.S. Congressman); Marshall Spring Bidwell - Social divisions and access to patronage within the Upper Canadian Legislative Assembly - British migration -- 1815-1840s - Quarantine at Grosse Isle - Controversy over the use of limited government revenue - 1826 - Canada Land Company (1.4 million acres by Lake Huron for £350,000 and £17,000 in annual rent for 15 years); public assets to secure private profit for elites? - 1823-1829 - construction of the Welland Canal linking Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; William Hamilton Merritt; see pp. 175-177 for proof of the need to improve transportation for commerce - Growth and division in urban Upper Canada - Judge D’Arcy Boulton -- “The Grange” - Society for the Relief of Strangers (1817) - Canal construction and logging -- French-Canadians vs Irish-Catholics

B/ Women and Natives

- Stereotypes surrounding and the moral regulation of women: Female Compassionate Society of Quebec City, 1822 (pp. 203-204); Magdalene Asylum (pp. 266-267) - The ideal native for whites: Reflections of a Forest Life, or, the Life and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh, or, George Copway, Chief of the Ojibway Nation (pp. 198-202) - Ongoing efforts to obtain land from and to assimilate natives into a “white” lifestyle - Model villages; Sir Francis Bond Head; Manitoulin Island

C/ Lower Canada

- Château Clique - parti canadien; parti patriote - Growing anger over Anglo dominance; role of the seigneurial system (p. 177) - Divisions in urban Lower Canada

Theme Question - In what ways did “hierarchy” typify life in Upper and Lower Canada during the early 19th century? What consequences resulted?

23

The Rebellions

A/ Upper Canada

- Rising tensions under Lieutenant-Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland (1816-1828) - William Lyon Mackenzie (rebel leader) - Colonial Advocate - William Jarvis Sr. and Jr. -- 1826 - Influence of Andrew Jackson upon Mackenzie - Moderate Reformers -- Dr. William Baldwin, Robert Baldwin - Lieutenant-Governor Sir Francis Bond Head - An ill-organized uprising (December 4-7, 1837) -- Montgomery’s Tavern - Mackenzie’s “American” Constitution (pp. 238-241) - Samuel Lount, Peter Matthews - Dr. Charles Duncombe - Hunters’ Lodges - Moderate Reformers take over the opposition; the rebellion as a “necessary failure” to allow modernization

B/ Lower Canada

- Economic crisis for habitants during the 1830s - Patriote leader Louis-Joseph Papineau - Patriote grievances and rising tensions in the 1820s (pp. 234-237) - 92 Resolutions (1834) - Colonial Secretary Lord John Russell - Governor Gosford - Rebellion starts in November 1837 (St-Denis (Richelieu River), St-Charles, St.-Eustache) - Robert Nelson -- unsuccessful raids from the U.S. - British retribution following the rebellion (see pp. 243-244, 246-250, e.g. experience of Eugenie Saint-Germaine)

C/ Political Aftermath

- John George Lambton, First Earl of Durham - 1839 Durham Report; 1840 Act of Union creating one colonial government for the new administrative districts of Canada West and Canada East - Durham’s recommendation for Responsible Government - Durham pictured as a hero in English Canada, but as a villain in Quebec (1996 CBC film clip) - Durham’s attempt to assimilate French-Canada - The move towards political compromise -- Robert Baldwin, Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine, Governor-General Elgin

Theme Question - What were the causes and consequences of the 1837-38 rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada?

24

Economics and Politics during the Era of Union Government

A/ The Economy

- Canals - improving the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence route (e.g., Welland and Lachine) - 1849 Railway Guarantee Act; 1852 Consolidated Municipal Loan Act - Great Western Railway, 1853-1858, Toronto to Windsor - Grand Trunk Railway, 1853-1859, Montreal to Sarnia (buys out St. Lawrence and Atlantic) - Questions over government-business relations (Inspector-General Francis Hincks) - Baptiste Creek, Ontario, 1854 - Industrial growth: Edward Gurney (iron, Hamilton); Daniel Massey (farm implements, Newcastle) - 1854 - Secularization of the clergy reserves and dismantling the seigneurial system - The “new West”: 1857 expeditions by S.J. Dawson (civil engineer) and H.Y. Hind (geologist) for the union government, and by Captain John Palliser for the British - 1846 - Move to free trade in Britain - 1849 - Annexation Manifesto - 1854 - Reciprocity agreement with America

Slides

- Kingston-York Road, drawn by James Cockburn in 1830 (p. 183) - Railways - Champlain and St. Lawrence (1836) -- 14 mile portage between the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers

B/ Politics

- 1839-1841 - Governor-General Lord Syndenham (Charles Poulett Thomson) - View of Marcus Child, 1843: a factious and divided Legislature (pp. 244-245) - Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine - Robert Baldwin alliance - Bleus; ultramontane; Rouges - 1841-1843 - Governor-General Charles Bagot - 1843-1847 - Governor-General Charles Metcalfe - 1847-1854 - Governor-General James Bruce (Lord Elgin) - Rebellion Losses Bill (1849) and Responsible Government - Limited democratization (pp. 308-312) - Conservative leader Allan McNab - Joseph Légaré (p. 272) - Brokerage politics practiced by Baldwin - La Fontaine - “Double Majority” rule (the government must have majority support within the entire assembly, and each leader in the governing coalition must enjoy majority support among those elected from their section, Canada West or Canada East) - The debate over a new capital - George Brown and the Clear Grits - Étienne-Pascal Taché; John A Macdonald - Political divisions and deadlock in the united province - The Baldwin - La Fontaine strategy adopted by George-Étienne Cartier and John A. Macdonald

Theme Question - To what extent did the economy and political system change and mature in Canada East and Canada West during the period of Union government?

25

The Union Era: Society and Social Initiatives

Cities as social centres (pp. 226-227)

A/ Growing Social Problems

- More expensive farm land (Report of Johan Scrρder, pp. 180-182) - Class conflict, such as at the Lachine Canal (1844-1845); also see pp. 262-264 for conflict at the Welland Canal, 1844, involving the Irish - Social status of the Irish: Orange Order (July 12 commemorates the 1690 victory at the Boyne River in Ireland by the Protestant Prince William of Orange over James II); slums, income polarization and urban Irish-Catholics - Working conditions (pp. 188-189); lack of labour rights (e.g. 1847 Master and Servants Act in Ontario) - Charivari (pp. 259-261)

B/ Temperance

- Early attempts to regulate liquor (p. 218) - Rhetoric from temperance movement (pp. 207-208, e.g. from Reform politician, John Rolph) - Sons of Temperance - Smasher (Liberal) party, New Brunswick

C/ Educational Reform

- Egerton Ryerson - Inadequate educational institutions created under the 1816 Common Schools Act - Ryerson’s reforms to impart knowledge and to enhance opportunities, but also to bring greater discipline, efficiency, order, morality and patriotism - 1841 - Ryerson becomes Superintendent of Common Schools - Efforts to improve teaching (first- to third-class certification and the 1847 introduction of the Normal School)

D/ The Asylum and the Penitentiary

Theme Question - In what ways did “social change” and attempts at “social control” intermix in mid-19th century Canada?

26

Road to Confederation

A/ Initial Moves Toward a New Union

- Political deadlock and instability under the Union government - John A. Macdonald: idea of enhancing business prospects and infrastructural development (viz. railways) through a wider union; a skilled brokerage politician (as opposed to Brown)

B/ External Factors

- Threats from the United States - Trent Affair (1861-1862) - Britain desires to disengage more from Canada - 1864 -- St. Alban’s raid by Confederate soldiers from Quebec into Vermont - Cancellation of the Reciprocity Treaty - Fenians (Campobello Island, April 1866)

C/ Forging the Deal and Setting the Stage for Regionalism

- New united Canada promoted as more attractive to investors and as better able to support projects like railways (in which those such as George-Étienne Cartier have personal investments) - Edward Watkin (Grand Trunk) - Ontario (based upon “representation by population”) foreseeing itself as dominant within the new union - Great Coalition, 1864: John A. Macdonald (Conservative - Canada West); George-Étienne Cartier (Blue - Canada East); George Brown (Reform - Canada West) - 1864 Charlottetown Conference initially slated to discuss Maritime Union (p. 313, Vol. 1) - 72 Resolutions reached at Quebec City -- Becomes the 1867 British North America Act establishing a federal union - BNA Act: A compromise document (pp. 7-9, Vol. 2) - Compromise and equivocation by Macdonald, e.g. federal rather than legislative union (p. 3, Vol. 2) - Warning of Christopher Dunkin (pp. 6-7, Vol. 2) - Differing views from the Quebec City conference: George Brown (pp. 318-321, Vol. 2); Antoine-Aimé Dorion (pp. 317-318, Vol. 1, pp. 4-5, Vol. 2); Hector Langevin (pp. 5-6, Vol. 2); George-Étienne Cartier (pp. 316-317, Vol. 1) - Quebeckers look to the provincial level - Maritimes and Confederation - Debtless Prince Edward Island under J.C. Pope resists Confederation (also see pp. 315-316, Vol. 1) - New Brunswick: Leonard Tilley (pro-Confederation) vs. Albert James Smith - Lieutenant-Governor Arthur Gordon (New Brunswick) - Nova Scotia: Charles Tupper (pro-Confederation) vs. Joseph Howe; Lord Carnarvon (pp. 323-324, Vol. 1)

Theme Question - What factors produced Confederation in 1867? To what extent was unity achieved?

27

Rise of Regional Discontent

A/ Métis and Natives

- William McDougall (Provisional Governor sent by Ottawa to Fort Garry) - Louis Riel and the Métis; List of Rights (Vol. 1, pp. 298-299) - Thomas Scott - Letter in Toronto Globe (Vol. 1, pp. 299-300); Riel’s proclamation (Vol. 1, pp. 301-303) - 1870 Manitoba Act; Assiniboia - 1872 Homestead Act - 1871-1877 -- Seven treaties between the federal government and the Cree, Chippewa, Ojibwa, and Blackfoot placing natives on reservations - 1876 Indian Act; Potlatch; Pass laws; Rev. John MacLean vs. John A. Macdonald (Vol. 2, pp. 25-30) - Natives portrayed as children in 1890 federal Sessional Paper (Vol. 2, p. 30) - Native resistance: Pauline Johnson (Vol. 2, pp. 34-35); Chief John Elliot (Vol. 2, pp. 35-38) - 1918-1919 Report of the Deputy Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs; e.g. leasing Indian land without permission (Vol. 2, pp. 40-43) - Residential schools (Vol. 2, pp. 47-52); Film Clip - Basil Johnson, author of Indian School Days

B/ Completing the Initial Union: British Columbia (1871) and Prince Edward Island (1873)

- 1866 - Unification of Vancouver Island and New Caledonia - Britain pushes the union of debt-ridden British Columbia with Canada - B.C. joins Canada largely for "perks" (e.g. railway link within 10 years) - Alexander Mackenzie bribes B.C. to stay - Prince Edward Island -- forced into Confederation largely by railway debt

C/ The Canadian Pacific Railway (1872-1885) and the National Policy (1878)

- Sir Hugh Allan and the 1872 "Pacific Scandal" - John A. Macdonald returns to power in 1878 on the "National Policy" platform of high tariffs - National Policy appears as an economic success only by the 1890s and largely due to external factors; but still builds some nationalism based upon the desire to keep Canada separate from the United States - George Stephen of the Bank of Montreal - Railway and tariffs become a source of Western discontent

D/ Second Riel Rebellion (1885)

- Gabriel Dumont - Batoche, Saskatchewan (provisional Métis government) - Duck Lake - Riel's controversial trial and execution (November 1885)

E/ Maritimes and Ontario

- Declining Maritime economy blamed upon inadequate tariff protection and rail subsidies from Ottawa - W.S. Fielding re-elected as Nova Scotia’s premier in 1886 on secessionist platform - 1867-71 - Decent inter-governmental relations between John A. Macdonald and Ontario Premier John Sandfield Macdonald - Edward Blake becomes premier (1871): ends dual representation; develops "Compact Theory" of Confederation (Vol. 2, pp. 10-11); Oliver Mowat - 1870-1889 - Ontario-Manitoba border dispute - Judicial Committee of the Privy Council - 1887 Inter-Provincial Conference in Quebec City (largely to eliminate "Disallowance Powers" of the federal government) - Court disputes: Russell (Vol. 2, p. 11); Lord Watson and Viscount Haldane; Liquidators of the Maritime Bank of Canada v Receiver General for New Brunswick (Vol. 2, pp. 12-13) - Developing “Empire Ontario” - Francis Hector Clergue and the Consolidated Lake Superior Corporation - Allan Sullivan, The Rapids; Robert Fisher Clark (Vol. 2, pp. 15-17) - Clergue’s speech (Vol. 2, pp. 17-19) - Developing “New Ontario” and disputes with Ottawa; Dingley tariff (Vol. 2, pp. 19-21)

Theme Question - On what bases did regional discontent build during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

28

Imperialism and Nationalism -- 1870-1914

A/ The Reasons Behind and Nature of Imperialist Philosophy

- Pessimism in the land - Britain seeks assistance in building the Empire - Claims of Canadian progress under British guidance (pp. 105-107) - Assuming the mantle from Britain; Sara Jeanette Duncan, The Imperialist, 1904 (pp. 108-112); Stephen Leacock (pp. 112-118) - Empire as counterweight to USA

B/ The Applicability of Imperialism

- British attitude (1871 Washington Treaty) - French-English relations - Continental Union proposed by Goldwin Smith (p. 120) - Americanization as noted by André Siegfried in The Race Question in Canada, 1906 (pp. 120-124)

C/ Domestic Issues

- Orange Order - 1886 - Honoré Mercier and the Parti National - 1888 - Jesuit Estates Act - 1871 - New Brunswick opts for a single non-sectarian public school system (1875 Caraquet riot) - 1885 - Ontario orders two hours English instruction per day in its French schools - D'Alton McCarthy, Thomas Greenway, and the 1890 Manitoba Schools Act - Remedial legislation -- Section 93 of the British North America Act - John Abbott (1891-1892); John Thompson (1892-1894); Mackenzie Bowell (1894-1896); Charles Tupper (1896) - Wilfrid Laurier and the "sunny way" - 1897 -- Laurier-Greenway Compromise - Monsignor Merry del Val; Papal encyclical - 1905 Autonomy Bills and education; Clifford Sifton (Minister of Interior) and W.S. Fielding (Finance Minister) - Regulation XVII (1912); reaction from Bourassa (pp. 125-128), and from Lionel Groulx in The Iron Wedge, 1922 (pp. 128-129)

D/ Laurier, Borden and the Empire

- Laurier attempts to find the middle ground between English- and French-Canada -- tells Britain to call Ottawa "to its councils"; Britain’s Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain - Laurier plays up to the Imperialists through rhetoric and symbol -- e.g., helps to ensure that the 1901 visit to Canada by the Prince of Wales is a gala affair (see film clip) - 1899-1902 Boer War (South Africa): Anglo Uitlanders; Alaska Panhandle dispute; Lord Alverstone - 1909 Naval question; Dreadnoughts; Bourassa’s Nationalistes - Reciprocity (1911); Ontario’s Conservative premier J.P. Whitney - 1912 - Borden seeks $35 million for Naval Aid Bill - Nationalistes bolt from Conservative alliance; Conservatives utilize closure; Liberal-dominated Senate (1913) defeats the Naval Aid Bill

Theme Question - Why did Imperialism emerge? Was it an appropriate political philosophy to guide Canada?

29

Industrialization and Social Strain: Confederation to the Great War

A/ Urban Life and Social Reform

- Growth of cities and signs of progress - The businessman as hero - Overcrowding and slums - Social Gospel (pp. 64-66) - Progressives; Herbert Baxter Ames, City Below the Hill, 1897 (pp. 66-67) - Problem of child labour (pp. 67-68) - Lack of welfare services

B/ Social Divisions and the Workplace

- "Robber Barons"; weak anti-combines legislation from Ottawa (1889) - Polarization of wealth; long hours; poor wages (pp. 59-62) - Scientific Management; Frederick Winslow Taylor - Employer associations; "corporate welfare" - Meek federal responses: 1872 Trade Union Act; 1889 Royal Commission on the Relations of Labour and Capital (pp. 55- 56); 1897 Labour Day (pp. 57-58); 1907 Industrial Disputes Investigation Act - 1886 Ontario Factory Act

C/ Unions

- The "Nine Hour Movement" (late-1860s-1872) ; Canadian Labour Union - Rise and fall of the Knights of Labour, 1870s-1880s; Haymarket riot - Skilled workers gravitate to craft unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labour (formed in 1886); craft unions come to dominate Canada’s Trades and Labour Congress (formed in 1883) - Debate over whether craft unions "sold-out" - Central Canada vs. the West (Craft vs. Industrial Unionism) - Rise and fall of the Industrial Workers of the World in Western Canada

Theme Question - Explain why “social class” became such a prominent feature and concern in industrializing Canada?

30

Immigration and Ethnicity

A/ Attitudes Toward and the Treatment of Newcomers Prior to the Great War

- Anglo-Conformity - Hierarchy of immigrants (Mennonites and Doukhobours) - Clifford Sifton -- Minister of the Interior - Experiences of Ukrainians - Labour agents that attract newcomers; "padrone"; 1905 Royal Commission on Italian Labourers (pp. 68-69) - Immigrants who fought back against working conditions and who, as a result, were branded as radicals; Finnish Socialist Organization of Canada; Ukrainian Social Democratic Party; changes in 1910 to immigration legislation

B/ Visible Minorities

- Blacks - Asians: Head Tax; James Dunsmuir (pp. 69-71); stereotypes (pp. 71-72); Emily Murphy, The Black Candle, 1922 (pp. 193-194) - Efforts to limit Japanese migration – 1908 Gentleman's Agreement - "Continuous voyage" rule and the 1914 Komagata Maru incident

C/ The Great War (1914-1918)

- Anti-Germanism: 1916, Berlin becomes Kitchener; 118th Battalion destroys Concordia and Arcadian Clubs; Lusitania - Internment of Galicians (Ukrainians from an Austrian-controlled province); Bishop Nicholas Budka; T.G. Shaughnessy; Film, Freedom had a Price (pp. 163-167)

D/ Inter-War to War Years

- 1925 agreement between the federal government and Canada's railways to bring over more immigrant labour - Fear over the growth of Catholicism; Ku Klux Klan - A.R.M. Lower, The Case Against Immigration (pp. 190-192) - Great Depression of the 1930s increases pressure to cut off immigration - Anti-Semitism and Jewish immigration

E/ The Move to Multiculturalism

- Ontario's government passes legislation against race discrimination in the workplace (1944) - Displaced Persons - William Lyon Mackenzie King’s 1947 Statement on Immigration; “absorptive capacity” (pp. 273-274) - Discrimination against blacks (pp. 275-277, 284-285, 289-292) - 1966 White Paper on Immigration (pp. 277-279) - Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism – Book IV, The Contributions of Other Canadians (pp. 279-280) - Moves (and resistance) to Multiculturalism (pp. 292-299)

Theme Question -- To what extent is the multicultural idea a part of Canada's past?

31

The Woman’s Sphere – Late 19th Century to 1930

A/ Youth and Home Life

- Domestic Science - Home-based work - Legal discrimination

B/ Paid Work

- Most women who work are unmarried or widowed - Job-typing for women (Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1869)

C/ Using Stereotypes to Improve Society

- Influencing society via the church (e.g., Order of the Grey Nuns in Quebec) - Women's Christian Temperance Union; 1893 Royal Commission on Liquor Traffic (pp. 146-147); Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of Liquor Traffic (pp. 147-149); votes on prohibition (pp. 151-152); Letitia Youmans (pp. 145-146); Nellie McClung (pp. 152-153) - Campaign against prostitution: Rev. J.G. Shearer (pp. 135-138) - Opposition to birth control

D/ The Suffrage Campaign: Equal Rights Feminism vs. Maternal Feminism

- Equal Rights Feminism: women who see rights as flowing from citizenship; Dr. Emily Howard Stowe (Toronto Women's Literary Club, 1876); Toronto Women's Suffrage Association, 1883; Dr. Augusta Stowe-Gullen (takes over the Dominion Women's Enfranchisement Association) - Film evidence -- the ridicule of suffragists - Maternal Feminism: those who support the expansion of women's influence from the domestic to the public sphere in those areas connected to the so-called moral and nurturing qualities of women; Lady Aberdeen and the National Council of Women of Canada (1893) - Elitism in the N.C.W.C.; shortcomings of Maternal Feminists to improve workplace conditions; living wage (Palladium of Labour and 1889 Royal Commission on Relations of Capital and Labour, pp. 133-135) - Effects of the Great War: Nellie McClung and the vote for women in Manitoba (1916); the need for conscription and the 1917 Wartime Elections Act that grants the vote to the wives, sisters, daughters and mothers of servicemen - The expansion of female enfranchisement (Ontario, 1917; British Columbia, 1917; Nova Scotia, 1918; all women for federal elections, 1918; New Brunswick, 1919; Prince Edward Island, 1922)

E/ The Post-War Years

- Quebec and the vote: Marie Gérin-Lajoie (leader of the Saint Jean-Baptiste Society); Thérèse Casgrain (takes over in 1933 from Gérin-Lajoie; Vice-President of the Women's Liberal Party Federation of Canada and helps convince Premier Adélard Godbout to provide women in Quebec with the vote for provincial elections, 1940) - Image of the "carefree" 1920s vs. its more conservative features for women - Agnes Macphail (M.P. in 1921) - 1929 Persons Case (Nellie McClung and Emily Murphy) - Cairine Wilson (Canada's first woman Senator)

Theme Question - In what ways did the "social construction of gender" affect the lives of Canadian women prior to 1930?

32

The Great War, 1914-1918

A/ Patriotic Responses

- Recruiting (pp. 158-160) - Songs (p. 161) - Church (p. 160) - Schools (Children’s History of the War)

B/ State Repression and Propaganda

- Galicians - August 1914, War Measures Act (pp. 162-163) - June 1915 - Chief Press Censor - Propaganda – Film, “With the Canadians on the Western Front” and Gordon V. Thompson’s song, “When We Wind Up the Watch on the Rhine”

C/ New Roles for Government

- Shell Committee to the Imperial Munitions Board (Sir Joseph Flavelle) - Financing the war; Thomas White

D/ War Seen as a Force for Progress/Uplift

- 1917 – Prohibition - Increasing Canada's status: Ypres (1915); Herbert Asquith to Lloyd George (1916); Imperial War Cabinet and Resolution IX, 1917 (Canada as an “autonomous member within the Empire” and with a right to consultation); Vimy Ridge, April 1917; separate signature on the Treaty of Versailles and a seat at the League of Nations

E/ The French-English Divide

- Trying to rally a reluctant French-Canada (Dollard des Ormeaux, p. 157) - 1 January 1916 -- Prime Minister Borden pledges a volunteer army of 500,000 men - Sam Hughes, Minister of the Militia, and problems with French-Canada - Henri Bourassa’s views (pp. 169-171) - May 1917 - Borden instructs Solicitor-General Arthur Meighen to write the Military Service Act - Borden unsuccessfully proposes a coalition (Union) government with Laurier - September 1917 -- Wartime Elections Act (disenfranchises conscientious objectors and those of enemy alien background naturalized after 31 March 1902, while extending the vote to the wives, mothers, daughters and sisters of those in uniform), and the Military Voters Act (allowing the governing party to determine the provincial distribution of soldiers' ballots where military voters failed to indicate a specific riding)

F/ Labour and Farmers

- Mounting inflation; increased unionization; demand from organized labour that wealth be conscripted before men; Western Canadian unionists lead in militancy - Farmers angry over calls to produce more food with less labour; April 1918 -- 5,000 farmers protest at parliament after Borden's government reneges on rural draft exemptions

G/ Soldiers and Civilians

- Conditions at the front (that are hidden from those at home): Picture from Frank Lind (pp. 161-162) vs. that in Private Fraser’s Journal (pp. 172-173); Charles Yale Harrison, Generals Die in Bed (pp. 175-177) - A rough homecoming: Pierre Van Paasen, Days of Our Years (p. 177)

Theme Question: In what ways did the Great War affect/change Canada?

33

Inter-War Years

A/ Veterans and Labour

- Stingy veteran benefits (Military Hospitals Commission; Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment) - East-West split in labour - March 1919 -- Western Labour Conference in Calgary - May-June 1919 -- Winnipeg General Strike (pp. 182-188) - July 1919 - Section 41 added to the Immigration Act; Section 98 added to the Criminal Code (pp. 189-190) - Labour in retreat during the 1920s

B/ Concerns Over Social Mores

- 1920-1926 -- Decline of prohibition - Bootleggers and citizens "making light" of the law

C/ Regionalism

- 1919 - United Farmers of Ontario - 1920 - Progressive Party - 1921 - United Farmers of Alberta - 1922 - United Farmers of Manitoba - William Lyon Mackenzie King as a brokerage/compromise politician - Progressives: Manitoba wing (T.A. Crerar and later Robert Forke) vs. Alberta wing (Henry Wise Wood, constituency autonomy and "group government) - Maritime Rights Movement - 1927 Royal Commission on the Maritimes chaired by Sir Arthur Rae Duncan - Abbé Lionel Groulx and Action Française

D/ Foreign Policy

- Rejecting Collective Security (Article X of the League of Nations Covenant) - Tilting to America - Continentalism and Isolationism - Moving from Britain: 1922, Chanak (Dardanelles Straits); 1923 Imperial Conference (pp. 195-197); 1923 Halibut Treaty - 1925-1930 - Canada establishes legations in London, Washington, Paris and Tokyo - 1926 Balfour Declaration (transforming the Empire into a Commonwealth of autonomous nations) - 1931 Statute of Westminster - But with new-found independence, would Canadian foreign-policy, in serving Canadian interests (such as preserving national unity), "shamefully" avoid responsibility? - Pressure for disarmament (pp. 199-200); International Women’s League for Peace and Freedom - Platitudes from King (?) and his critics, e.g. Vincent Massey, 1920s (pp. 197-199) - Dr. W.A. Riddell and the question of sanctions against Mussolini's Italy for its invasion of Abyssinia (pp. 201-202); public opinion (pp. 202-203) - Appeasing Hitler

Theme Question - Why was there disillusionment and division in Canada following the Great War? Was Prime Minister King able to minimize division?

34

Great Depression: 1929-39

A/ Economic and Social Suffering

- Statistical indicators and lack of social welfare (p. 211) - Dust Bowl; account from James Gray (pp. 211-213) - Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King casts the Great Depression as a temporary glitch in the business cycle

B/ Richard Bedford Bennett, 1930-1935

- "Blasting" Canada out of the Depression by raising tariffs - Debt avoidance -- theory of deficit financing from the British economist, John Maynard Keynes, not yet widely accepted - Bennett blankets (newspapers) and Bennett buggies (cars pulled by horses) vs. Bennett’s benevolent responses to letters (pp. 210-211) - Failure of free trade within the Commonwealth - Use of film -- people search for diversions to forget their suffering (Foster Hewitt) - Bennett's work camps, the On-to-Ottawa Trek, and the 1935 Regina Riot

C/ New Parties and/or Failed Reformers

- Workers Unity League; 1931 anti-Communist raids; Tim Buck; Section 98 of the Criminal Code - The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation - William "Bible Bill" Aberhart and Social Credit in Alberta: Major C.H. Douglas; A+B Theorem; critics, R.B. Bryce (pp. 216- 217); Aberhart as orator (p. 214); John Brownlee’s scandal - 1934 - Tory George Henry to Liberal Mitchell Hepburn in Ontario; Congress of Industrial Organizations; 1937 strike at the General Motors plant in Oshawa

D/ The 1935 Election and the Return of Mackenzie King

- H.H. Stephens, the Royal Commission on Price Spreads, and the Reconstruction Party - Bennett's New Deal (p. 218): W.D. Herridge (Bennett's brother-in-law and the head of Canada's legation in Washington); criticisms of the New Deal (pp. 218-219) - “King or Chaos” - Finance Minister, C.A. Dunning - Pressure for constitutional change to help Ottawa fight the Depression; F.R. Scott (pp. 219-221) - 1937 -- Judicial Committee of the Privy Council declares Bennett's New Deal (viz. Unemployment Insurance) unconstitutional - 1937 - Rowell-Sirois Commission to examine the redistribution of powers between the federal and provincial governments so Ottawa could plan more effectively to deal with emergencies such as the Depression (pp. 222-225) - Norman Rogers, Minister of Labour

Theme Question: What economic, social, and political effects did the Great Depression have upon Canada?

35

Second World War, 1939-1945

A/ Period of Limited Liability

- Quebec promised “no conscription for overseas service” - Maurice Duplessis to Adélard Godbout - 1940 election - King defeats Robert Manion

B/ The Rise of Big Government

- C.D. Howe, Canada's Minister of Munitions - Growing federal power through the 1940 Rowell-Sirois Commission Report - Wartime Prices and Trade Board (pp. 229-230)

C/ Beyond Canada's Borders

- Private criticism of British command (Hong Kong, December 1941; Dieppe and Mountbatten, August 1942) - Functional Principal - Canada as a superpower in certain domains (p. 232) - Moving closer to America: Alaska Highway, Aleutian Islands (pp. 232-234); Permanent Joint Board of Defence (August 1940); Hyde Park (April 1941); Lend-Lease (U.S. arms to Britain for British bases in Western Hemisphere)

D/ Conscription and Social Welfare

- June 1940, National Resources Mobilization Act - 1942 Plebiscite - J.L. Ralston (Minister of Defence) - Order in Council - conscription for overseas "if necessary" - Ralston to General A.G.L. McNaughton - November 1944 -- King imposes conscription for overseas service, but only for the bare minimum of 16,000 men - Moving to the political left: Leonard Marsh and the 1943 Report on Social Security (e.g., proposes Family Allowances to create a more humane post-war world and to pump money into the postwar economy to offset an anticipated downturn) - Growing popularity of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (Tommy Douglas) - 1944-1945 - New welfare initiatives (Baby Bonus; National Housing Act; generous veteran benefits) - 1945 White Paper on Income and Employment -- formal adoption of the Keynesian-style planned economy

E/ Repression and Attempts to Hold Back Change

- Canadian Japanese Association; 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria and 1937 expansion into the rest of China - Feb 1942 - Evacuation/Internment - California and Vancouver Island (Estevan Point) shelled and two outer Aleutian Islands occupied by Japan - Change for women? Lotta Dempsey (see pp. 235-246) - Canadian Women's Army Corps; Royal Canadian Air Force (Women's Division); Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service - Film, "Wings on Her Shoulder" (1943) -- Women in the military not taken seriously and the public is assured that women in uniform can remain "feminine" in appearance

Theme Question - Describe the impact of World War II upon Canada and its people? How effective was Mackenzie King in coping with the strains created by the conflict?

36

Canada’s Post-War Consensus, 1945-63

A/ Government, Economy, and Society

- C.D. Howe (Minister of Reconstruction) - Pent-up wartime demand; Family Allowances - U.S. investment; 1948, Howe as Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce - 1 April 1949 - Newfoundland joins Confederation - Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation; migration to suburbia (p. 264) - Women: Return to tradition?; baby boom; Ellen Fairclough (pp. 266-268); Crestwood Heights (p. 265); employment patterns (p. 266)

B/ Foreign Policy

- The "golden age" under the direction of those such as Lester Pearson: (1) demonstrate autonomy and improve international relations; (2) avoid creating disunity within Canada; and (3) serve Canada's economic needs - A "middle power," the "functional principal," "quiet diplomacy" - Support for collective security - Support for America despite the desire to build better East-West relations; Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk working at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa (pp. 251-252) - Anti-Communism within Canada's foreign policy does not create major internal division - Canada's close alliance with America seen as bringing economic benefits - 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization: multilateral rather than a bilateral pact; Article 2 to encourage economic links among NATO members - 1950-53 Korean War

C/ Searching for Communists and Security Risks at Home

- Rev. James Endicott (pp. 254-256) - Organized labour (pp. 256-258) - Scott Young (pp. 259-260) - Homosexuals (pp. 260-263)

D/ Transition from Consensus

- Apprehension over too much American control: 1951 Royal Commission on Arts, Letters and Sciences; 1957 Canada Council; 1955-56 Royal Commission on Canada’s Economic Prospects; Walter Gordon - 1956 Suez Crisis (Gamal Nasser) - 1956 Pipeline Debate (extra funding for the American-owned Trans-Canada Pipeline Corporation passed through closure)

E/ John Diefenbaker (1957-1963)

- Less pro-American; more pro-British - The proposed 15% trade diversion from America to Britain - Pearson’s miscalculation and the 1958 election - Diefenbaker’s "Canada of the north" and the "roads to resources" programme - Poor economy and 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow (Leslie Frost) - Coyne Affair -- James Coyne, Governor of the Bank of Canada, tries to maintain a "tight money" policy to control inflation - The 92.5 cent "Diefenbuck" - Diefenbaker and Quebec – a problematic relationship after 1960 when the new Liberal Premier, Jean Lesage, ushers in the Quiet Revolution - 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD - 1963 BOMARC Crisis - 1963 - Opting for Lester Pearson

Theme Question: In what ways did “consensus” characterize the 1945-57 period under the Liberals? Can John Diefenbaker’s years in office be similarly portrayed?

37

Canada’s Social Service State and Quebec’s Quiet Revolution

A/ Lester Pearson and the Emergence of the Modern Social Service State

- "60 Days of Decision" - Old Age Pensions; loans to cities for public works; educational support; Canada Pension Plan (1965) - "Cooperative Federalism" - Medicare: universal, portable, maintaining minimum national standards

B/ Dealing With Quebec

- Maurice Duplessis (Union Nationale, 1944-59) and backward-looking clerical-nationalism - Duplessis' coalition/basis of support: major capitalists; Catholic Church; a vast patronage network; and the agricultural sector - Asbestos (1949) - Opposition to Duplessis: organized labour; those who spoke out against government corruption (including a minority of Catholic priests); academics/intellectuals (including Pierre Trudeau and Gérard Pelletier who started Cité Libre) - Paul Sauvé (1959-1960); J. Antonio Barrette - Jean Lesage (Liberal, 1960) and Quebec's Quiet Revolution - Bill 60 secularizes the school system (a new Provincial Ministry of Education) - Development Fund for francophone business - Department of Culture; mission in Paris; making French the language of work - 1962 provincial election and the nationalization of Hydro ("Masters in our House") - Battle over taxes - 1966 - Daniel Johnson and the Union Nationale (in 1968, Johnson spoke of "equality or independence" within 10 years) - Quebec nationalism from other sources: Solange Chaput Rolland, My Country, Canada or Quebec? 1966 (pp. 312-315) - 1963 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism - Fulton-Favreau amending formula to repatriate the Constitution (1964) - 1965 Flag Debate (film clip) - 1965 - Pearson brings in the three "wise men" from Quebec -- Jean Marchand, Gérard Pelletier, Pierre Trudeau (Trudeau becomes Justice Minister) - René Lévesque, Parti Québécois, Sovereignty-Association (pp. 305-307) - Trudeau’s views - 1967 - French President Charles de Gaulle declares in favour of a "liberated Quebec" - 1968 - Justice Minister Trudeau vs. Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson in a televised federal-provincial constitutional conference

C/ U.S.-Canada Relations

- Canada takes the BOMARCs - Finance Minister Walter Gordon and the failed "nationalistic" budget of 1963 - 1965 Auto Pact - 1965 - Pearson’ s Temple University speech opposing bombing raids upon North Vietnam authorized under "Operation Rolling Thunder" - Protest Culture: Toronto's Yorkville district; Joni Mitchell - Walter Gordon leaves the Liberal cabinet (1965); writes A Choice for Canada (1966) - (Mel) Watkins Task Force on Foreign Ownership (1968) - Waffle (a quasi-Marxist group that almost assumed control of the Ontario N.D.P.)

Theme Question – In what ways were the Pearson years typified by both consensus-building and increasing discord?