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Holocene Environmental Change in the Frobisher Bay Area, Baffin Island, N.W.T.: Deglaciation, Emergence, and the Sequence of Vegetation and Climate"

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Holocene Environmental Change in the Frobisher Bay Area, Baffin Island, N.W.T.: Deglaciation, Emergence, and the Sequence of Vegetation and Climate Article "Holocene Environmental Change in the Frobisher Bay Area, Baffin Island, N.W.T.: Deglaciation, Emergence, and the Sequence of Vegetation and Climate" J. D. Jacobs, W. N. Mode, C. A. Squires et G. H. Miller Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol. 39, n° 2, 1985, p. 151-162. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032599ar DOI: 10.7202/032599ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : [email protected] Document téléchargé le 12 février 2017 06:26 Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 1985. vol. XXXIX. n° 2, p. 151-162. 8 fig.. 3 tabl. HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE FROBISHER BAY AREA, BAFFIN ISLAND, N.W.T.: DEGLACIATION, EMERGENCE, AND THE SEQUENCE OF VEGETATION AND CLIMATE JD. JACOBS, W.N. MODE, CA. SQUIRES and G.H. MILLER, respectively: Department of Geography, University of Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4; Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, U.S.A.; Nova Scotia Land Survey Institute, Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia BOS 1MO; Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The late-glacial and Holocene RÉSUMÉ Évolution environnementale à ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Holozàne Um- paleoenvironmental sequence for the Frob- l'Holocène dans la région de la baie de Fro­ weltverànderung im Frobisher-Bucht Gebiet, isher Bay area is outlined using glacial, sea bisher, île de Baffin, T.N.-O.: déglaciation, Baffin lnsel, N.W.T.: Entgletscherung, Auf- level, and palynological evidence. A rapid re­ emersion et successions végétale et cli­ tauchen, und Abfolge der Vegetation und treat of ice from the late Foxe glacial maximum matique. La présente étude porte sur l'évo­ des Klimas. Die spàtglaziale und holozàne in the lower part of the bay after 11,000 BP lution paléoenvironnementale fini-glaciaire et Abfolge des Palâomilieus im Gebiete der was followed by a series of stillstands or minor holocène de la région de la baie de Frobisher Frobisher Bucht wird durch glaziale, Meer- readvances between ca. 8500 and 7000 BP et se fonde sur les niveaux marins ainsi que esspiegel-, und palynologische Beweise um- and possibly later, before the final disap­ sur des témoins polliniques et glaciaires. Le rissen. Ein rasches Zurùckweichen des Eises pearance of the inland ice centred near retrait rapide des glaciers dans la partie in­ aus dem niederen Teil der Bucht hat sich Amadjuak Lake. Lithostratigraphy of three térieure de la baie depuis 11 000 BP a été nach 11 000 BP ereignet. gefolgt von meh- buried organic sections which together rep­ suivi d'épisodes de stabilité et de récurrences reren Stillstânden oder kleinerem Wieder- resent deposition occurring over the period mineures entre 8500 et 7000 ans BP. et peut- vorrùcken zwischen etwa 8500 und 7000 BP from 5500 to 400 BP indicates a change from être plus tard, avant la disparition définitive oder evtl. spater, bevor das Inlandeis a relatively warm, moist environment before des glaces continentales dont le centre se schliesslich verschwunden ist. Drei verdeckte 5500 BP to neoglacial conditions, with the trouvait près du lac Amadjuak. L'analyse a Bodenprofile sind analysiert worden, die zu- coldest phases centred around 5000, 2700, porté sur trois sections de sol enfoui qui re­ sammen die Ablagerung der Zeit von 5500 1200 BP and probably sometime after 400 présentent les dépôts accumulés entre 5500 bis 400 BP darstellen. Die Lithostratigraphie radiocarbon years BP. As evidenced by peat et 400 ans BP. La lithostratigraphie révèle le hat eine relativ warme, feuchte Umgebung growth and pollen data, milder, wetter con­ vor 5500 BP ergeben, die sich alsdann zu ditions prevailed from 4500 to 3000 BP and passage d'un climat relativement humide et again from ca. 2600 to 1800 BP. Peat growth chaud, il y a plus de 5500 ans, à un climat neoglazialen Zustânden geàndert hat, mit dem and soil organic fractions point to lesser mild néoglaciaire dont les périodes les plus froides Mittel der kâltesten Phasen um etwa 5000, intervals ca. 900 BP and 400 BP, but these se situent vers 5000, 2700 et 1200 ans BP 2700, und wahrscheinlich auch irgandwann are not apparent in the pollen assemblage. et probablement après 400 ans BP. La tourbe nach 400 Radiokohlenstoffjahren BP. Torf- The pollen record does not extend to the last et les données polliniques témoignent de wuchs sowie auch palynologische Daten zei- four centuries; however, lichenometric studies conditions climatiques plus douces et plus gen, dass milde, feuchte Zustânde von 4500 of neoglacial moraines by DOWDESWELL humides pour les périodes allant de 4500 à bis 3000 BP und dann nochmals von etwa (1984) show that the maximum late Holocene 3000 ans BP et d'environ 2600 à 1800 ans 2600 bis 1800 BP vorgeherrscht haben. Der advance of glaciers in the area occurred within BP. Mais, contrairement aux associations Torfwuchs und der organische Anteil des the last century. Modern pollen samples in­ polliniques, la tourbe et certaines portions Bodens deuten auch auf kleinere milde Zeit- dicate that the present vegetation of the inner organiques de sol font penser qu'ont existé spannen um etwa 900 und 400 BP, aber dièse Frobisher Bay area is comparable to that of des intervalles plus frais environ de 900 à sind nicht aus der Pollenvergesellschaftung the milder intervals of the late Holocene. 400 ans BP. Les données pollinique ne don­ ersichtlich. Fur die jùngsten vier Jahrhunderte nent aucun renseignement sur les quatre fehlen Pollenunterlagen; aber durch Unter- derniers siècles. Cependant, les études Ii- suchung der Flechten auf neoglazialen Mor- chénométriques que DOWDESWELL (1984) ânen hat DOWDESWELL (1984) fur dieses a faites sur les moraines néoglaciaires révèlent Gebiet ein spatholozànes Gletschervorrùcken que, dans la région pendant l'Holocène su­ wahrend des letzten Jahrhunderts belegen périeur, l'avancée maximale des glaces s'est konnen. Pollenmuster beweisen. dass sich produite au siècle dernier. Des échantillons im Gebiet der inneren Frobisher Bucht die polliniques récents démontrent que la vé­ heutige Pflanzendecke gut mit der Vegetation gétation actuelle de l'intérieur de la baie de mlldererer Spâtholozànintervalle vergleichen Frobisher ressemble à celle qu'on trouvait làsst. pendant les intervalles tempérés de l'Holocène supérieur. 152 J.D. JACOBS, W.N. MODE, CA. SQUIRES and G.H. MILLER INTRODUCTION about 115,000 and 6000 BP. ANDREWS and IVES (1978) used the term "Cockburn Substage" to describe the chron- Frobisher Bay (Fig. 1 ) is formed in a major trough or graben ostratigraphic subdivision of the Holocene during which the which extends from the Foxe Lowland southeastward between prominent moraine system dated at 9000 — 8000 BP was the Hall Upland and the Frobisher Upland of southern Baffin formed. This early Holocene advance of the northeastern Island (BLACKADAR, 1967; BIRD, 1967). The coastal lowlands edge of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at a time of general recession and interior valleys adjacent to the bay comprise an extension was interpreted as being due to increased precipitation resulting of the relatively productive low arctic vegetation zone into the from more open water by that time along the east coast of Arctic Archipelago, and the head of the bay marks the dis­ Baffin Island. tributional limit for some low arctic plant species (JACOBS etal., 1985). Such a transitional phytogeographic and climatic BLAKE (1966) carried out a detailed study of the Cockburn- region is of particular interest in the context of studies of age moraines in southern Baffin Island. Based on field evi­ dence, radiocarbon dates, and aerial photographs, he pre­ Holocene environmental change. sented a chronology of déglaciation that saw the retreat of The Frobisher Bay area, which still is glacierized to some the late Foxe ice from the outer part of Frobisher Bay to a extent (Fig. 1), contains abundant evidence of late Foxe (late position near the head by about 8000 BP, followed by a halt Wisconsinan) and Holocene glacial events, including moraines in that retreat of almost 1000 years duration, during which a associated with the extensive Cockburn-age moraine system complex end moraine system formed, before further retreat first described by FALCONER et al. (1965) and shown by of the ice inland after 7000 BP. At about the same time, the them to mark a late Wisconsinan (ca. 9000 — 8000 BP) western and northern margins of the remnant South Baffin Laurentide ice margin over much of the eastern Canadian Ice Sheet retreated inland from Foxe Basin southeastward Arctic. Recent usage describes this last major glaciation by across Nettilling and Amadjuak Lakes. A radiocarbon date the regional geologic-climatic term "Foxe Glaciation," which from Amadjuak Lake indicated that the ice had retreated to ANDREWS (1980) has defined as covering the period between its final position in the Hall Uplands east of Amadjuak Lake HALL MORAINE FIGURE 1. The Frobisher Bay area, showing the locations of gla­ Carte de localisation des glaciers, des principales crêtes morainiques, ciers, principal moraine ridges, and sites of radiocarbon-dated raised des formes marines soulevées datées au radiocarbone et des sites marine features and pollen stratigraphy. stratigraphiques polliniques, dans la région de la baie de Frobisher. HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE FROBISHER BAY AREA 153 TABLE I Radiocarbon dates referred to in this study Marine mollusks Organic sediments 0 b Date (yr BP)a Lab.
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