1Ire8, whenever seen, most often when people • SlImmary: In compan on with othcr Kcc\\attn settlements. ibou or trappmg. the people of Chesterfield use a rclati\"cl) small arca of land. ÏlItt11iDl Hunting. 80th ringed and bearded seals Chesterfield is a small c1osc-knit seulement. and evcryone year rooud. In sommer people hunt along shares the land and game of the area. There is usually JnIet toParther Hope Point including Barbour suffieient supply of game nearby without their having to e coast from Whale Cove to Karmarvik Harbour, travel very far. Many people are also wage carners and are omiles mland. For mueh of the year people hunt Iimited to day and weekend hunting trips, exeept for holiday' 'h . d 1 oe èdge, which is usually three or four miles out ln t e spnng an summer. ement; however, the distance varies along The area most important to the people of Chesterfield is !'the pnncipal seal hunting season is spring, w en the mouth of the inlet. north along the coast from Cape the ice. At this time, too, young seals are hunted Silumiut to Daly Bay: and ülland to nearby caribou hunting lairs. The area from Baker Foreland to Bern­ and fishmg areas. ThiS rcglOn 15 nch ln gamc. and il COI1­ and along Chesterfield Inlet to Big Island is weil stitutes the traditional hunting ground for 1110st of the :Cape Silumiut area is extremely popular for week­ Chesterfield people. Il does not overlap with land cOJnmonly trips, and people often hunt atthe floe edge near used by any other seUlement, although people from Rankin t. Inlet do oeeasionally use it. From Chesterfield nonhwest ta 11Ugrate into the area in summer and are hunted Ekatuvik Point and from the inlet south along the coast ta InIet around Marble Island to Bernheimer Baker Foreland arc other major areas of aetivity. MO>I of the O"Qg"" Chesterfield Inletto Ekatuvik Point. Harbour land used lies within an area of 30 ta 40 miles south. 40 to ted, particularly in summer, when they haul out 50 miles west, 60 to 70 miles northwes!. and 70 ta 80 miles 1bays and rivers. Important areas are Barbour north of the seulement. ~:seaI bays, Severin Harbour, Cape Silumiut, and :rnlteiimer bays. es migrate through the area in summer and are Raokin Inlet to Bernheimer Bay, and along d InIet to Farther Hope Point, Southampton Island and Coats Island were honted from the Marble Island area to Cape Period II/ (1962-1974) Today they are seldom found south of Chester- but to the north they are most cornmon in the Coral Harbollr (64°08'N, 83°10'W) is the 01111' seulememoll -.In the sommer they are hunted in the water SOll/hamptolllslalld. II is located al the head ~f SO/lliz Bar Bad boats, and at other times of the year on 011 the central south coast. Sadlermilll were the original oratthe floe edge. Occasionally people go to occupnms 01 the island, and they had substafltial conUlet Irilll offSouthampton Island to hunt them. w/zalers t1uring the 19th century. During wiflter 1902-/903, bears are hunted on the ice and at the floc edge 1P!iJar the island's whole population was destroyed hyan epideJ11ic of Chesterfield Inlet and from capes Silumiut A bout 19/0, .rame A h'i1ingmiut sen'ing as creU' on a whaler mclnding the Winchester Inlet, Daly Bay and Bayareas. visited the island and, Inter, the)' brought their lamilies la !jsJüng is an important aetivity in Chesterfield lil'e there, They traded at Chesterfield IlIlet /III/il, ill1916­ 1918, H. T, At/Will operatet! a Irading ant! whaling post rUl tht' opnng the people jig through lake ice near the both spring and fall people travelto many lakes sOllth coast of the islalld. III 1918, the H.B.C. opelle" a pa" on COats Island. but mOl'et! it ta Coral Harbour in /9]./. Tilt' the ~ape SiI'!'"iut area, along Chesterfield ' m the WI~ehester.Inlet and Daly Bay area, Coats Islmul post was reopelled for a year ill 1927. Tize populatioll al Coral Harbour has graduallr increased lI'it/J onder the lce, parlIeularly in the fall, when I~ ght are f~ozen for winter use, During the more Inuit nuwing in fram the main/and the n'est, and lfilll pIe fish ':" many streams and rivers along Ihe earlier illhaMtams of Coats Islalld. . et, IDeludmg the Connery and Lorillard The Anglican mul Roman Catholic C/wrches opelll'd "IIS- 5 sialiS on Southamptoll Islalld ill the 1920'5. III 19~:. ,hr ~. t nets m the sea near the setUement Air Force built a large airstrip north of the settlemt'lJt. 11'111(1 Il reland; a10ng the inletto Big Island' was larer maintained by the Departme111 of TrlU/Sport. /.t1tt'f ~aIIyID Winchester and Daly bays ' immigrants to the island Îlu:lutleti 1nuit who Iwd u'orJ.t'd jllf the DI" dm'/t,l/If g SOmmer in lakes near the selliemen~ and . epartment 01 Transport on Resolution mu ,01 . g prOYldes the people with ineome ISla/J{/s. There lI'a.\' fi decrense in population tiuri"g tlit' C:0flstruction of the DI:..' W-Lille, but many 111t'1I relllrtlt'd 'l' 1 Islalld !ollowing constructiOIl. Welland: Kcc\\OIlin .tnJ Soll1holmplon 1 J.mJ

'eduol schaol was built in 1950 alld more federal _WiCD were soon added to the settlemeflf. III 1974. the the use of snowmobiles enables them la lravel to their old JOPI Qtion was 404 and sen'ed by an all-weather airs/rip wi/h hunting areas for short visits. :'vIany who are nat employed füghts jrom Churchill. a nursillg s/a/ioll. a primary full-limed caminue ta trap and hunt in ail paris of the island. kindergarten to grade eight). a commlllli/y hall. • Trappù,g: Trapping conlinues ta be a major source of rtlTY. telephone service. a post office. a mo/el. a gelleral incorne. A nctwork of trap lines cm'ers Southampton Island and the KatudgMk Coopera/ive. as il did during Period 11. Both caasts of Bell Peninsula remain very important. and the East Bay area north ta the Ascension thougb everyone on Soulhamplon Island al present lives in Islands is heavily used. Many people have trap lines rtInning the selllement of Coral Harbour, camping in the spring and saUlhwest from Ihe senlement ta the Cape Law area. around $Ummer remains a significanl pari of lhe people's yearly round Cape Low to Bay of God's Mercy. and overland between (Map 19). Many huniers camp al important fishing and seal South Bay and Bay of Gad's Mercy. Sorne people still trap hunling areas. Every June, mosl families, including those in the Cape Kendall arca. more th an 130 miles from Coral hose members hold full-lime jobs, go ta camp for several Harbour. Very important trapping roures are from Coral Harbour ta Salmon Pond. where fish arc often caehed in Ihe weeks at various places, where the men hunt seals on the sea fall for use as fox bait: and northward along the wc si side ce and atthe tloe edge, hunt geese and collect eggs. Most of of the hi Ils ta Duke of Ynrk Bay. where sorne trap lines thase camps are at places where Ihey have lived in the past, circle the coast. Other trap lines ex tend from the Salmon and Many people relum ta Ihe same camp every spring. Pond area to the west and northwest. The coast of Rocs The most important siles are in Ihe Soulh and Native bays Welcome Sound from EII Bay to Banel)' Bay is trapped and include ative, Prairie, Ruin and Bear Cave points. area, eXlensively. a distance of 200 miles. Trap Iines rlln north from Other pring sealing camps are in Ihe East Bay area. where Coral Harbour and along Kirchoffer River ta join the roule to man geese nest. There are summer fishing areas near Coral Duke of York Bay. Other lines run up Kirehaffer River to Harbour at the mouths of char rivers, especially Kirchoffer Canyon River. and there are still others through the mount- River Rocky and Sixleen Mile brooks. Camps here remain ainous area ta the north. OCCUpied througbout the fishing season. A nurnber of short trap lines extend in ail direclions from Some years, in spring, a few families move north ta camp the senlement and arc used by weckend trappecs. generally Btvanous locations in Ihe Duke of York Bay area. After by men who have full-time employment. The area on the - faIIs, they retum la Ihe seulemenl, which Ihe men now northwestern lip of the island has not been uscd by people llSeas a trapping base during Ihe winler. In fall, a large number living in Coral Harbour. and there has recentl)" becn le... ~ people make ovemighl camps in the Salmon Pond area. Irapping in the Cape Kendall area. Caats Island has been lIhere there are IWo cabins. There are no permanenl winter trapped in recent years. particularly by seven trapper... who CImps on Southamplon Island, but huniers lending their Irap fived on Ihe island in Ihe winter of 1971-1972, Theirtrap may Spend nights in snow-houses. lines extendcd around the coast and crosscd the i... land al Colts Island remains important. During the winters of several places. . 1970 and 1971-1972, groups of more Ihan 20 persans Bait for traps consisrs of char. seal or walrus caught dunng on the ISland. These people went ta Coats Island by the summer. although occasionally seals arc hunted \\hcrc ~ boat in the fall, lived Ihere ail winter while they traps are bcing laid at SOITlC dista~cc from the ... c~~JcmelH. lad and trapped, using only dog-teams. and lhen returned Sorne trapper:-- no\\' use commercla'. "smel.')" ... tuIT a ... bal.t. (:ora)Harbour the following summer. Many Southamplon Island people.. IIlcludlllg so.me men I.n thcir carly lwcntics. consiucr trappll1g to be thclr profes'Ioll USE and hape to continuc in il. Becausc Soulhampton Island .~nd. !!l0Ugh the population of Southampton Island now live in to a Icsser c.xtent, COCJls Island arc eonsidcrcd good (r.ap~lIlg 4eltJement of Coral Harbour, Iheir use of the land in arcas. and bccausc fur priees are high, the~ regard l~apPll1g tyears is almost as extensive as in the past. Many people and hUl1ling as an cnduring ~Jnd \\'Orlh\\'~ilc.occurarlol~ ilepend on trapping to carn incarne during wintcr. and • !l-ftlrillc .\Itl11l11l0/ /lul/ril/g: Seal mcnt IS still a "Iaple IICIll hbepeople rely heavily on local food for daily use. Seal of diet. and seals arc hUIl(ed e.\lell'i\·c!y throughoull~e )cm D ,' 19 winter the Soulhampton Islanuers hunl bnth nngl.:d thcmain staple, with walruscs. caribou. fish, gccse. UIII f" IS h · l ",,... mainI) 'Il (he noc cd~c~ 0 . aln (' am 1lul and eggs, polar bears, white wh3lcs. and Arctic hares aild bl.'arll.l1 St:. . < . g itnportantly to the dict. Ali animais hunleo in Ihe l)3\5. 'rraI' 'P"t: on their (<.Ill linc... al.... o hunl .H 1hl.' J1f.1C ('d!!c all"arounu Ihe i... land DUllng Jatc \\lJllt:r and l,.',lrh flr ',. "1,. still hUDted today. and ail an.~as fornlt.:r/y U.. L'U for ...cal hUllting rang ... I.:\tcnucd 10 IIlcJudl.: ut.:h ,1'1,; Du 8restill in use. The best hunlillt~ arl:a'" al' \\cll known of York lb). (.lIl\on RI\t:f Ba\ t\..nJ UmlJh fi 'lx Il1J people and they return thcn.' ycar aftcr ~ Cclf. \hhough 1 .1 1 13a~ Du r ng Ju le Irl; IU"k f III P Il l: 11 .;People hunt ooly on wcckcnus or dUI ing holiday~, r JsIand and on adjacent coa ts of South Bay. After the They are also hunted in Duke of York Bay; around the ;bréa1cs up m Joly, people hunt seals along the coast, coast of Coats Island; and in the south-central part of the èlûIatlyon the south of the island. Seals are also hunted island. Little hunting occurs in the wioler when the bcars go 81!11il!ler m Duke ofYork Bay by people who in habit the iota thcir dens. :areacand anywhere a10ng the coasts of the island, wherever • Caribou Hunting: The las1 caribou \Vas killcd on South­ letravel by canoe or boat. During summer. harp seals ampton Island in the mid-1950's. and no caribou have been mto the South and ative bays area and are often hunted there since then. although in 1967 caribou were re­ Slldthere. Harbour sesls are sometimes taken in the Cape introduced 10 the island from Coats Island. As it is not yet I\Y and Bay ofGod's Mercy area, where they haul out permitted to hunl the re-introduced caribou, the mast impor. otherocks, orare Wen atthe floe edge during winter. In tant hunting area for Southampton Islanders today is On sommer and early fall, when people go to Coats Island for Coats Island. Each year in late summer and carly fall. the ~and caribou, seals are hunted between Southampton coasts of Coats and Bencas islands are scarchcd for caribou. d'Olats islands and ail around the coast of Coats Island. The people who until recently had Iived on Coats Island caught at a distance from the selliement are sometimes hunted caribou over much of the island's interior whilc lldunder rocks in areas where a hunter expects to be trapping there. During winter, people occasionaily travel dnnng the following winter. Seals are important not across Rocs Weicome Sound on Ihe ice bridge 10 the mainland yfœtherr food value but also for their skins, which are and hunl caribou south of Wager Bay. People have also orused to make boots, mills, ropes and handicrafts. crossed from Duke of York Bay and hunted caribou on the Duringwinter, walruses are occasionally taken at the floe mainland soulh of Rcpulse Bay. ~ ative Point or between Hut Point and Cape Low. In • Fislzing: Fish is an important source of food to the people they are hunted from canoes along the floe edge of Southampton Island. During the early months of spring. ative Point to Ruin Point, and in the Duke of York while Ihe lakes are still frozen. people travel great dislances ares. During sommer, walruses are hunted, mainly from to get an carly supply of fish by fishing through the icc. Sorne ead boats, near ative and Ruin points, Walrus and of the favourile fishing spots are near Slaniey Harbour. Ihe eDllBSislands, and capes Prefontaine and Pembroke on Canyon River lakes. and the Cleveland River lakes. During lhenorth coast of Coats Island. Walruses are also found along early July. when the rivers break up and the char migrate 10 shores ofBen Peninsula north to Terror Point, ail around ?ihe the ocean, Ihey are caught with rods and nels in Kirchofler Island, and in the straits between Southampton and Coats River. and Rocky and Sixteen Mile brooks. Whole families Islands. Walruses are important today as human and Coats orien go on lale summer fishing trips, which are considered dogfood and for their ivory tusks, which are carved. Walrus important recreational holidays. In fall, when Ihere is snOll' on meat is aIso cached at various places on the island for use the land and the ice on lakes is still thin. Salmon Pond. ~g the winter as fox bail. Fewer walruses have been taken aboul40 miles from the selliement. beeomes the favouri,e m recent years because there are now not so many dogs to feed. fishing spot. Almosl ail the men in the settlement se' nelS under the ice there for char, which is valuable for food and White whales visitthe South Bay area during August and trap bait during the winler. Septem~rin large numbers. They are hunted near the coast, ~d theIr meat and fat is stored near the settlement where Fishing is also important to people resident in the Duke of ItlS used during the winter for dog food or trap bai;. White York Bay area during spring and summer. The Cleveland anNative Point and Easl a, mg, 0 ar car huntll1g stans in Oetober e , " cf !!ces as SOon as the land ean be travelled M t fi' Eggs are also collected at these places, DUring SUJl1ll1 . ~ Icave C 1H b . os 0 t le men then n sivel ora ar OUr to hunt polar bcars. The mast imen­ arc hunted ail along the coast of SoUlhampton Island fro " . 1 llcrs:l\h sout~ hu.ntcd areas me the Coast of Bell Pcninsula and Nallvc Point ta the BeaI' Cove Point area. A fe\\' lUI . West of the seUlement tO\\'ard Bear Cp' bcen ta t1le Boas RIver· delta 10 hunt geese. GeeS't.: and ,he " Cape Law Bears ove 01111 and - l' on Co' B~y Go~'~ ~~Or~lUI~Cd, inl~lld eggs 0 f ducks and seabirds are also used by peop' and the of bctwccl1 South Bay 1 1 . h or,hern as Cape Kendall in th' y. hey IMve been hunted as far s and, and the birds arc normally hunted ln 1 e Il ,hamr- c extrcmc southwcSl of th '1 portIOn. of the island. Ducks are also hunle)d b the duringDU arc sometimes huntcd' tl . . e IS and. BeaTS cr ln le mounlainous ~ri' 1 ton Island people during Ihe spring and SUnllll . and '1 nJc.'n coast of the island dur' f . Tca a ong the cast 1 ·. fi dnc\\hl( Il:! lOg ail, but more orten during spring. 1 le \\linier eider ducks arc shot along (he oe e :: Map 19 Southampton Island place names

c ~ ) Repulse '\ > • Bay .~~~ / Igloolik 1

I\llgef ~. ••• • o'• / BaY ~ • ~ ~ Foxe •• on 0 BaSin ~ • D • .~

Bal/ery 0 • Duke 01 or • B.

Roes Welcome Sound Harbour ,

~anley Harbour EII Bay • Salmon . Pond , Rocky

Brook Ascension •D Islands Sixteen Mile Brook South B. oCanbou Is Bay 01 Gad:' Bear [s~ Point Gere Pl. East Ba / Terror POInt Mercy Native Manieo uin Pt. t ear Cave Pl. Bear Cave Na\We 1'\ Bell Peninsula Seahorse / Pt

<;Walrus Is.

Leyson Pl.

/Bencas Is. \..r.r~~ rape Prefentaine Cape Pembroke

Quebec;;;:----- Island ( Coats \

/ChurChin seale 20 0 20 kilomel res .....:~-::;-~-;::=:::.,"""l stalule miles t:"---- l Manse! 10 0 20 Hudson Bay Is

Lamberl Conlormal Co 1 P, t t 0 111 Ptarmigans are hunted everywhere, but 1 ost solely on hunting and trapping, and the people depend 1IIe:B1g Corner Cliff area east of the seulement. :n~he land and sea for thcir livelihood. Chesterfield. the old", The areas formerly used on Southampton and Keewatin settlement and s,tuated Just nonh of Rankin Inlet. are still used extensively today. People hunt or has a mixed economy of wage employment and hunting and ofSOuthampton Island, except for a small trapping. Although many of the people have fUIl-time em­ lIbd m the northwestem tip, on ail of Coats Island. ployment. hunting IS. sull essenual for food. TrapPlOg SUpple. 'W8tèrs amund and between the two island~. ments many persons !Dcome, and the sea and land remain huotiog is primarily for seals. and Arct)c foxes very important. Rankin Inlet serves as a centre for Wh ale 11 trapped. During spring, seal, ,,:alrus .a~d goose Cove and Chesterfield. and people in the sm aller selliement' tollecting, and fishing are the mam ac~.v'hes. who want work can often find jobs in Rankin Inlet. er, seaI, waIrus and white whale huntmg, and Coral Harbour, on Southampton Island, is rather isolated mgon Coats Island, are important: ln fall: polar from the main land, although communication exists, espeeially JS the main activity. However, fishmg, canbou with Rankin Inlet and Eskimo Point. The island's eeonomy fllJt Coats Island, and walrus hunting are also very is based on trapping and hunting, though many people hold t in the early fall. full-time jobs. AlI parts of the island and of Coats Island are used cxtensively, and the sea and land remain essential to the people, The hunting and trapping areas of the communities ovcr­ lap, and no boundaries exist except those imposed b} geog­ raphy. Coral Harbour's hunting area and Chesterfield's throughout Keewatin District has changcd signifi- use hunting area which is mainly north of the inlet overlap l'er) y in recent years, yet most of the land formerly utilized little with those of other settlements, although hunters Irom still used Ioday. Though people are concentrated in seule­ Chesterfield occasionally meet hunters from Rankin Inlet e.nts, they travellong distances on hunting and trapping * oftcn more than 150 miles from their homes, and and Baker Lake. Whale Cove hunters meet those From onally as far as 200 miles, in pursuit of game. The Eskimo Point. Rankin Inlet and Baker Lake; and Baker Lake le ofBaker Lake, over ISO miles inland from Hudson hunters occasionally share hunting and trapping areas \\'i1b use the largest area of land, and the people living in the people from ail the other mainland seulements. _rich area ofChesterfield Inlet use the least. Caribou Most of the areas uscd during the fur trade pen'ad are slill !Ijave been hunted ail along the mainland coasts of Keewatin uscd today. but there are three notable excepllOns;.Ennadai lb Jüd on Southampton Island. Ali of the animais hunted in the and Garry lakes and Wager Bay. Since being evacualCd 10 , :put(except musk-oxen and Barren Ground grizzly bears) coast in the late 1950's. the people of Ennadai Lake. for .aœ stiII hunted Ioday. example, have neVer returned ta their homeland. and Garr) The economy ofBaker Lake, the largest seulement in Lake has been visited onlv occasionally in roccnt }ears b}b ~ and the ooly Inuit inland community in Canada, is people from Baker Lake. •\Vager Bay has not been hmedu .l 1'ased largely on hunting and trapping, although arts and people who live. to the south now, bUI sorne peop leno~al961 liCl:afts have provided some employment in recent years. There Repulse Bay Iived in the Wager Bay area as recc ntl}' aS lha" ' 'Ilœ. however, few JObs available and land resources, espe­ Neverlheless, these three areas, once weil populated. >'ill le ~.Qinl!t:ildlyeaiibou, are ofcritical importance to them. Eskimo a very strong cultural and spiritual importance 10 the p'0p US bas a large population, mainly from inland areas who of Keewatm..D,stnct.'.They st.1I feel these areas 10 be dpreclOIhe d on a hunting and trapping economy, for job op~or­ ta them, and they Want ta be assurcd that the land an . h ~ties are very Iimited there. Both the land and the sea are animais there, especially the caribou, will be treated ll'It F"ItieaIIy unportant to them, too. respect in the future. The other large population centre, Rankin Inlet, has a largely wage eco?omy, ~d the population is growing as it 1 'becomes Keewatin's reglOnaI administrative centre. Rankin Iolet o~ce ~gam. h.as the appearance of a boom town, as it did dunng Its II11IUng days, and most people there can find e?lployment. A1though many people use the land in a Wa different from that of the other large settlements th y aIso eed th n e 1and and sea as a source of food , ese11 people a recreatiOna1ouIlet. The economy of Whale C, as We h as for small h tin· Ove, t e 114 Un g commumty south of Rankin Inlet, is based and Use dson Bay James Bay

H.Schwartz

from where the seal hunting area continued north 10 beyond the Bakers Dozen Islands. the southernmosl seulement in Ihe Norlhwesl islocated in solllhwesl Eskimo Harhour (56°32'N, . Although ringed and bearded seals were generall)' hunled ln t~e Same areas. the lauer were found mai nI)' in the western W and is the only seulement on Ihe Beicher Islands. regtons of the archipelago. Searded seals were hunted north­ ofIslands named Ihe Beicher Islands hOl'e heen east of Johnson Island, southwest of Split Island. norlh of n maps since Hudson's exploralion of Hudson Bay Kugong Island, and southwest of western Flaherty Island. 61o-1611, bUllheir Irue shape and eXlelll were nol They were also hunted off the central south coast of Flaherty until1915, when Roberl Flaherly l'erified Inuit Island. and in the area to the east of Sroomfield and Inne­ 'Plions of Ihem. The islands' residellls hare had a long talling islands. iltion wilh Irading posls on Ihe Quebec mainland, espe­ Hunters of the Selcher Islands hunt seals "cry intensively Wlth Ihe one al GreaI Whale River (Posle de la Baleine). in a few areas, the northernmost of which is used by the ln 1928, Ihe H.B.C. eSlablished a seasonallradillg pOSI on residents of the north Belcher Islands and Eskimo Harhour. southwest coast al Flaherly Island. The posl was mOI'ed la This area forms an arc that ex tends from the southwest of karak Island in 1934, and in 1961 il was ulOl'ed 10 its Split Island, around the north coast of Johnson Island to the MtSite at Sanikiluaq. During Ihe lauer parI of Ihis period, north coast of Wiegand Island. Another such area is ahollt Islands' population has gradually coneentraled aroulld Ihe 20 miles off the south coast of the Selcher Islands near se"eral post ln 1960, the lederal governmenl buill a ScilOOI al smail groupings of islands. The third lies east of Innetalling "" •.lIid/iao or South Camp, but il was laler mOl'ed la Sallikiluaq, Island, near a group of three smail islands. This was an ftere arious olherlacililies have been bui/t. especially important area to people tra"elling to the Ouebee ln1974, there were 272 persans living allhe selllel1lelll, mainland from the Selcher Islands. #tich has an airstrip, a nursing slation, a pril1lary school • White Whale Hunting: \Vhite whales v,"ere hunted thrnugh­ 'lldes one ta eight), a church, a cOl1l11l1l1lily hall, lelepholle out the Selcher Island archipelago. and as far nOrlh a, the _ twice-monthly postal service, two general slOres, Sleeper Islands. During spring, white whales followed the onevjwhich is operated by the Metiq Cooperalil'e Associa­ cracks in the ice and then, as the ice opened. followcd the tion. shoreline. \Vhale hunting was carried on through the summer months until. near frceze-up. the whales began to Ieave for Periodll (pre-1960) areas of open water. Whales were hunted cast of Split Island. mainll' by people from the senlement known as Koyoto, • Seal Hunting: Ringed and bearded seals were hunled in ail along the east shore of Johnson Island: ail around \\'icganu thewaters around the Belcher Islands

o Sleeper 0 0 1 IJ /) Islands 0 ,:!) • , } •• •

bRadar 15. .0 Hudson Bay o Laddie 15. +-~Koyoto

North <:;) Bakers • Belcher Johnson • Islands "= 15. Dozen

• • Islands fi Lillico Point • Gushie

Point • '---'1 6 • •

ukara 15. ,o

, ~. • 4 P Québec .. ~ Qi , ,• InnetaJling 4 • • / 1 Island South , , Camp ~ . If r.." ~~roomfield • Island ot' • o' 0 ~. scale 10 0 kllc ,met res e 20 sImule mIles • 0- TranSverse Mercator • PrOJI'C!lon 5 0 10 20

Il" li li, Dorthem Flaherty Island, and Tukarak James Bay Islands: Period (Pre-1960) JIlthe southem part of the archipelago is ~od and a few areas on Flaherty Island • Seal Hunting: Most seal hunting activity occurred' n, ln soulh. biPemnsuIa are no longer used. However, the east James Bay or along coastaltravel routes. Rinoed . . 1 . h' d' e sCharlton Island. They hunted seals primarily along the nolth die and Johnson islands; from southern and western shores of the Strutton Islands. Befoce spring IilIll1nto Churchill Sound and south of Moore break-up. they returned to Cape Hope Island and. when the o Harbour; the Bakers Dozen Islands; the south­ ice had cleared, went to Charlton Island for supplies. IsIand;and many small islands atthesouth­ • White W/zale Hunting: In spring. white whales IVere hunt" Ity ofFlaherty Island. Although the areas when sighted along the James Bay coast. In winter. the Iing during Period III have contracted, they have whales retreat ta areas of open water west of Charlton Island. me IIDportant in the northern part of the archi­ where they were occasionally trapped by encroaching ire. e-areas around Tukarak Island and southwestern Whales were hunted over a large area of southeast Jame> Ba) d remain popuIar for duck hunting. from north of Gld Factory to near Rupert Bay and OUI into the bay past Tuktutili and Kiyuktuk islands. an area of ",m' 3,000 square miles. inJamesBay and Southeastem • Polar Bear Hllnting: Polar bears were hunted whecc", nBay seen ail along the James Bay coast and among Ihe islands More specitically, they have been hunted around Weston tITB not1IIIJ1I)11nuit camps along the James Bay and Island and on an island about 25 miles farther east. and ale'; Hudson Bay coasls (Map 21). The area is also the coast near Roggan River. JJ,1lte Cree Indians. However, Inuil have used Ihese • Wildlowling: ln spring. a vast number of geese and duà' . . d t of JJI"" ,,:,islands and coastal waters lor selliement, hunting and return to breedIDg grounds on the ,slands an coas s 1 the Belcher Islands are included, Ihis expanse 01 and Hudson bays. where they were hunted. In scason. . .of 'YCOvers about 24,500 square miles. hundreds of geese may be taken in a few days. and consn"". ghtland w~ ",-uaIly occupied by Indians during winter an important part of the diet of the Cape Hope Islande~b<,"' ~:l1Ult Ilved there, tao. Indians also usua/ly , Inuit hunted gcese on Weston and TuklUlilllSlands. _,. Ion Is/~ la hunt and la Irap beaver, bUI 25 miles. farther east· along the shores of Hannah Bal. a" • . fe 'Y.Jsltf4. and sOmetlmes camped on this island b . the south; north of Eastmain' and near Dld Factor). w..' 'li4ing post. Inuit occupied Cape Hop d Secause " , -lltcn~I\I\ Weetaltok a not dl' e an trullon gecse stopped on Cape Hope Island, but they \Vcre I r"und tlie Ci e nuit leader, moved with his hunted around the Strulton Islands, and they could be I;'M..~pe Hope Island area around 1900 1 h On virtually any of the islands alon" the coast. • -'he sometimes trop d rom 1 e primar~y îfjVp other Inuit lamilies pe Charllon Island. Several speeies of ducks eider ducks. ,,'" and ;n h ' h' . .'.. H cStrultOO (ft 1;J'eettiltok, ta make a ::::,ve t~ Cape Hope Island untde ID t e Immediate VICIDlty of Cape op. Il,,id Tuktutili islands Ducks were hunted and their eggs CO '#.V.lilg there. The COostal Indlmun ty 01 eight Inuit .. .. tho~e 'iil/: '5 randSometimes hunted lis:": and the Inuit visited On most of the James Bay islands, partlcularl) on -:,(IIIdtknew the whole co' e .and camped Ia- ncar major camps or along traveI routes. 'lJ,I. A In outhemlames Bay ost:1 temtory Irom Akimiski • Fishinll: Fishing oecurred ail along Ihe James Ba) "O!J . ~ _~- '1cJr •.. ",.fJfIJ' and Hudson Bay. nOT/ along Ihe easlem coasl 01 the larger nVcr mouths and inland at man)' laKtS.· rt' J J Ft·. Be ory, whltcfish and char wcre netted along theshO. {lh!;' ln several of the rÎ\:crs. Trout \Vere caught in man~ (l strcams tlo\\ing inta James Bay. rdap 21 James Ba) and othcr Hud"(lIl Ba) 1... I.Uld plal.:c n.lmc

, .6

• ,a

r-o..~',~_ orthwest Terrilories = ' 0 0

Québec Ç} ,.0 ,• • ., • • Broughton Is. Nicholson Is. DavÎeau Is. ",' l'lastapo~ '. ~o . a ~ , '. o 'l" • c;iI..... '. Richmond ~~~Gult ~ $ ~. l1" \) '"~ 0. Belcher ~ Ouck 1S:'''Manitounuk Islands • llslands . GREAT WHALE RIVER

Long Is. • • Cape Jane .:"j~t!i"::..-~ ,,• , ,, ,,• • • • Manitoba ,, James ,,• • , Ontario Bay Juktutili 15. ,• OLD FACTORY ,• C pe Hope 15. , ~Weston , 0 / • .kiflli ki ts!'. EASTMAIN , Kiyuktuk Js~ Strutton Islands ,•• Charlton IsÇ) 0" ••

• •,, • •• •• •,, • •, •• ••, ••, SCALE ••, .J""~_...::"'" l''".J""--.°1 __ ••, •• Lilmbt!ll C ",Pr! o 88 , '- .:.o".:.".::.::.
.::P.::':oI:"C~'~'O:"l:W:":h~R~c."I,ed M nf1, n • ~--- 1II) Ica Islands Broughton Is/and From Great Whale River, most hunting occurs a1 coast from Long Island to Broughton Island Inu't ong the o • IVlsnl ~ seais were taken ail along the Hudson Island durmg summer to hunt seals and game and ta fi ong !buthunting concentratcd on Long and Whales are hunted when encountered. During winter sh. espec1aIly on Broughton Island, and in the bears may be taken near Long Island and between l' polar -.Most of the Inuit who livcd at Great Belcher islands. Seals are hunted while people traveloa~~ and liUnted north to the Richmond Gulf area and the coast from Great Whale to Long Island. Ducks and ng ttiâveI routes, a1though some hunted south may also be taken along the way. Seals are also hunted ge", i;JsJand and James Bay. Broughton Island, which north along the coast from Great Whale River to the R'Ich. ;.northem astapoka Islands, was uscd as a mond Gulf area. Geese are taken ail along the Naslapoka ip and seais were huntcd at a distance of some 40 Islands, where. whales are also hunted. wh en sightcd, usuall, i\l the ice of Hudson Bay. between the ,slands and. the mamland. Ducks and eggs are Great Whale River, seals were huntcd around taken on a group of ,slands half-way. between Richm OndG ull il; Whioo was mainly used by Indians in winter, and the Belcher Islands. There IS also sorne trapping' h '. In t c are kuown to have wintered there to trap area, especlally on the mamland. and during freeze-up, sealing occurred between d'lite mainland. When the bay had frozen, seals out on the ice, but never as far as the ds Inuit used Long Island more frequently in er, when they hunted seals adjacent to the

Hunting: As in James Bay, white whales were _Ié-up to freeze-up, particularly in sheltered ore northwest and southeast from Long the northem astapoka Islands and the 'lilong the coast to Broughton Island. This area does not seern to have been Inuit in recent years, but one hunter reported Broughton Island and on the Quebec 'lite mouth of Nastapoka River. Most of the islands a10ng the east coast of meas resting places or breeding grounds for Inuit look a large nomber of geese on or of the southeastem islands and on the Quebec 'àIl::: areas were Long, Duck and Manitounuk e astapoka Islands, particularly those and 1OOolson islands. Eider ducks were ofthe same locations and aIl al th = one large grou of'sI ong e coast, ~er Islands, a W~ll-ra: ands be~een the rnainland Own breedmg ground for ID the Long Island area,/ish were . ~d coast. In fall trout n~tted m summer lI:!:i.ver system J'ust th and Whlte/ish were sou of Cape Jones. lfl!liJ BPutheast HUdson Bay 1 / ds '4) s an : Period 1/1

f Land Use the Port Burwell ea

Port Burwell the east end of McLclan Strait south to 1 oodleook Fiord 0 Port Burwell (60 25'N, 64°50'W) is 011 tire soutlrwest coast in bath winter and spring. In Period lIT. bear hunting oeeurs Killinek Island, just off tire Ilortlrem tip of Labrador. over much of Killinek Island. and south along the south side ln 1884, the lederal govemmem establislred a temporary of McLelan Straitlo 1 oodleook Fiord. mneorological station. There were temporary tradillg statiolls • FO.t Trappillg: ln both Periods Il and III. fox trapping has taken place on the north side of Killinek Island and south on the island belore tire Moraviall C/llIrclr opelled a tradillg ~ast ttnd mISSion station in 1904. ln 1916, tire Moravians sold tlreir along the coast of Ungava Bayas far south as Alluviaq trading interests ta the H.B.C.. ami tlrey closed tire missioll FIord durll1g Penod II. but onIl' as far south as Singer Inlel during Period III. Most trapping in Period lIT oCcurs along lhe m 1924. The H.B.C. withdrew Irom tire area ill 1939. How­ south and north shores of Killinek Island. ever people continued ta live and Irum on Killinek Island, • CaribOiI H/III/illg: The core caribou hunting area ex tends owing ta the abundance of seals alld clrar. III 1960, tire resi­ from the southern tip of Alluviaq Fiord west to Rivière du dents organized the Kititayoak Eskimo Cooperatil'e. whiclr Vent d'Ouest and then south to Lac des Essais, just West of the has flourished. Quebec-Labrador border. This area, Senikijuak. has been ln 1974, the population was 121. Tire settlemem Iras used by everyone in the region who hunts caribou. and it ean helicopter charter service Irom Fort Clrimo (tlrere is lia air­ be approaehed either from the west. by way of Alluviaq Fiord. strip), police supervisioll Irom Frobislrer Bay, a Ilursillg or from the cast by way of Kangalaksiorvik Fiord or by station, a primary sclrool (grades olle ta six). a c/llIrclr, tele­ Ryans Bay and Rivière du Vent d·Ouest. This area was used phone service, irregular postal service alld tire cooperative. in both wioler and summer. Summer caribou hums also occurred on both sides of • Seal Huming: In the Port Burwell region (Map 22), the Alluviaq Fiord, and the same area is exploited farther inland species of seals hunted are ringed, bearded, harbour and harp in wioler. Another winter area. 3150 close 10 Allu\'iaq Fiord. seaIs. They are hunted from freighter canoes, nelled in Forbes is immediately south of \Veymouth Inlet. On the Labrador Sound, and hunted from the shores of McLean Strait. In bath coast. caribou have been hunted in both Periods II and III in Penods II and III, hunting occurred from Alluviaq Fiord on inland areas. south of Noodleook Fiord. and along the coast the Quebec coast, north along the shore ta McLelan Strait, from Eclipse Channel to the head of Kangalak siorvik Fiord. north again ta the Button Islands, and from there south along Other areas that are hunted include Koroc River (upstream the Labrador coast ta Hebron Fiord. In addition, seal hunting from George River). the north side of Saglck Fiord in bas occurred as far south as George River during Periad III. Labrador. and around the coast regions of Hebron Fiord. Occasionally, barbour seals are hunted on the south coast of Howevcr. bccausc of the distance (rom Port Bun\cll. thcsc Resolution Island. latter areas arc not used as frequently as othcrs. Tbe most important areas for seal hunling during bath • lVildfowlillg: ln Period II. duck hunting l'as liOlited to the Periods II and III have been from Alluviaq Fiord. northward shore arcas of McLclan Strait. cxtending from jackson ta around the Button Islands, the McLelan Slrait region. Island in Ihe wesl to Grenfell Sound in the cast. Duck eggs then south ta oodleook Fiord on the Labrador coasl. \Vere collcctcd in the summer months in the same arca. During Bearded and ringed seals are most commonly hunted along Period III. duck hunting extends around Killinck Island the Quebee and Labrador coasts, but harp and harbour seals and south along cithcr si de of the Torngat Mountains pcnin- are bunted around the Button Islands. From late October su1a. Along~ the Oucbee coast. hunling cXlcnds as far south ash c'\tc~ds through Winter, harp seals are hunted in the open walers of Singer lolet. and on the Labrador coast hunting ,out MeLelan Strail 10 Saglarsuk Bay. Thesc Iwo arc connccteJ b) a hunlll1,!! arca • Whole and Walrus Huntillg: ln bath Periods Il and 1Il, in th;TunnisslIgjuak Inlet. There are isJand> off Cape there has becn Htlle white whale hunling. In Period Il. hunting Kakki\'iak. Ihm are uscd bath for dllck huntlllg and egg. 0CCurred just south of Jackson Island west of Port Burwell. collccting. IIIId at Grenfell Sound at the east end of McLelan Strait. Goosc-hunting in the spring and fall has occurrcd onl} along the Oucbcc coas!. In Pcriods Il an~ III. !he arCil . In Period III, hunting takes place in Forbcs Sound. south of Jackson Island, and off Cape William Smith on the Quebec cXlcndcd from Singer Inlet northward 10 JU"" ... muh of 'OUI1!-! ~~ Inle!. In Period II, ooly two arcas of occasional walrus . nn ',n,'" bccn huntcd alane thc Oucbcc ('(la ... ! (Will ~gare recorded: Forbes Sound and Grenfell Sound. PwrJ11le. s • .. _. .. S·Inger 1Il-,c1 norlh w Young_ Inici ami...Cape \\ J111:tm Srnllh. • bas becn no walrus hunting in Period III. , , 1 t1urine Pcriotl III. mlanJ on Kllhnck "'antl I. WL'r~ hUI1It.:d Polar BeaT Hunting: In Period 1 polar bcars ;n~~\him::-In both PcrioJs Il dnJ III. cod,h.l\c bl.'e.:l1llctlc:J ln :enng~~r on t~e wesl part of Killinek Island and on 0 J~lcl\SOll, 1nt.:.J'I )·u ... , \\-cs! of BUf\\e.:Il. Cll.lr h hm' oc\"'ur IJJ. sea tee lD1medtately offshore. both JO wlnler and :-.pnne " re.:nll1~ malll. 1\ on Ilh.:. 1 abraJlll itle.: \1f The.: l oro '.11 1lunlalll additioo, bears Were hunted in an arca Ihal cx1t.~l1dcJ from • " V81: Port BurweU

sula. In Period Il, char fishing occurred in Ikkudliayuk,. Ekortiarsuk and nodleook fiords. In both periods. fishmg occurred at the east end of Alluviaq Fiord where the Rivière du Vent d'Ouest meels the Alluviaq River. In Period III, fishing on the Labrador coast extends from Ikkudliayuk Fiord aIongthe coast to Eclipse Harbour. Char are neUed from Cape KakIdviak on the Labrador coast in salt water during sommer.. • MinoT Resources: In both Periods II and III, berries have been collected along the Quebec coast from just north of AIIuviaq Fiord northward to just south of Cape William Smith. In Period m, the northem limit of this area extends to Coates InIet, and berries are also collected near the seulement on Killinek Island. Clams are plentifuI in McLelan Strait. InPeriods n and III they have been collected in Young Inlet, and in Period nI, they are also collected on the Quebec coast in Singer and Christopher inlets.

122 Resolution Island + Button Button 1(p, Islands Islands "1 '111

PORT 8URWELL 'l!. Cape William Smith Island

.~ Killinek Island Grentell Sound ri .t4~ " Jackson ,&_~ORT 3 Forbes Sou. 8URWELL Il CapeWilliamSmilh("'" ~c .\f' , . (e;.: Singer Inlet. 0=< >" Icape Kakkiviak .' Jbo.~ -Ol" . r /'t.=aglarsuk Bay "9;);.~ 0);.. clipse Harbour ", .. '",,\ ,- 9 Ug/uâ"..n,'Z@renlell Sound _ iV{\{\\ I~": ~ r~.cliPse Channel Goales ln , ? yans B. ,à<• '9..,.. v'1­ li1>~ .', • Smger ln~ ChrIstopher o , , o Inlet ~'1-oJ Yi .... ) , ~Kangalaksiorvik Fiord .. , 0 Ungava Bay l'Riviere Ekorli~!d .V't ~"Q' 1 !du Vent ..., .... ~d·Ouest -:p'~ , Noodleook~', - 1 G .,,~~~,\ • FIord .J c;.'I ~ 1 • .... : Lac des " scale ~ 'Essais kllomel res ...... " """ ..@, o"" % , ';0:~0~~~~~2~0~"",'3 ~- j<,!alull? miles e- 1 ~ " ...... -.... ?,.. 50 1020,. c. , ~.; ~ o -, '.. o __ ~DtIio,; ,-"---'----J' .. _-.~ . • ...... ' '" , "r ,/ , " karak Rrve r :' " ..., o o , ,o , •"George River /t;­ •, le: • ,", lB , , ,e: ul::J ",,0 .0,- 'Q): ~ :Jo'",z Oo,­ ,~ '0 lb ,'~ '.0 1"' • ,, -.1 ~' ,, o o, scare '"--­ ----.-._----- .... ~ 20 0 20 .. , kllomelres I..-~__ ,, SIHlute miles ",...... i ,o 10 0 20 ,, ,o nd Use hand East Island

B.Kemp

Peninsula south to Nottingham. Salisbury and Mill islands, UOI4' • 76°32'W) is located on the southem then southeast through White Strait to the orth Bay area. lsltmd. one ofa group ofislands aU the sOll/h Except for the extension south to include Nottingham Island, Fœe Peninsula. southwest Baffin Island. Luke Foxe, the outer limit was parallel to the coast. In winter, the «iqJIoTedportsof Hudson Bay and Foxe Basin in 1631. boundary approximated the Roe edge and, at this season, was œpe after the Earl of Dorset; one of the ancient closest to the land. The Cape Dorset people did not use the cultures the Dorset Culture, is named after the cape, area southeast of Amadjuak Bay intensively, except when first evidences of this cultural horizon were fOlmd travelling through the area by boat in the summer. The coastal waters off Nottingham and Salisbury islands were never used 913 the H.B.C. established a trading post at Cape exclusively for seal hunting except by the families who Iived on Nottingham Island after the establishment of a weather œuJ It became the nucleus of later settlement. Between station there. œuJ 1960 the Roman Catholic Church operated a there, œuJ between 1939 and 1949 the Baffin Trading Within the region adjacent to Cape Dorset, seal hunting was concentrated where there were winter and spring settlements. œrried on a competitive trade with the H.B.C. The clustering of camps between King Charles and Amad­ The Anglican Church established a mission in 1961, juak Bay made this a very important seal hunting area. Spring ilhad been active in the region since the early 1900's. and early summer seal hunting mainly took place between R.C.M.P. detachment was opened in 1965. Cape Dorset's King Charles Cape and Cape Dorset and winter hunting was productions are internationally recognized for their concentrated in the regions of Andrew Gordon Bay. Chorbak œuJ quaUty. The West Baffin Cooperative. which was Inlet and Amadjuak Bay. At least eight or 10 winter settle­ ln 1959 not only operates a general store but ments were maintained in this coastal stretch because of pro. the IIUIIII distributor ofthe soapstone carvings, prints, ductive winter hunting for ringed and bearded seals at breath­ œuJ engravmgs. The cooperative is the settlement's ing hales, at tide- and current-maintained open-water areas. employer. ln 1974 its sales, including raw fur. and at the Roe edge. In spring, basking seals were abundant in JIIIIl ID about $700,000. areas of fast ice and at tidal cracks. Both ringed and bearded 974 Cope Dorset's population was 690 persans. The seals were available in the deep bays and around pratected Iuu an airstrip œuJ twice-weekly flights from islands in fall and immediately following freeze-up. Bay a primary school (grades one ta seven). an Intensive hunting was carried out along the nonhwestern IJt1uœtion centre, a nursing station, police, a c/lIIrch, coast of Foxe Peninsula and in Foxe Channel. The mosl ~ hall, telephone service, a post office. and /ive productive region was associated with a major wioter seule­ lIores mc/uding the cooperative. ment at Cape Dorchester and with a large spring encampment southwest of that cape. Most of the hunting look place in H 1913-1960) Finnie Bay and northeastwards along the coast 10 Dorchester Bay. South of this area, large shoals extend seaward. and Dorset area (Maps 23 and 24) had three major the coast is stcep without many harbours. Frequent rough teltlement areas. ln the northwest, at Cape Dorches­ water made the area unproductive. and travel along this _l'IWo major camps, Noovoojuak and Nuwata; coast was infrequent. a second group in the Andrew Gordon Bay area. Harbour seals arc rare on the south coast of Baffin Island 4ll!lIIps that are still used, Iggalalik, Ittidliajuk, and were rarely hunted in this region except at certain loca­ and Akatolaolavik; and the third group was in the tions during the summer months. such as Amadjuak Bay and Bay area. a small bay to the northwest. seasonal pattern of movement was ID occupy • Walrus Hunting: Walruses were important 10 the economy ntmainland settlements in winter, then to mOve of ail the settlements in the Cape Dorset region throughout ~g and summer ta camps located on offshore islands Periad II. The major hunting grounds \Vere at Salisbury and iI!le West Foxe Islands and the islands in Andrew Nottingham islands, Cape Dorchester. and alang the coast west :Bay Chorbak lnlet and Shugba Bay. In lhe Amadjuak of Cape Dorset. Less important arcas \V~rc along Alldr~w . #lion, camps were located on Chamberlain Island and Gordon Bay, C'horbal\ 1IlIcI. and AmadJual\ Bay. Huntlllg III 111 ICeltie lnlet. Caribou and fishing camps were the Chorbak Illiet arca cxtelldcù far into [he open \\"atcr of ~ at Burwash Bay and along the northwcs! shore Hudson Strait. g Lake, and there were camps al Figgurcs POInL and Residents of the soulh coast of Baffin Island got 010\1 of Bay OD the southeast coast of Foxe B~lSil1. thcir supplYof walrus mcat from 'otlingham am..! Sali\bur) IPItÜlg. The outermost limits for the arca\. scal hunt· Îslands in fall. Walrusl's Wl'rc ~l\"ailabJc in {his rcgion through­ from Dorchester Bayon the north side of Fo,e out the ycar. but hunting ncar the scukl11l.:'llt in \\ inter \\<1'; • Fox Trappillg: The trap lines during Periad 1\ originated t because the people preferred ta hunt on otting- from the camps widely distributed along the entire coast. Fox Salisbury isIands. The best walros hunting area on trapping was frequently related ta caribou hunting, cspe­ coast Itself was located west of Cape Dorset. near cially du ring years when faxes were scarce and long trips in­ Charles Cape, where most of the hunting took place in land were not profitable. During Periad II. the Cape Dorset lilthough there was sorne hunting at the f10e edge during area was the most intensively trapped land in all Southem ter and eastern Ballin Island, in addition ta the exploitarion of th ~e on the north coast of Foxe Peninsula hunted interior of Foxe Peninsula. Trap lines extended west from e nearCape Dorchester, either from the land or in Chorbak Inlet ta Mingo Lake and then sollth lO Ihe Amad­ waters during fall, or at the f10e edge in wintet. juak Bay region. In the northern part of the region. trap Iines W1kùe HuntIng: In fall, the people hunted white whales extended around the western perimeter of Nettilling Lake olig the eastem shore of Markham Bay and off Fair Ness and onto the Great Plain of the Koukdjuak. the pods moved southeast along the coast. Other areas of Other than those on land. traps were also set on Ihe sea whale booting were from Amadjuak Bay westwards Chamberlain Island and throughout the many smail iee in Andrew Gordon Bay east ta Markham Bay, and off Ihe coast of Foxc Peninsula. Howcver. along the northern coast ~ands ID the region, thereby extending tbe hunting area far Wittds. Hunting also took place close ta shore, immediately of Foxe Peninsula. from Garnel Bay ta Bowman Bay. trap ôf Chorbak Inlet, and from Andrew Gordon Bay along Iines did not extend on ta the sea ice. eœastta Cape Dorset. There was no whale hunting The network of trap lines on Foxe Peninsula very often here e1se on Foxe Peninsula, exeept for one area just followed the region's small rivers and lakes. Certain areas in ctCape Dorset, and a small one along the north shore the inlerior were not trapped at alI, but others were dellsel} lmry Island. trapped. The trap lines that ran eastward from Foxe Penin­ V!owBeor Hunting: There were three major areas of polar sula toward Amadjuak Lake avoided the western shore of hunting in the Cape Dorset region. The first was on the the lake because of its rocky terrain. ISlands jus! south of Amadjuak Bay, during winter and • Wildfowlillg: Geese are widely distributed throughoutthe The second covered a large part of western Foxe region. Hunting was concentrated on most of the main neSling !J>éDinsuJa, front jus! west of Cape Dorset inland aeross ta areas. especially along the coast from Chorbak Inlet around ~'. Bay, with an extension farther east into the interior. Foxe Peninsula ta Cape Dorchester, and in the inlerior :<'Ule third and perbaps most important region was north of between Amadjuak Bay and Foxe Basin. There were olher iBiorne Bay toward Cape Dorchester. Il also extended inland. smaller hunting areas as welI; for example. the head of Other hooting locations, of perbaps less importance during Amadjuak Bay was used intensively but almost all the rirer PeiiodIl, were !? the northwest of Andrew Gordon Bay, on valleys and small coastal bays were also hunted for geese. oltingham, Salisbury and Mill islands, and on the Great Ducks have a much wider distribution than geese. The Plain ofthe Koukdjuak, south of KoukdJuak River. However, hunt extended inlo the open water in summer and along the ~ ~rs say that were ':Ire on the plain, which is inland. floc edge in winter. It was especiall)' active on the small Caribou Hunting: The mam ares of caribou hunting c~astal islands. Egg collecting took place in early July. but .covered a large expanse of territory including ail but the m.ght continue through the month. Duck hunting was ma,"l) ~~ and northem coast of Foxe Peninsula. The eastem carried on during the nesling season. ....uuuary exteDded along the coast as far as Markham Bay • F' /. . 1 alo"' ~ north ta NettilIi La ' IS llllg: There are many smalliakes, rivers. and 10 el> . ~Ko=' k A Dg ke ~Dd west iDto the Great Plain of ~uak ~arrower the coast and in the interior of Foxe Peninsula Ihat were l QI strip of buntiDg territory ran used for char fishing. In Periad II. Koukdjuak River was no 1 e southeast toward Frobisher Bay l :brtb, tbere was another but smaller region of' 'b heavily fished, and only the northernmost and soulhernll1OS (~~!tf tha~an parts of Nettilling Lake were used. Small lakes throughOul. nfargthe northem shore of Nettilling Lake ou F p' . CII\'!l\ \m~ as as the Foxe Basin coast Oth axe enmsula were fished in fall and winter. Major a . nd ~~ hu.ntedlIIainly by IDdividuals. . er smaller areas occUrred '"m the river system mland from Mac abb Lake' W'Jtbùi the territory the the head of Keltie Inlet, the Amadjuak Bay area. Ihe lake< ~ according ta cbang~~c~~e~sof intensive activity northeast of Amadjuak Bay and several small lakes \l'llh,n PNlems of feeding and movement ;1Ze of herds aDd seasonal JO miles of Cape Dorset. ' ,," .. hUnting locations were the south . n general, the major east Lake over ta Mingo Lake th B corner of Amadjuak Lake, d ' e urwash Baya f Period /Il (/960-/974) an 'BD ares nortb of Markham B rea a Nettilling ares ID which no activity look 1 ay. There was one •S/ H . . cr dunn~ ~ ea lill/mg: The gcncral pattern of seal huntlfl::- {llf rougb, barreD terrain betwe ace:.a rarely visited area of Periad III . . d Il <,'Cpl 126 eD madJuak aDd Keeka lakes. rcma1I1S much the same as in Peno ... hUll(ln~ the Foxe Channel and White Strait areas. losl of Ihe scale 50 0 mIles

,...... , , " ,, ,, , ,, ~ .,Barnes\, \ Ice Cap! "--, : ," " , ,.... _..,

Baffin

Island Davis

Han/sch Strait Bay Figgu res Pl. Taverner Bay ,;------\. ~BROUGHTON ISLAND '.. Penny \

• Mill IslandO CAPE DORSET NO"ingham~ \\'SaliSbury ISlandU \.Jlsland FROBISHER 'S&OJ, BAY Hall "c 0", u;., ~ ~ $'....;. Mingo Lake. A ncw area has opencd up belween F. place ID the area belWeen King Charles Cape and Bay and 5y1vIa. G'filmeIl La k'e, CODtIDuIDg'. northw robllher Bay particularly between Cape Dorset a~d est to th, re~ldent~ Hanc River system and along the eastern shores of A. JnIet. Most of the present Cape Dorset " h 1 fP' madjUal mtens~ve Lake. Huntmg m t e ear y part a enad III arOUnd" '. iÎÎsh SI!IDlner camps in this area, and the most .P 'ad b ottingha~. Lake was the same as ID en Il,ut the area is ni''eUd. htiDgseason is in May and June. Salos- o onaer d M"ill islands arc no longer important huntmg areas. used by Cape Dorset people. • • Fox Trappillg: There has been a major reduction i h lJ&h they were used sporadically during the carly years of . d . nie m inten ityof fox trappmg unng Periad III. although muehof ~ter hunting is most intensive a!ong th~ floc edge off Foxe Peninsula is stIll crossed by trap lines. Corridors 01 rset, although hunters u ing skldoos wdl range intensive lrapping aClivity still extend from Andrew Gordon west ta hunt at breathing hales or in areas of open Bay northward and from Cape Dorset norlhwest toward, 111 Chorbak Inlet. Seal hunting eastward is usually asso­ Finnie Bay, although many trap lines along Ihe coast have With travel inland ta hunt caribou, or ta the Markham been givcn up, primarily because of the abandonmenl ofwinter ~,\ln ta mme soapstone. settlements in that area. Ali trap lines now converge On Ihe Huntmg: The generaI pattern of walrus hunting did Cape Dorset area, including the lines on the sea iee lrom ~ signifiesntly from Period Il, primarily because Andrew Gordon Bay westwards. There is almosl no trapping :eontinued importance of waIruses in the carly part of cast of lhe Andrew Gordon Bay nor in the Nettilling Lake m. Subsequently, the increasing use of snow vehides area. rrcsponding decline in the need for dog food elimi­ • Wildlowlillg: There is almostno goose hunling in the ting around Nottingham and Salisbury islands and interior. except a little along Koukdjuak River. Olherhunling Dorchester. However, hunters again visited bath is donc in the course of spring and early summer seal hUnlin! tQ hunt walruses in 1974. in the immediate area of Cape Dorset. The general pattern of t hunting areas have expanded now that formerly hunting ducks and eollecting eggs between Amadjuak Bay ~ODs of settlement have coalesced into larger and King Charles Cape is lhe same as it was in Period II. but g terrilOry that was only occasionally hunted in is much allenuated. days. Hunting is now most intensive immediately west • Fishing: The small inlerior lakes of Foxe Peninsula are no l>orset, but there is little elsewhere. longer used. MacNabb and several other Jakes in the interior Hunting. During Period III, hunting for white whales are still fished. and Koukdjuak River is now exploiled. camed on in only a narrow zone just east of Cape Fishing in Nellilling Lake has increased !O caver ail orthe 'frilm .Andrew Gordon Bay ta Chorbak Inlet. Hunting shore and islands from Burwash Bay ta Mirage Bay. Other "JD spnng along the floc edge, and in fall close ta fishing aclivit)' is now concenlrated on Cape Dorset. BetIT Hunti~g: In Period III, the hunting patterns ~alIy m the eastern part of the region, where the l1unting ares ncar Amadjuak Bay is now reduced ta 'llfew.ofthe larger islands, and hunting is sporadic. The Lake Harbour

hUllting zone On the coast and inland on Foxe Penin- OOflO r Lake Harhollr (62 0 5 l'N. 69 0 53'IV) is on Ihe SOl/II/ C .. still m use. There is also a c1uster of smaller hunting . 1 The Inuil along the coast from Andrew Gordon Bay ta Cape Dorset Mela Incognita Peniflsllla sou/he,,, Baffin Islam. 1 on some offshore islands and at the floc edge Th o1t/Ils. Coast hm'e long heen' in contact wlf'/1 'l'/'Iesr Il •10''''1 1 " 'let! cOl; 80y hunting at Cape Dorchester, but som~ be:~ all/lllai slIpply ships 01 the H.B.C. posts aill'ays sOl 'n< :r . allt! leo" m the Bowman Bay region during Period III Only the florth shore of Hudson Siroil )Vil en enlermg .. aeure /Il o:::S~UnrythIe HIldSOn Ba\'. The American wlla/ers who n'ere 1 0' niOrth side of Nottingham Island and on . 0 lIill'l 1/10 . s and are now hunted HIldson Bay hetweel1 abOlit 1860 alld 191 recr .'n/ . 1 . ica/mm' 1 ~I.w=en~ ~ and III, polar bear h~nting has Con- /mllt rom tlllS area as crew. ll1u!,here was a III 'J ./ hM'.-ionones 0 IUl/uone ':~ti:~es~ob::e mo~e widely distributed. The /lelg 1 ollrhood al the turll of the cel1wry. fj~ 09 /il t/ · . ce /9 . fro:n~! le A ng1Icall ChuTeh have heen ac/h'e !Jere SUl lIé t 8ddn Bay and mland e coast from Cape Dorset 191 / id/ 1. the fI.B.C. eSlablished a trading poSI. II' 1 ",C/I'., "',,/ Caribou Hunting. During Peri':;:oast. . Pbl/ltll,·- ~ ln number in Il p' Il, canbou have in- nUe1eus of the present sell/eme111. The R.C.AI.' . 4ir ft " 'llOW ClItends west beYO::~h:~msula, an~ the hunting area in 19]4. mul dur;ng World War JI (llere \l'as (1 V..S.. 'as the west coast. The h . aunders RIver system as far radio statioll "en,h,'" 1/(1 1 197' I} 1It'"( h/IJ Amadjuak Lake has CO:t~~~';;round the Southe.m part of Il 4. (!le population H'as 260. Tht! self tI 1 a" -1' 1 . .. tInt/c)J/! ~ ta only the area Just east of tr.s "P ( ant/mgs arc made 011 sea iet' III n'm(t" 1 ha .. . .'"n' ",'/1 r m <\lIJwner). hli/lher" i\" sc!lt'tillit'd m' .fil"f ... _ •~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ---~ ':!:..t::lt.~'""'t::lt.~':r' "'" - tl.-- ~ ...... ~ -c." -...... ~ -...... ~ ­-=:­ ":3..-':2'""'~~-~~~ ­ -=::.... ~ ~ ~ V'\ "::t:. ~ '='"::1...... 0;:;.". ",'- - '::.,.- _.-' '=-. '"" ~ .... - ~ ~ s. ~ ':%) :::.. ~~~~~~%~-:'~ ':::..~~~:~ ~ '% ~ ~~...... "=" ..... '1;:0.. 'li' "" ~~ ~::::.. _. ~ oi "':"'"> -;. -~ '- ~ c. -=...

Q,!- il.", I(nukd/uak o 'il. J:?iver ~ '. • .",- t' • -g .see also, LAKE HARBOUR Net fil/mg SOUTH and EAST "3 n BAFFIN IS ~ Great Plain

of the BurwaSh Bay •Ot Koukdjuak Foxe Basin 1 o@ Cape Oorchester~ , ~Garnet~ "<-'> . \.". Bay -<> Co" '. -- "", Nuwala % '? ~ "'/. Keeka &(' 0..., ~. ..~ . ~'" ~Lake "'1", .0." """ "'.,. Harkin Bay~ ",,/ Tesslk 0' .... Amadjuak .~ Cape Lake ~~ .~' Queen Lake ~~ 1 ." ~.~ EnUksa.t; 1;;, • , p ~, :9" 4/~ ""'i'~/. POint iSl// -9'~ ,b ~IS' 0,.(. ',8'" , Schooner iggnlallk~'.:'" "'~ "'o~ /(jHarbour 1J.9$ • 'Mmgo • ,- IllidliaJuk"~\;.:t:. ~ \.o0~ L­ ~~~ .... •t. «\» .. "'~o..., '1,,> ,.~CA·PE OORSÈT ô<9::"'" C"I)1) CI) t (KINGNAIT) ,. 5' i'lr1e ,:D Sylvl8 ~MIII S I~ uv"'':' Gnnnell L. -~Island ,~ Amadjuak • ::".~/Bay ? , scale Salisbury kllometres 20i--~0__20 Nr"ll1 IrlÇJhan\"'---. Island ~ • Slatute miles 1 ~ ~ Island '3. 10 0 "li p , , IlalBn Island

larger seals seemed to leave for. orth Bay in late July and BIO' lAke Harbour has a police detachment, a Il primary school (kindergarten ta grade eighO, August. Ali the permanent winter villages along the southern coast 'tlœmmunily hall telephone service, a post office, _e. a general store, and the Kimik Cooperative, of Baffin Island had economies based partially on seals. They 974 had a turnover of about $200,000, inclllding were less important in the Lake Harbour are3. however. than in settlements between orth Bay and Cape Dorset and those ~ in Frobisher Bay. Harp seals are a summer migrant along the south coast of 1930-1964) Baffin Island, and are available for only a short period of r settlement areas in the Lake Harbour region time. usually betwcen mid-August and early Scptember. They were the orth Bay area, Crooks Inlet, Markham were hunted in the North Bay and Beaulnont Harbour areas. liBIg Island, South of North Bay, there were camps the northern outlet of White Strait, and just south of Fair Ness Bay Shaftesbury Inlet, Observation Cove, and in the Markham Bay region. lIÏ1 IDIet. Farther south there were other camps on the Harbour seats, because of their limited distribution, were e Savage Islands and at Pritzler Harbour. only infrequently hunted on the south coast of Bailln Island. ~1:lunting:Lake Harbour hunters hunted seals from However, during Period Il, they were occasionally hunted in ~am Salisbury and Mill islands along the entire north Wightlnlet, in Carew Bay just north of Shaftesbury Inlel. ofHudson Strait, and northward across the mouth of and in Amadjuak Bay. They were not hunted in winter. isherBay to Brevoort Island in Davis Strait. However, • Walrus HlIllting: Walrus hunting was important to the ., oUingham Island and the Brevoort Island areas were the economy of the region, especially to the people who lived ~iDteDSively huotcd extremities of a much more inten­ along the southeast coast of Baffin Island. One of the two ï.lve1y "sM centre between Markham Bay in the northwest and major walrus hunting arcas was a narrow zone From Pritzler Slîaftesbury Inlet in the southeast. Within this area. four Harbour to Shaftesbury lnlet, particularly at Pritzler Har­ apecles of seaIs were huntcd. bour and Observation Cove. The other was at East Bluff at the 'lbemost productive hunting was in orth Bay, White soulhern tip of the Meta Incognita. Farther west along the Strait, Crooks lnlet, and Markham Bay. These locations south coast. walruses were hunted along the Roe edge 01 Juet fonncd a core area that was huntcd throughout the year. Com­ Island and. in summer. at some hauling out places in the plexcoastIines and deep bays providcd protection for open­ central part of North Bay and along White Strail. Fair Ness waterhuntiug in SUDlmer and faIl, and stable land-fast ice was the farthest significant hunting area in the Lake Harbour mamtaincd breathing holes for hunting in winter. The most region, but occasional hunts by Peterhead boat took place mtellldvely hunted area extendcd from the north end of White along the Davis Strait coast of Hall Peninsula. north of $trait through orth Bay to Juet Island, and was centrcd Frobisher Bay. on the floc cdge between Juet and Big islands. The next most • Whale Hllntillg: White whales were hunted ail along the 1Dt4msïVely 1'5"'1 parts of the core area were the southeastem south coast, from Thompson Island northwest into North Bay ~portïon of Markham Bay and the coastal waters south of and along the northern coast of Big Island. In late spring. !.5ïrNess. Within North Bay, the north shore of McKeIlar Bay this hunt was carried on along the retreating Roe edge. espe­ Le_ hunted Most intensively in fall and early winter, although cially in the Fair Ness area of Markham Bay. Before freeze-up aetua1 locus of aetivity shifted according to changes in in fall, an important hunltook place in the area between er Pleasant Inlet and the head of Glasgow Bay. in McKeliar Bay. BClII"ded seaIs were hunted throughout the Lake Harbour and around Cape Tanfield. After freeze-up, whales were on doring the open-water season. In winter, however, they hunted at the floc edge, which runs in an eastwest direction hunted only at breathing holes in new ice near the floe from the Island of God's Mercy to Hector Island, and in the go or 10 open water off the floc edge, especially between Blandford Bay area of Markham Bay. ln late winter and 3'uetIs1and and Big Island. During summer, important areas carly spring, whales were hunted at the noe edge in Markhal11 r 1.o. beardcd seals were White Strait, the northwest coast of Bay ilself. Narwhals have been taken only rarely in the Lake BI~Is1a?d around Emma Island, and almost aIl of North Bay, ~eldcd ~ate Harbour region, usually in the North Bay area. ""hieb good summer harvests of first-year seals. • Polar Bear Hunting: Three areas \Vere most important for Hunting was less mtensive south of Shaftesbury Inlet, where polar bear. One extended From Fair Ness as a long narra\\' the floc cdge seldom extendcd beyond the mouths of the zone along the shore into North Bay' another started at the ~ts, thus ~imiting the number of breathing holes during lr south side of Big Island. took in the' arca of the floc cdgc nel WlDter. Dunng sum~er, BLUe hunting occurred in these narrow Juet Island. and continued toward Shaftesburv fnlet; but . fiords beeause of wmds and lOugh water and because the the most important was l'rom the \fiddle Sava·ge- hland'" tO JUS! 130 ~~madjUak i! 1 Sapert!J) :c~ Lak~ '- Lake ....r-- LAKE HARBOUR Pleasant Inle"-. i~ , '0 .see also CAPE DORSET • l Westbourne'- B' :l " Norlh ~ Carewl? Big ~'JJ.ShafteSbUry Baffin Island Juet Is517 Island a~ V;'nlel Amadjuak scale \. • 'aYIrt..Wh,te 10 o 10 kilometres ----- slalule miles 5" ----- FROBISHER o 10 1 • BAY

'BlanCllord • Island of·C>;)o 'Bay " • () God's Mercie~ ~ •• ~~)...jl- r\.(o~~ Hall Fair ~e 't I~ ~ ,,;,,'0:\~~ \; Peninsula Brevocr! ct- Island ~~~. -<:'°6 '~ , , '",?"'r .~ , r""< ~ ~ ,,~ LAKE HARBOUR J 'JjgJ'h • Bay ) o Shaftesbury ~.~ 'fnlet • o Barrier ~: \ Inlel Balcolm ve-. Inlel W' h Co , '9 1 '" ObservatIon '\l ln/et

Gray Goose \S·"Mlddle q ~ ~ prjIZ~e;rbour Hudson ~<;)':t .. Savage ..Sqo: [\...0 c.::::;s .... , Islands 0/'E;l6 ,-'~ l /8/ 'i1C/r...... :Jl]a Thompson ~ . .- Stralt Island East t \-<~ • ';-'" ~Bluff , - &ower 00 • SC<:'1le Savatsla~se ~ 20 0 20 •• 1 .h )h- ,~~~-:::_~-~=~:::::~ ,. ~~ - - """'- , Slillulekiloll'lelrCSOlIIeS ~ ~:: ~ • l .. .. PII.t \.(' 10 0 do .. s> ';, ~l 1 lit This last area was used in summer • Witt/low/illg: Geese were hunted far inland up Soper Valley, dock hunting and egg eollecling. in McKellar Bay. around Cape Tanfield. and on the south­ Harbour regton was nol considered 10 be western coast of Big Island. Almost every small lake along the polar hears were nol infrequenl and coast and ail the iolets were good hunting arcas. The hunters outthe year. of Lake Harbour considcred that geese were "everywhere", The resldents of soulhern Baffin Island and Ihey hunted themall along the south coast in eonjunetion 'Dl certain areas that mighl vary from year 10 with opcn-watcr seal hunting in lale spring and summer. OitMeta Incognita Peninsula was con- The range of duck hunting overlapped but was larger than lIIl1all for attention, and was frequenlly that of geesc. A major duck hunting area \Vas from Fair Ness Hunting there was never considered 10 be northwest to Amadjuak Bay, and it included almost ail the for an area of valleys and lakes belween coastal islands in the Markham Bay region. The south side 'a'tld the highlands north of Frobisher Bay. bul of Big Island and the Middle Savage Islands were also im­ illewas no certainty of finding caribou in winler. portant areas, as was the whole coast from Shaftesbury Inlet oreintensive and reHable hunling in Ihe Crooks to below Pritzler Harbour. arIcham Bay areas, where small herds spenllhe The Middle Savage Islands, an area of Big Island and Winter caribou hunling Ihere was considered 10 be southeastern Markham Bay were important areas for eolleet­ theregion. Lake Harbour people only occasion- ing eggs, but they were in fact eollected ail along the south the area casl of Frobisher Bay. The valley of and coast. >àlong Saper ~ver were an importanl hunting area in • Fishing: Most of the fishing in the Lake Harbour region was done in coastallakes and ri vers. Few lakes far in land were 'l'mg: With few exceplions. Ihe importanllrap fished as most of them were thought not to have enough fish the Lake Harbour people were contained in an area ta warrant travelling 50 far. There were major fishing lakes. nded ta the ouler limits of caribou and seal rivers and bays in the Middle Savage Islands. the Pritzler Areas where caribou hunling was largely confined la Harbour area, and near most of the larger inlets along the edvalleys were especially importanl for fox Irap­ south coast. Shaftesbury Inlet was said to be most productive B:ooww'Ccvcr areas in which caribou were more widely for fall fishing. bolh in salt water and in the river; in spring. had few or no trap Iines as was Ihe siluation in Ihe Ihe people fished through the lake ice. Winter fishing in the ..1.11 part ofMeta Incognita Peninsula and Ihe area region was not importanl. although the lake near Observation of MarIcham Bay. Cave was occasionally used. m the Lake Harbour region was. Iherefore. Many of the lakes near White Strait. from Pleasant Inlel outalong the coast and, inland, along Ihe river valleys. ta Beaumont Harbour, as weil as those on Big Island were for the nvers 1I0wing inta Barrier Inlel, almosl ail fished in spring and fall. The lakes and rivers on the west shore travel routes were used for fox Irapping. Sorne Irap of Markham Bay were heavily fished. including in winter. as those exteoding inland from Balcolm Inlel, This area was perhaps the most important in the region. with the whole peninsuJa. There was inlensive Irap­ almost lesser fisheries near White Bear and Ava inlets and in the rivers ron.ning inland from McKellar Bay and Amadjuak Bay. 8IIey IWo major !ravel routes ta Frobisher Bay also mtenSlvely hunted for caribou in winler. Period 1/1 (/965-/974) eoneentration of trap Iines exlended inland from emen~ along ~ite Strait, particularly at • • Seal Hunting: Although ringed seals are hunted over a large Crooks inJels. BIg Island was intensively trapped area, ils western and eastern extremes. Nottingham and Salis­ Jllthenortheast Markham Bay area was mainly , bury islands and Ihe Davis Slrait region, are no longer hunte

Juet and Big islands. There has been a marked decrease numbers of harp seals in the orth Bay area during Trapping on the fasl ice of . 'orth Bas continues out to the ID, so that the hunting of this species has been floc edge and to the north si de of Whit~ Strait. Crooks Inlet cted. Harbour seals are now found onIl' in the Wight and a narrowing strip inland to Fair ~css remain important. ares, where they continue to be hunted by occasional The south coast of Big Island has been trapped throughout ~ers. Period III. but areas soulheast of Shaftesbury Inlet arc no longer used. 'olrus Hunting: During Period III, there has been a reduc­ ild m the territory used for walrus hunting. The larger • ": foK'ling: Goose hunting areas arc Ihe same as during ntigUous areas hunted in Period II have broken up into Penod Il. although the hunting intensill' varies depending on aller locaIized ones close to the remaining camps. Lake the open-water areas being used to hunt seal. The major areas ur residents no longer hunt the Davis Strait region. for duck hunting arc also the same as during Peri,xllI. the &me small areas, such as North Bay. White Strait. and Fair most important being Pritzler Harbour. the Middle Savage ess, and the f10e edge olf Juet Island continue to be important Islands and lhe south side of Big Island. There is no longer r walrus hunting. any hunting bel'ond lhe island c1uster wesl of Markham Bay. although the southeastem seclion of lhe bay is still used. The shrinkage of most hunling areas, particularly west of Areas for egg eollecling arc the same as for Period II. Làke Harbour, has resulted from changes in settlement • Fishing: Many of the lakes and ri vers mentioned in Period Il JllllCms and from the reduced need for dog food. Many Lake are still used. but there is a general decline in the inlensitl' ~ur people express an aversion to walrus meat, and seal of fishing. Many areas no longer have resident populations. plentiful enough to provide for humans and needs and travel to or through these areas mal' not coincide "ith the 1he smaller population of dogs. At present, there is occa­ seasonal availability of fish. èmal winter hunting of walruses in North Bay; summer The Shaftesbury Inlel area and the lakes "esl of Pleasanl fWaIrus hunts occur to the southeast, always in conjunction lolet have bccome heavily uscd since the general mmcmcnt the hunting of seals and ducks. of the region's population to Lake Harbour. The pn.fll Jll1he region. The in land rout s from ~lc"cJlar trtll1HMpmt'nt of /1JLOltTUlt Il IllU ,r !Pel' River Valley continue to be lIscd ()cca ... i~)nally. f fi raclar \1(Jli m li L IIlr IIpt> 0 inland from Pleasantlnlet and White Sln"t o f Il III If 1 If a rI litt' ( )II \(rUl lIOn C( Most important. • Seal Hunting: During Pcriod lI. the population that now lives in Frobishcr Bay hunted ringed and bearded seals in the region between Cape Dorset in the southwest and Cumberland Sound in the north and within Frobisher Bay itself. Seals II were inlensively hunled along the entirc east side of the bay. ! from Ward Inlet to Cyrus Field Bay. Winter hunting was ! carried out at the floe edge or at breathing holes scallered ,E across the fast ice, lhough the mouth of Ward Inlet and the o east coast of Frobisher Bay were considercd to be the best hunting areas. Bearded seals were hunted at the floe edge in winter and spring. Spring seal hunting was widely dispersed, but there was more of it from Ward Inlet along the cast shore. in the bays. fl!JW divided into four distinct sections: and throughout the c1uster of islands. In summer, almost which accommodates government ail seal hunting was concentrated in the Hamlen Bay area Or le employees; Lower Base, a group of along the headland of Hall Peninsula until August, wh en harp and other buildings about 1.5 miles seals begin to migrate into the region. Harp seals were very îed by Whites; Ikaluit, the Inuit sellle­ important to the local hunters and were hunted in an area that ilbout 2.5 miles away from Ikaluit, which extended from Hill Island south to the north tip of Pike Wimed residential area mainly occupied Island. Harp seals have also been hunted at the southeas! tip of Meta Incognita Peninsula. Harbour seals were hunted in Bay's population was 2,360. The sellle­ Cyrus Field Bay, in the river by Frenchman Cove, and occa­ oot paved airs/rip, a /ire department, police sionally in the Wight Tnlet area. '8Ubdivision headquarters, scheduled flights • Walms Hunting: Walruses were intensively hunted in tJlXis and buses, a 30-bed hospital, lDcol Frobisher Bay, especially from the Middle Savage Islands :J«;ondœy schoals, an adult-education centre, southeast along the coast to the vicinity of Nanuk Harbour. in a COfnmunïty hall, a library, telephone service, Ward Inlet, and in a smail area just south of Fletcher Island. a bank, a variety of recreational facilities, A large and intensively used area extended from Hamlen • '1Z, a liquor store, a newspaper, man)' Bay. south along the east coast of Frobisher Bay. around Loks ,specialand general stores, and the Ikaluit Land, and north to Beekman Peninsula, terminating at Cape St. David. • Whale Hunting: Spring and fall whale hunting was wide­ spread in the Frobisher Bay area. especially in the area from ~traliOD of camps was on the north shores Lewis Bay, just south of Frobisher Bay selliement, then farther Bay; with camps in Ward Inlet, Cormack Bay, south along the coast pasI Brook Island. Whale hunting was ~ Cove, Hamlen Bay, Newton Fiord, and also carried on in Ward Inlet, Waddell Bay. and Royer COle. 26) Because of steep c1iffs along the and at the base of Hamlen Bay. the bay there were camps only in Hidden • Polar Bear Hunting: Three major areas of polar bear und However, there were various camps hunting were important to the Frobisher Bay people. The !Il!\lIhwestem side including those on rugged southwest coast. from Grinnell Glacier "orthward. IVaS Johnston, and Nouyarn islands. co~sidered to be a good bear hunting region in fall and . many famUies moved their camps to spnng, although there was not a large population of bears ln ln fish for char in late summer this area, Another extensive hunting area was around the ,camps to hunt seals and ducks southwestern tip of Meta Incognita Peninsula, where the in land !IlJllIS' Permanent Winter camps and island areas were hunted primarily during summer. The ô~yarn Island and at Kangi­ largesl and most important area for polar bears, hOIVever. IVaS J'ort. In faU, there Were on the east coast; il stretched from Hamlen Bay. around ~ of HaU Peninsula for Loks Land, up as far as Cumberland Sound. The deeply , d . . have l'US Field Bay, Cornelius ID ented penIDsulas and islands in this particular reglOn of Smith Channel. One been consistenUy used with good results. .C 'b 'b d~ led at Cape Haven on the an ou Hunting: ln the Frobisher Bay arca. cafl oU • hunted on much of the land that surrounds the bay. Hunter> range doort h 10 the shores of Amadjuak and NeW'11'mg lake', 'à''E- ","0 • ;;;'" hl o·o~ ~C7\ ! 'if'""'> Cumberland Sound '<'"" Legend ";!. n 1 Kangiliaqalt "n scale ~ 20 0 20 '2) Tmlluqalak kitomelres ..--'!!!'-~ "3 ~_.... 1 statute miles ~ 10 0 20 ~,M,ngotok " INouyarn IsJ '4 Kuya,l '5' S,ngalya Sylvia Gflnnefl ~Lake S tV/a fT,ver ~ ::> <1l Hall Peninsula := <2 '">",,1' ~~~ '"' Maria Port -~ M % . ,"~'r'\.v"ik\ "-

~ "'" Channel ) o <9~ Grinnell ® ~."" Glacier • 'D' , DaVIS Siral!

~ Middle CI..C-. . Savage • • J '., J Islands • , "J Nanu" • • HarbOUr ~~ ~ L"ml>cfl Conlormill COfllC PIOjt'Cl'OI\ . .~ ettiJImg Fiord and Cumberland Sound. The many lakcs. riveTS. and bays along the northcast coast Hall Peninsola. The we tem hunting areas of Frobisher Bay vary in their produetiv;ty. and the people say thesonth coast of Baffin Island and the southern thatthe expeeted size of fish will vary from Jake to lake. The lakes along the eastern shore of Ward Inlet. for example. gmta Pemnsula. the honting area north from the head of have plentiful but sm ail fish. whereas the lake and river and exœnding south along Hall Peninsula was systems farther to the southeast around Hamlcn Bay producc lIilting aress mcluded Sylvia Grinnell Lake much larger fish. Fishing was particularly good in riveTS Southwest and east of thatlake. East of Sylvia flowing into the head of Cyrus Field Bay, in the small lakes canbou hunters covered most of Hall Penin- near Cornelius Grinnell Bay, and on Beekman Peninsula. Fishing in this region cxtcnds along the Davis Strait coast north é.WlISIt, they travelled as far as Mingo Lake and adjuak Bay. Caribou were also hunted inland to Cumberland Sound. thwest hore of Frobisher Bay and south to the Other species of fish. particularly land locked cod, are te Thompson Island. Another large caribou hunting found in the arca. and the largest specimens come From a lake southem part of Meta Incognita Peninsula. behind Ney Harbour on the southwest coast. Only a few and sommer, when overland travel was difficult locations elsewhcrc on the southwest coast \Vere fishcd. lion tended ta move toward the sea shore, hunting on by boat a10ng the coast especially along the Periotillf (/955-1974) m shore, from the head of Frobisher Bay ta Loks then northward ta Beekman Peninsula. In addition • Seal Hllntillg: ln the carly years of Period 1fi, hunting hunting, many hunters walked inland looking for eontinued in the sarne areas as before. but it was reduccd in especially north and east of the head of Frobisher Bay. extent in peripheral localities. At present, seal hunting occurs TrQPpmg. The area used for fox trapping in the throughoutthe Frobisher Bay area. with the most important erBay regJon during Period II was very Iimited; the hunting areas around Chase Island and Hamlen Bay. Hunting concentration of activity was in the area between Sylvia extends as far south as Loks Land and north into Cornelius iPiDellRiver and SylVIa Grinnell Lake, the group of large Grinnell Bay. The hunting areas for harp and harbour seals arc a10ng the southwest peninsula of Ward Inlet, the river similar to those described for Period II. although the harp near Ward Inlet, the islands and coastal area of seal hunting area has been reduced because there is a smaller en Bay and from there along the east coast. The areas number of them in the Frobisher Bay area. trap Iines were set were aid ta be productive during • WalTus HliflIing: Walrus hunting was as important in the fox years. However, during Period II, most of the early years of Period III as it was during Period fi and. as a who bve in Frobisher Bay today were resident else- consequence. the hunting areas remained- the same. \Vith onl) mostly in the Lake Harbour region, and the trap Iines a slighl reduction in the total area used. The major area of ofthese indiVldual trappers contributed significantly intensive hunting was till Hamlen Bay, Lupton Channel. and file pattern of fox trapping on the south coast. north along Beekman Peninsula. Since the reduction in 'i14 owlmg. In the Frobisher Bay area, there was intensive number of dog-teams. however. walrus hunting has beeome gofducks and geese at the north end of the bay and restricted to the coast area on the east and west of Blunt areas on the east coast south of Ward Inlet. Duck Peninsula. ,took place in.Cornelius Grinnell Bay and in nearby • Whale Hl/nting: At present, whale hunting oecurs in the Bay espectally among most of the island c1usters in fiords along the southwestern shores of Frobisher Bay and part ofthe bay and along the east coast, where follows the same seasonal pattern as in Period II: spring '\iIso gathered hunting at the floe edge and open-waler hunting dllrillg The people consider that the rivers and lakes sUmmer and fall. Frobisher Bay and the shallow salt water bays • Polar Bear Hl/nting: The important areas for polar bear fishmg places for char than anywhere along the hunting are the same as in earlier times. In the southeast th'} ofBaffin Island There were important fishing are parts of the mouth of Frobisher Bay and Loks Land and. ~ f~e ~robisher .. bead?f Bay, inland in the lake and in the north, in and around Cornelius Grinnell Ba). p.•.•.-.. thatdram lOto the bay, and along the entire • Caribou Hunting: Most of the extensive caribou hunlÎng bBat coast of the bay. The most important areas in the territory described for Period Il continues to be used with onl) owever have becn the rivers that flow into the head of a slight reduction at present. Caribou hunters range as far robisberB~y partleularly Sylvia Grinnell River wh' h northwest as AmadJ'uak Lake sOllth to Minco Lake and were fiShed m carly summe d .. ,IC ~ • :::> b' .. her lODS Inland 1 k r an agam m fall during Ihe char Markham Bay, southcast along the western shore of Fra 1- and wmte a es were a1so fished, especially in late fall B C tlIber· r. ay to Jaynes Inlcl, and north of Frobisher Bay 10 u 136 land Sound. Kemp' South and Ea t Baffin Island

pmg In Penod III, the length and density of trap increased m the Frobisher Bay region, primarily as a ~n 1921, Ihe H.B.C. openet! a pOsl al Ponl:nirlllllr.t, and in lion to the seulement of individuals from 19.8, tire Anglican Clr/lrch opened a Irospital a/ld re- 1lO8S\. The river and island trapping patterns eSlahlished ilfi...""""'0n. At.'l Gnous luues. Ihere hOl'e heen OU/- torPeriod II continue in use, but with an extension posls ollhe H.B.C. and pril'ale Irading slalions in Ihe region, and from the northeastern coast of Frobisher Bay. mosl of Ilrem short Iil'ed. The R.C.M.P. establislret! a post he~an aIong Sylvia Grinnell River and areas to the east is al Pangnirlung in 1923, and Ihe ledera! gm'ernme", 10 h/lild a schoollirere in 1960. ' ed ln 1974, Ihe population ",as 906. The seu/eme", Iras an Ung Geese are hunted in the same areas ~s before. airslrip.lwice-week/y /lighls Irom Frobisher Bay, a police 'dnring spring when seasonal camps are reoccupied d~/achment, a nur.ring .rtation, a schoo/ (kïndergarlen to grade hunting locations along Frobisher Bay. In Period III. elghO. a chureh. a communily hall, a Iihran-, lelepho1lt! iJIItiIIg and egg collecting are carried on in the Frobisher sen1ice, a post office. a public accommodation. IItr('C gl'Ilt!ra/ from the north end of the bay. induding ail the ~/oresl a~d Ihe Pangnir/rmg Eskimo CooperatÏ\'t!. Pangllirtlmg ulands south to Chase Island, and along the coast to IS the pnmary access point to the Ilew/y crealed Banill Land A small area of duck hunting occurs on the west National Park. œtween Watts Bay and Jaekman Sound. There have been few, if any. changes in the overall Period 1/ (/918-/961) char fishing areas between Periods " and"I. The offisbing remains about the same as before, with the In the Pangnirtung-Cumberland Sound area (Maps ~7 and exception of fishing within the Ward Inlet area and 28). major camps were loealed at places easily accessible to thenortheast coast of Frobisher Bay in spring. Although bath marine and inland hunting areas. Thus. camps \Vere at the .sl!Iomer fishing is still intensive at the head of the bay. mouths and heads of many inlets throughoul Cumberland 1be abandonment of permanent settlements. seasonal ice Sound. and others \\-'ere located on i~lands usually no more usuaIIy prevent people from moving into the area than 15 miles offshore. Outside of the sound and 10 the cast. llDough tu fish in late spring. there \Vere major camps along the shores of Cumberland beavy pressure on fishing. together with the earlier Peninsula. specific311y in Hoare Bay (Tusakjuak). and farther development of a commercial fishery in Sylvia north. Durban Island and Padle Fiord (Padlopingl. West of River, has resulted in a major dedine in the usefulness Cumberland Sound. there were camps in land in the Nctlilling mer wbich at one time was considered to be the Lake area. that were associated mainly with thc hunling of unportant in the whole of southern Baffin Island. At caribou and the trapping of foxes. the fishing areas on the northwest side of the bay are ln Cumberland Sound itsclf. there were al least fi\"c major m spring until boat travel in summer allows the people camps betwccn Ptarmigan Fiord and Brown Inlel (Blacklead. e tu locations elsewhere in Frobisher Bay. Kingmiksok. Kipisa. Opingivik. and IglootaliJ...)' Threc camps (Na~)'a)'akbik. Ekallulik. and Imigcn) wcre associated with ettilling Fiord. the latter camp affording l'a ...) acccss to bath Nettilling and Kangilo fiords. Camps În the nonhcrn fiord area of Cumberland Sound inciuded Bon Accord. Ipashuk. Simirling. Nunatak. and UshualuL Ipashuk and Simi.r1ing rntrtung (66°08'N. 65°44'W) is locatet! mllhe so/llheasl \Vere in Clearwatcr Fiord. whcre sc al. whalc. and canbou hunting was close at hand. Bon Accord ga\·c good access tu 'eof Pangninung Fiord, which is cm the 1I0rlh shore of Kan ilo and Clcarwaler fiorùs and ta norrhall Cumberland ber/and Sound. John Davis llisitt!{J Cumherland Sound ln Sou;d. Ushllaluk and A\·atuldu camps wcrc IOC~ICd bctwccn 85 and Ihe land norlh of il was named Cllmherlalld Island Kckcrtelung Island and the setllcll1e~1 of P~nglllrlUng. . er!ound ta bea pellinsula) by William Baffill ill 1616. Johll South of Pallgnirtung. fi lOlal of cight major l:an~ps CXISICd at,n 1818 confirmed Baffin':; diJCOl'erie,\' (llld.hi.~· ,.e~){}rt of ' ",'1 "ll"SI (lf the sound Ugu\·aluJ... and :\\"allkuk wcre undance of who/es in BaDiIl Ba\' and Dm'IJ 5rrml led ro on t lH.: c< " ... ,. . ~" .. _. . . te 1\\,,'11, ",'OWI1 Harbour. Kingnall Fiord .and Illapall assoCJ\'- trad' • , the soutllC11I1' "0'1.~"'..·'''trl'mil\ of CUlllbl'r!anJ. PClllll ... ula 1" lngand emp!oyme/lt opporlflnilies, /11 /89-1, ll1/ " //1 t·,,,· S·'·'I hUlltillC oCL:'lJrr~d III ail (hl' \\all·r... llf op(~llcd U"/ltIJiIl~ • Jea lm /1 .. ' ... . ' f tl. ' Illlc L:'OCC III \\ nIer S\l(Hh llf thl'Il·. lhl' matc localilln (1 1,; _ , .­. bsely foUowed Ibe coaslline. On lhe soulh side of • Wafrus Hunting: Walrus hunting occurred along mUe huters regularly travelled to Popham Bay and the soulh shore of Cumberland Sound. especially near Igloo­ Islands, to Ibe south of Anderson Channel. to talik. Opingivik. Kipisa, and KlI1gmlksok. Soulh of there '. , particularly during ummer. This area was easily walruses were hunted olf Harnson P0ll11 and Cape EdWard e f10m several camps to the north. On lhe north side in SalUl and Neplune Bays. Ptarmigan Fiord. LiUlecote Ba;: SOUDd, hunting extended eastward around Cape Mercy and among the Leybourne Islands. Walruses were found close nbrthward a10ng Ibe east coasl of Cumberland Penin­ to shore in spring and sUmmer. but they went fanher Out in amto Exeter Sound and Tolnes Road. Along this norlhern the sound during winter. Hoare Bay was u ed both in summer and winter and :\iliIl On the cast shore of the sound. walruses were hUl1led oR W8S con Idered to be excellent for seal hunting. In spring. Brown Harbour near Ihe mouth of Kingnait Fiord. and soulh­ people from Tuvakjuak in Hoare Bay preferred 10 hunl seals ward olf Iqalujuak Fiord. The area of Shomeo POinl, Kurnlein DOrlh from Angijak Island. in C1ephane Bay. Exeter Sound. Totoes Road and Sunneshine Fiord. Fiord and Wareham Island. and Ihe coasl SOutheastlVard la Within Cumberland Sound itself, mosl hunting occurred Cape Mercy were hunled. In this lalter area, hunting lVas along Ibe coastal and bay areas and was associaled wilh scveral espeeially good in Abraham Bay. Ujukluk Fiord. and in Ihe f8lrly dense groupings of camps, especially in the north. moulh of Aktijarlukan Fiord. Along the cast coast of Ptarmigan Fiord was a favoured hunting arca for Kingmiksok Cumberland Pcninsula, walruses were hunted in Hoarc Bay, /1 camp residents. particularly in summer. Thc area between and north of there in Clephane Bay and Exeter Sound in ,: 1 summer. , Kingmiksok and Kipisa was used year round. North from '.,, Kipisa, seals were hunled both in Irvine Inicl and Netti/ling • Whale HUII/illg: Whales werc hunted throughout Cum­ ,, • Fiord in sUmmer and winter. as weil as along Ihe coaslline berland Sound, but the m05t concentrated hunting OCcurred in \ between the camps and these localions. In winter. open-water Clearwater Fiord during summer. wilh especially large kills / hunting occurred in the west end of ettilling Fiord; in Ihe made in the Millul Bay area of the fiord. Shark Fiord \l'as also ""q middle part of lhe fiord during summer. an important area, as was Kangerk Fiord. wh en the wh ales ettilling Fiord was frequently humed in association with moved easlward in fall. In this region, whales were regularly Kangilo Fiord. In east Kangilo Fiord. the open-water arcas hunled in summer from the camps at Ipashuk. Simirling. around ils many islands were humed for seals during winter. as Nunatak. and Bon Accord. Farther south in Cumberland were lhe open waters near False Passage Peninsula. In spring. Sound. whales were humed in Nettilling Fiord. Irvine lolet. •• Ibe mouth of Kangilo Fiord. which couId be reached easily and near Opingivik. During break-up. a large area around the If,...... from Bon Accord and Imigen. was a favoured localion. In Kikastan Islands was favoured. and most of Ihe Roc edge summer. harp and ringed seals were humed in the fiord. along the easl si de of the sound was humed. Bolh nan'hals Ali the waters of upper Cumberland Sound. including and white \\'hales were hunted at the floc edge in winler. and Clearwater and Shark fiords. were intensivell' hUnled for seals. both were al50 hunted in Hoarc Bay in summer. Bon Accord. Ipashuk. Simirling, and Nunatak camps gave • Polar Bear Huming: Bears were hunted throughoul the the most direct acccss to this area, in which other marine mammaJs \\ocre also huntcd. Lemieux Islands and along Ihe easl shore of Cumberland Peninsula. Along Ihe soulh shore of Cumberland Sound. Ihe orth of Pangnirtung, the upper Cumberland Sound region area from Ptarmigan Fiord soulh 10 Ihe Anderson Chaooel was used bath ln summer and \\'Întcr. In winter. huntÎng ... \Vas ~lInted: Popham Bay and a coaslaf area along the f~equently OCcurred across the whole of Cumberland SOund euher al breathing holes or at lhe Roc edge alld .. LcmlclIX Islands \Verc mosl heavily used. Bears were nol often ho , III summer. met nonh of there. although Ihey have been killed near ats Wcrc uscd for Opcn-W3ter hunting. Pangnirlung Fiord was not an cspccially important seal hUntÎng arca. mllgen Island. Along the cast side of the sound. Ihere was AI(}~g the C3!'tl coast of Cumberland Sound, south of occasional hUllling north of Shomeo Poin!. In early winler.lhe PangOlnung. thcrc wcrc cighl m' . areas arounel Hoare Bay, Exeter Sound, and Exeler Ba) 3Jor camp arcas rcpOrtcd TI ~ arca.around the Kikastan Islands \Vas imporl3m for scal' le \Vere Considered ta be good for beur hun[ino . g •C '1 o. hu.mln • although humers frequently travelled far along Ihe art. )011 !llIlllillg: ln the past, Ihe huniers who now live.1Il Coast to the noc cdge near Warcham Icla d' . Pangnll·tung rangcd far inland in pursuit of caribou. HUIlII/lg •J• :, Il ln Wlntcr 'lnd ~~I~f', qal~Juak and Kumlcin fiords were lIscd, ,----' Pangnirtung ~C! ...- .... \ -.... ' . "' é) 'l'y \' IFiord ~ ~è. :Sno~:- "n Green;;,ie~'" ~ .---) )/;5 Gr-- Ir) " Lake "'.. '0 '' Ge """--­ . ' .",~111 " '7 .. '' Q;.~$f' S " ." , .' J Unnes;:'" ~ ., '. . 'II.... ,, '' ~f , "$ - . ' RQ'. ....---"..' Glacier L. Exeter Summit L. 1 Mooneshme Fiord Bay '" -----~ .lillulu mIL s ... ~ L_ La'")I.""'! .", , eys as far as the shore of Kingnait Fiord and Padle River. \Vere set ncar "the falls", along and north from Kolik River. _ ail hunted. The rest of the caribou hunting territory 00 Traps were set along both sides of Pangnirtung Fiord. and they the northwest shores of Cumberland Sound extended from complctely encirclcd thc Kikastan Islands. Bath shores of north of Pangnirtung Piard along Kolik Rivcr and inland to the Kingnait Fiord and the coast to the south \Vere trappcd. and a edge of Penny Ice Cap and Greenshield Lake. The area line ran from Iqalujuak Fiord ta Hoare Bay. north of unatak was used in summer and winter. although Traps were set in AktijarLUkan Fiord. and Exaluin Fiord in the area north ofClearwater Fiord was usually preferred in Hoare Bay and encirding the area around Kekertaluk Island. summer, when the people walked inland. • WildfolVling: Ducks were hunted and eggs were collected Ta the west, the region around Tasiolujuak Lake and in many areas of Cumberland Sound. particularly on offshore Freshwater Lake was hunted. especially in winter. A large islands. Ducks \Vere huntcd cxtcnsively in an area between proportion of the caribou on soulhern Ballin Island congregate Kingmiksok and Iglootalik, and north of there along the in wlOtering areas near and easl of Netlilling Lake. and the coastal islands from Brown Inlet ta the Kaigosuiyal Islands. people frequently hunted inland from camps in Clearwater. Much of upper Cumberland Sound \Vas lIscd, including the Kangilo and etlilling fiords. Drum Islands and ail the islands in castern Kangilo Fiord. On In winter, the north shore and the Camsell Bay and Burwash the east side of the sound. the area from south of Nunatak Bay regions of etlilling Lake were favoured hunting areas. Island ta the Sanigut Islands, and the area around the Kikastan The west shore was hunted only during summer. al which Islands were used, scason there was also hunting between Freshwater Lake and • Fishing: Char were fished in many lake and river systems Camsell Bay. around Cumberland Sound and in the sound itself. Along the Along the coaslal areas of Nettilling Fiord. caribou were south shore of the sound, fishing \Vas heaviest in the region hunted mainly by canoe in summer. and the area to the west inland from Kingmiksok ta Ekallulik. The sauthem portion of was favoured in winter. Hunters consistently reported thatthe Littleeote Channel was also fished. Fishing occurred from area between etlilling Lake and Amadjuak Lake was good Kipisa along the southern extremity of Robert Peellnlet. and caribou hunting territory. in the lakes in land from Opingivik and Iglootalik. Char were In summer. caribou moved south loward the shores of caught in the mouth of McKeand River and north of there Cumberland Sound and. at that season, they were hunted in an arm of Nettilling Fiord. Fishing occurred just off inland from Kipisa and Kingmiksok camps as far as McKeand Ekallulik at the mouth of Nettilling Fiord. and Koukdjuak River. South of Kipisa. hunting occurred around and inland River from Nettilling Lake provided excellent results. from ail the bays and fiords ta a point immediately south of Freshwater and Tasiolujuak lakes, C1earwater Fiord. and Anderson Channel in the Lemieux Islands. The people severallakes just ta the north were fished. Shark Fiord "'as ~side~t at Kingmiksok frequenlly hunted around Chidliak Bay used from unatak and from Ushualuk. and "the falls". 10 spnng and summer, and in summcr around Ptarmigan [kall/il/at, were used from unatak. Ushualuk and Fiord, farther south at Moodie Island. Popham Bay and the Pangnirtung. Lemieux Islands. The inland border of this summer hunting Pangnirtung Fiord. several lakes inland from Kingnait temlory corresponded c10sely \Vith McKeand River and it' Fiord. the head of Iqalujuak Fiord and inland from there, tnbutaries. and went as far as about 70 miles from Cumberland inland from Kumlein Fiord and Abraham Bay, a large part of Sound. Aktijartukan Fiord and a smaller fiord immediately la its south • Fox Tropping: Many fiords in Cumberland Sound were were ail fished. In the Hoare Bay area. the heads of Touak used for trapping. For example, faxes were trapped in and Exaluin fiords and several lakcs bet",een Kairolik and Ptanmgan Fiord. Chidliak Bay and around Kikiktaluk Black­ Touak Fiord were fished. lead and Nuvujen i,land,. north of there in Irvine Inle; and on 100 t of the Kaigosuiyat Islands Ali of Nett'II' F" d f L' '. . 1 mg IOr rom Period /Il (/962-/974) L'IVIngstone'.FIOrd west was trapped• and trap l'mes ran from BlvlOgstone Fiord and West Nettilling Fiord inland ta Call1sell . al' and Netlllhng Lake. Foxes were heavily trapped on the In slimmer, a l1U1nber of camps arc occupied by Ihe lce of ~amsell B~y~ and ail of the central and southern hunIers, espccially in the upper part of Cumberland sound. shorehne of Nettllhng Lake carried trap lines "' d'd Il . 1 One winter camp, Kipisa, is still occupied. . and south banks of Koukdjuak River. ' ,Ile nOltl • Scat Hunting: The area of 5eal hUl1ting remains essenttally NO:lthFo.f Ndettilling Fiord. traps were set across the ice of the same as in the past, cxccpt that SUllllcshinc Fiord and Kangl 0 lor and along th 'h Exeter Sound arc Ilot now in lise. Hunting continues around fia d, Il' es ores of Clcarwater and Shark al rAIS, aStwhe as ln the northwcst area of Tasiolujuak l a~c Warcham Island the floc cdge in winter. The upper ong e east coast of Cumb l' d ., . Cumberland Sound region is hcavily uscd. The area south of er along Kekertelung Ushualuk ~r ;n . Sound. traps were sel Nunatak Island around Kckcrtclung Island is hunted in winl . 140 • an alllgut Islands. Inland. lrar s and the whole of northcast Cumberland Sound is fa\'ourcd 118 place nomes 2 r~______--S"lmirhng' \ ---.--'"""'":"M:-:i/::-/U::-/"":B::-. -, ;;. .Ipashuk False C/I.9Q1 Freshwater )/ Passage ~ Shark Lake }..Peninsula '€ Fiord .., Ka/). ""T\ • ~ P. -"'. ~.. ~. '"':-- Nunatak Island .' ,

. ~ ,,~~-Bon • ·/Kekerte.lung Island ô . ~ el' Accord • ~'H -0- ~ ... . arbOur . , /Ushualuk "'l·t Quickstep . "- ~ Harbour hi :. 0:.- Sanigut.l,-I j Islands "" ' Imigen ~! Is. ~AVatuktu

·PANGNIRTUNG

'/UgUyalUk Brown Harbourl'( Tuapait Is. , ~ &~v:likuk

Kingnait Fiord 0° Kikastan "'-9' ( .r.r-- Brown : .(J -' oF.) Inlel ISlands~Ç) / ekerten Cumberland L sland Peninsula

Cumberland Sound

Shomeo Point

Wareham Island,

Blacklead Is. Harrison Pt. Kikiktaluk Island fO· d 'IF' Cape Edwar s ~\OJ Abraham Bay q'",' 1/ r,;Kaxodluin Is.

• • LItt/ecote. scale \". 0--;1 kllOn'lelres 10 0 Channel (j,e Nau r'e-\ k . !"""'! 20 • 0 ,. , p t... te mIles e .,1-0 ....J'-'-'e B· Tr n . j pl~n 5 Ne 0 !0 ~ '0 - 4 and spring. In addition, hunters still travel ta the Traps are now set alang the coast between Nettilling and Due Bay area to hunt seals. Kangilo fiords. and there has been an expansion of trapping Wa1nIS Hunting: Walrus hunting along the southern shores tcrrilory iota the eastcrn portions of Kangilo Fiord, including ofOlmberiand Sound now focusses on areas near Kipisa, the Drum Islands. Utusivik, the mouth of Salut Bay, and the Leybourne Islands. Upper Cumberland Sound is now more heavily used, with a Along the cast coast of the Sound, walruses are hunted from major expansion of trapping territory ioto Clearwater and the mouth of Iqalujuak Fiord ta Kumlein Fiord and Wareham Shark fiords, and out onto the ice of the sound. Inland from Island. South of there, they are hunted out from the mouth this region, trap lines remain essentially the same; however. ofAktijartukan Fiord and in an area near Kekertaluk Island Kolik River area is no longer trapped. There has been a in Hoare Bay. reduction of trapping in Pangnirtung Fiord, but an expansion • Whole Hunting: Hunting areas for whales are Iittle changed from the mouth of the fiord south tu the Kikastan Islands. The from those described earlier. The south shore of Kangilo remainder of the trapping territory, Kingnait, Iqalujuak and Fiord, including the Drum Islands, appears ta be the only area Aktijartukan fiords, and the Hoare Bay area is unehanged added to the overallterrltory. Hunting stilltakes place atthe from earlier trapping times. lIoe edge along the east coast of Cumberland Sound from near • Wildlowlillg: No substantial changes have occurred in the Wareham Island to Kingnait Fiord, and across the north of recent past, except that Ushualuk and the Sanigut Islands 'the Kikistan Islands out into Cumberland Sound. Bath Islands remain in use. The Drum Islands, the islands in cast earwater and Shark fiords are still important, although it appear ta be no longer used. The area from Kingmiksok to that the number of whales migrating into the area has Iglootalik, and the area from Brown (nletto the Kaigosuiyat tlydeclined. Kangilo Fiord, and the islands south of Nunatak. including Bem Hunting: The hunting of polar bears is about Kekertelung and Kikastan islands. are still used. ~ ID earJier limes, Hoare Bay, Exeter Sound, Exeter • Fishing: Sorne reduction in the extent of the fishing areas has south from Kaxodluin Island, and the Lemieux occurred in the regions farthest from Pangnirtung, although in yused. the south Cumberland Sound and Hoare Bay regions. sorne • The hunting of caribou has remained fishing occurs on occasion. On the east side of the sound. from as durmg Period II. The land around upper Iglootalik north, fishing remains much as described earlier. The ,continues to be an important hunting Jakes inland from Brown Inlet and McKeand River remain in andwinter. The north shore of use. Fishing in the northern part of the sound and inland is 1enitorynorth and west of it are now essentially the same, with Freshwater Lake. Millut Bay and the let ettilIing Lake, particularly lakes la the north, and Shark Fiord providing good fishing the areswest of ettilIing Fiord, areas. Lakes on Kekertelung Island, "the falls", the lakes continue to be hunted along inland from Quickstep Harbour. and the lakes inland from d Sound and for a Kingnait Fiord continue ta be used. Inland from Pangnirtung e reduction in the overall Fiord, fishing now occurs in Glacier and Summit lakes. oc:cuaed. 0 hunting Bay areas. Hunters no ~gLake or as far inland Broughton Island g P"I'Urs ID many of the same areas

expansIon occurring into certain 0 Broughton Island (67°35'N, 63 5l'W) is located 011 ail islalld 1IDlIserl regJODS sorne other areas are no longer about 1.5 miles 00 the east coast al Baffill Islalld. Tlze 1'be south shore ofCumberland Sound has fewer trap settlemem has a slrort Iristorl'. 111 1956-1957, a DEW-Lille lines than before, although !raps are still set on Blacklead site was built about /0 mile; Irom the present seulement and Island and ID Ptarmigan Fiord. Trapping is also reduced in the area west of Nettilling,Fiord and Irvine Inlet, and traps are the airstrip. A mOllg tire workers Irired ta bllild it were people Iram Kivitoo (a former whaling station North Brollghtoll ?OIW set more densely ID the central and eastern part of these 01 Inets. . Island, now abandonedJ. Clyde River, Pangnirlllng antl nearby al t Th~m~uth of. NellilIing Fiord, which was not previously camps. The H.B.C. /milt a post tlrere ill 1960, alld a leder rapp. ,15 n~w ln use, and there has becn an ex aosion school IVas opened the saille year. A nAnglican mission WOS trapplOg terntory into the northern Kaigosuiyat ~nd Ka' of . establislred abOlit 1962. ~" :~\~nd~ T;apPing areas west from Nettilling Fiord to N~7~su't ln 1974, the popul{J(ion »'as 390. The seulement has lI1 Ri~~~ a~d airstrip, twice-weekly flig/lls Irom Frobisher Bay, li IIllfs g _/ e, along the shores of Nettilling Lake, Koukdjuak . . . ') cil/if( 1. 142' acrass Camsell Bay rcmain essentially the samc. station, (1 pnmary school (kindergartento grade SIJ ,li Kemp: Solllh .md Ea 1n.lmn 1 land

ho/l, telephone service, a post office, and a Island in Merchants Bay were ail important walrus huming areas. In summer and rail. and therc Was an extension of this 1927-1955) area ln a narrow zone soulhward from Cape Durban 10 Cape Dyer. Walruses were also humed in the Totnes Raad area of Hunting: The Broughlon Island people hunted ringed Exeter Sound. throughout Kairolik Fiord. near Kekertuk ong the entire coast of easl Ballin Island, from Clyde Island, and in Hoare Bay. cast la Durban Harbour in MerchanlS Bay • WI/Qle HI/II/ing: White whale hunting during this period ) Within this area, local hunIers werc reluclant 10 tended la be coneentrated in the Rocknoser Fiord and specific places thal were more importanl Ihan olhers Kangirlugag Fiord areas of Home Bay. ft also occ'urred along lIunting. However, Ihe Home Bay area was considered the southeasl coasl of Kiviloo Peninsula and in ils fiords (but not around the headland itself). and among lhe ehannels the heavieSI seal concenlralion, parlicularly in • •• and ISlands around Broughton Island. ;&Bd early summer, and il was, therefore. heavily used. anis Bay and from Broughlon Island north la Kivitoo Other major hunling areas included the length and mouth of considered la be importanl seal hunting areas. North Pangnirtung Fiord. two fiords immedialely south of gin specific areas is dependenl on seasonal condi­ Padloping Island. Totnes Raad, and Touak Fiord in Hoare Bay. While whales were also hunted along the east and west There is a lendency la hunl in fiords during sUmmer and coasts of Cumberland Sound. especially al the heads of its of fiords and on adjacenl sea ice during winter mouths various fiords. and in C1earwater Fiord. g. After break-up, seals conlinue 10 bask on drifting Narwhal hunting oecurred in Home Bay. Roeknoser Fiord. Hunting success is relaled la Ihe continued presence Kangirlugag Fiord. around the foreland of Kiviloo Peninsula. a:e' wheu the ice moves away from Ihe land, the in Broughton Channel. and in lhe mouth of :'! Durban 1 . • Wa/rus H1l1Jl;1J~: ln the Padloping area. walruscs bccame much Jess plentiful in the carly years of Period Il 1. However. lines were set a10ng the north and south they are now gaining numbers again. and thcy are huntcd nation and orth Pangnirtung fiords, over an cxpandcd arca around Durban and Padloping islands, of Kangert FIOrd, and in the Merchants Cape Searle. and occasionally immediately west of the are&. The coast of Padloping Island islands in Canso Channel, near the southeastern corner of Dtands m Merchants Bay, the south shore Broughton Island. and off the headland that forms the south d and the beadlands toward Kivitoo, and shore of Kivitoo. The islands around Nedlukscak Island ietiiord of the area were trapped. Trapping and Brodie Bay continue to be importanl for walrus hunting. 'tô hegood from Kivitoo northward. Traps were particularly in good fox trapping years, because trappers use ands of the Kivitoo Peninsula, from walros meat as bait. Hunting also continues just north of northwards around sorne of the islands at the Kekertaluk Island. in Nudlung Fiord, and around some of Fiord, and into Home Bay. the smaller islands in the northwestern part of Home Bay. have never been plentiful close to Broughton • Whale Hllllling: White whale hunting in the Home Bay people living at Kivitoo used to walk overland region is now focusscd on Ekalugad Fiord. Whaling in most ofthe fiord west of Kivitoo to the fishing lake on other areas remains unchanged, except thatthere seems l:e'Of Narpaing Fiord. There were two other to be an expandcd range of hunting from Kiviloo ail the way between Narpaing and Quajon fiords; Narpaing down the coastto Broughton Island. However, now thal the œmmonly fished in early summer. During summer, settlements near Padloping have been abandoned, there is no '!lâUgbt at the head of Narpaing Fiord and, in fall. whaling there. char retumed from the sea, they were caught in the Narwhals are hunted in every fiord in Home Bay, execpt flowmg mto il. those directly southeast of Henry Kater Peninsula. Narwhal Insommer, the head of edlukseak Fiord, the lakes above hunting remains unchanged since Period II in the Kivitoo area 1Uld the waters sorrounding edlukseak Peninsula were and in the bay southeast of Kivitoo. in thc channel behind œportant fisbing areas. The lake northwest of Nudlung Fiord Broughton Island, and along the coast between Cape Searle and a small lake west of Fox Charlie Glacier were also and Padloping Island. There is no longer any narwhal hunting unportant. A lake about 30 miles inland west of Ekalugad between Exeter Sound and Hoare Bay because the sellle­ Fiord was often fished in conjunction with summer caribou ments in that area have been abandoned. bunting in that area. For people living in settlcments on Henry • Polar Bear HIII/til/g: Bears are taken in a 30- to 40-mile Kater Peninsula and Cape Raper, the two rivers that ftow radius of Broughton Island. and trips are now made espe­ eastward from the top of the peninsula and a series of lakes cially to hunt bears. These hunts generally go as far north as between edlukseak Fiord and Okoa Bay were important the headland of Kivitoo Peninsula and Manitung Island. fishing locations. bUlthey may be direcled to Kingnelling, Maktak, Coronalion The river and lakes that drain into orth Pangnirtung Fiord, or orth Pangnirtung fiords. Bears are also hunted as far the salt water atthe head of that fiord, and the three lakes on south as Kangert Fiord on the west sidc of Merchants Bay. Tassealoouit River, which ftows northward into Canso Channel ln winler and spring. bears are most often hunted on the were also important for fishing. In the Merchants Bay area. ' sea ice for distances up to 30 miles in the area cast of the hest fishmg occurred in the river and lake syslem thatleads Broughton Island. and between Kivitoo and Kangen. An from the head of Padle Fiord as far south as Tundra and area southcast of Padloping fsland, along the coasttoward CI~cle lak~s. lndeed. the entire area of Padloping Island was Cape Dyer. and into the fiord immediately soulh of paug­ sald to be Important for fishing: the moulhs of any of the nang Island was the main bear hunling area for people who fiords 10 or near Merchants Bay. particularly to the wesl. livcd al Padloping Island before 1968. These people also crossed overland to Sunneshine Fiord and Totnes Road 10 Mnl Period 1/1 (1955-1974) bears. Bcar hUllling has now expanded into Ihe Hoare Bay area, and they are now hunted in Touak Fiord. • S~al H"'.lling; ~hcre have bec" no significant changes • Caribou f/ul7tillg: Caribou hunting areas have become dunn~ Penod III 10 the hunling of either bearded Or harp seals. rhe Padlop' Il' d . ' Slnaller in lhe soulh, especially in the region belween Padle w' ~ mg s an arca 15 1l0W lIscd mOre during ' . 'aa~as F· lOrd and Merchants Bay, whereas the caribou hUl1t~lI~ JI s~~t~r. a~d th~ Home Bay ~arca is huntcd 11105t intcnsivcly in ~n mland to the norlh have expallded as compared to penod . " g car y summcr. hlll hUI11ing is carricd out in the rel~ca· ;cglO.n c~wccn Broughton Island and Kivitoo, and il is The retraction of areas in the south is a resuit of the cOln~ ocusscd ln the waters olT Kivitoo. tian of settlements of the Merchants Bay area, which fi 'd d . 'b hunuo- CI C \VIth the disappearance of local herds. Caf! oU ~ ,'s 10 . d . '1 l44 1 w carne out 111 spring. usually in Aprl or Mo)',. whcn Map29 Broughlon Island place narncs

C CLYDEI Ek Iyde Inlet alugad Fiord •

Fox Ch scale arhe GlaCier.....,,-- kilomet 20 0 .•, '• statute mf~; ;:::i.,;:.-;;:_~__~=:::2~O_ , ., 10 .@ '.' o =20 , L

• Nettilling Lake

DavIs Stralt

, • K ] II"}!)/}. ~-

' . CorOn \ (~~~-? • q4; ....~~ ~Â" ' '/ Broughton Ch .} ~ 9::J.~. /_~"-<,'C> 'b- "....,SROUGHTONannelISLAND Cumberland North~ ~'O'. Pangnirtung Fd. 'Ii Y' "" Sound Gans Q • Channe,<\J 0 PANGNIRTUNG

Tundra L. /"./"~ A ~an~t f,d~ adl ,<-~~. /'~ . VI Merchants Circle L. 0"" ay ~.uuckUIslands i.A-- ; ",~pe Seade /-" "'Ç"d adlop,ng 15. 1 f ' ô~"'s:JDurban 15. Durban Hr J .:;>St. Roch Hr

S'" ~ J~ "1 \ '; ~ ~\tS'-1 cr". Cape Dyer '-0.---- "0...." ~" ~../ .. c , lh~~'o ,()IJ~'liJ1( Exeter ' ~ "At' ., Sound l,."f~Bay.... Hoare j)O . .. -;:'{'rv the hunters intercept the northward caribou migration north­ Buchan Gulf south to Cape Hooper. According to Clyde River east of ettilling Lake. Caribou hunting arcas also extend hunters. the entire area was excellent for hunting ringed seaIs. Dorthward into the northem parts of Home Bay, Isabella Bay, Winter hunting at breathing holes occurred throughoutthe area, and ail the fiord mouths and the larger bays were and Clyde River. • Fox Trapping: The Broughton Island rcgion is not a partic­ considered to be very productive. In spring, basking sea!s ularly good area for foxes, although residents say that in were hunted in the samc territory and offshore 0010 the sea the 1960'5 the region provided beller trapping than Cumber­ ice. Areas of sea ice with large leads and cracks formed of! land Sound did. The most important trapping areas arc many of the headlands and peninsulas, such as Cape Christian, areund edlukseak Island and Padloping Island. were used for winter and spring sealing whenever possible. • Fishing: In summer, fishing is carried on in Narpaing Fiord These cracks sometimes became large enough to be used in and, in fall, in the lake northwest of Nudlung Fiord. The much the same way as the floc edge. Open-water hunting, inland lakes hetween Nedlukseak Fiord and Okoa Bay arc which was carried out along the entire coast. tended to be fished, but char arc fewer now than in earlier times. South of concentrated within the fiords and around the islands. Broughton Island, fishing takes place in Canso Channel Bearded seals, fioating on ice pans, were hunted mainly in at the mouth of Tassealoouit River, and the rivers flowing into late summer and carly fall especially at the mouths of fiords Padle Fiord remain important fishing locations for many and bays. Although they were hunted throughout the region, people in the Padloping area. hllnters said that Scott Inlet, Eglinton Fiord, the mOllth of Inugsuin Fiord, Isabella and Alexander bays were the most important hunting areas for both bearded and ringed seals. Harp seals, the third species, were of less economic im­ Clyde portance in the Clyde River region. They were usually found and hunted only in a weil defined area near Cape Christian Clyde, or Clyde River, settlemenl (70 0 25'N, 68°30'W) is about six miles of! the coast. localed on Palricia Bayon Ihe norlh side of Ihe mOll/h of • Walrus HlIlllillg: Walruses were hunted, mainly in fall, in Clyde lnlel onlhe central easl BafJin Island coasl. The five major areas. In the southern area. hunting occurred at the H.B.C. eSlablished a pOSI in 1923 and broughl some Inuit mouth of Alexander Bay and extended into Tinggin. Nallulik families from Lake Harbour and, 101er, from Frobisher Bay and Itirbilung fiords. A second major area was in central la live there. The population grew from 32 persans in 1931 Isabella Bay, around Bearslide and Aulitiving islands. Haul­ ta 128 in 1951, and ta 210 in 1961. ing out locations of! Henry Kater Peninsula and in Alexander ln 1942, Clyde River began ta expand when the V.S. Air Bay of!ered excellent hunting, and were more important th an Force built a weather station and navigational Gid station. Isabella Bay. Another excellent hunting area was near the Between 1955 and 1957, the const",clion of the DEW-Line mouth of Inugsuin Fiord and in Clyde Inlet. Farther north, WQS al ils height. ln 1954, Ihe V.S. Air Force beganlO bllild there was another important area along the south side of a LORAN station al Cape Chrislian, la miles la Ihe east on Eglinton Fiord, from Ravenscraig Harbour toward the mouth the other side of Ihe peninsllia thal separales Palricia Bay of the fiord. The last major area was Scoll Inlet. from BafJin Ba)'. An airstrip begllll at the some site ill 1957 • W/",Ie Hllnting: Two species of whales were hunted in WQS graduaUy extellded lill/il il reached 5,000 feet by 1960. Period II: white whales and narwhals. White whales were ln 1954, the R.C.M.P. alld V.S. Coasl Gllard bolh eSlablished rarely hunted, although they were on occasions taken in stations at Cape Christian. A federal school was built al Alexander Bay. Narwhals were sometimes taken through the ~l}'de i~ 19~O Ri\'er and an Anglican mission was established ice, if they were close enough to the shore during their m 196/. Ail alTStTlp was bllill al Clyde River dllring 1970. northward spring migration. However, according to infor· III /974, Ihe populalionllllmhered 357. Becallse of ilS mants, the migration normally occurred of!shore near the floc remote locall~n, the seulement Jacks l1laflY sefl'ices commOtr ~dge, and conscquently, very few, if any, narwhals were taken t~ othe" Arctlc settlements, hw if has an airs/Tip weekly ~n spring. The fall migration of narwhals was much more alT serl'lce Irom Frobisher Bay. a Ilurslng sla/lOl; a p . sc/JOol (grades' ' nmary Important. Then narwhals were found in a large nllmber oC 1 1 .one 10 SIX), a c1wrch, CI commulli/y hall, te ep IOlle sen'tee, a geneTa' store, and a Cooperative. shallow fceding areas in almost ail the fiords and inlets along the coast as long as open water lasted. , Period 11 (/923-/954) Narwhal hunting areas extended from southern Home Ba} northward to Scott Inlet. One very important area was ar~und • Sea{ HlIlltillg: Three species f· . 1 the 1110uths of Inugsuin Fiord and Clyde Inlel, where Iar,gt,; '. in the Clyde R' . 0 sea s have been exploited numbcrs of whales were taken during the fall migration. ThiS IVer reg.on (Maps 30' d 31) . e were the most importa t d l' .\n . RlIlged seals area incllldes Patricia Bay the sile of the present-da} CI}d 146 n ,an t le area uscd cxtcnded from he River set!lcment. Other arcas' of good huntlng. were atl ldap30 Clyde place Dames 1

Buchan GUlf

~o kilometres ~ statute mik:!s _oS 20 ()Dexterity Island ,'f-/jc--A~ Cape Hunier < '---",pexterity Hf

Cape Adair

1 BfUce Mountains ,.--,,, ,. " ' ,.." "conn ,,: ~d, ,, GibbS r~,Cape ,, Come Again ,, ie/er Remote ,, 'Lake ,, , Pen, 5 • • Sames •, •", , • Ice , " ,, Hr, '-.;. Cap ,, , ,, ",, ,, ,, ,, "--.. , ....,.... ,, •, ",, ,, • , ": Pat . .CLYDE Cape Christian "- .. """,.-'::::::::::G~E0;~fI~Cla l'''':l~ ",, .' Generalor CI de i. Bay. .- a~k~e:""'p.!dl~Y-~R).<:::~;::~l; 'l]le, (;) • 'Q Baffin Island ?Halliday Point 1I7Ugsu lJ- ~Fiord ",oJ)..0 /gloo Cape Hewell i . Bay ' Kudloo L/,/y/' R -'IM~c8"e!'!.!-1h,--,.!.!/:.'(ve~ré., yak L ~ K anee/oasie L. Pilot ; ) MCBelh '" °Hill '== J ...---......

r ~AUlitivik 15. ~.Q,o

Anf.A Home EI"-AnGrO L • Bay

Cape Hooper

ll.lflbert C Confederation Fd OOIO'lTlal

J~' feeding along the cxposed slopes near the heads of Sam ofClyde Inlet and Inugsuin Fiord, in the southem Ford Fiord and Walker Arm. whereas in fall they were hunted alIsabella Bay north of Henry Kater Peninsula. and while they fed along the lower reaches of the ri vers nowing der Bay south of this peninsula. B_Hunting: Polar bears have always been a major inlo these fiords. From Clyde Inlet south ta Home Bay. hunting extended _m the Clyde River region, and they have probably inland from Ihe heads of the fiords toward Dewar Lake and IlI:COIIDted for a significant portion of the meat taken during ta the western margins of Bames Ice Cap. ln fall. there was one Most polar bear hunting was earried out on :eby year. sorne coastal hunting in the Pitchforth and Kangilugak fiords theland and sea ice in an area that extended from Cape areas, but most hunting was confined to the heads of valleys Hooper north to Buehan Gulf. Within this general region, in early fall, and to the river systems and interior Jakes however, hunting tendcd to be eoncentrated in several during winter and spring. Summer hunting was mainly con­ smaller areas that had close association with bear feeding and centrated along the eastern margins of Barnes lee Cap in the denning locations. Henry Kater Peninsula, the southern shores uplands near Dewar Lake. The late summer and early ofIsabella Bay, and the seaward shores of Home Bay were fall caribou hunting was particuJarly important in the Dewar unportant hunting locations for the camps in those areas. The Lake region, and many hunters frequented the area from Home Bay hunters also obtained bears in the area just sea­ camps in Home Bay, McBeth and Inugsuin fiords and Clyde ward of Rocknoser and Pitchforth fiords. In fall. hunting in this area was carricd on close ta the shore or along Henry Inlet. • Fox Trapping: Trapping areas in the Clyde River region Kater Peninsula, but winter and spring hunting was donc on extended from Home Bay ta Buchan Gulf. Trap Jines them­ the sea ice between Cape Henry Kater and Cape Hooper. , Farther north, there was a major bear hunting area in an selves were usually confined ta the sides and heads of fiords important denning location on the low Iying forelands between butthey extended weil out onto the sea iee. The physieal Isabella Bay and the north side of Eglinton Fiord. The fore­ nature of the region made it almost impossible ta trap on the land north of Isabella Bay Was huntcd primarily during fall, land, sa traps were usually placed around kill and cache when bears were on the land, but in the aréa north of Clyde sites within a few miles of shore. Inlet most ofthe hunting was done on the sea ice. This The most important trapping areas were loeated along coastal zone has always becn considered very good for hunting, Henry Kater Peninsula, which has a low undulating surface becauS'il bears were hunted along the tidal cracks that re­ Ihat offers easy Iravel, and the sides of Inugsuin Fiord. Clyde mained open throughout the winter. Inlet, and Sam Ford Fiord and Walker Arm area. orth of Sam Ford Fiord, there was more good polar bear • WildjowlÎf.g: Ptannigan hunting was carried out everywhere hunting territory: the headlands of Remote Peninsula the inland during caribou hunting or fox trapping. Similarly. entire. coastal foreland ofthe Bruce Mountains, and seaward' of ducks were not especially hunted, except sometimes at the Cape Come Again on Remote Peninsula were especially mouth of Clyde Inlet, and in late summer in another larger IDlportant locations. Bears were huntcd along Stewart Valley, area from Dexterity Island north to Buchan Gulf. - a travel route between the bear denning areas and the coast <:J0ose hunting was also relatively unimponant in this ~ on a large area of sea ice northeast of Remote Penin;ula, reglon. However, there was some hunting near the head of which had open water throughout the winter at tidal cracks Kangirlugag Fiord and at Cape Eglinton, particularly in late that gave bears easy aceess ta S'iIa1s. summer and early fall, when the geese congregate along the orth ofthis region, there was only one minor bear hunting headlands and in the interier river valleys. The Scott Inlet and area, Buchan Gulf. The northem part of the region was not Cape Hunter areas were locally important for goose hunting. 1J aI~oUgh mfrouch scd, sorne hunting occurrcd along the route • Fishing: Important areas for char fishing occurred in m Clyde River ta Pond Inlet. Ekalugad Fiord near Fox Charlie Glacier and at Sarvelick : Caribou Hunting: A large caribou hunting area stretched Fiord. Rivers draining lakes into Sarvelick Fiord were fished in Ho~e nee om Bay, north along the heads of the fiords as far fan at weirs. Farther north streams and rivers from Kao ­ ~ Cambodge Fiord, and inland along valleys and rivers t loosie, Kyak and Kudloo I~kes were weil fished at weir in fall. . w.ar ~e and the margins of Barnes lee Cap Howeve~ and the river near Pilot Hill had at least one weir near ilS w.thin th,s area, hunting was confined to th :.' mouth, just norlh of Isabella Bay. On the same peninsula ne" valleys, and only certain locations were reg:r~:~o; r~ver s tant. For example, in the northern . s Impor­ Igloo Bay, people fished through ice on lakes and in stream Society and Cumberland fiords inl~n~rta~ff the reglOn, Royal draining them. Cap were considercd ta be impon f ar as Barnes lee Where. Clyde River enters Clyde Inlet• there were Iliaafishlak' hunting. Fanher south the' annt .or summer caribou welrS, and people also fished in Ihe stream nowing front' f BO • rIVeTS owmg iota SF rom .eler Lake were impon t am ord Fiord near the old village of Clyde River. Immediately north of ~ a;er:r~as and winter. In spring, caribou during.both summer Cape Ch'nstlan,. other riveTS \Vcre fished but because the' • "'" 148 untcd whlle they were d' • da cep, no WCITS \Vere constructcd. The Kogalu River. an Map31 Clyde place Dames 2

CLYDE t

Baffin Island 20

ISLAND

Millut Bay

, ~ • • " .~,

•

•

"", ·CV ,'1 Cumberland Sound p r.J1l/:;)) " Hoare ... Bay

DavIS S'rait

• • , 1 -. • Xemp' South and East Baffin 1.land

cxploited The Clyde River area is also weil hUnled a d Jake just northwest of Esquimaux River were Impo. rtant for '. n COn. . Other noted char fi hing areas were Icx:a~ed ~t tinues to be productive. The areas around Scott Inlel and Sam Ford Fiord are not now as frequenlly travelled during, . =~: rivers from Conn and Bieler Lakes dralOlOg lOto .. \Inler so they are no longer '"tens.vely humed. . Walker Arm, and Gihbs and Clark fiords. In the B~ce Mountains, there is one excellent river for char fishlOg t~at • Caribou Hull/illg: During Period III. there has been a nIDS down from Ouart Lake to the coast near Cape Adalr. greater confinement of hunting in the interior near Dewar Lak, Another river, which drains into Royal Society Fiord. was also and in McBeth R,ver valley. ThIS change IS a result of lhe fisbed at a weir. decline of the Home Bay caribou populalion and a subse­ quent intensification of hunting in the fiords north of Home Period 1I1 (1954-1974) Bay. Areas intensively hunted are located on lhe soulh side of Inugsuin Fiord, at the mouth of McBeth River, in the "ca • Seal Hunting: There has been a general contraction of extending inland toward Generalor Lake, down Clyde Inlet, ncarly ail seal hunting areas in Period III as compared to and inland to Ayr Lake. where small herds mal' be found Period II, although more intensive hunting now occurs 10 the during early winter. At prcsent, the most important caribou waters immediately off Clyde Inlet. Surf in the summer and hunting area for the Clyde River hunters in both Winler and rough ice in the winter cause discontinuities of hunting areas summcr is up Clyde Inlet as far as Clyde River. where. lrom at many headlands. For example, the absence of seal hunting August to mid-September. caribou are found ail along Ihe from Cape Hewett to Cape Raper and south of Inugsuin coast. Fiord can be explained in these terms. However, apart from • Fox Trapping: The most significant change in the pattern the intensification and contractions noted, the general pattern of fox trapping has been the abandonment of trapping al the of seaI hunting remains the same as for Period Il. periphcry of the territory formerly used by people living Bearded and harp seals are also still hunted. but again the in dispersed settlements. Otherwise the pattern is similar 10 bearded seal hunting area has contracled because of the that described for Period II. The intensity of trapping has proh­ recent abandonment of certain settlements. The localized ably decreased in sorne areas, panicularly around Seott and hunting of harp seals, however, is the same as it was in Penod II. Clyde in lets, Jnugsuin and McBeth fiords area. Isabella and Home bays, and sorne of the islands in Home Bay. • Walrus Hunting: The areas immediately north and south of Cape Hooper are bath moderately important for waleus • Wildfowli/lg: There are no significant changes belwccn hunting, and the area extending from the entrance of Alex­ Periods II and III, except an extension of goose hunting inthe ander Bay to Cape Henry Kater is also important. Farther Jsabella Bay area. The Clyde River and Patricia Bay arcal BOrth, ID Isabella Bay, the areas around Aulitivik and Auli­ and a valley in lhe Bruce Mountains are also important. As isIan~ ~ noted berore. duck and goose eoos are not collecled. allhough living fairly good locations. and so are the waters .....=:=o .' Ba\' between AbUvmg Island and Cape Raper. Minor hunling some seagull eggs are collected al the moulh of Paine" .. 8teas for waIruses OCCUr in Eglinton Fiord, Scott 1nlet. a~d Sorne plarmioan eggs are collected around EglinlOn and n ,. "lsabeclIa, Alexander and Home bays. These areas were more Sam Ford fiords,"-particularly on a smalllS. 1an-d at the northerh.. DDportant in the immediate pasto and at present few hume entrance of Sam Ford Fiord, by people travelltng. thou,ht r : l' 'Jtom ayde River travel this far in fall. rs area in late J une Or carly Juil'. lJ'hale Hunting: During the past few years there ha b e DarwhaI h . . 's een • Fishing: The lakes and ri vers used for char fishing ,re h untmg 10 Sam Ford Fiord W Ik A ed' tel ffR ' a er rm and mostly lhe same as thosc in Period Il namely. on the nort lu­ la y 0 efuge Harbour in Gibbs Fiord 0 .' . '.. dKan21r Dwater OCCU d' . . cca"onally Slde of Ekalugad Fiord around Sarveltck FIord an .-d baI rs unng wmter atthese locations and gag F·lord. People continue ta travel down 1nugsuin FIOrrun' 5 May be trapped by ice Whe th h ' Ih~ a~~ u:~~~;sh th~)~may to Kooneeloosie, Kyak and Kudloo lakes. The river [h~t r hUDIated thr?ughoutthe year. but from Pilot Hill to the coast soulh of Clyde is very popu' Dl te Apnl to early May. Un e f fi 1. . . ,un' up l',qlar Bear HUnting: Polar bear hun . Or S1ll1g 111 late August when the char are Imgr• :d rj\er c 'the pattern in PeriOd Il H' tmg confonlls Closely stream. Other major fishing areas includc an unnam [nJou1h ' . untmg on lhe sea . f H ~. ay has expanded into the inler· f l 'ce 0 Ome norlh of Cape Christian and KoO'aJu River. Nets se.t f ast Ca H 'or 0 t le bay· d f b l '.:> antlue,so .pe ooper. A small area near NUdiu "n SOuthward o all thcsc rivcrs in lale summer givc large qu. ederauon fiords is also used N h ng and Con- char. l'~ m' . Ort of Henry K a, major areas have remaincd 1 ater Penin_ The lake On the south side of Egltnton Fiord a~1,~: "ff 'Dexterity Harbour ahhough b u'h'c 'anged as far nOrlh as adJolnll1g Clyde R,ver scttlement are still fished. j~[" With' th • car ummg has b . Walke A . ortanl. r ID e e areas. In particula 11 cCn Intcnsificd r rm and Sam Ford Fiord are 3150 Imp III BaIliday Point, and Cape Rap;; 'c areas around Ho Bay ula 1 . f . es un mc r y ID ail and carly winler, although som""11 . '1 d' 150 COnlmue to be heavily , as Jate . F b .. l"on 11l~ li as e ruary Other wlI1ler fishll1g loca 1 S d Ih" se vera1small lakcs bctwcen Bieler and.•Conn Ik"lIna c.:~ r al e.xPloiled. The ' nto bnUe 10 he Cllde River a ' FOrd F' prodUctive Th rea ~ aIso lOrd are not no~ eareas arillJll Il they are no l'asfrequenth fiord. Win1er fishing is done with Ici ter. thrnugh hole 10 the r •Cariboll Hlln~i:;~r Jnlensilely h~~ ice. not with nets, Fishing trips generall)' lasl about 1\\0 grealer confinem . Dunng Period 111,1... weeks. The continuing interest in \\ inter fi hing 1 empha "cd al ent of h' ,. by the local belief Ihat char ta"e beller during \\ 101er and and in McBelh R' , Unbng in tht irn.... 11er vallev Th' -~ .. spring. when they are less fat, than in fall when Ihe)' retum decline of the Hom B .' ~cb3n!t from . . e ay caribou • the sea. quent mIen lfication of h ' ,~ BA' UntIng In ibe fiords al· re~ mtensively hunted are 10000oo of 1nu~ul? Fiord, al the Inouib of Mc811 eXlendmg mland toward Generator Lake and inland to Ayr Lake. wheresm~lhe~ the during early winter. At present the mll5l lpJtII. hunling area for the Clyde River hUDlmmllm1Z ummer i up Clydelnlet as far as Ollie Rn Augu 110 mid·September. caribou are 1

coast. , :<_m cblII! •F0,( Trapping: The moslSlgIllIII.4"' . of fox lrapping bas ~n ,~::~: periphery of the lemlOI) . the~ . rsed Itlements. Qthef\\151 . in dl pe se p'od II The intrnst! 'bel! for en . .."mt>rk thal descn . sorne areas.I"''''~,' abh decreased ID • and McBeth flJrdi • Inu!!SUln .•k in a.- Ch de inlelS, e of the isl~,," • and sorne , jficlDl • Home bays.. . ere are no Slgtl ~ • • Wild/ow1mg.Th cept an elt~ f 'ad Il and Ill. el d'de Ri,tT pen s a The l lainlll! Isabella Bay .areth~ Bruce MOUO~ II! ~ and a val;~;e~~uck and~;~:; noted be 11 eggs are re coUected ail soJ1\e ~::igan e~~ulaTIY ~ ~ SOJ1\e P dfiords. P fiord. b. SaJ1\ for f SaJII ford rly.)ul1' sedl~ ce ° or ca ,'eJl u entran JUoe and 0' U' fi . laIe 1keS pen'00 \j(I area 10. .fhe a hose in dSlof Fishrng· Ole aS 1 daTOun ,fi dO'" • the sa dfior tO Ira ,,le; plostl~ f:kalUga le cootinU~ ~udl~(1l~ o side0, d. l'e F[(yak an soutb cb~ flor oOSle. coast ndte'J gag ooeel .u tO the st n-\le~ iO"~, tO 1'0pilol ~\ale AU~sJ1ing a~# fropl 'og 10 aior and ..,,(lf fis!J1",her Ol ....ian· 0#'" for pl U'" Chl1'~late s slrea 'fCape 'versl of~ ,h 0 se Il ,Ae,e f1or"'th l!Je ~tJt SI"~t ,e of i~:J bO 0 the snr;ettt ..ar· ~e 0 JtiVC ford ,~ CI' 'flle la Clyde saJlI ,.1J1t~· ~ deB~y ~1D ...... _- •oifliog fil! BO r --- {Land Use orth Baffin Island d Northern Foxe Basin Hugh Brody

Island and the northeastem coasts of Baffin Island constitute 1bis report is concerned with land use in two quite dissimilar the ~ost precipito.us section of the region, allhough sorne Jandscapes. The landscape of the Igloolik people, covering sledgJng routes eXlsl even there. The mounlains Wilhin 15 miles Melville Peninsula, the lands north of Fury and Hecla Slrait of the fiords rise to 5.000 feet and offer a remarkable contrast and the eastern side of Foxe Basin (Maps 32 and 33) is to. the land around Igloolik, which, so the hunIers say. is in esseotially lIat tuodra and low hills, whereas that of the Pond wmler scarcely dislinguishable from the sea ice. JoIet and Arctic Bay people (Maps 34 and 35) is mountainous and heavily g1aciated, with a caastline indented by a multitude oflong narrow fiords. The people of north Baffin Island trequently discuss the several merits of the different terrains, Culture and History discussions that invariably retum to the opposition between lIat lands and steep lands. In the language of the 19looling­ The people of the north Baffin and Igloolik region comment IDIUt, the disjunction between the Iwo opposite types of on bOlh the differences and similarilies among the various lands is explicit: the Igloolik area is characterized as pllqllllllq, groups in the area. Early anthropological work in the Melville without depth; the Pond Inlet area is pllrllljllq, with depth. Peninsula area identified alilhese people as Igloolingmiul, The two geographical areas are also associated with differ­ suggesling thal the population had its cullural and geographi. ent ecological systems. The lIat, more southem region has cal centre atlgloolik Island. In fact, the people of the area shaJJow waters (good for wa1ruses), more topsoil and sod conlained by lhe f10e edges noIe that differences and similar­ ities among themselves have undergone significant change (good for caribou, geese and ducks), and much deeper drifts within living memory. There is a general view that marked of SDOW (bad for caribou in winter). The more northem region differences in dialect and malerial culture have .Iwa}s exisled bas deep ioIets and fiords (good for narwhals and, in spring, among lhe peoples known in anthropolog) as the Iglooling. for sea/s), shorelines marked with deep valleys and uneven miut. the peoples to lhe southeast (beginning approximately at rock formations (good for bear denning), and valleys where Clyde River), the peoples of the weSI (beginning approxi­ Jight SDowfall scarcely cavers the grasses (good for winler caribou). mately al Boothia Peninsula). and the peoples soulh of Mel­ ville Peninsula. Despite the different terrains, the area has a cultural unily The evidence collected in Arctic Ba} and Pond 1nlet strongly based on geography. A series of f10e edges follow a line lhat suggests thatthe cultural heart of lhe region has al ways been paralJeis the shoreline of Baffin Bay, passes close to northeast in the Eclipse Sound arca, with the stronger concentration of Bylot Island, along the south side of Lancaster Sound, and population on lhe west side of avy Board fnlel and lhe . lIroUnd the head of Brodeur Peninsula. Although lhe f10e edge fiords south of Eclipse Sound. The mhabltants of that reglon earries across to Somerset Island, the uncertainly of ice are collectively known as the Tununirmiut, the "people of a DlOYements in Prince Regent Inlet, combined with another shaded or shadowy place" (Iiterally. "because of backing 1Ioe edge close ta the eastem shore of the Gulf of Boothia, mountains"). People relate that Tununirmiul sites have con­ eœates a partial boundary west of Brodeur Peninsula lhal linuously been occupied at ail times, and probably far inlo COntinues down ta Fury and Hecla Slrail. The circle is com­ the distant past. In contrast. the country around the Arcllc pleted by the floc edge that exisls in most years in northem Bay rcgion. \\"hich comprises mosl of Admir~Jty Inlet, was Poxe Basin. It is winter and spring ice lhal demarcales lhe occupied only intermittently. The sccond~f)' Importance of that Iauds of tbe Igloolik culture as a definite area. region relative la the Eclipse Sound arca. IS s.ho~n by the W'Jthin that area there is a nelwork of routes lhal takes narne for ilS people. They arc the TunuOlru~lrmlUt. a "ame advantage of the local geography. Essenlially fiat land that takcs the (crrn Tll1wiq (as in Tununirr~lIu[) and adds the 8lretebes fromIgloolik norlhward to lhe southern tip of rnorphcrnc rusÎq, which indicatcs scconda:.mess. People, . ldnnelnJet, then eastward offering a route from Milne fnlet or expiai" that il is likc saying <'Iiule bralher . The TUn~nlrmlU[ Tay Sound ta Steensby Inlel. Thal even ground. combined arc the "older brother" of the northern part of the reglOn. \IIjth the fiords of lhe Eclipse Sound area provides a travel Even more signifieant is the faet Ihatlhc ~e~plc ~f [h.~ . tO~forthe southem to the northcrn and castcrn population Igloolik region used to be known as the 1.tJvIngmlllt: [he, groUps. The link belween Navy Board and Admirally inlels peop1c across.. tl,e \\'3)'"...a tcrm lhat also suegcsls_ that Iht.: foUOWS elther along deep valleys cul inln Borden Peninsula. eo~~ tr)' of Ihe TununlflTIluttimc~,was the centre.ha~'e C\l' aJong the fiaI lands soulhwest of Milne 1nIct. which comparativel)' rcecnt tht:rc becn m;lrkcd CQu.tinue 10 Maffet Inlet, or the icc arountlthc Bordcn PCllin­ shiflS in population distribution. The ArclIC Ba) arca \\.1 . r .'pl' for omc \car.. and \\3... rcpopuJatcJ ooh ~hcad1and. West of Adrniralty Jnlct, the counlry. Î: agam cmpt) 0 pet c ~ .. LI . 1 19'0' b, a f

Bcumer t BrOde~u~r----f~:::------, Bay Pen,nsula \) f:f~lmg ~ ~.)) Klmakld v 0---- '" 17 Penlnsuliil :>' 1, r< Agu Baffin Island Bay " Gulf of Booth,a

•

, Tern 15.

Island

Pinger Pt. 'FOsler '~North Ooglll 15. Gommi/tee Bay HALL BEACH Melville Peninsula o t'South Ooglil 15.

o

Island

Foxe Basin

Cape Penrhyn

REPULSE • 'lBAY',.,., .JI, <: ~ 1 1 • "'0 ..,

SCale Repu/so sla~~O,lTlelres 22._~~_ZP Bay fJ'" L\l~ 1 L~ ,. ~ e mIles _"'_..._~_.,.._::, ), 1b~--ô ~ 1 , 20 . " , 'Wmler ls J 1S. Maves 10 Admirally Inlct and spends sorne yeaTS in the ttappers spread far and wide in their Arctic Bay arca. tiappmg grounds. Although the presence Moves to Pond Inlet arca about 1920. 100 10 some contraction of living range, Moves 10 Arctic Bay arca about 1920 to 1928. 'es ta the northeast, it also set up a Maves to G joa Haven by ship. thathad bath social and economic di men- Maves to norlh Somersct lstand by ship. ~ Moves to Pond Inlet area by ctogsled in carly spring. on one band, encouraged ta move toward Maves to Anaulirialik area about 1930. 00 the other, they were pushed into making Maves to Peel Sound. oftherr lands, bath ta preserve independenee Moves to Arctic Bay in 1959. ce and to make best use of the resources. While based in the Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay areas. she apparent that ail these factors tended ta be accompanied several bear hunting trips across Lancaster r:y extensive land use throughout the trading Sound, going close ta southern and eastern Devon Island. but es needed ta acquire quantities of skins and and ranged wide ta do il. Bear hunting in the not camping there. AIl of the moves involved trade. Within each area there arts cootinued, while trap Iines were set in virtuaIly were various campsitcs suitable for procuring difTerent ani­ 'Of the region. Seals and narwhals were hunted for maIs and serving as hunting bases according to the season. Be­ rrttade. Yet as this intense coIleetion of furs for cause even the oldest of the region's inhabitants were nomadic IlDot reduce the need ta hunt caribou for clothing ~es for dog food, the caribou of the interior and participants in southern-based trading activities, the firsl beids ofFoxe Basin were also harvested. This noticed discontinuity in the region's history and culture came è1abarate use of virtually ail of the region's re- with the introduction of administrative and welfare services a central feature of the culture that evolved at the at the end of the 1950's. The services have expanded and have ~desthe broader context within which land use continued ta evolve sinee then. The data for the Igloolik ­ living memory bas ils rationale and meaning. Hall Beach - Pond Inlet- Arctic Bay area as a whole is most from the 1920's ta the 1950's, were scatlered intelligible when presented in two time phases: before the the region, moviog frequently from one area ta trend toward settlemenl Iife (Periods 1 and ID and the senle­ As trading posts appeared io successive locations, the ment period (Period III). movemeots shifted. The ltivingmiut traded into êtwheo there were posts there but nowhere else. Then movemeotfrom the western edges of the region 'Ross and Gjna Haven, then toward Arctie Bay The Settlement Period fDWard Igloolik Island and Hall Beach. ' Sorne movement of population ta each settlement in the region has occurred since the establishment of permanent agency posts. Pond lnlet was the first locale selected by trade~ and missionaries, followed by Arctic Bay, Igloolik. and Hall Beach, successively. Until the 1950's,,however when schoal' in thehistory of the region 00 the were built, the settlements were Iittle more than a collection Of land within living memory. The move­ of a small number of families around the agencies on a com­ PlllJe ratiooale for tbe movement were paratively pennanent basis. The R.C.M.P. and H.B.C. employed m the southern orwhite presence that sorne men for varying periods of time. and it was Ihey and os phases of white activity during the tirst their families who came ta be a nucleus of selliement dwellers. Thepattern and its continuity ean be Even those families came and went. and the R.C.M.P. were 6ke~etal mg m outline the biography of the themselves somewhat nomadic fairly often selling OUi on • ' 1 ofthe regJon. Journeys of remarkable length and obscure purpose using loca oro. '8t Igloolik, approximately 1894 men as guides and providers. At first. therefore. selliemenl' '1l.eamemembridbersplDOving ta QaquIluit atthe mouth of were small and had only a few temporary residents. ge lord. The location of a selliement had an inlluence only in ~:=~:'~~~~~:I~~~ ~~I~~d e~:aO:h~~~~~~tf=:~~~~ou attracting population. Pond Inlet, for example. is localed at a nalural camping place. Archeological evidence sugge'lS thal. Moves back ta Igloolik oin . it is ah' . .' h Canad,nn Moves to Repulse Bay '~h g ~ve~and on carly spring. mong t c most anclent Esklmo campslles 111 1 C• ~re north. Arclic Bay has no such history of occupancy. and the for wbalers based at Daly er usband worked briefty n Moves to Igloolik. ay. seulement aJonc has encouraged Illovement inlO a regio th~t JS6 had littlc cise 10 rccommcnd il. Arctic Bay grc\V more slowl} IglOOlikMap 13 and HaJI Beach place namcs 2-

Tanu/aq Arm

" •c

ln/el •

:0

/kpik Ba Jf ln Island Bay

Baird Peninsula Manning Foxe 'Islands Basin

\

Prince Charles Island 1 e ,

... '- 1

- eJgloolik, which is also silUated near near the present location of the selt/ement becallse of ilS JiIlCW very rapully. Hall Beach became a excellent beac". The construction atlracted man}' Inuit afterthe construction of a DEW-Line labourers and their families. who worked on Fox Main and 1950's. otlrer radar stations in the regjon. tmentshave, however, absorbed the camp ln 1974 Ihe populalion was 315. There are lWice-weekly eir respective hinterlands. By the time day and flighls from Frobisher Ba)' la Ihe all-weather DEW-Lille 0bJs had been established in each seulement, airstrip, a IJursing station, a primaT)' sclzool (kindergarten 10 c1early come ta be seen as within the province grade eig/rtJ, Iwo c/wrc/res, a community hall, a post office, ilther lLB.C. post. And when the occupants of a transienl centre, a general store and the Hall Beach êdto move inta a seulement, it was c1ear, in Cooperative. which settlement it would be. Thus the ût-lookêd to Pond lnlet whereas the Tununirusir­ êd ta Arctic Bay, and the Agurmiut and Anamaa­ y went to Igloolik. The people of Somerset Igloolik ed between Resolute, Spence and Arctic bays. and alingmiut divided between Pond Inlct and Clyde 19loolik (69°24'N, 81°49'W) is sill/aled onlgloolik Island near the eastem emry of Fury and Hec/a Strail. From pre­ é.movement to settlements gained strength from 1955 hisloric evidence, Igloolik Island, where the modern Com­ began ta be another movement, which con­ muni/y of 19loolik is si/ed, Iras a/ways been ail important sett1ements. That movement has increasingly settlement oreQ for the Inuit and their forebears living in the ta locations outside the inhabitants' original Foxe Basin region. lt15 due ta recent greater ease of travel, but, most The earliest European contact with the area occlirred in 15 due ta govemment attempts at redistributing 1822-1823 whelllhe IWo ships "Fllr)''' alld "Hec/a" will/ered Families from Pond Inlet were encouraged to in Ttlrlon Bay. allgloolik Island. Pan")' reported then 155 Fiord, Resolute Bay and Devon Island; families Inuit camped in the Immediate area. Other /9111 centllfY explo­ rset were encouraged to move to the Arctic raliolls were those of Johll Rae and C.F. Hall, bath dming Dese transfers occurred between the 1930's and seoTches for the missing Franklin expedition. Jmve mevitably led to successive relocations, ln Ihe 20lh cemury the 19loolik people Iraded al posts ill oCOJdiDue. AIso, sorne people from Melville Penin­ norlh Baffilllsialld alld Repllise Bay tlntillhe H.B.C. opelled southward into Aivilingmiut country. a Irading pOSI on 19loolik Island ill 1939. ofsett1ements today notice that the differences The {irst mission ac/il'Ït)' in the area occlIrred arolllld 1920, ons gronps are shrinking. The language is be- when an Anglicall calechisl arrived fromllorth Baffill/slalld. ore uniform and the details of dress and custom that From abolt/ 1930 Calholic missionaries have resided in the pteCISe cuIlUraI insignia are no longer features 19loolik area. 11 was arOlmd Ihis period Ihallraditional ilems lntheir hunting and trapping paUems, however, sllch as Ihe kayak were replaced b)' imporled woodell cIf the four settlements discussed here still con­ whaleboals, and access la supplies of an1l11/1nition for hlill/ilig .aislinetive group. Pre-settlement ways remain an became more regular. ,part oflocal self-identity and provide the basis of Whell the DEW-Lille stations were bllill in/he Foxe Basi" \tO land and its use. The remainder of this report is reglon in 1955, a lew local men worketJ on the constfliction ifO detaiIs ofthat use; material relating to the people's phase ant! aIliers, seasollally. as ste,'edores. The presence ~ the land is presented in the chapter on Land Inuit Perceptions. of building /Ilalerials allhe Hall Beach DEW-Lille site ell­ couraged seulement in that area. These materials were 0150 transported to other seulement sites for flOuse and frame tent construction. One such site was on /gloolik /slant/near the Irading pOSI, where ill 19591he Anglicall Cll/lrch bllill a mission which has since been occupied. A sc/lOol opelled at the same time. (6fJ.°46'N, 81°II'W) is a relatively new settlement h/Y.est coast of Melville Peninsula. The nome ln 1974 Ihe population livillg al 19loolik was 611. The om;the Amerlcan explorer, C.F. Hall who /ived in com11l1lnity is sen'ed by thrice-weekly {iights fram Frohisher J,. the 1860'8. ' Bay and Resolule Ba)'. There is a llImillg stalioll, ail R.cM.P. lement detachmellt, a school (to grade nille) and iln at/ait-educatiOn., \"te came in!o ~eing during /955-J956, when t 8 '1'\" one of the prmClpal DEW-Line slations, Was buill centre, CUltural and recreariona! ceJl1res, a motel, a cooperatH and H.B.C. store, a library and telepholle sen'ice. Brody: North B.lmn 1 land and Fo:-: BiU>in

Land Use Findings ofA.mic Bay (73°02'N, 85°1J'W) is localed shore of A.dams Sound 00 AdmirallY Inlel. The following species have been hunted in the region. ini»1h Baf/in region was visited in the early years of Ihe Caribou by European exploration parlies. The local Ringed seals Harp seals on experienced the eOects of contact with whalers Bearded seals la/ers bath in Foxe Basin and on east Baffin Island. Walruses tiIIIe trading posts were established near Pond Illlet in Narwhals yefJTs of the 20th century, people were using firearms White whales or beluga !Other trade items introduced into the region through Ihese Bowhead whales Polar bears er contacts. Since Pond 1nlet has grown rapidly as a Char (sea-run) settlement for outside agencies, neighbouring Char (Iand-Ioeked) c Bay has notgrown as fast. The H.B.C. opelled a Iradillg Lake trout ln 1936, though they had a short-lived post ill operatioll Cod Sharks regionfor one year in 1926-1927. Missiollaries alld Sculpin iSM P. visit the community from POlld Inlel. There is a Plarmigans (two spccies) l{grfJdes one ta six), a nursing statioll, radio commullica­ Canada gccsc- IIOnd twice-weekly aircraft flights from Resolute. Snow gecsc· Eider ducks· Old·squaw ducks' Sandhill cranes Comman loons Red-throated loons Arctie loons Kittiwakes· :lnlet (72°41'N, 78°00'W) is siluated Oll Eclipse Soulld Arctic lems· VII Baffin Island. The northern part of Baffill Black guillemots' was /irst visited by Europeans ill the early years of Ihe Glaucous gu115· centurywhen Ross landed on Bylot Island and Ilamed Fulmars Thick-billed murres· itM:e "Ponds Inlet" a/ter an eminent aslronomer of thal Dovekics The explorations ofParry followed a few years 101er. Wolves entered the area, trading wilh Ihe local Inuillater ill Wolverines century. Arelie hares /irst trading posts were associmed wilh whalillg Berries (four specics) pts atmining in the region, and date from 1903. Obviously not ail the species on the list have equal impor­ then tül the H.B.C. established a trading post al POlld tance, while sorne of them have always been rare. Only two 1921 there Was a succession of small tradillg opera­ cases of hunting bowhead whales were reported. whereas the tlTea. The R.C.M.P. opened a detachment al POlld every hunter reported hunting narwhals. Sorne of the birds arc 1922, and Anglican and Calhollc Churches eSlablished far more imporlant Ihan alhers: Ihe sandhill crane is only !IV ln Pond Inlet in 1929 and 1930 respectively. The an occasional visilor. but Ihe eggs of Ihe murrc occupy an 6Choo1 opened in 1959, and Ihe growlh of Ihe per­ importanl place in Ihe diet of most famifies no" living in thcsc mmunity as the trade and government cenlre narthern seulements. smce the mid-1960's. 974 the community of Pond Inlel Ilumbered 550. There Caribou Or three regulor aircralt flighls per week from Reso­ 'Phone service, churches, a sc/woi (killdergarlell la Caribou have always occupicd a central position in the rcgion\ hunting patterns, primarily becaus~ caribou ~kins ilrc b) far '8hl) an aduIt-education centre, a Ilursillg slalioll, a~d -.M.P. detachment, a motel, a posl oUice alld a libmr)'. the most important source of c10tlllng mate:lal. sccon- . darily bccausc caribou Inca! is a favourcd ~ICI. J.I 1\ Ilut po "'Ibk 10 undcrstand the pattcrn for caribou huntlng \\ lthout ",ol11.e idca of thc way in which caribou fit into the o\"crall cl"{'lngll'al picture. Morcovcr. the caribou in thi .. region ... ho\\ more

The egl!'" of the.: pc:c:n.' ,Ire .11'>(l l.:olh: rcd 1<9 m range and population than do any other There have been remarkablc changcs in caribou populalion belween Periods 1 and JI on one hand, and Pcriod III On the can1)ou were essential for c1othing, the hunling other. Bylot Island and the land southwest of Law Point, for _sonal. Skïns for garments are at their best example, has had no caribou du ring Period JI [ because the end of summer, when the animais were intensively herds disappeared beforc 1959. There has. however. been eregional term for summer hunting means "the a graduai shifl of hunting toward the northern edge of the material for clothes". In winter and spring, caribou area, and hunters IOday say they will soon be hunting caribou ted doser ta the caasls and, occasionally, during on Bylot Island again. for tracks were seen there during carly OlIlmeys on the easterly routes between Igloolik and spring 1974. et. In ,eeent years, there has been a shift toward The remarks abovc have applied mainly 10 Pond Inlet and early spring hunting and a more or less complete Arctic Bay. The people of Igloolik and Hall Beach also hunt th.,Jong $nmmer walks inland, which continued into caribou in every season over a vast area. Access to their 1950'8, in land areas is easicst in winter and spring, wh Cil hUnls are were very specific about where they hunted, and carried out by dog-team or snowmobile. Both groups hum were usually composed of sels of relatively smail hcrds wcst of Hall Lake, and Hall Beach hunters also travel This was especially striking when the data were farther soulh ta Ihe arca inland from Parry Bay. Igloolik œlnpSIte by campsite, for it appeared that many huntcrs travello Baffin Island 10 hunl in Ihe Neergaard Lake ;:àmP$ were related ta specific caribou grounds inland. area and around the eastern side of Steensby Inlet. Other ahunter moved from camp ta camp over the years, wintcr areas, which are hunteel less frequently, ex tend down ta ated a set of caribou hunting sites. The camps, Baird Peninsula on the eastern side of Foxe Basin. and along orten layon different sides of an area that approx­ the travel routes to Pond Inlet. Arctic Bay and Repulse Ba). a single caribou hunting ground, and the LaIe summer and fall hunts, conducted largely by canoe. 4:iroIes often overlapped or Iinked up in the centre. extend around the coasl of Steensby Inlet, into the fiords of îOnehunler's caribou map, therefore, the final circles Grant-SuUie and Aqe bays, and along Ikpik Bay to Baird range did not reveal the elaborate detail which Peninsula. Caribou are especially numerous in the lo\\'. wet fact represented. Caribou hunters showed area m area north of Steensby Inlet where hunters can reach Tariujaq ta he overspecific in their mapping and ta Arm by canoe. Hunts are made south from Hall Beach along ihe l>co"'rrP.e of their hunting ground rather than its total the coast of Parry Bay and, occasionally around Cape Pen l'hm erample, men who recorded their long summer and beyond, particularly on the way to Repulse Bay bl' boat. didDotsay that the entire length of the walk gave one Walking hunts in land are made from Agu and Quilliam bars. diameters ofthe hunting range; rather, they showed the Gifford Fiord and olher camps. then circled an ares that lay close ta its end. When ifthey had ever killed caribou at earlier points along the ln late fall, when ice conditions prevenl boat trave!. hunters ~ they frequently said they had, but that they did not from Igloolik and Hall Beach concentrate on central Meil'ille ClODSider thet as an~g more than "merely killing caribou". Peninsula West of Igloolik anel go as far west as the coast '!beyfolt that sncb kiIIs lay outside their "caribou hunting in the Garry Bay area. Land use pallerns of caribou hun'ing ground". In some cases, hunters recognized that the total reflect the complexity o[ game movements, seasonal disrri­ range:as th~ objectiv~ of the mapping, and they adjusted their butions and long-ternI change. Caribou range began to shrink. maps cco~g1y, but m Many instances, they preferred ta both on Baffin Island and on Melville Peninsula, in the earl) Ieave the cudes as small highly specific areas. Although this 1900's, so that hunters had to go [arther and farther in/and. ~o doubt resulled in many individual understatements ln the 1930's and 1940's, the only accessible caribou were on :n f :uge, the summary map shows that a large pro- Baffin Island inland from Baird Peninsula on the eastern coast po on a e inIand ares of northern Baffin Island was used of ~orthern Foxe Basin. Beginning in the 1940's, holYel'er. by one or another hunter and that much of it was used b canbou began to move back into former range, and the re· many Probably the individual understatements d y population is conlinuing. lIkthe final p'ctu a not greatly whlCh had been 1 re, except on the east side of Foxe Basin . Certain recenl reduction in hunting areas is duc 10 ,he d Arctie B r used by 100 few hunters from Pond Inlet ami mcreased availability of caribou in areas close to the coast an lIY or an aggregate to overcom th tao m~u",cb speeifi 'ty H e e tendency loward settlements. HUnIers do not have to Iravel as [al' 10 find - e. , owever maps from 1 1 rk 'b ' h e MS Beacb show heavy utilization ~f th' g.00 ~ and Hall can ou now as they did 10 years ago. In o,her cases. t " becn an . 'b ar" 00\\ as an integral part of the caribo IS area, wh.ch .s regarded expansIOn of hunting areas bccause can ou t: 'Ib he of these relllons depend for thei~ ru~~i:~~ on which the people aval a. le where they werc not found before. such as on 'Hall west slde of Steensby Inlet, Jens Munk Jsland, and ncar 1611 Lake, where caribou arc now c10ser lo the coas!. Map34 . Pond Inlel and Arcllc Bay place names 1

Devon ISland Barrow Slrall t

Lancaster Sound

Wollaslon r-__-_-\Island'l.

r Navy Board Inlet

Prince ( Regenl

Inlel ARCTIC BAY

Brodeur Borden Peninsula Peninsula .. Prince of Wales Island

... Peel Sound ) e

Baffin Island

Bernier Bay

• '. GUlf 01 Boothia

.. t>. . scale ,• 20 r 0 kllomelres """-._.-_- , . stalule miles lb~--';~:::;-~ô~::'''''-i," Pa , , 80 t lilmbNI Conformai C, p, no he 31 , - --' Island and Foxe Basin

seal hunling was a consequence of journeys principally devoted ta bear hunting. have a1ways constituted the other of lhe two malDsta of!ife ID thi region. They are accordingly Bearded Seal e1y. Throughout living memory. Ihey have pro- for trade and c1othing. In earlier limes seals Allhough bearded seals arc far less common lhan ringed the basic materials for tents. healing and lighl. and seals. lhey are among the most important animal speeies of lhe _ used ID games. The meat of lhe ringed seals region. Their skin was formerly used ta make the beSI rope. bly a1ways been the most important part of lhe and il conlinues ta be used by preference for boat soles. The die!. This useful animal's importance is malched by meal and blubber arc imporlanl in the domestie eeonomy. ce, an abundance that is exploited in variovs Moreover, lhe bearded seal is the largest of lhe seals in lhe WlIich ln tum lead ta problems in mapping. The sum­ region and il enjoys high slalus among lhe hierarehy of .map does not reveal that elaboration, although il does animais thallhc Inuil hunt. MnJprehensive use made of the inlels, fiords, bays There are seasonal varialions la lhe pattern of hunling of edge of the region. We often found it easier to ask a bearded seals. In winler lhey are occasionally killed al breath­ where he had not hunted seals. ing hales. especially by huniers who are close la the floe the ringcd scals' general di tribulion and each edge when a periad of wind brings lhe pack iee close la lhe extenSIve range, there was a tendency for him ta mark fast iee. Bul brealhing hale hunters expeclto kill ringed seals, c locations on the maps. This tendency of course and the appearance of a bearded seal is as unanlicipated as Dds ta seasonal variations in seal behaviour. In il is weleome. Bearded seals are not often killed on the ice ~s are killcd at their breathing holes, which are before break-up. The most important season for hunting them ~ID large late-formcd cracks. Many of these is during Ihe late spring at the floe edge and during summer form in the same places each year, thus giving in open water. A harpoon is essential then. for a bearded seal locations ta the winter hunting of ringed seals. sinks quickly when killed. ;sëals begin ta basic on the ice, hunting locations Although one might have expected the hunters ta give a ~ When seals are huntcd in open water odcarlocations at ail, although hunters still have general range for lhis species, they in fact tended ta locate ces for some areas. The full summer range lhem in very precise areas, nolably in Baffin Ba)' directl)' off hunting ineludes ail the fiords and inlets of the the fiords of Buchan Gulf and Patlerson Inlet. at the floc edge thâtcan be reached by boat. The range is extended area at the mouth of Pond Inlet, and at the northern edge of Admirally lnlet. Barrow Strait and across Prince Regent ::,w9Ïmniter and carly spring hunting, often concurrent These specifie locations are certainIl' core areas and reftect ta hunt bears. the cartographic problem menlioned earlier: species that hunters ~d not consider they were seal hunting enjoy high sialus and low specificil)' tend ta be understated. tJavelling, even thougb they migbt kill seals The hunting of bearded seals is a subject of importance and A IDlDlber ofmen said that they would not pride, and hunters tend ta record the places where the)' have seaIs On their way ta trade, but would huntthem actually made kills ralher than la indicate the total range over Botably, in avy Board Inlet. Many hunters' which they have hunted them. When hunters use boats in seaI hunting areas are made up of apparently open water. they are hunting for any species of seals and. and Barrow loops - reOections of the scrupu­ because ringed and bearded seals are the two predominant Which ~y composed the maps. In almost species, particularly for them. Il follows. therefore. lhal the full range IS understated, and hunters incline hunting range of bearded seals cannat really be an)' smaller !!ilIQ: core areas and favourcd sites rather than the than the hunting range of rinoed seals in summer. Howevcr. th D .ta ~Which they have in fact hunted the species. e summary maps show patches of bearded seal huntlng SI IIIllP. h~wever, these loops and patehes over­ in Navy Board Inlet and Eclipse Sound. an area which is. ~ cover virtually the entire region, showing a ~or Pond Inlet hunters. one of the mosl completely hunted th!It COrre&p?nds very elosely to the hunters' ln th~ cntire region, and cvery part of whîch is rcgardcd as fi Il of !!Je nngcd seals. There is no major huntlng area for ringcd seals. Once again, the scrupulous .11 Perinds n and III, except for norlhern honesty of the huntcrs creales a map that seriously ullderst