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Quaternary Geology of Bluegoose Prairie, Baffin Island, Nunavut

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Quaternary Geology of Bluegoose Prairie, Baffin Island, Nunavut QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF BLUEGOOSE PRAIRIE, BAFFIN ISLAND, NUNAVUT by Kayla J. Vickers B.Sc., University of Alberta, 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Earth Sciences © Kayla J. Vickers 2011 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2011 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. APPROVAL Name: Kayla Vickers Degree: Master ofScience Title of Thesis: Quaternary Geology of Bluegoose Prairie, Baffin Island, Nunavut Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Gwenn Flowers Associate Professor, Department ofEarth Sciences Dr. Brent Ward Senior Supervisor Associate Professor, Department ofEarth Sciences "By video teleconference from Halifax. Nova Scotia" Mr. Daniel Utting Supervisor Geologist, Nova Scotia Department ofNatural Resources Dr. Olav Lian Supervisor Adjunct, Department ofEarth Sciences Dr. Rod Smith External Examiner Geological Survey ofCanada th Date Defended/Approved: April 13 • 2011 II Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 ABSTRACT The surficial geology and glacial history of Bluegoose Prairie (NTS 36H/1- 8) are described, and the first surficial geology map of the area is presented. Four phases of ice flow occurred in Bluegoose Prairie since the Last Glacial Maximum. Collapse of the Foxe Dome ca. 6.2 - 6.5 14C ka BP initiated deglaciation of Foxe Basin. Deglaciation of Bluegoose Prairie and subsequent isostatic rebound were rapid, as evidenced by a relative sea level curve constructed using marine mollusc 14C ages. Diverse macrofossil assemblages show deglacial climate was as warmer or warmer than today. Contemporaneous pairs of terrestrial and marine macrofossils allow for the measurement of deglacial marine reservoir age for Bluegoose Prairie. This new value of 985 ± 10 14C years, 265 14C years older than previously thought, can be applied to deglacial marine 14C ages in Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait. Application of this value allows more accurate palaeogeographic reconstructions. Keywords: Quaternary geology; surficial geology; Laurentide Ice Sheet; Foxe Basin; radiocarbon; marine reservoir age; palaeoenvironment; relative sea level; glacial history; marine limit iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the product of many people’s effort. I’d like to thank my senior supervisor Brent Ward for his guidance, support, and above all else, patience. You were most welcome company in the field and an exemplary advisor in all ways. Dan Utting provided the inspiration and opportunity for the project, and put in a good word for me to Brent. Thank you for the trust you placed in me, and for your leadership in the field. Olav Lian provided a fresh perspective out of the field and was a valuable committee member. Thank you to my external examiner, Rod Smith, for the attention to detail you put into reviewing this thesis; it is much better for it. The Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office (C-NGO) provided funding for the project, and the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) provided logistics and equipment. More funding was provided by the Northern Scientific Training Program, an NSERC award to Brent Ward, and a graduate fellowship from SFU. Don James from C-NGO and Marc St-Onge from GSC are thanked for their support and leadership. Alice Telka of Paleotec Services prepared and documented all of the radiocarbon samples in immaculate fashion, and spent endless hours cataloguing the terrestrial macrofossil assemblages. I am grateful for your effort and your attention to detail. Celine Gilbert from the C-NGO was the cartographer for the map, thank you for your hard work. Able assistance in the field was provided by Michelle Trommelen, Sam Kelley, and Olivia Brown. Doug Hodgson and John Gosse provided invaluable advice, both in and out of the field. The wonderful world of radiocarbon ages and marine reservoir effect was completely unknown to me before this project. Much gratitude is owed to Erle Nelson, John Southon, Roger McNeely, and Art Dyke for their tutelage and iv willingness to take time out of their own busy lives to answer every single one of my questions on the subject. Thank you to my lab mates Derek Turner, Jim McDonald, and Dave Sacco for your advice, opinions, and new ideas. Thank you for sitting through my presentation rehearsals, editing my work, and taking some of the stress off. My parents have been endlessly supportive and understanding of my need to pursue other dreams in the midst of this one, and never once doubted I would still someday finish this thesis. I’m glad I didn’t let you down. And finally, thank you to the community of perpetual grad students living in Canmore, you are an inspiration and the finest example of work/school/play balance. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval.............................................................................................................. ii Abstract.............................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements........................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................. vi List of Figures.................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Methods ........................................................................................................... 2 Physiography and Climate ................................................................................ 4 Bedrock Geology............................................................................................... 6 Previous Work................................................................................................... 6 Regional Glacial History................................................................................. 6 Quaternary Geology of Bluegoose Prairie ..................................................... 9 Scope and Purpose of Study........................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Reservoir Age................................................................................. 12 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12 Study Area and Context .................................................................................. 13 Methods ......................................................................................................... 15 Results ......................................................................................................... 16 Section Descriptions .................................................................................... 16 Radiocarbon Ages and Reservoir Calculations...........................................
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