50th Anniversary

The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research 1951–2001

University of Colorado at Boulder 50th Anniversary

The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research 1951–2001 Scott Elias, INSTAAR, examines massive ground ice, Denali National Park,Alaska. Photo by S. K. Short. 50th Anniversary

The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research 1951–2001

University of Colorado at Boulder Contents

1 History of INSTAAR 29 Memories & Vignettes INSTAAR Photographs 57 INSTAAR’s News 81 Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses

credits Many past and present INSTAAR members contributed to this book with history, news, memories and vignettes, and informa- tion. Martha Andrews compiled the thesis list.The book was col- lated, edited, and prepared for publication by Kathleen Salzberg and Nan Elias (INSTAAR), and Polly Christensen (CU Publications and Creative Services).

©2001 Regents of the University of Colorado History of INSTAAR 1951–2001

his history of INSTAAR of arctic and alpine regions. Dr. Marr was has been compiled by Albert W. appointed director by the president of the TJohnson, Markley W.Paddock, university, Robert L. Stearns.Within two William H. Rickard,William S. Osburn, and years IAEE became the Institute of Arctic Mrs. Ruby Marr, as well as excerpts from and Alpine Research (IAAR). the late John W.Marr’s writing, for the pe- riod during which John W.Marr was direc- 1951–1953: The Early Years tor (1951–1967); by Jack D. Ives, former director, for 1967–1979; Patrick J.Webber, The ideas that led to the beginning of the In- former director, for 1979–1986; Mark F. stitute were those of John Marr; he was edu- Meier, former director, for 1986–1994; and cated in the philosophy that dominated plant James P.M. Syvitski, present director, for ecology during the first several decades of the 1995–2001. 20th century.Following Tansley (1935), his work was based on the concept of “ecosys- John W. Marr, a young plant ecologist in tem.” In a speech to the Rocky Mountain the Department of Biology of the University Alpine Seminar, 7 December 1956, Marr ar- of Colorado, realized that to understand the ticulated his philosophy thus:“… it is much ecology of the neighboring mountains bet- better to do our work and thinking in terms ter, it would be helpful to know what of ecosystem units than to attempt to work processes were going on year round, espe- with communities and environment as dis- cially during the winter.There were very crete entities.The community is, of course, in few data available for this season at high alti- any area, a very artificial unit in that it does tudes. In 1946, he developed a course in not have any integrity when separated from its “Winter Research in Mountain Plant Ecol- environment.” Further, in an address at the ogy,” using the facilities at the University of Denver Botanic Gardens at the XI Interna- Colorado field station, Science Lodge, for tional Botanical Congress Field Excursions, one weekend in each month. On one occa- 31 July 1969, he describes what he means by sion, he and his students left the Lodge to ecosystem:“… an ecosystem is the smallest climb above timberline and stopped for complete functional unit in the landscape.... lunch and discussion in the tree-limit area. It consists of organisms, environmental fac- A blizzard soon enveloped them, and it was tors, and ecological processes operating in a agreed that it would be very valuable to have dynamic open-ended system.” a series of environment measurement sta- The prevailing point of view was that equi- tions in the research area.This germ of an librium exists between major groupings of idea gradually grew and matured until 20 plants (communities) and their regional cli- April 1951, when the Board of Regents of mates.Thus, grasslands, deciduous forests, the University of Colorado established the coniferous forests and deserts, for example, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Ecology are characterized not only by different plants, (IAEE) to more effectively nurture the study but by different climates.These equilibrium 1 2 Fiftieth Anniversary

communities were referred to as climatic cli- Jean Matthews. 2000. The Mountain Research max communities, and they occur on sites that Station:A Research Station with an Altitude.The are considered to be “normal” for the climatic University of Colorado Institute of Arctic type.The boundaries between them according and Alpine Research. 61 pp.) to this view are climatically determined. John Marr assembled a team of graduate Other communities occur that are in equilib- students who for several years, served as the rium with local conditions that override the backbone of field operations.These students regional climate, for example, steep slopes, were Albert W.Johnson,William S. Osburn, wet depressions, fire, unusual soil conditions and William H. Rickard, Department of Biol- and the like. For these situations, Marr intro- ogy,and Ronald Headland, Department of duced the concept of topo-edaphic climax, Geography.Johnson and Osburn worked which was commensurate with Tansley’s ideas throughout the period of the Mountain Envi- of polyclimax. ronments Project; Rickard left in 1953 for John Marr emphasized the concept of graduate school at Washington State College, ecosystem and illustrated the ecosystem by Pullman. Headland left the project in 1952. reference to the altitudinal distribution of Victor Favier and Markley Paddock worked climate regions in the Front Range of the on the project during these years as did many Rocky Mountains west of Boulder. Nowhere other field assistants, among them Harold was the point about primacy of the climate Mooney,Ricardo Luti, and O.Albert Knorr. made more clearly to Marr’s students than in Planning began on two major fronts: (1) his year-long course “Winter Research in locating sites and installing 16 climatic sta- Mountain Plant Ecology,” where he argued tions within the four major climax regions of that one cannot fully understand the dynam- the Front Range from 7,500 to 12,300 feet ics of ecological units unless one knows win- altitude; and (2) renovating Science Lodge ter conditions, the traditional “off-season” for use as a year-round base. for most ecologists. Field exploration soon confirmed that a John Marr’s interest in climate coincided more or less continuous ridge system ex- with national defense needs.The U.S.Army’s tended from the westernmost extent of Ni- Quartermaster Research and Development wot Ridge at about 12,500 feet altitude Command found that to equip troops for po- eastward to about 7,000 feet altitude. Sci- tential action in a variety of world climates, ence Lodge, renamed “The Mountain Re- it needed to know more about the weather search Station” in 1967,lay at 9,500 feet in which they would be operating. Mountain elevation on the southern flank of this ridge climates were among the areas of their inter- system. Ecosystems representing the four est. In due course, Marr proposed to the major climax regions of the Front Range oc- Quartermaster Corps that they enter into a curred along the ridge system and, except contract with the University of Colorado to for the highest altitudes were accessible by study climates in the Colorado Front Range. road. In the study, these four climax regions Negotiations for the research project were were referred to as lower montane from concluded in 1951, and with the agreement about 6,000 to 7,500 ft. alt.; upper montane of the University, Science Lodge, the Uni- from 7,500 to about 9,000 ft. alt.; subalpine versity’s abandoned summer science camp, from about 9,000 to 11,400 ft, alt.; and tun- became the base of the Institute’s field oper- dra, above about 11,400 ft. alt. Each of the ations. (For much more information about four was characterized by dominant species: Science Lodge—The Mountain Research lower montane, ponderosa pine; upper mon- Station—and its history refer to: Kindig, tane, Douglas-fir; subalpine, Engelmann History of INSTAAR,- 3 spruce and subalpine fir; and tundra, low cold, snow, and high winds at high altitudes shrubs, grasses and sedges especially the were to be expected.The shelters were sedge Kobresia. modified with special bracing and guying to To quantitatively characterize the climates hold them in place against winds that at within each of the four climax regions, four times were in excess of 100 mph in the weather stations were established in each, thus alpine. Many problems characterized the sixteen stations in all, the major one on a first year of operation. Most crucial was the ridgetop and secondary ones on north- and inability of standard design weather instru- south-facing slopes and valley bottoms at the ments to function in high-altitude condi- same altitude as the ridgetop station. Each sta- tions. Much time was spent in designing tion was equipped with a standard Stevenson ways around the problems, because the screen instrument shelter, a clock-driven ther- kinds of instruments that would have served mograph and hygrograph, maximum and min- project purposes simply did not exist. For imum thermometers, a sling psychrometer, example, clock-driven instruments some- standard rain gauge, recording anemometer, times stopped because (1) they had a ten- and maximum and minimum thermometers dency to fill with wind-driven snow; and (2) installed at 6- and 12-inch soil depths. Obser- the lubricants used in the clocks were too vations were to be made weekly. viscous for very cold temperatures.To miti- By September 1951, all 16 stations had gate these problems, instrument cases were been sited and equipped, and observations sealed against blowing snow and clocks were began. In addition to the weather station cleaned often and specially lubricated by ex- equipment, the Army provided vehicles, in- pert clockmakers.To provide some respite cluding over snow “weasels,” trucks, and and protection against severe weather, a army-issue cold weather clothing. It was the small prefabricated, steel hut (the “d-1 Lab”) intent of the Quartermaster Corps that the was erected near the tundra station in late cold weather clothing be worn and tested by summer 1952. the investigators.The testing aspect of this Except for John Marr, who had done re- goal proved to be impractical and was not search in the Canadian Arctic and had served part of the program after the first months. in Greenland during World War II, none of Parts of Science Lodge were extensively his students had any experience working in renovated during the summer of 1951 to the kinds of weather conditions encountered make winter residence possible.The weekly at high altitudes. Despite this, no serious ac- schedule of observations during the winter cidents or mishaps occurred. Marr was ex- months called for leaving the Boulder cam- tremely careful in field operations, and by pus and servicing the lower elevation sta- direction and example, he insisted that we tions on Thursday, arriving at Science Lodge follow his lead. by late afternoon, spending the night, and In 1966, John Marr announced that he servicing the tundra stations on Friday. Dur- thought that the time had come for the Insti- ing the summers, the investigators lived at tute to have a full-time director. He had Science Lodge, and all work was done from been balancing teaching, research, and Insti- there.A weekly summary of collected data tute responsibilities for 16 years (his ap- became a regular feature of the project from pointment had been half-time director and its outset. half-time biology faculty), and he now To the extent possible, the instrument wanted time to publish material gathered by shelters were installed with the understand- the environmental measurement program ing that severe winter conditions, especially since 1952, to concentrate on his treeline 50th Anniversary: The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 1951–2001 3b The following text was omitted from the book.Please insert on p.3 between the last two paragraphs.

By the beginning of the summer of 1952, most tion and improvement of macroenvironmental of the early problems with the climatic data col- measurement at the four “climatic climax” regions lection had been resolved, and the goal was to west of Boulder. Of the original Institute staff, obtain a complete set of records for each of the only Marr and Osburn remained at the Institute 16 stations for 12 continuous months.Achieving a as the AEC contract began.The University pro- complete record from all 16 stations was difficult, vided funds for increased maintenance of Science requiring enormous dedication, long, tiring days, Lodge and some buildings were renovated.Vehi- and strenuous, sometimes dangerous, physical ef- cles, including over-snow vehicles, were found fort.The sense of “mission” in that early period of mostly in government surplus.The University Institute’s existence was no doubt fostered by traded land with the U.S. Forest Service and close collaboration and close working and living increased its holdings in the vicinity of Science conditions.The rustic simplicity of Science Lodge Lodge to 190 acres, thereby facilitating better and its setting in the rugged mountains that were road travel to Niwot Ridge.The new project re- being studied helped create and maintain a quired more staff, and Ralph “Skip” Greene and friendly cooperative spirit and a sense of “family” John Clark were hired; Greene as a “jack-of-all- that has lasted until today. trades” at maintenance, over-snow driving, and The Army contract ended in 1954,but collec- virtually anything making facilities and equipment tion of climatic data at the four ridgetop stations functional. Clark was deeply involved in the cli- continued, often on a voluntary basis by Johnson mate program, eventually becoming the Insti- and Osburn aided by volunteers from the commu- tute’s “Climatologist.” Greene remained as nity.The winter trips to the tundra station (d-1) Science Lodge manager until 1970, and Clark was required a crew of several people, primarily for on the staff until 1980. Mark Paddock rejoined safety’s sake. Generally,however,these were the the Institute in summer 1957 and served as “Chief “lean” years for the Institute, and were it not for of Operations” until leaving in 1965. these voluntary efforts, it might have failed. After four years of contractual support,AEC insisted that the project become more “mission 1956–1965: Support from The Atomic oriented.” IAAR’s response was to name Bill Energy Commission Osburn (who had received his Ph.D. degree in The U.S.Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (now 1958) Associate Director and Principal Investi- the Department of Energy) needed data to more gator of the AEC program. He asked Ronald fully develop their program to be able to predict Foreman to be his assistant.Although the four the fate and effect of ionizing radiation within the macroenvironmental stations were to be contin- environmental regions of the world. The Institute ued, research emphasis was to determine the was well located and qualified to answer AEC’s mechanisms whereby nuclear fallout entered need and since it was within the Institute’s goals in and left the Boulder City Watershed, its pattern environmental research a proposal was submitted of deposition in the ecosystems of the water- to AEC, and a contract was negotiated in early shed, and to explain the major processes in- 1956. In this proposal Marr included comprehen- volved in differential distribution and to predict sively,for the first time, the purpose and goals of future changes.This research was entitled “Pat- the Institute and how they might be achieved.The terns and Processes of Nuclear Fallout in the ultimate objective was research in arctic and alpine Boulder City Watershed.” regions by (1) training graduate students; (2) coop- This program would test progress towards the erating with and encouraging investigators inter- Institute’s goals of learning the ecology of our alpine ested in arctic and alpine research; and (3) segment so that predictions regarding its future developing and carrying out research in arctic and could be made given a particular set of circum- alpine regions. stances, in this case radioactive fallout. By tracing The essential thrust of the project was basic fallout (via its level of radioactivity) into and be- research in the mountain environments of the tween different ecosystems, the processes responsi- Front Range, and, at least initially,the continua- ble for differential movement could be identified 50th Anniversary: The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 1951–2001 3c The following text was omitted from the book.Please insert on p.3 between the last two paragraphs. and quantified. By balancing the amount of fallout Beginning in the 1950s other researchers calculated to enter the watershed against the sum of found the support facilities of Science Lodge and that measured in its ecological components, the de- the surrounding environment conducive to their gree of agreement would indicate whether sufficient own research. Examples of this affiliated research ecological understanding had been achieved, or are Peter Martinelli’s alpine snowfield studies, would additional studies need to be carried out Arturo Corte’s cryoplanation work near Lake before reliable predictions could be made.To take Albion, Peter Wardle’s studies on the timberline advantage of the opportunity fallout provided as a ecotone, and Bettie Willard’s research on the im- tracer,however,it was necessary to overcome the pacts of park visitors on the tundra along Trail possible limitations inherent in radioactive decay Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park. (of fallout). Many sampling activities needed to be The success of the Institute in attracting grant, accomplished as nearly simultaneously as possible facilities, and contract funds encouraged the Uni- which often led to the coordination of up to 50 versity to invest in modernizing and improving participants. Dr.Ronald Foreman organized these Science Lodge, and this too attracted increasing efforts while Dr.Horace Quick, Dr.Michael numbers of visiting investigators. Some of them McKennea, Mr.David Jessup, Mr.James Snow,Dr. include Eilif Dahl, Norwegian alpine plant ecolo- Estella Leopold, Dr.Eilif Dahl, Mr.Roger Egeberg, gist; Carl Troll, German geoecologist; Robert and Dr.David Murray were especially helpful in Crocker, plant ecologist from Australia;Aino various aspects of the program. Henssen, Swedish lichenologist; Dwight Billings; An interesting aspect of IAAR’s research in the Rexford Daubenmire and Royal Shanks,Ameri- early 1960s was the discovery that populations of can plant ecologists; Eric Hultén, Swedish native plants growing in habitats with highly ele- botanist;Alex Watt, British plant ecologist; and vated levels of “naturally” radioactive soils were William Mullenders, Belgian palynologist. morphologically more variable than those growing In 1961 John Marr published the results of his in soil with lower levels of radiation (Osburn, research on the biota and climate of the Institute’s W. S., 1961: Science, 134[3475]). Further studies by research region from Boulder west to the conti- Drs. Lee and Rae Mericle (assisted by Ken Weaver) nental divide as Ecosystems of the East Slope of the demonstrated significant interactions of these low Front Range in Colorado, in the University of Colo- levels of radiation with various combinations of rado Studies series, including his classification of light, temperature, and soil moisture, leading to a the Front Range into ecological zones.The next well supported urging that the biological role of year, 1962,saw the completion of the modern background radiation be reassessed. Alpine Laboratory (now the John W.Marr Alpine Laboratory) at Science Lodge.The University and 1959–1967: Early Diversification NSF shared the costs of construction.The labora- in the Research Mission tory was formally dedicated on 21 June 1963; dis- By the late 1950s, the Institute had received grants tinguished Canadian ecologist Pierre Dansereau from NSF to develop and carry out programs in gave a dedication address,“The Barefoot Scientist” research participation for college and high school stressing the roles of field stations in biological teachers, undergraduate students and outstanding and other field sciences as a part of a conference high school students.The participants worked on “The Role of Field Stations in Modern Taxon- with visiting investigators, graduate students do- omy and Ecology.” ing thesis research, and on Institute projects.A During these years (1956–1966), the radio- 1959 NSF grant improved the road system from eocology program maintained a vigorous and pro- the Rainbow Lakes Road to the Lodge and from ductive history,publishing 10 contributions, which there to Niwot Ridge, a distance of 3.5 miles.An in total demonstrate the ability and value of IN- Army surplus van was driven to timberline and STAAR’s research.This accomplishment was rec- parked there to serve a shelter and storage for ognized following the final contract report (1966) researchers, while the truck under the van was and earned the principal investigator the first ex- returned to camp and used as a snowplow for the emplary environmental research award given by entrance road. the Atomic Energy Commission. 4 Fiftieth Anniversary

ecotone research and to teach with fewer This was a radical turning point in the life constraints.A new director was appointed by of the Institute.The British Commonwealth the University in 1967 bringing to a close contingent brought with it strong advan- this initial period of INSTAAR history.Those tages, together with some initial disadvan- of us who participated in the challenges and tages.We attracted numerous Canadian and accomplishments of those early years will al- British graduate students, several of whom ways retain the sense of excitement and sat- are now internationally recognized scholars isfaction from which we benefitted in our (Ray Bradley, John England,Alayne Street- later careers. Perrott, Jill (Williams) Jaeger, Ellsworth LeDrew,Art Dyke, Colin Thorn,Andy 1967–1979: Instant Institute Millington, and later, Bob Crane. Neverthe- less, the challenge of integrating a group of For the first 16 years of its existence the In- foreigners into an American faculty and stu- stitute functioned on the strength of a single dent body took time. In addition, this group faculty position (that of the founder and first had no track record nor experience with director, John W.Marr).A new Graduate U.S. funding agencies. School Dean, Dr. James Archer, appointed in The Institute had a fine tradition and the the mid-1960s, as part of a drive to create a beginnings of a sound infrastructure, yet it had strong research institutional base on campus, entered a period of quiescence and had virtu- set about building an enlarged institute. Jack ally no research funding.Thus the first two or D. Ives, the Director of the Canadian Federal three years were ones of entrepreneurship and Geographical Branch, Department of En- challenge, which certainly provided stimula- ergy, Mines, and Resources, and leader of a tion for many new approaches. John Andrews significant research program in the eastern assumed full responsibility of what had origi- Canadian Arctic, was offered the position. nated as the Canadian Geographical Branch’s His reluctance to leave Canada became a Eastern Arctic (Baffin Island) program, and serendipitous bargaining position which pro- thus provided the Arctic (paleoclimatic/Qua- duced six new faculty positions, a commit- ternary) essence of the Institute of Arctic and ment to support a quarterly research Alpine Research; Roger Barry undertook the journal, with a permanent position for man- initial and onerous task of quantitative analysis aging editor, a geomorphology laboratory of the impressive accumulation of climatic and full-time technician (Rolf Kihl from the data from the mountain stations that John Geographical Branch), two additional secre- Marr had established and maintained over a tarial positions, and new space for headquar- period of 16 years, through the dedication of ters on the Boulder campus.The negotiation climate observer, John Clark, and logistical brought together a youthful group of col- support by Skip Greene; Patrick Webber pro- leagues, most of whom had worked together vided tundra ecology credibility; and Nel in Canada (John Andrews, Roger Barry, and, Caine initiated a remarkable data base for subsequently, Pat Webber) or, as in the case studies in alpine process geomorphology, of Nel Caine (Australian National Univer- using the Mountain Research Station and the sity) and Kathleen Blackie (Salzberg) (Edin- City of Boulder Watershed as a unique burgh University), had been on the point of research facility. joining them. Dean Archer proposed the This released Ives to approach the hard- phrase “instant institute”; this group in turn, knocks politics of extracting funding from the introduced the acronym INSTAAR. newly-established U.S. International Biologi- cal Programme (IBP) Tundra Biome, and as a History of INSTAAR,- 5 result the Niwot Ridge site became the na- projects provided research participation for tional center for alpine tundra research.The high-ability high school students, university Institute was also able, literally,to muscle in undergraduates, and junior college teachers. on a U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of These Colorado Rocky Mountain summer Reclamation—Colorado State University axis programs, administered by the director, not that provided it with 50 percent of the $1 mil- only enriched the initially under-funded field lion contract that was in the final planning research with highly motivated and able stages for research in the San Juan Mountains young people at little or no expense, but on the “ecological impact of winter cloud- helped, through word-of-mouth and per- seeding.”At the beginning, this was a shot-gun formance of the students, to spread the marriage with CSU that, to the credit of all name of the Institute widely across North the original contestants, evolved into a highly America.The program produced some re- successful collaboration, which ultimately also markable young scholars and, as one exam- involved collaboration with Fort Lewis Col- ple, the junior college teacher program led lege in Durango. Furthermore, this research James Johnson, of Mesa College in Grand initiative led to a large avalanche research con- Junction, to obtain his doctorate and to tract, also obtained following intense scientific complete a fine career as dean and vice- competition, but assured by our ability to at- principal of his college. tract the consultative support of Ed LaChap- Thus, over the first two or three years of pelle (University of Washington),and the 1967–1979 period, it became apparent Malcolm Mellor and Wilfred Weeks (U.S. that Dean Archer’s phrase “instant institute” Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer- developed some real meaning. INSTAAR had ing Labs, Hanover, NH), who collectively rep- acquired an outstanding Arctic Program for resented most of the available national the first time, so justifying its name. Under avalanche research expertise.The old mining the direction of John Andrews a series of an- town of Silverton, in the heart of the San Juan nual field expeditions to Baffin Island were Mountains, became an INSTAAR “home- undertaken that continued for several from-home” year round for more than seven decades and produced an enormous out- years.The success of the avalanche research pouring of publications.Also important program, rated as one of the world’s best at were the annual Baffin Island, or Arctic, that time, depended on the outstanding Workshops, initially held in the 30th Street efforts of Richard and Betsy Armstrong. headquarters and which brought to Boulder Also during this initial period, the prom- Arctic scholars from across North America ised new campus accommodation, with lab- and northwestern Europe.The principal par- oratories, was realized on the university East ticipants of the Arctic program have accumu- Campus on 30th Street, the Mountain Re- lated many international accolades; for search Station was rehabilitated, and the first example, John Andrews has received the issue of Arctic and Alpine Research was pub- Kirk Bryan Medal of the Geological Society lished within little more than a year (January of America, a D.Sc. from the University of 1969), under the editorship of Jack Ives and Nottingham, and membership of the Nor- Kathleen Salzberg. One critical component wegian Academy of Sciences. of these early successes was the effective in- National recognition for Niwot Ridge as corporation of three modest NSF-funded a major site for Tundra Biome (IBP) re- “research participation” projects into gradu- search, led, a decade later, into Long-Term ate student and faculty field research. Based Ecology Research (LTER) designation.The at the Mountain Research Station, these World Data Center A for Glaciology was 6 Fiftieth Anniversary

transferred to INSTAAR from the U.S. Geo- and with a rather money-conscious legisla- logical Survey in Tacoma,Washington, in ture.This prompted us to try to balance 1976 and, under Roger Barry’s direction, what could be perceived as esoteric research continues today, through the National Snow that served little more than to satisfy our in- and Ice Data Center in CIRES, as an interna- tellectual curiosity (global warming was tionally recognized center for data manage- then unthinkable!) and “useful” research that ment and research on the cryosphere. Under would appeal to State of Colorado legislators the efficient managing editorship of Kathleen in times of budgetary stress.We were able to Salzberg, Arctic and Alpine Research rapidly ensure funding for avalanche and natural achieved international standing.Two mem- hazards research within the territory of bers of INSTAAR won John Simon Guggen- Colorado. INSTAAR was also able to assist heim Memorial Fellowships (Ives for with the definition of the boundaries of the 1976–77; Barry for 1982–83). In 1972, Jack Indian Peaks Wilderness Area and to work in Ives succeeded Professor Carl Troll as Chair close collaboration with then Congressman of the International Geographical Union’s Tim Wirth, which led to President Jimmy (IGU) Commission on Mountain Geoecol- Carter designating Niwot Ridge as a UN- ogy and in 1973 became chair of UNESCO’s ESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1979.These International Working Group for Man and contributions applied to research within the the Biosphere (MAB)—Project 6—study of State of Colorado also produced a meritori- the impact of human activities on mountain ous citation signed by the Governor. ecosystems.These two positions led in 1978 Another concern was the financial stabil- to the establishment of the United Nations ity of the Mountain Research Station itself. University (UNU)’s mountain program, that Some CU administrators had considered the subsequently became the spearhead for station to be a liability and had recom- worldwide recognition of mountain prob- mended its sale.The Institute members were lems through AGENDA 21 during the Earth strongly opposed this view because they re- Summit (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in garded it as INSTAAR’s prime raison d’être. 1992, and the UN’s designation of 2002 as However, it was necessary to overhaul its the International Year of the Mountains.This mode of operation and financial base.A ma- UNU link brought to the Mountain Re- jor constraint was the CU administration’s search Station in 1979 a series of UNU post- insistence that for “overhead” calculations, as doctoral fellows from Nepal,Thailand, and part of research proposal budgets, it be China, and subsequently from Japan, Bhutan, classed as “on-campus.”This meant that there and Russia. Most notable amongst several was no means of adding station operation highly successful individuals was Dr. Sun costs to proposal budgets while the direct Honglei, who, shortly following his return CU budgetary provision was totally inade- to China, became vice-president of the Chi- quate.After a long struggle INSTAAR was nese Academy of Sciences and senior scien- able to convince the University administra- tific advisor to Mr. Deng Xiaoping. tion that “off-campus” designation was justifi- able.A program of winterization and 1970–1976: Budgetary Stress construction of new year-round, quality ac- commodation (much on a volunteer basis on From the late 1960s, however, some substan- the part of graduate students and faculty) tive concerns were much debated. First was was initiated, and a modern, year-round du- the hypothetical status of a research institute plex was built, the Megaron (meeting build- within a State with a relatively small tax base ing) was in large part rebuilt, cabins History of INSTAAR,- 7 renovated, and modern sewerage and tele- tilize and to crop the IBP Tundra Biome phone links installed.With the increase in plant productivity plots above treeline.At- research funding, where this related to field- tempts to close the road at the MRS were work in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, it initially opposed by the NFS, since most of became possible to provide graduate re- the territory lay within U.S. Forest Service search assistants (GRAs) with year-round ac- land. Resolution was eventually achieved, commodation at the station, and also to later solidified by the Biosphere Reserve obtain rent. Finally, a new position for resi- designation. INSTAAR’s own efforts to dent station director was established.The ensure minimum tundra impact by its own first three incumbents were Professor researchers knew no bounds! The most im- Michael Grant (Biology), Professor David pressive effort was to use, courtesy of the Greenland (Geography), and Dr. Misha Plam U.S.Air Force, a Chinook helicopter and a (Glaciology, former director of the Mt. Skycrane to put in place a San Diego State Elbruz Field Station, Institute of Geography, University trailer loaded with instruments Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and a refugee from the lab or Philip C. Miller to take pho- from the Soviet Union in 1976–77). tosynthesis and water balance measurement, Collectively, these measures ensured that and to retrieve it again at the end of the the MRS budget was not only balanced, but summer observation season! a significant surplus was created that itself became a source of support for research.To 1977–1979: NASA to the Rescue reflect the material improvements, the sci- entific and social life of the Mountain Re- An unusual research venture was prompted search Station prospered. During any by NASA that initiated early ERTS mapping summer between 1969 and 1979, between and a Satellite Data Collection Platform on five and eight visiting scientists with their Niwot Ridge.After the first few years of families, high school students, undergradu- limited research funding, so many research ates, and graduates ensured a full house (of- proposals were being funded that we agreed ten numbering in excess of 60 persons); an upon a moratorium on additional new fund- evening lectures series, two or three times a ing because we sensed we were over-com- week, packed the Megaron; Station Man- mitted. Ironically, while the faculty meeting ager, summer work crew, chief cook, and that reached this conclusion was in progress, two assistants ensured a viable and enjoyable we received a telephone call from NASA, camp life, enlivened by evening volleyball, out of the blue: would we apply for a large which early in the season tested the stamina research contract under the generic title of of some of the more enthusiatic youngsters “Application of space technology to the solu- unaccustomed to 3,000 meters altitude; and tion of real world problems”? The caller was a family of friendly but hungry bears were Joe Vitale, NASA program manager, who regular visitors. would not accept our initial refusal and it Other MRS problems remained. Perhaps became apparent that NASA had already de- the most intractable, at least for a time, was cided to award the contract upon our re- the issue of public access onto Niwot Ridge, quest.There followed a cautious, How much mainly four-wheel drive vehicles up the and when must we have the proposal sub- ridge route from the station itself, a historic mitted? The answer was $100,000/year, on public “right-of-way,” and also other trails.A the strength of a single page of written in- particularly serious problem was that riding tent, to be received in Washington, D.C. by enthusiasts allowed their horses both to fer- the end of the following week.Thus, with a 8 Fiftieth Anniversary

degree of hilarity, began our application of ley.Close relations were developed with remote-sensing technology to natural haz- NCAR, especially through Doug Lilly,Harry ards research and mountain land-use plan- van Loon,Warren Washington,and Ed Zipser. ning, that ended with the accumulation of With Roger Barry’s input, this led to one of over a million research dollars and outstand- the first attempts to use the growing power of ing contacts with many of Colorado’s moun- NCAR computers to model the global cli- tain counties. Dr.Vitale proved a remarkable matic effects of the Laurentide and Scandina- sponsor, advisor, and natural comedian—he vian ice sheets; it became the doctoral insisted that we stay within the required defi- dissertation work of Jill Williams (Jaeger) nition of “remote sensing” provided a certain in 1974. Other NCAR cooperative theses Hasselblad camera could be kept at least five included Waltraud Brinkmann (1973), feet off the ground! Amongst many practical Ellsworth LeDrew (1976), Jeff Rogers results, this remarkably relaxed contract (1979), and later, Gerry Meehl (1987), and produced some impressive state, county, and Susan E. Marshall (1989). township land-use planning legislation: as Pat Webber and a group of graduate stu- one example, the town manager of Vail de- dents initiated important applied plant ecol- clared that we had changed the appearance ogy research to studies of the environmental of Vail until far into the next century. problems of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.The Later phases of the NASA contract focused arctic-alpine relevance was capitalized upon on the Front Range and the MRS.Amongst in terms of alpine and arctic treeline studies, many other results was the shaded relief con- developed by Harvey Nichols and expanded tour map of our primary field area, scale by Susan Short, with strong links to the 1: 50,000, the shaded relief being produced in Smithsonian Institution through fieldwork in the world’s foremost mapping laboratory— northern Labrador, and by Kathy Hansen Swiss Landestopographie, Bern.The NASA and Deborah Elliott, with close association experience also brought us into fruitful col- with the Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory in laboration with the Laboratory for the Appli- Tucson. Martha Andrews initiated what sub- cations of Remote Sensing (LARS), Purdue sequently became a significant contribution University,and introduced INSTAAR to ERTS to Arctic bibliography. Giff Miller produced and increasingly sophisticated remote sensing. some of the earliest work on amino-acid racemization and, with John Andrews, estab- Other initiatives during lished INSTAAR as a force for dating of postglacial substrates. the 1967–1979 period Perhaps the most lasting products of the A Scientific Advisory Committee was set up in 1967–1979 period have been the founding 1968, bringing to the Boulder campus at least and flourishing of Arctic and Alpine Research as once a year a distinguished group of scholars one of the world’s leading quarterlies in its to discuss and advise upon the evolving IN- field, the editing and production of the 999- STAAR program.With the growing interna- page benchmark Arctic and Alpine Environments tional reputation of the Institute an increasing (Ives and Barry, eds. 1974, Methuen), and number of eminent arctic and alpine special- Roger Barry’s unparalleled Mountain Weather ists from overseas came to us as visiting schol- and Climate (Methuen, 1981), now in its sec- ars.These included, amongst others, Dietrich ond edition (1992) and translated into Russ- Barsch, Geoff Boulton, Colin Burrows, ian and Chinese.The international fame of Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier, Cuchlaine King, the Mountain Research Station is also wor- David Sugden, Robert Vivian, and Peter Wors- thy of special mention; it became the model History of INSTAAR,- 9 for the Tien Shan Field Station. Neverthe- Towards the end of the 1970s INSTAAR was less, the 1967–1979 period began and ended entering a plateau of activity and enthusiasm in a most prosaic manner—one dean and some were heard to say that INSTAAR (Archer) averred that Ives had induced him had reached its zenith.This situation along to build the most expensive ‘john’ in the with the unrest made it ripe for new leader- Rocky Mountains, while another dean ship and the exploration of new directions (Lipetz) protested in vain the inexplicable and ways of operating. cost of putting a new roof on the John W. Webber was appointed director under Marr Alpine Laboratory. the strangest of arrangements.To solve the internal personal strife, the Institute was dis- 1979–1986:The Years solved by the Chancellor Russell Nelson and instantly re-formed with Webber as director of Transition and Reflection and sole member with the admonition to re- Pat Webber was appointed director in 1979, port to a council composed of the chairs of following a brief period of internal unrest in the three cognate departments (geography; the Institute.The unrest was the result of environmental, population and organismic distrust among the members of the fine biology; and geological sciences), plus the team of scientists that Jack Ives had gathered chair of astrogeophysics, and to recruit a soon after his appointment.The once-young new membership. Misha Plam, director of team of Institute members had matured, one the Mountain Research Station and Kathleen might even say had fledged, over the decade Salzberg, managing editor of the journal Arc- since coming to Boulder and were in need of tic and Alpine Research continued to report to more independence from Ives’ strong style the INSTAAR director.Thus began the third of leadership. Each member of the team edition of the “instant” Institute.Webber’s remains to this day very grateful to Ives’ task was to recruit qualified faculty from vision, leadership, entrepreneurship, and across campus. Naturally most of the former tenacious loyalty to his followers and the op- members of INSTAAR were re-elected to portunity that he provided for their careers the Directorate although within two years in the United States. It can be said that John Ives and Barry decided to leave. Some new Marr made the opportunity to link and com- blood was recruited, for example, Peter pare alpine and arctic environments by Birkeland (pedology), Erik Bonde (plant founding the Institute and that Ives built the ecophysiology), Cindy Carey (ornithology), strong foundation upon which today’s Insti- Norman French (systems ecology), Steve tute is based.The Ives team of John An- Forman (thermoluminescence dating), drews, Martha Andrews, Roger Barry, Nel David Greenland (climatology), Jim Half- Caine, Rolf Kihl, Harvey Nichols, Kathleen penny (vertebrate ecology,Vera Komárková Salzberg, and Pat Webber were a formidably (plant ecology),Vera Markgraf (paleoecol- tight group of friends who thought alike and ogy), Mark Noble (plant ecology), and Susan together they covered a large portion of the Short (palynology).Webber’s task was spectrum of the natural science of cold envi- helped by the re-adoption with small modifi- ronments.Their effort under Ives’ leadership cations of the INSTAAR Charter and By- built a strong national and international rep- laws built in the last years of Ives’ leadership utation for INSTAAR, a strong graduate in which the Institute was to be operated as training program helped equip the laborato- a “Directorate” of voting members. ries, and expanded the INSTAAR Reading Webber’s intent upon becoming director Room and the Mountain Research Station. was only to oversee the re-formation and to 10 Fiftieth Anniversary

persuade the University administration to records that have documented the global rise recruit a high-quality new director from be- of greenhouse gases. yond the University of Colorado.This goal Like most modern field-based research en- was finally achieved in 1986 with the arrival terprises, INSTAAR’s research history can be of Mark Meier. traced along the continuum from descriptive, The re-formed INSTAAR was critically multidiscplinary small-scale approaches to in- different from its antecedent in that all fac- terdisciplinary,systems and larger scale ap- ulty salary lines, with the exception of that proaches.Along this continuum there is also a of the director and director of the Mountain trend from pure observational and inferential Research Station, were transferred to the science to a more experimental and causal cognate departments or the College of Arts approach that embraces new technology.The and Sciences.This had the potential to re- period from 1979 to 1986 marked a change duce the role of the INSTAAR Directorate in towards increased team research involving a replacing its faculty should they leave.The systems emphasis with experimentation and loss of salary lines has not been altogether a increased use of technology.These changes are negative outcome since it provides an incen- exemplified with the establishment, in 1980, tive for good relationships and citizenship in of the present day Long-Term Ecological Re- a cognate department where an appreciation search (LTER) program on Niwot Ridge (as for the mission of INSTAAR can be fostered. one of the six original LTER sites) and the Further it allows members of the INSTAAR Center for Geochronological Research.The Directorate to participate in departmental LTER program built on the history of ecolo- leadership. Regarding the latter it is signifi- gial research on Niwot Ridge, including the cant that Nel Caine, David Greenland, John U.S. IBP Tundra Biome and the long climate Andrews, and Gifford Miller all have taken records collected that the environmental turns at chairing, with distinction, their vari- measurements stations going back to 1952 on ous academic homes leading without doubt Niwot Ridge. LTER is sustained by major to stronger departmental-institute under- funding in five-year increments by the NSF standing and collaboration. and, in 1985, the Center was supported by a Another critical difference in the re- University Enrichment grant.The LTER pro- formed INSTAAR was the lamentable migra- gram involved faculty in the Departments of tion of the World Data Center for Snow and Environmental, Population and Organismic Ice and its Director Roger Barry to CIRES. Biology,Geography and Geological Sciences This was regrettable since climatology was and concerned the long-term dynamics and fundamental to the John Marr’s vision of IN- function of Colorado mountain ecosystems STAAR and snow and ice research remains an with special relevance to monitoring and un- important part of the INSTAAR mission.The derstanding processes related to both anthro- cornerstone Front Range climate measure- pogenic and natural causes.The first formal ment program continued within INSTAAR report of the LTER program, based at the with the efforts of John Clark and David Mountain Research Station, was published in Greenland and on John Clark’s retirement the 1982 in the INSTAAR Occasional Paper series recruitment of Mark Losleben.The Niwot as Ecological Studies in the Colorado Alpine:A Ridge carbon dioxide measurement program festschrift for John W.Marr to mark the renaming supported by NOAA continued and this com- and rededication of the Alpine Laboratory as plements, as a mid-latitude site, the famous the John W.Marr Alpine Laboratory after ex- Mauna Loa, South Pole, and Barrow (Alaska) tensive remodeling. Gifford Miller was the leading force for the Center which was seen as History of INSTAAR,- 11 a University-wide facility.Thus LTER and the 1986–1988: Global Change Geochronology Center served to integrate and New Directions INSTAAR more closely with the rest of the University.Both enterprises led to the boost The 1982–83 INSTAAR Program Review had in the use of technology.INSTAAR obtained recommended the recruitment of a new di- its first word-processing system and PCs, up- rector. Dr. Mark F.Meier was selected after a graded the Sedimentology Laboratory,estab- national search, and he assumed the director- lished a water analysis and soil chemistry ship as well as a professorship in geological capability at the Mountain Research Station, sciences in November 1985. Meier had been and became a pioneer in tundra mapping and chief of the Project Office–Glaciology,U.S. GIS methods.The Center with its penchant Geological Survey and research professor of for the analysis of biologically important mol- geophysics at the University ofWashington. ecules such as amino acids, oxygen, water, and He had been active in national and interna- carbon dioxide was poised to enter the realm tional scientific programs in snow and ice, of stable isotope analysis and address impor- hydrology,and global change; his research in- tant biogeochemical questions relating to cluded sites in the mountains of Wyoming, global change. Alberta,Washington,and Alaska, as well as in Another trend in science during this pe- both polar regions. riod was the recruitment of more women as At the time of Meier’s selection, the principal investigators. INSTAAR paralleled Institute had an active research program this trend by welcoming the first women to with emphasis on Quaternary studies, the INSTAAR Directorate.These were Vera geochronology, and mountain and arctic Markgraf,Vera Komárková, and Sue Short. ecology.The core of this research program Regrettably,they could only be sustained with included nine Ph.D.-level research associates soft money from grant activities but such re- but only three regular faculty members (An- cruitment was appropriate and vitally impor- drews, Caine, and Webber). One obvious tant. Kathleen Salzberg and Martha Andrews need was to expand the numbers of faculty. continued to contribute in important ways to Dr. Gifford H. Miller, who had successfully operations, research, and fund raising. created a Center for Geochronological The Webber years provided a chance to Research through a competitive University examine the role of INSTAAR and to build Enrichment Grant in 1985, was appointed on the Marr and Ives legacies and lay founda- a full-time associate professor of geological tions for a continuing institute. It remained sciences in 1986.A national search for a light clear that the niche that INSTAAR occupied stable-isotope geochemist led to the in the polar and mountain research world appointment of Dr. James W.C.White in was critically useful to contribute to the so- 1988.Thus the number of regular faculty lution of the emerging issues concerning cli- was quickly doubled. mate change and land use and land cover Additional research associates (now change. It may be said that INSTAAR en- research scientists) were appointed in the dures today as a result of this period of stock 1986–88 period. New personnel associated taking, stewardship, and husbandry. with the Center for Geochronological Re- search included Dr. Steven L. Forman, who established a thermoluminescence laboratory; Dr. David K.Yamaguchi, who set up a den- drochronology laboratory at the Mountain Research Station; and Dr. Robert C.Walter, 12 Fiftieth Anniversary

who was recruited away from INSTAAR by the development and management of com- the University of California-Berkeley.James ponents of this program during its early White set up a light stable-isotope laboratory years. Mark Meier and Giff Miller also insti- and cooperated with Professor Lang Farmer tuted a two-semester course on global of the Department of Geological Sciences in change for nonscience majors, which contin- the establishment of a heavy radio-isotope lab- ues to have high enrollment. oratory; funding was obtained for an accelera- Ecosystem science continued to prosper tor mass spectrometry laboratory,all as part during this period, both in northern Alaska of the growing Center for Geochronological and in Colorado. Participating in a large group Research. New names appeared on the roster sponsored by the Department of Energy,Drs. of those involved in the Institute’s Long-term D.A. (Skip) and Marilyn Walker developed Ecological Research (LTER) program, includ- concept and infrastructure for a geographic ing Dr. Norman R. French, who modeled information system approach to assist in the alpine ecosystems; Dr. David W.Inouye, who modeling of Alaskan north slope ecosystem specialized in plant population ecology; and changes.They also showed that very different Dr. Michael (Iggy) Litaor, who studied the ef- plant successions occur on pingos, the only fects of acid deposition on soils and ecosys- places where steep slopes occurred on the tems. In 1987 Patrick Webber took a leave of coastal plain.The University’s LTER program, absence to become a program director for based at Niwot Ridge above the Mountain Re- ecology at the National Science Foundation. search Station, continued to address questions Subsequently (1989) he was recruited by of biotic nonequilibrium and the resistance Michigan State University.Dr.W.Tad Pfeffer, a and resilience to disturbance.An unusual glacier dynamicist, joined the glaciology pro- event—a population explosion of voles under gram begun by Meier; Dr. Kirsten M. the snow during the 1987–88 winter—pro- Williams, an expert on diatoms, joined the vided a unique opportunity to observe the Quaternary studies group; and Dr. Mort impact of disturbance on the soils and ecology Turner, former program officer for Polar in an alpine region. Earth Sciences at NSF,brought his research on Dr.Tad Pfeffer, Prof.Tissa Illangesekare archeological geology to INSTAAR. (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Research and educational accomplish- Architectural Engineering), Prof. Mark ments during this period were many.A new Meier, and students developed a first at- thrust was based on the evolving national tempt at a numerical model to understand and international global change program. the process of meltwater infiltration into Professor Meier had been involved in devel- cold snow, of importance to predicting the oping the concept of an International timing of sea-level rise due to global warm- Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, more ing. Meier and colleagues at the California simply known as Global Change, before Institute of Technology, University of Wash- coming to the University of Colorado. He ington, and U.S. Geological Survey drilled also worked with others to emphasize the through the fast-moving Columbia Glacier importance of the Arctic in Global Change to measure fluctuations in subglacial water; to the National Science Foundation and they also measured the speed of flow at 10- other agencies.The NSF created the Arctic minute intervals.These results showed that Systems Science program; this new initiative both pressure and thickness of subglacial wa- has benefited INSTAAR researchers, and a ter affected glacier sliding, thus answering number of Institute scientists, including John old questions but raising new ones in this Andrews and Jim White, also participated in poorly-understood but important process. History of INSTAAR,- 13

A wide variety of accomplishments in the were put in place.A Scientific Advisory Com- fields of Quaternary stratigraphy, chronol- mittee was reappointed and began visits to the ogy, and ecology took place during these Institute to advise the director and the Direc- years, aided by new laboratory facilities. torate, and to inform the Graduate School of John Andrews and his group began to turn INSTAAR’s problems, accomplishments, and more toward ocean sediments for paleocli- opportunities. Nicely illustrated Annual Re- matic records.This included cruises in Hud- ports and other outreach activities were de- son Strait, Baffin Bay, and off East Greenland veloped to spread knowledge of INSTAAR collecting seismic data as well as magnetic, and its research accomplishments within and isotope, foraminifera, and diatom evidence without the University.The Joint Facility for in sediment cores, which allowed them to Regional Ecosystem Analysis was created by deduce the stratigraphy, sediment flux, and Skip and Marilyn Walker, with cooperative changes through time during and after the ties to the Center for the Study of Earth from last glacial event. Similar studies on lake Space/CIRES at the University of Colorado sediments north of Hudson Strait and in and the Natural Resources Ecology Labora- Spitsbergen established the pattern of tory at Colorado State University.Unfortu- deglaciation on land in these regions, as well nately,the Mountain Research Station as to determine the timing and amount of incurred some very large debts due to a com- postglacial rebound (uplift of the land fol- bination of factors, not all under control of lowing the removal of the large ice sheets). the station directors.The University’s Depart- Changes occurred at the Mountain Re- ment of Facilities Management took over search Station during the 1986–1988 period. the maintenance of the station’s buildings. Largely through the efforts of MRS Director INSTAAR had to assume a sizeable loan to Mark Noble, money was raised from NSF and retire the debt, which impacted some of the the University to add a second story to the Institute’s planned new activities. Marr Laboratory.During the engineering de- sign, however, it was discovered that the 1989–1992:The “Cosmic walls, ceiling, and floor were up to 85 percent asbestos! Consequently,the money was spent Agreement” and Major to remove everything except roof and founda- Expansion tion, and to rebuild the laboratory as a safer The research productivity of INSTAAR sci- and more aesthetically pleasing structure (but entists continued to increase during these still a single story), complete with handicap years, but some strains appeared between access.The renovated John W.Marr Alpine the Institute and some other units of the Laboratory was rededicated on 6 June 1988, University, due in part to the MRS debt and with Dr. Marr in attendance. In addition, the a view by the administration that too much Kiowa building was outfitted as an analytical of the Institute’s research effort was being chemistry laboratory.Mark Losleben served performed by nonfaculty Research Associ- as acting director of the station during the try- ates rather than regular faculty. Fortunately, ing construction period, and Professor David a normal Program Review had been sched- Inyoue, from the University of Maryland, be- uled for 1988–89.This gave the Institute an came director of the station in 1988. opportunity to articulate its successes and Administrative improvements —and the benefits it provides the University, the crises—also marked the 1986–1988 years. State and Society, and to have this recogni- Budgeting and planning systems were estab- tion authenticated by high-level internal and lished, and new cost accounting procedures external panels.The result of this review was 14 Fiftieth Anniversary

highly positive; and several additional faculty search, and the University of Colorado at hires were authorized. Shortly thereafter, a Denver.Accomplishments by the LTER team “cosmic agreement” involving two institutes, included publication during the 1989–1992 two departments, and two schools was ne- period of an updated climate analysis, as was gotiated, resulting in the hiring of a senior- an overview of dry deposition and the con- level biologist to lead the LTER program tinuation of long-term data sets on climate, (Prof.Timothy R. Seastedt, from Kansas snowpack, water flow, biogeochemistry, at- State University), a new faculty member to mospheric chemistry, biological productiv- direct the Mountain Research Station (Prof. ity, phenology, and decomposition.While William D. Bowman, from University of temperatures along the base of the Front Colorado), and an alpine biogeochemist and Range have been rising for the past 20 years, hydrologist (Prof. Mark W.Williams, from the alpine tundra is cooling and becoming University of California–Santa Barbara). In wetter.This is increasing the contrast with addition, Dr. Jonathan T.Overpeck, palynol- lower altitude sites. Numerical models have ogist, came to Boulder from the Lamont- been developed to simulate the cycling of Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia carbon and nitrogen in the tundra. Nitrogen University to direct the new NOAA Paleo- is a key element in plant growth, and the climate Program and join the INSTAAR LTER team has shown that plant productiv- Directorate, together with Dr. Julie Cole. ity and species compositions can be altered Professor William B. Krantz of the Depart- by nitrogen additions, that seasonal additions ment of Chemical Engineering of the Uni- of nitrogen demand and use vary across the versity of Colorado joined INSTAAR to tundra landscape, and that alpine plant work on permafrost problems. INSTAAR species may be contributing to nitrogen limi- now counted nine regular faculty and up to tation by locking the element away in root seventeen research associates and research tissues.Another research project addresses faculty on its Directorate. the crucial role of snow in the hydrochem- As the number of individual scientists at istry and biogeochemistry of these seasonally INSTAAR increased, so did its scientific snow-covered areas. productivity. Because of the breadth of this The Joint Facility for Regional Ecosystem activity; only a few highlights will be men- Analysis led by Skip and Marilyn Walker de- tioned here.The LTER program, which had veloped hierarchical geographic information begun in 1980, successfully weathered an ex- systems (GIS) to analyze landscape ecologi- haustive review, and was renewed through cal changes at various scales for both the 1998.This program allows scientists to con- Colorado alpine and the Alaskan Arctic. duct short-term experimental manipulations These systems were designed to address a against a background of long-term descrip- number of scientific questions including nat- tive and monitoring measurements, so that ural and human-induced disturbances in arc- we can better understand the biologic organ- tic and alpine landscapes, the processes ization of tundra, how the ecosystem func- involved in landscape evolution, and long- tions, and what changes we can expect in the term studies including effects on the ecosys- future.The LTER group now includes, in ad- tems of global climate change.These GIS dition to new INSTAAR faculty (Bowman, studies bridge the spatial scales from individ- Seastedt, and Williams), scientists, re- ual experimental plots to large regions and searchers from the Department of Environ- allow the use of remote sensing to expand mental, Population, and Organismic Biology, the scale of spatial data.Among other re- the National Center for Atmospheric Re- sults, these researchers showed that carbon History of INSTAAR,- 15 stored in the soils and the biomass above many hominid sites in Africa. Giff Miller and ground increases with the age of the terrain colleagues collected paleoclimatic evidence on glacial/nonglacial surfaces in Arctic from terrestrial and marine sites in the Alaska, and that the dust derived from roads remote Franz Josef Archipelago, which al- in this area affected the biomass and species lowed them to reconstruct the late Quater- composition of the tundra. nary history of this interesting area. Jonathan Stable isotope-based research became es- Overpeck and Julie Cole, together with Drs. pecially active during the 1989–1992 period. Robin Webb and David Anderson of NOAA, Professor White in concert with a team of embarked on a series of fruitful high-resolu- graduate students, post-docs and cooperating tion paleoclimatic projects using tree rings, NOAA scientists, addressed a wide range of lake and ocean sediments, and coral growth issues including the global carbon budget us- data; and they used their results together ing the isotopic signatures of carbon dioxide with general climate models (GCM) to re- and methane.These projects identified global construct environmental changes at both sources and sinks of carbon dioxide which are low and high latitudes. important to projections of future greenhouse The quality of INSTAAR’s research was gas loading. Deuterium and oxygen-18 ratios affirmed by honors received by Institute sci- in the atmosphere and in ice cores were found entists during this period. In addition to nu- to make it possible to reconstruct conditions merous invited lectures in many different at the oceanic moisture source as well as at the countries and service on scientific advisory precipitation site.These results were used to committees, we highlight the following: determine the paleoclimate of the North At- John Andrews’s work was included in the lantic region, including the history of the Annual Geoscience Highlights of the Ameri- North Atlantic (climate) Oscillation from can Geological Institute. He was co-chair of analyses of ice cores obtained from the Green- the National Science Foundation’s initiative land Ice Sheet Project 2. Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries Innovative studies of carbon and hydro- (PALE). He also participated in a NATO Ad- gen isotopes in peat and mosses by Jim vanced Studies Institute on Earth Rheology White and Vera Markgraf and others has and Glacial Isostasy in 1990 and in another broadened our understanding of paleocli- NATO Institute, with Mark Meier, on Ice in matic change in southern South America. the Climate System in 1992. Martha An- These studies have been shown to yield esti- drews was elected Chair of the U.S. Polar mates of both terrestrial temperature and Information Working Group. Julie Cole was humidity, as well as improved values of the co-convener of an international workshop concentration of carbon dioxide in the at- on Coral Records of Climate Change. Scott mosphere.Vera Markgraf, using paleocli- Elias was a visiting professor at the Univer- matic records from Southern Hemisphere sity of Alaska–Fairbanks, and authored the land masses, found numerous high-ampli- book, Quaternary Insects and Their Environment. tude changes that could not be explained by Vera Markgraf chaired a new National Sci- large-scale atmospheric circulation scenarios ence Foundation paleoclimate initiative, such as the controversial Younger Dryas Pole-Equator-Pole; she also coordinated a event. Gifford Miller found outstanding symposium of the International Palynologi- preservation of amino acids in the egg shells cal Congress, and was co-editor of a book of large flightless birds (ratites), and these El Niño:Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of shells that these can be used for amino-acid the Southern Oscilation. geochronology and paleogeochemistry of 16 Fiftieth Anniversary

Mark Meier participated in the develop- sively renovated at this time.An Accelerator ment of the Arctic Research Consortium of Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon laboratory the U.S. (ARCUS) and became President- was set up in Boulder by Dr.Tom Stafford,as Elect and Chair of the Board of Directors, and was an Image Analysis Laboratory by chaired the Land-Atmosphere-Ice Initiative of Jonathan Overpeck, and several additions to the National Science Foundation’s Arctic Sys- the ecology and biogeochemistry laborato- tem Science (ARCSS) program, developed ries by Tim Seastedt and Mark Williams.A and co-chaired a program on Freshwater, cold laboratory for snow studies was Land, and Biological Interactions at the Aspen equipped in rl6 in Boulder by Tad Pfeffer. Global Change Institute, and was a delegate to the U.S.–Japan Bilateral Program on Global 1993–1994: National Change. Giff Miller was a member of the steering committee of two international inter- Ice Core Laboratory disciplinary workshops on environments of and Other Research Activities the last interglacial and on the PALE initiative. With the continuing addition of new person- Jonathan Overpeck was a member of the nel, new laboratories, visiting scientists, and Steering Committee for PALE as well as the increased grant support, INSTAAR was a International Geosphere-Biosphere (IGBP) busy place, and was rapidly outgrowing the core project on Past Global Changes space it had in rl1 in Boulder. New person- (PAGES).Tim Seastedt was elected to the Na- nel included Dr. Ute Herzfeld from the tional Executive Committee of the LTER pro- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who is gram. Mort Turner and Joanne Turner were well known in the field of Geomathematics. invited to a symposium on the paleoecological Perhaps the largest addition to INSTAAR’s aspects of early man in Novosibirsk and to responsibility at this time resulted from a participate in field studies in the Altai Moun- successful proposal to build and run a Na- tains of Siberia. Skip and Marilyn Walker were tional Ice Core Laboratory (NICL).The rich invited to participate in a joint U.S.–USSR content of environmental data captured in program on environmental protection in the polar ice was yielding striking new insights permafrost lands of northern Siberia, and into the history of climate and environmen- Marilyn Walker co-chaired the development tal change.This 64,000-square foot, 3-mil- of the International Tundra Experiment lion dollar laboratory contains large cold (ITEX). Professor White became chair of the rooms for archives and working spaces, and U.S. Ice Core Working Group, served on the is located in U.S. Geological Survey space in Steering Committee of IGBP-PAGES, and on the Denver Federal Center. It came into be- the International Atomic Energy Agency’s Ex- ing through a cooperative agreement be- pert Committee on Trace Gases.Thus IN- tween INSTAAR, the U.S. Geological STAAR people have honored, and because of Survey, and the National Science Founda- this, participated in the formation of several tion. NICL was dedicated in a national cere- new scientific initiatives. mony on 3 August 1993. Mark Meier was New laboratory facilities were developed Director of NICL,Tad Pfeffer scientific coor- both at the Mountain Research Station and at dinator of NICL, and Jim White was chair of INSTAAR in Boulder.A new tundra labora- the Ice Core Working Group. Dr. Joan Fitz- tory was built above treeline to facilitate patrick of the USGS was technical director LTER and other studies in the alpine zone, and the person who was most closely in- especially in the winter.Also, the dining hall volved in the planning, construction, and op- at the Mountain Research Station was exten- eration of NICL; and Geoffrey Hargreaves History of INSTAAR,- 17 and Alan Bol were curators. Once fully op- Alpine ecosystems are similar in many erational, the academic direction of NICL ways to those in the Arctic. However, the passed to the University of New Hampshire. alpine landscape consists of islands of cold- A few highlights of the productive re- adapted ecosystem surrounded by a sea of search programs of INSTAAR during the temperate-zone biota, temperate-zone hu- 1993–1994 period follow: Studies by Insti- man activities, and bathed in an atmosphere tute scientists together with colleagues from enriched with industrial contributions of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in both regional and global origin. Studies of Canada, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observato- this ecosystem by the LTER team led by Tim ryof Columbia University, and several Euro- Seastedt during the 1993–1994 period led pean institutions found that the collapse of to the following findings, which are related the North American Ice Sheet was unusual to the current trend of cooling and increas- and caused events of global significance.The ing precipitation: (1) enhanced snowpack re- INSTAAR contributions, by John Andrews sults in increased nitrogen return to the and Giff Miller and their students, noted atmosphere; (2) enhanced snowpack causes that late glacial and Holocene ice-sheet ac- unique, transient patterns of change which tivity could be observed in sediments de- cannot be inferred from study of plant com- posited on continental shelves.Their munities that have developed during stable observations of detrital carbonate layers climatic conditions; (3) inorganic enrich- matched those in the open Atlantic, indicat- ment of nitrogen is occurring in these wa- ing massive outbursts (‘armadas’) of ice- tersheds even though the plants are capable bergs, perhaps due to periodic instabilities of retaining excess nitrogen; (4) enhanced (surges?) of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, the so- snowpack appears to cause increased gopher called Heinrich Events. Studies on land densities and their impacts on the ecosys- showed that rapid advances of the ice sheet tem; and (5) analysis of how the tundra across Hudson Strait were followed by in- ecosystem has changed in response to cli- tense iceberg calving and rapid retreat.A nu- mate changes of the past provides insight as merical model of ice flow from a center in to how it will likely change in the future. Labrador/Ungava was developed by Tad These researches have included the con- Pfeffer, lending credence to the glacial struction of a large snowfence on Niwot geologic results. Ridge, which causes increased snow deposi- Paleoenvironments and the timing of inun- tion in certain areas and reduced snowpack dation of the Bering Land Bridge were sub- in others, but it will take time to effect jects for research by Scott Elias and Susan appreciable ecosystem change. Short, together with colleagues from the Ice cores from the Greenland Ice Sheet USGS and other institutions. Using cores provide a high-resolution record of climate from the Bering and Chukchi Seas and neigh- change over the last 150,000 years. Jim boring terrain in Alaska, they found a mosaic White and colleagues in INSTAAR and in of different ecological environments instead other U.S. universities, Denmark, and Ice- of the presumed dominance of a hypothesized land found major and remarkably rapid cli- steppe-tundra. By accelerator mass spectro- matic changes in the ice core record. Using metric (AMS) dating of individual in situ in- hydrogen and oxygen isotope data, they sect fragments, they were able to establish a found that the termination of the last cold more reliable and accurate data on the timing spell, termed the Younger Dryas, was a of the inundation of the land bridge. warming of at least 7°C. In a few decades— a human life span. Electrical conductivity 18 Fiftieth Anniversary

records and annual precipitation measure- British Geomorphological Research Group, ments on these cores by others suggested and received the G. K. Gilbert Award for Ex- that this warming may have taken place in cellence in Geomorphological Research by only a few years.These results call into ques- the Association of American Geographers. tion most existing theories of ice-age evolu- Julie Cole was elected to the steering com- tion, and are not yet clearly explained. Such mittee of the National Science Foundation’s rapid changes in climate do, however, send a initiative, Marine Aspects of Earth History signal to humanity that we should be cau- (MESH). Ute Herzfeld won the President’s tious about assuming that all climate change, Prize of the International Association for including that to be expected in the future, is Mathematical Geology,and a Heisenberg Fel- always a gradual process. lowship from the German Science Founda- The ice-core history determined by Jim tion.William Krantz was elected President of White and colleagues from one Greenland the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Division drilling site (GISP2) match the history found of the American Association for the Advance- by a team of Europeans at a nearby site ment of Science (AAAS). One of his students, (GRIP) down to about 120,000 years before Katherine E.Adams, received the First Place the present. Below this point the apparent Award in the National Student Technical Pa- histories are quite different; this suggests pers Competition at the Annual Meeting of that the simple historical record has been the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. confounded by peculiar ice deformation near Vera Markgraf coordinated the first the bottom in one or both cores.This points meeting, in Panama, of the global change ini- to the need for improved understanding of tiative Pole-Equator-Pole Paleoclimates of basic ice dynamics.Tad Pfeffer with his stu- the Americas (PEP1). Mark Meier was dents and in cooperation with a team from elected chair of the Board of Directors of the University of Wyoming measured ice de- ARCUS, and was designated a lead author formation in many drill holes through a for sea-level changes of the Intergovernmen- small glacier in Alaska, and used 3-dimen- tal Panel on Climate Change Second Scien- sional radio-echo sounding to determine the tific Assessment (IPCC). He also gave the bedrock geometry in detail.The 3-dimen- John Wesley Powell Memorial Lecture at the sional velocity and deformation data show Southwest and Rocky Mountain Division of that the pattern of flow is complex, and that the AAAS, and was keynote speaker at the it cannot be accurately predicted from meas- 100th Anniversary Celebration of the Inter- urements only on the surface.This confirms national Commission on Snow and Ice. Kath- earlier theoretical work at INSTAAR by Dr. leen Salzberg was president of the David Bahr. Association of Earth Science Editors.Tim Recognition of the quality of achievements Seastedt was elected secretary of the Associ- by INSTAAR’s scientists continued apace, ation of Ecosystem Research Centers. Mort with numerous requests for editorships, in- Turner was chair of the Scientific Council of vited lectures, service on workshops, and the Center for the Study of the First Ameri- symposia chairmanships. In addition, John An- cans; two major publications on Antarctic drews co-organized a PALE Principal Investi- geology were dedicated to him. gators meeting; he organized another Arctic Mark Meier, who had served as director Workshop, the 24th, at INSTAAR in Boulder. of INSTAAR from late 1985, indicated his Martha Andrews received the Alaska Histori- intention to step down as director in 1994, cal Society Pathfinder Award. Professor Caine but to continue as a professor of geological was selected as the Frost Lecturer before the sciences. Professor Nel Caine served as act- History of INSTAAR,- 19 ing director while an international search structure: they generate more research dol- was organized.A successful search for a new lars than all other CU schools and colleges biogeochemist was held at the same time. combined. To deal with space needs, the institute 1995–2000: Preparing needed to expand by hook or crook, while cramming more people and operations into for the 21st Century its limited facilities. Some labs and personnel Upon reflection on the rapid expansion of were temporarily located in the Nuclear INSTAAR personnel and research operations Physics Lab, others in research buildings rl2 during the years with Mark Meier at the and rl6, while parking-lot trailers were em- helm, INSTAAR recognized that it was no ployed for storage.The Scientific Advisory longer the small and cozy Institute of the Committee effectively criticized the univer- 1950s and 1960s.The choices were clear, sity for the lack of safe laboratory space dur- either the Institute had to limit growth, or ing this period. In 1999,with NOAA develop new infrastructure to preserve the relocating to a new Broadway site beside sense of community yet provide for future NIST,research space in rl3 became avail- opportunities. able.When renovations were completed, These choices squarely faced the new in- 10,000 sq ft of new office space was made stitute director, James P.M. Syvitski, who available to INSTAAR, with another 6,000 took the helm in 1995. Professor Syvitski, sq. ft. of laboratory space in rl1,bringing who was also appointed as a tenured profes- the total Institute research space to 45,000 sor in geological sciences, was widely recog- sq. ft. in rl1 and rl3. nized for his pioneering studies involving The ever-decreasing level of campus sup- sediment transport physics, oceanography port also forced the INSTAAR to become and hydrology. James Syvitski was a senior much more independent in dealing with its scientist at the Bedford Institute of own growth and future. For example, the In- Oceanography and was holding adjunct pro- stitute soon found itself self-funding its re- fessorships at four Canadian universities, at search accountants and system administrators the time of his hire. He immediately recog- through a tax on its research grants. Despite nized two key problems affecting the Insti- asbestos mitigation work done earlier in rl1, tute. Firstly, rapid growth during the early the Institute still had to deal with its 1950s as- 1990s created an atmosphere of what be- bestos-laden space in rl1 as any environmen- came affectionately known as the “space tally-sensitive institute should.A grant from wars” period. Secondly, university resources the State of Colorado did allow rl1 to be- were continuing to dry up as the nation- come more friendly to those with disabilities, wide drop in undergraduate student enroll- including the installation of an elevator. ments continued. In demographic terms, While the Institute improved its facilities this refers to the period between boomers on the East Campus, the Mountain Research and echo-boomers. Decreasing university Station continue to grow and improve as resources created a sense of “them vs. us” on well. For example, the Marr Alpine Lab was campus, as the seven research institutes substantively remodeled in 1997.The first (CIRES, LASP,JILA, INSTAAR, IBG, IBS, stage of construction of the Fireweed Hostel ICS) continued to expand during a general was completed in 1999.This 3,600 sq. ft. contraction of the university budget.To a building will provide a meeting facility for large extent, the CU research institutes up to 70 people, a full kitchen, several bath- dominate the CU-Boulder research infra- rooms, and winterized sleeping quarters for 20 Fiftieth Anniversary

32 people.The Tundra Lab at 11,565 ft classroom, computer lab, and support of- (3,525 m) was wired with fiber-optic lines fices), a new laboratory building (wet chem- donated by AT&T and high voltage power istry, soil and plant laboratories), four new lines, allowing year-round research in a re- winterized cabins, and a greenhouse facility. gion where winds can approach 160 mph While INSTAAR continues its success in (68 m/s) and the wind-chill can approach as carrying out field-oriented research, it has low as –70°C.The effort was supported by developed national recognition for its labora- 75 volunteers of the U.S.Army 244th Engi- tory prowess and capabilities, operating 35 neering Battalion, who in 1999 returned to highly sophisticated labs including stable iso- install a NOAA-donated, astronomical ob- topes, radiocarbon, sediment analysis, amino servatory-dome. In 2000, a TundraCam was acid, four biogeochemistry labs (including installed at the MRS whereby users could sit the MRS Kiowa lab), cold rooms, den- at their web-connected computer, anywhere drochronology, herbarium, ecosystems sci- in the world, and steer and zoom the camera ence, phycology, plant physiological ecology, into the many Niwot Ridge vistas, while re- entomology, limnology, micropaleontology, ceiving live climate information.The site be- microscopy, organic carbon, paleoceanogra- came so popular that it was cited in Science phy, two palynology labs, a Past Global News as a top web site, reaching over 3/4 Change lab, permafrost lab, snow and ice lab, million users in a little over a year. Finally an oceans lab, the cold-regions Reading two 30-m tall towers near c-1 climate sta- Room, and the Environmental Computation tion were installed to measure flux of gases and Imaging Facility.Three of these labs (CO , ozone, oxidized compounds of N, ter- bring in significant auxillary funds to support 2 penes) between the subalpine forest and their operations.The Environmental Com- alpine ecotone. putation and Imaging (ECI) Facility allows To provide a framework for its new INSTAAR to provide global leadership in found maturity, INSTAAR in 1996/97 com- earth system modeling.The ECI Facility pletely revised its By-Laws and Standing hosts two super computers through an award Rules, developed a five-year Business Plan from the Office of Naval Research, and and a new Strategic Plan, and its first Diver- matching support from Sun Microsystems sity Plan.The Program Review committee and the CU Graduate School.The Carbon- referred to INSTAAR as a “world-class insti- 14 lab has doubled its ability to process in tute … with improved faculty, quality and excess of 1,000 samples per year for the NSF reputation, areas of expertise, numbers of Earth System History community under the publications in prestigious journals, and a careful eye of Dr. Scott Lehman.The stable larger, more-diversified funding base.” The isotope laboratory houses $2m worth of Institute has since carried forward with this mass spectrometers, within its state-of-the- praise with development plans for moving art facility, and is home for six mass spec- into a planned research and teaching build- trometers, ten different sample preparation ing on the main university campus.The systems and a dozen computers.This envi- Environmental Sciences Building is to be ronmentally friendly workplace conducts collocated with the Environmental Studies over 48,000 samples per year of air, water, Program, the Program of Atmosphere and and organic matter for isotopes of hydrogen, Ocean Sciences, and the National Snow and oxygen or carbon. Ice Data Center of CIRES.A new Master Plan for the MRS also looks to the future with plans for a new academic building (new History of INSTAAR,- 21 Funding Diversification climate change must be strengthened.To and Personnel Changes continue the support its core field of Ecosys- tem Science,Assistant Professor Alan In the early 1990s the Institute received Townsend formerly of Stanford and Yale, most (85%) of its funding from the National joined INSTAAR and the Department of En- Science Foundation. INSTAAR has since vironmental, Population and Organism Biol- worked to diversify, increasing its funding ogy in 1996 (formally in 1997).Alan is a from other agencies: Defense (ONR,ARO), world-class expert on global nitrogen and Interior (USGS), Commerce (NOAA), EPA, carbon cycling. Prof. Diane McKnight, for- Agriculture, NASA, and Energy.The late merly a senior research scientist with the 1990s also witnessed new funding from in- USGS, joined INSTAAR and Department of dustry (Raytheon, Mobil, ExxonMobil): Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engi- aerospace and petroleum companies inter- neering in 1996. She was president of the ested in natural disaster reduction, national American Society for Limnology and security planning, and reservoir characteri- Oceanography and is a world recognized hy- zation. Gifts from private donors and indus- drologist specializing in complex organic try and foundations also increased during the compounds. Dr. Patrick Bourgeron joined late 1990s. INSTAAR now operates over the Directorate in 1997 from Nature Con- 180 grants at any given time, generating servancy and presently heads the INSTAAR about 65 new grants per year.The Institute Ecosystem Group. He continues INSTAAR’s has become a large ($10m per year) research expertise in Geographical Information Sys- enterprise.As January 2001, INSTAAR had tems (GIS) and applies his expertise to 285 personnel with 84 at the Ph.D. level (11 forestry and land-use management.Affiliates teaching faculty, two positions vacant, two who have joined the Ecosystem Group dur- emeritus fellows, 20 research faculty, ten ing the late 1990s include Dr. Stephen Jack- postdoctoral fellows, 27 research affiliates, son (ecosystem science), Prof. Herman and 14 visiting scientists). INSTAAR em- Sievering (atmospheric physics and chem- ployees 144 students (65 grads, 79 under- istry), Dr. Cathy Tate (ecology and biogeo- grads), 57 support and technical staff chemistry), Dr. Hector Galbraith (including MRS staff and instructors, with (ornithology), and Dr. Joan A. Kleypas Steve Siebold as Station Manager, and eight (corals and climate change). front office staff with Julie Hughes as the To support the Past Global Change science, Chief Financal Officer). Between 1995 and Dr.Scott Lehman from the Woods Hole 2001, INSTAAR personnel doubled, with a Oceanographic Institution, joined the Direc- 107% increase at the Ph.D.-level, a 55% in- torate as a fellow,on the strength of his crease in graduate research assistants, a renowned expertise in paleoclimatology,paleo- 300% increase in undergraduate student ceanography,and paleochemistry.Dr.Robert support, and a 27% increase in professional Webb, a federal scientist with NOAA, joined scientist support. Quaint and cozy the insti- the Directorate in 1995 as a leading expertise tute no longer is. in paleoclimatology and climate modeling.Dr. In preparing for the 21st century, IN- Connie Woodhouse, also a NOAA scientist, STAARs knew that in addition to continuing joined the Directorate in 1999 from the Uni- support for its core strengths of Ecosystem versity of Arizona, and has become the resident and Past Global Change science, it must also dendrochronologist with expertise on drought. strengthen its research interests in geo- Dr.William Manley and Dr.David Lubinski, physics research and human dimensions of both CU graduates, joined the Directorate in 22 Fiftieth Anniversary

2000 after their post-doctoral fellowships, ise in Neanderthals and early-human paleoe- strengthening the Institute’s expertise in glacial cology. Professor James Dixon joined as a geology (GIS) and geochronology,respectively. fellow in 2000, from being Curator of Dr.Elise Pendall from the University of Arizona Archeology at the Denver Museum of Nat- also joined the Directorate in 2000,bringing ural History, and with a joint appointment much needed expertise in soil science. Most with CU Museum of Natural History.To- recently (2001), Dr.Detlev Helmig (from gether these researchers, with Dr. Lisa Bar- CIRES, NCAR, and University of California- low, are changing the visibility of the Riverside) became a Fellow of the Institute institute.And Scott Elias developed a CD bringing expertise in polar and alpine chem- ROM for Alaskan middle school students in istry.A search for a paleoclimatologist faculty an enormous outreach effort. position at INSTAAR is presently underway A major goal of James Syvitski as director (2001/02). Supporting the scientists that com- was to help strengthen the rather ephemeral prise the Past Global Change Group and the geophysics group, bringing his own expertise Center for Geochronological Research are a in oceanography,hydrology,and sediment group of first-rate affiliates of federal labs and transport physics.Advances in the field of en- other universities: Drs. Larry Benson (lakes), vironmental geophysics would provide the In- P.Thompson Davis (tephrochronology), Greg stitute with greater flexibility in dealing with McCabe (glaciology and atmospheric circula- continued changes to the post-Cold War mis- tion), Dan Muhs (U-chronology),Alan Nelson sions of the various Federal funding agencies. (Holocene history), Bob Thompson (palynol- Dr. Mark Dyurgerov was asked to join the ogy), James Turk (Quaternary dating),William Directorate in 1997, from Moscow State Uni- Briggs (marine ostracodes), Parker E. Calkin versity,bringing his expertise on Eurasian (glacial geology), Julie Cole (coral climatol- glaciology and its impact on sea-level rise. Dr. ogy), Daniel Grossman (environmental report- John Berhendt, a senior scientist with the ing),Vladimir Konovalov (glaciology and USGS, joined the Institute as a fellow in 1996. hydrometeorlogy), Richard F.Madole (geo- John remains a leading geophysicist working morphology), Mel Reasoner (palynology), on Antarctic glaciology and volcanology.Dr. Richard Reynolds (magnetic studies), and Eric Bob Stallard, a federal scientist with the USGS J. Steig (glaciology). hydrology program, joined the INSTAAR Di- While recognizing the importance of rectorate in 1998, bringing expertise in hy- maintaining its core research areas, the insti- drology and water chemistry.In 1999,Tad tute embarked on a new thrust into the hu- Pfeffer joined the Department of Civil, Envi- man dimensions of climate change.The hope ronmental, and Architectural Engineering as was to provide for important new ways to an INSTAAR glaciologist with expertise in reach the public with its award-winning sci- snow and ice dynamics.The efforts of these ence.To that end, in 1995 Dr.Astrid Ogilvie new faces along with the older members of from the University of East Anglia, joined the Glaciology Group (Mark Meier, Ute the Directorate bringing with her expertise Herzfeld, Nel Caine) were joined by stellar in human dimension studies of the environ- Research Affiliates from other federal labs and mental history of Iceland and the North universities: Ned Andrews (hydrology and Atlantic during the last millennium. She ex- sediments), David B. Bahr (hydrology and plores the climate history of Iceland through glaciology), Gary Clow (climatology and the Sagas and parish reports. Dr. John Hof- modeling),Andrew Fountain (glaciology), fecker joined in the Directorate in 1999, Pierre Julien (sediment transport and hydrol- from DOE, bringing state-of-the-art expert- ogy), John Pitlick (sediment transport and hy- History of INSTAAR,- 23 drology), Lincoln Pratson (sediment trans- Science and News port and ocean acoustics), and Wesley LeMa- for the 21st Century surier (Antarctic volcanology).Together this leading group, supported by world class mod- The Institute has grown to the point where elers with expertise in the field of mathemat- even listing individual efforts and accom- ics, and engineering physics, have developed plishments is an enormous undertaking and the Environmental Computation and Imaging produce and inordinately large tome. How- (supercomputer) Facility. ever, certain historical facts help put the late However, along with these changes in 1990s into perspective. First, this was an in- personnel and growth, the 1990s witnessed credible post-cold-war period where stock a large turnover in INSTAAR scientists: market gains and U.S. prosperity boosted about third of the 1995 Directorate left by the nation. Second, information technology 2001 altough the Directorate had increased (IT) spread across the country, wherein a by 60%. Julie Cole was awarded a faculty Global Positioning System (GPS) could lo- position in the CU Department of Geologi- cate anything with a high degree of accuracy, cal Sciences in the fall of 1995, but by 2000 where the number of space-borne satellites she had moved to the University of Arizona, was doubling every few years, and where along with her spouse and INSTAAR Fellow numerical models were used to fuse satellite Jonathan Overpeck. Professor Mark Meier data with land-ocean data in what has be- retired as a faculty member in Department come known as “data assimilation.” Third, of Geological Sciences in 1998.William communication allowed scientist to reach Krantz moved to the University of Cincin- one another across the globe, quickly and nati in 2000. Marilyn Walker joined the U.S. cheaply with the e-mail and internet sys- Forest Service in Fairbanks,Alaska, and her tems.Together these methods revolutionized spouse Skip Walker moved to become a Pro- how communication was carried out at IN- fessor at the University of Alaska in 2000. STAAR. For example Dr. Don Cline, a for- Fellow Scott Elias moved to join the faculty mer INSTAAR student, now coordinates a of the University of London and Fellow Ute NASA/NOAA/USGS field campaign using Herzfeld moved to University of Trier, Ger- the LTER Niwot Ridge site to simulate the many, although both remain a fellow-adjoint temporal and spatial changes to snow cover of the Institute.Tom Stafford left INSTAAR to better predict stream hydrology. Mort to start his own geochronological business. and Joanne Turner have even used satellite David Bahr converted his numerical skills to images to find ancient Indian quarry sites. become a software specialist. Dr. Lincoln Another major change to INSTAAR dur- Pratson, who came to INSTAAR from Lam- ing the late 1990s was the rapid increase in ont-Doherty Geological Observatory in Antarctic interest and expertise. Diane 1996, moved to become a professor at Duke McKnight brought along her LTER Mc- University in 1998. Dr. Eric Steig came Murdo Dry Valleys Antarctic research. John from the University of Washington in 1997, Berhendt continued his airborne geophysical but in 1998 joined the faculty of the Univer- surveys of the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet. sity of Pennsylvania. Dr.Alexander Wolfe Ute Herzfeld analyzed new RadarSat data of joined the Directorate in 2000 from Queen’s the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet.Tad Pfeffer University but left in 2001 to join the faculty and Eric Steig continued their work on ice of the University of Alberta. sheet history from the long ice core records from Antarctica. John Andrews,Anne Jen- nings, and students worked on the seafloor 24 Fiftieth Anniversary

properties off the Ross Ice Shelf. James Australian egg shells to record the global Syvitski works with colleagues in under- cooling between 45,000 and 16,000 years standing the sediment dynamics fronting ago. Jonathan Overpeck documented that floating ice shelves. Even the Institute jour- the warming trend in the Arctic, since 1920, nal changed its name to Arctic,Antarctic,and can be tied directly to fossil fuel burning. Alpine Research and in 1999 was ranked num- In 1998, Connie Woodhouse, along with ber one geography journal by impact factor Robin Webb and Jonathan Overpeck, docu- (ISI Journal Citations) under the editorship mented mega-droughts of the Great Plains of James Syvitski and Kathleen Salzberg. (as witnessed in the 1930s and 1950s) have Throughout this illustrious period, IN- occurred with some regularity over the past STAAR science made the news almost con- 400 years.This story was picked up by 40TV tinuously. In 1995, Mark Meier established stations, countless newspapers, and radio the linking between Global Warming, the re- stations.Astrid Ogilvie broke news with her treat of small glaciers and subsequent sea- information on the demise of the Norse col- level rise. Mark Williams and student Paul onizers of Greenland (a.d. 985), who had Brooks discovered the extent of microbes experienced the last six to 12 years of mild living under winter snow cover. John An- weather for many centuries to come.Vera drews established how Heinrich (coarse- Markgraf made news with by publishing a grained) layers in marine sediment recorded 15,000-year continuous record of El Niño important controls on ocean circulation and climate of the Andes, showing that the mod- climate change. ern El Niño climate became established In 1996, Scott Elias broke news by show- 5,000 years ago. ing the longevity of the Bering land bridge Also in 1998,Tim Seastedt brought to (still open some 11,000 years ago) and its prominence how microbial activity and the role in human and animal migration.Addi- nitrogen-cycling of individual plant species tionally he established that the land bridge appear key agents in the control of alpine was then eight to 11ec warmer than today. ecosystem dynamics, and the acidification of Bill Bowman determined that Niwot Ridge alpine streams.The LTER projected that to be the best understood alpine area in the supported this research continued to employ world by showing how its data could chart long- and short-term manipulative experi- global warming, increases in nitrogen pollu- ments and long-term monitoring to study tion (release of nitrates in meltwater), along biotic and ecosystem responses and feed- with increases in precipitation and microbial backs to interannual variation in climatic and activity. James Dixon along with Tom atmospheric inputs.The site continues to be Stafford established early man in Alaska at an essential benchmark for local, regional 9,730 years old. James White and Gary and national networks that measure ecologi- Clow made the remarkable discovery that cal phenomena and biological change to hu- end of the Younger Dryas (11,000 years ago) man-induced changes in climate and Greenland air temperatures increased by atmospheric chemistry.Along those lines, 10°C in 50 years, establishing the nonlinear Bob Stallard provided the first evidence that nature of climate change. terrestrial sedimentation (often man-made In 1997, Gifford Miller documented the reservoirs) may account for much of the role that aboriginals played 50,000 years ago “missing carbon” in global flux studies. Skip in the desertification of Australia, due to Walker and colleagues defined a regional their massive burning of indigenous vegeta- pH-substrate boundary in the High Arctic tion. He also used amino acid records from dominates the role in gas flux and other History of INSTAAR,- 25 ecosystem properties, rather than soil mois- combat noxious weeds spreading through the ture as previously believed. Skip and Marilyn Colorado Front Range, the release of weed- Walker and Tim Seastedt conducted snow- eating insects. Giff Miller discovered that the pack enhancement studies with Niwot Ridge fires set by Australia’s first humans may have snow fence to test impacts of warming and also pushed huge animals (megafauna) into cooling trends. extinction. James White and NOAA re- In 1998, James Syvitski and student Mark searchers using stable isotopes of atmospheric Morehead released a series of INSTAAR hy- carbon dioxide documented the existence drological models better able to predict the of new large sinks of CO in the forests of 2 discharge of remote (ungauged) rivers and the North America and Asia, suggesting that fac- routing of flood waters in both gauged and tors such as climate warming and excess ungauged basins. Other INSTAAR numerical nutrient pollution may cause excess plant models are used to increase the extraction of growth and, ironically,a slow down in the in- oil from deep sea deposits, and separately by crease of CO in the atmosphere.This news 2 the U.S. Navy to mitigate tactical uncertainty. played greatly in Kyoto protocol and treaty on Mark Dyurgerov documented the role of the global CO emission targets. 2 1992 Mt. Pinatubo eruption to have caused to 3 the short-term global storage of 360 km of Outreach and Accolades water as glacial ice, an equivalent to a global sea level lowering of 1 mm. Otherwise IN- over the Years STAARs established that glacier shrinkage has In an effort to bring INSTAAR science to the contributed to 20% of the global sea-level rise public, offered its first open house in 1998. in the 20th century.John Berhendt discovered Over 500 middle school students and inter- one of the world’s largest extinct volcanoes ested public toured the facilities to their (700 m high, 15 km wide) under the West great delight.The event became the first in a Antarctic Ice Sheet.Tad Pfeffer clocked the series of open houses that now includes TV Columbia Glacier in Alaska to be the world’s interviews and coverage. INSTAAR also ini- fastest flowing glacier (Guinness Book of Records) tiated and hosted the first freshmen Summer and elsewhere James Syvitski,Andrew Stein, Undergraduate Research Experience to pro- and John Andrews measured the largest scour vide an opportunity for smart high school of the seafloor by an iceberg, off of East graduates get a taste of life and research on Greenland. campus. INSTAAR’s Dr.Tom Davinroy con- In 1999, John Andrews,Anne Jennings, tinues to run the program. and student Donald Barber traced the North Mort and Joanne Turner, became recipi- Atlantic extreme cold temperatures, 8,200 ents of the 1995 H. Marie Wormington years ago, to the release of ice-dammed lakes Award for their role in getting the Center spilling from Hudson Bay water into the At- for the Study of the First Americans up and lantic (coldest climate in the last 10,000 going. Mark Meier was recipient of the 1996 years).The implication to global warming is AGU Horton medal in recognition of out- that more meltwater could be released and standing contributions to the geophysical as- big freeze developed in our near term future. pects of hydrology. John Berhendt won the Julie Cole was one of the first to recover the 1999 Colorado Book Award for Non-Fiction El Niño record from Pacific coral reefs.Tad for his Innocents on Ice, which recounts his Pfeffer sent the alarm that glacier retreat is experiences during the IGY years in Antarc- speeding up in Alaska.Tim Seastedt sup- tica (1956–57). Misha Plam (director of the ported, as an alternative to herbicides used to MRS 1978–81) was elected in 2001 to the 26 Fiftieth Anniversary

Russian Academy of Engineering. John INSTAAR’s Mission Andrews received D.Sc. honoris causa from for the 21st Century the University of Nottingham, and was elected to the Norwegian Academy of Sci- The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research ence. Jonathan Overpeck was recipient of strives for excellence in research, education, the DoC. Bronze medal. Ute Herzfeld won and societal outreach.The Institute facilitates the IAMG President’s award. Nel Caine was and accomplishes interdisciplinary studies recipient of the American Association of Ge- offering special expertise in high-altitude ographers Gilbert Award for excellence in and high-latitude regions of the world. IN- geomorphic research. Mark Williams and STAAR also offers excellence in global and other INSTAARs earned the U.S. Environ- environmental research including non-cold- mental Protection Agency Region VIII Out- region Quaternary studies and geochronol- standing Environmental Achievement Award ogy, earth-system dynamics, landscape and for their research on land use in the San seascape evolution, and climate dynamics. Miguel River Basin, Colorado. INSTAAR aims to understand how the var- INSTAARs continued to their world pres- ied regions of the world are affected by natu- ence in the IGBP-Global Change science.Vera. ral and human-induced physical and Markgraf chaired IGBP-PAGES Pole-Equator- biogeochemical processes on the local, re- Pole Paleoclimate of the Americas. Gifford gional, and global scales. Research initiatives Miller co-chaired IGBP-PAGES CircumArctic are interlinked with our educational and so- PaleoEnvironments program. Marilyn Walker cietal outreach missions. By encouraging the co-chaired the International Tundra Experi- use of our facilities, and the expertise of our ment. Robin Webb co-chaired the IGBP- personnel, INSTAAR provides excellent ed- PAGES Paleoenvironmental MultiProxy ucational opportunities to graduate and un- Analysis program. James Syvitski chaired the dergraduate students. Our outreach to the IGBP Water-Sediment Global Change Initia- wider community, both locally and farther tive and was on the Scientific Steering Com- afield, includes aspects of research and edu- mittee for IGBP’s Land-Ocean Interaction in cation. INSTAAR provides leadership in set- the Coastal Zone project. ting regional, national, and international So INSTAAR has ridden the roller coaster science priorities and agendas, with particu- of growth and success. Members continue to lar emphasis on societal-relevant issues. touch their past.They have also sharpened INSTAAR’S Research Activities inte- their focus on their future.With 300 graduate grate field studies, state-of-the art laboratory students, over the last 50 years, INSTAAR has experiments, field and laboratory data analysis, stretched its influence across the U.S. and on and numerical and laboratory modeling.IN- to all seven continents.The record is a proud STAAR emphasizes three themes of research. one.And yes, rough periods have come and The Ecosystems Group focuses on the gone, but the strength and commitment of biological components of alpine and polar people who define the institute at any given systems, global carbon and nitrogen cycling, time remains the underlying pillar of strength. the dynamics of biodiversity, and ecosystem disturbance and recovery. Long-term Eco- logical Research (LTER) studies of alpine and polar regions are emphasized, involving populations and communities, biogeochem- istry, and ecophysiology. Modern tools in- clude geographic information systems (GIS), History of INSTAAR,- 27 remote sensing, and ecosystem modeling. INSTAAR’S Teaching Mission is di- The Mountain Research Station offers rected towards fostering an appreciation and a world-class complex of laboratory and understanding of the biological, chemical, field facilities to support these year-round and physical processes operating in conti- research efforts. nental and ocean environments. Education The Geophysics Group applies quan- efforts are aided by the Mountain Re- titative field and numerical methods to dis- search Station and other study sites in the cover the properties and dynamics of snow, mountains of Colorado. INSTAAR supports ice, water, and sediments in the world the University of Colorado’s educational oceans, glaciers, and land areas. Methods of mission and provides interdisciplinary grad- analysis include theoretical and numerical uate and undergraduate classes and research development, remote sensing, and land and opportunities. Our teaching mission in- ship-borne field experiments, all applied to cludes international educational experiences problems in hydrology, glaciology, frozen for University of Colorado students, training ground studies, paleoclimatology, physical of foreign students, and volunteer outreach oceanography, and marine geology.To facili- to community schools and various other tate these interests the Environmental external constituencies. Computation and Imaging Facility INSTAAR’S Societal Mission consists provides researchers with super-computa- of activities in research, education, and sci- tional power and global connections to ence leadership.These activities address crit- geophysical databases. ical concerns involving issues such as The Past Global Change Group fo- ecosystem stability, biodiversity, water re- cuses on the reconstruction of the dynamics sources, agriculture, national security and of paleo environments and past climate vari- resources, in sites ranging from the alpine ability, to enhance our understanding of the areas of the Rocky Mountains to the remote interactions between all components of the regions of the world. Our expertise is earth system, including atmosphere, ocean, applied to predictive understanding of envi- land, ice, and the biosphere. Integration of a ronmental processes including the mainte- variety of records from a global network of nance of water quality, and anticipating and sites, from the polar ice caps to continental responding to long-term environmental al- alpine regions and to the world’s oceans, terations. Changes and disturbance in high- provides the capability to test conceptual latitude regions not only affect the lives of and predictive global change models, and to the indigenous residents, but also have a facilitate the differentiation between natural bearing on the lives of people everywhere, and human-induced change.To facilitate through global teleconnections. these interests the Center for Geochro- nological Research (CGR) provides sci- entists and state-of-the-art analytical facilities to address the cause, timing, and rates of environmental change in recent Earth history.The CGR fosters synergistic relationships across traditional disciplinary boundaries in order to understand the global circulation system. 28

Iceberg off the coast of Laborador. Photo by Anne Jennings. Memories & Vignettes

John T. Andrews John England was the first student to work from Broughton Island followed quickly by Recollections of INSTAAR’s Baffin Island/ Giff Miller. John’s interests swung to the High Eastern Canadian Arctic Research program: Canadian Arctic, but Giff completed his Ph.D. 1969– in 1975 and since then has been a faculty-level partner in the program in the late 1970s and ver the last 30 years one early 1980s, developing his own substantial of the strengths of the INSTAAR research effort in the area of Frobisher Bay Oresearch program has been the and Cumberland Sound. “Baffin Island” Program. Many present Qua- During those early years, the University ternary luminaries cut their teeth on the of Colorado had a sufficient presence on M.A./M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses and disserta- Broughton Island that we bought our own tions (see list in this publication).The pro- house in the village which was named and gram is still active, although as might be labelled ‘Colorado House.’The house sign expected there have been shifts in personnel resides in Giff’s office, and I am custodian of and research foci. the visitor’s book. Before I came to the University of Colo- There are many personal memories of the rado in January 1968, I spent two weeks on research in that area. One of the earliest was Broughton Island in the fall of 1967,sup- when Roger Barry and myself obtained fund- ported by my then employer the Geological ing from the Department of the Army to con- Survey of Canada.When I came to Boulder duct glaciological and climatological research my initial idea was to obtain support to in the mountains above Quajon Fiord. Be- work on Quaternary problems in the local cause we had military support we were able area. However, several grants proposals to to persuade the Wyoming National Guard to do such research were turned down, so I run a training flight from Buckley Air Field to resorted to submitting a grant proposal to Frobisher Bay (May 1970). I well remember work on relative sea level and glacial history driving out the Buckley where individuals of the Broughton Island area, northern such as Ray Bradley,Bob Dugdale, Larry Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island. Be- Williams, Paul Carrara, and Steve Boyer cause I had actually worked on these topics loaded the plane and roared off.Weeks later in Canada, it was easier to convince review- Roger Barry and I had a combination of sledg- ers that the research was meaningful, ac- ing and canoeing with Inuit guides to take us cordingly I obtained my first NSF grant from in to the head of Quajon Fiord where we the Earth Sciences Program in 1969This was climbed up the headwall to the base camp. the start of a program which attracted a host The camp had a large sign which said ‘Stoned of exceptionally fine graduate students, House’—it took me years to understand the many of which continued to work in Qua- significance of this statement! ternary geology after they obtained govern- The return trip was memorable, i.e. ment or University positions in Canada, the scary.We all congregated in Narpaing Fiord U.S.A, the U.K., and elsewhere. where we had hired a Canso to land on the 29 fiord and transport us to Frobisher Bay and 30 Fiftieth Anniversary

the National Guard flight home.After what had food for several weeks. In a few days a seemed like hours of maneuvering the Canso group of archaeologists showed up, and Brian landed, but not where we were.Thus we had then told them to go back up into Quajon and to transport all the people and equipment in look for the canoe. Lo and behold, after an a 16-ft. boat out to the Canso—which kept hour or so they returned with the canoe and its engines running because the crew was motor.The sorry story of my errors did not concerned for its safety. In the end, Giff and stop there however, because on the next trip I took the aluminum boat ashore and then down into Canso Channel I forgot the tent paddled out to the plane in their small, tippy posts. Luckily drift-wood came to the rescue. 11-ft canoe.The seas were rough, and get- The field program on Broughton Island ting from the boat into the Canso was a mo- came to end around 1980 or so, and the ment I remember with dread.The flight back house was sold.At that point I was to trans- to Broughton and Frobisher was memorable. fer my research interests to marine Quater- First was the ‘attack mode’ adopted by the nary matters, starting with Lisa Osterman pilot on a series of large icebergs; then in and then Anne Jennings, and the Baffin Pro- Broughton Island the fog was rolling in, we gram was now mainly being run by Giff had to refuel, but the crew had not brought Miller. Research cruises along the Baffin Is- the felt gas filter. No sweat—Tom Mayberry land margin involved INSTAAR graduate was wearing of those high-crowned black students and faculty in 1983, 1984, 1985, western hats, it made a perfect filter and we 1990, and 1992.This eventually led into barely made off the airfield. such research topics as the chronology, In 1973 Paul Carrara and I where work- source, and paleoceanography of the North ing between Padle and Kingnait fiords, being Atlantic Heinrich events. moved every so often by helicopter provided The last time I set foot on may favorite is- by Parks Canada (at that time we had a grant land was in 1987 when Jay Stravers, Giff, from Parks Canada to undertake a survey for and I led an INQUA field trip to Frobisher what was to become a National Park).At the Bay. George Denton and Jonathan Overpeck same time the camera crew were shooting were two of the participants in what was a some James Bond episodes in Pangnirtung memorable trip. Pass with film staff diving off Asgaard. Much The research on Baffin Island in many ways to the dismay of Paul and I, who were run- continued significantly to the University of ning out of food, we found on one occasion Colorado’s reputation in Quaternary geology at least that we were second or third fiddle and issues of Past Global Change.The alumni for helicopter time. of this program are many,and many but not Martha, Melissa (8), and Thomas (3) came all, continue research on Baffin Island or in with me to Broughton Island in 1975,as did Arctic areas.The data and ideas generated Brian (Professor) Bird of McGill.This led to from this research were one principal side of the infamous episode where the mighty ex- the 1980s argument of ‘big’versus ‘little’ice. plorer and Arctic survivor (me) casually This topic is still of importance and interest, brought the 24-ft. canoe ashore on rollers. but the margins have shifted seaward of where Melissa asked whether it should not be tied they were placed in the 1980s but still not to up—this suggestion was dismissed as being in- the shelf break. Much remains to be done and appropriate advice from an 8-year-old, but … experienced. a few minutes later a gust of wind gently rolled the boat back on the rollers into Kivi- too Bay.The radio was working poorly,but we Memories & Vignettes 31

John T. Andrews the University of East Anglia, England. Astrid had been undertaking research in Ice- INSTAAR’s Nordic (Norwegian land over the past 25 years. She has close and Icelandic) connections collaborative connections with colleagues at the University of Iceland and the Icelandic ver the years, INSTAAR has Meterological Office, with whom she has established close research and per- written papers and recently edited a book. Osonalties with a variety of organi- Meanwhile, other connections were de- zations and countries.There is for example a veloped with the Marine Research Institute very strong and lasting connection with (MRI) in Reykjavik, whose ship was used Norwegian researchers at the University of (Bjarni Saemundsson) on INSTAAR cruises to Bergen, started with Jan Mangerud and the east Greenland margin in 1988 (Kersten many colleagues and students, and the Uni- Williams) and 1991 (John Andrews).This versity of Tromsø with Tore Vorren and resulted in joint research between Anne Jen- Morten Hald. In return many INSTAARs nings and Gudrun Helgadottir (MRI).Addi- have travelled to Norway for post-doc and tional research on the Iceland margin was graduate studies including such alumni as accomplished in 1993 from CSS Hudson’s Giff Miller, Scott Lehman, Julie Brigham- part of a large-scale cruise into Icelandic and Grette. For many years Giff Miller and his Greenland waters.The chief scientist on the graduates ran a successful research program cruise was James Syvitksi who went on to on Svalbard. Jan Mangerud, Jon Landvik, Ida become director of INSTAAR. Cooperative Lønne, Morten Hald,Tore Vorren, among research between Icelandic institutions and others have reciprocated much to our de- INSTAAR commenced in 1996 when we light and benefit. Starbucks, at 30th and Ara- were awarded an NSF grant for work on lake pahoe, has benefitted greatly from the and marine sediment cores on and around exchange! The interactions have resulted in Iceland. Jorunn Hardardottir was dispatched joint research efforts, including a 1996 from Iceland to undertake her Ph.D. disser- cruise on the Jan Mayen with Morten Hald tation at Colorado, while Aslaug Geirsdottir and Anne Jennings sharing leadership of the spearheaded the lake coring project and Gu- cruise research.This cruise has led to several drun Helgadottir arranged for two weeks of theses on both sides of the Atlantic and con- ship time in 1997 on the Bjarni Saemundsson tinued co-operation between the University (cruise b997).Thus in July 1997, MRI, Uni- of Tromsø and the University of Colorado. versity of Iceland, and INSTAAR had a most Jan Mangerud must be thanked for initiating productive cruise around the margin of west this most enjoyable and productive exchange and north Iceland, occupying some 40 sta- between Norway and INSTAAR. tions and retrieving over 100 sediment The INSTAAR Iceland connection cores. Based on this cruise, several theses started in the mid 1980s when Aslaug Geirs- and dissertations have been produced at the dottir arrived in Boulder for a Ph.D. degree. University of Colorado and the University of Her dissertation (1989) involved a study of Iceland, including Mikie Smith (Ph.D. the origins of diamictons in some of the 2001), Isla Castaneda (M.Sc. 2001), Greta Pliocene sections in southwest Iceland and Kristjansdottir (M.Sc., Iceland 1999; en- the history of glaciation in Iceland.The was rolled Ph.D. student at Colorado 2000–), added to at the directorate level when Astrid Sarah Principato (Ph.D., 1999–), and Eric Ogilvie moved to Boulder from her former James (B.A., Honors). Inga Jonsdottir position at the Climate Research Center at (Ph.D. Cambridge University) also visited 32 Fiftieth Anniversary

INSTAAR as she and Astrid Ogilvie continue fectly honest, before coming to INSTAAR their work on historical documents pertain- I had never heard of John Andrews. But cer- ing to sea-ice and climate of Iceland.Astrid tainly INSTAAR was the best place to be men- has worked for many years on reconstruct- tored in arctic research.All of us have read the ing the climate and sea-ice history of Iceland accounts of early arctic explorers and poorly with particular focus on the last thousand known scientists who either described the arc- years. She has also researched fisheries and tic floras and faunas for the first time, sought land-use history in Iceland, concentrating on mineral wealth, the conquest of land, or elu- the human dimensions of climate and envi- sive trade routes through the arctic sea ice. ronmental change in the North Atlantic re- They met hardships to make observations and gion, including early settlement history of accomplish their goals just as we sometimes the Viking era and the loss of the Norse set- do despite our high tech gear. In fact, even to- tlement in Greenland.At INSTAAR Astrid, day we realize that we all have a great deal in along with John Andrews and Lisa Barlow, common with them.After all, what drives has worked on these topics and they have in- someone to sit huddled taking field notes col- tegrated different proxy records of environ- lecting fossils day after day in a cold wind on mental change. the arctic coast? What motivates someone to Marine research continued in 1999 when persist by boat to a destination on an obscure INSTAAR staff and students and our Ice- map through miles of sea ice? At INSTAAR I landic colleagues joined the French research was surrounded by colleagues who shared that vessel Marion Dufresne in Iceland for leg three same spirit and was inspired by professors of a an international IMAGES cruise. Field who taught the scientific endeavor by example research has started (2000) on the North- in all its dimensions.The transcripts show west Iceland Peninsula (Sarah Principato) what courses we took at INSTAAR but there and in 2001 Sarah, John Andrews, and Aslaug is so much more to what we all learned there! Geirsdottir will continue the joint Iceland/ I have many cherished memories of daily INSTAAR efforts. Gudrun Helgadottir spent life at INSTAAR. I remember in the late research time at INSTAAR in the fall of 1970s John Andrews would walk the halls in 1999, and Aslaug has just completed a half- his clogs (we all knew the tempo of his gait year sabbatical (2001). by the sound in the hallway) and visit each graduate student at his/her desk. On a Julie Brigham-Grette weekly basis he would sit down and discuss progress with each student.These were not scheduled events; rather, John would just was a resident graduate student at walk in to a grad office and it would happen. INSTAAR for both my master’s and Ph.D. Since we all knew John did this, an undercul- Ifrom 1977 to 1983. Probably like most ture developed among the students to always graduate experiences, this was a life-changing leave work in progress smeared all over your period for me. I entered graduate school with desk, just in case he came by.As a young the goal of obtaining a master’s degree before master’s student I was told to do this by one returning to a fledgling career in the National of the older students. None of us wanted Park Service. But what transpired was the re- John to think we weren’t working hard so it alization that I enjoyed the challenge of re- was important not to have a clean desk. It search, the satisfaction of discovery and the was almost like playing a joke on him—yet camaraderie of other scientists. I am not sure we also knew that we needed (wanted?) to what drew me to the Arctic and, to be per- work as hard as he did. Memories & Vignettes 33

One of my other favorite memories is of very slowly.The ground blizzard became a lunch times in the amino acid lab. Com- total white out so that it was necessary for monly Giff Miller, John Andrews, and a few me to concentrate on observing the surface the grad students would share lunch at the beside and directly in front of the snow cat, table and toss around ideas. John Hollin was hoping to recognize rock outcroppings always sure to show up with a copy of Science which I knew were several hundred yards in hand to ask if we had seen something in west of the West Knoll and I hoped would be the latest issue.The open door policy held showing out of the deep snow blanketing the by most at INSTAAR meant that ideas ridge. I never realized that the vehicle slowly flowed and we all shared in the academic turned left toward the south and headed di- adventure. I still strive to reconstruct that rectly for the cliffs on the south-facing slope culture among my own students. of the Green Lakes valley. Ordinarily I would have been stopped by the watershed John Clark fence running east and west, but it was cov- ered by the deep snow. A wild ride on Niwot Ridge The first indication of trouble was the sound of the engine reving at high RPM n a weather station mainte- without any sensation of increased speed. nance trip to d-1 Station I drove an Then there was a sensation in my stomach of Om29Weasel snowcat off the south falling. Immediately, the whiteout cleared side of Niwot Ridge into the Boulder Water- and I saw to my horror that I was heading shed. I was driving in a blowing snow white down a steep couloir between rock outcrop- out and became disoriented, thinking I was pings to the right and left. I pulled back on traveling west when I was actually going south. the steering brake levers as hard as I could, I On the morning of a spring day in early believed our lives depended on stopping the May 1957, I set out from the Mountain Re- vehicle before it turned over and began search Station to service the 12,300 foot rolling down the couloir. Next we struck a weather station, called d-1, on Niwot Ridge. small outcropping of rock with the left track I was accompanied by an undergraduate stu- and the Weasel turned sideways on the slope dent named Margaret Powers.We drove (I thought for sure it would roll over), then through the subalpine forest through deep, turned back headed directly down, skidded fresh snow toward timberline following the along a few more yards and stopped! I called Albion Road route. From timberline I took a to Margaret to get out and move away from direct route to the promontory known as the vehicle.To my joy, the little snow cat the East Knoll.There was an unusually deep stayed perched on the steep slope when I and total snow cover over the tundra at the gradually released the brake levers, leaving time, so deep as to cover the Boulder Water- the transmission in gear; the engine was shed boundary fence which ordinarily served stopped. I pulled the levers back again and as a route guide to the area west of the East asked Margaret to come over and get our Knoll.We encountered ground blizzard con- packs and snow shoes out of the back and I ditions at the East Knoll but I was able to exited the vehicle.The slope was so steep it make out the next landmark on the route to was difficult to stand and the snow was so d-1, the West Knoll to the west about a half hard one needed to be careful not to slide mile distant.At the West Knoll I took a com- away.We had stopped about 200 yards from pass bearing to orient myself to a line di- the bottom of the couloir after descending rectly west and proceeded to drive forward, about 50 yards.We had gone over a small 34 Fiftieth Anniversary

cornice and landed in the couloir directly in around here, you’re dog crap.” But no matter the “fall line” for a perfect line of descent. I how fair the treatment, they have always been discovered the left track had been knocked the unsung heros, the Rodney Dangerfields of out of line with the suspension “bogie” the scientific profession. Some of them would wheels and jammed against the hull of the not have taken a hard-money (= tenure track) vehicle, preventing it from turning.This position at CU, even if it had been offered good fortune had stopped the vehicle and them.They actually preferred the free-lance may have saved our lives. life style, with no teaching commitments, no We traversed off the steep snow slope graduate student supervision, and no depart- and proceeded to snow shoe back to the mental duties to perform outside INSTAAR. MRS, some four miles distant. In retrospect, Of course every person’s reasons for taking I can see several operational errors on my this kind of position are different. Some have part. First, I should have aborted the mission had spouses with reliable incomes, so they when I saw such ground blizzard conditions could afford to indulge their interests in scien- at the East Knoll; and second, I definitely tific work without having to worry about next should have turned around when I encoun- month’s mortgage payment. Others kept the tered the white out at the West Knoll.The wolf from the door by filling in with a bit of crew who recovered the Weasel measured free-lance writing, leading field courses, train- the angle of the snow slope we descended as ing park rangers in science, driving a cab, or fifty-six degrees, approximately the angle of doing night shift factory work. Here are a few the Boulder “Flatirons.” reminiscences about my personal friends who went down the soft money trail in INSTAAR Scott Elias over the years. One of the best friends I made in INSTAAR was James Halfpenny. Jim is a uring the last 25 years, mammalogist, field ecologist, expert animal it has my privilege to work with a tracker, and one of the most able all- Dparticular group of very talented, rounders I have ever known. He would have hard-working scientists at INSTAAR.They put made the perfect natural historian to send on in the same long hours as everyone else, wrote the Hayden expedition to the Yellowstone re- at least as many grant proposals, and generally gion, back in the late 1860s. He could have did their part to keep things humming along identified all the animal life, most of the na- in the institute, but they had one thing else in tive plants, kept the party abreast of celestial common, they lived on soft money.In other events in the night sky, and entertained them words, the university allowed them to work with tall tales over the camp fire.The man there, as long as they raised all their own simply loves to study nature.Who else salary from outside sources. In the American would set live traps in a research trailer at academic system, it seems that all major re- night, to find out which species of mice were search universities have large numbers of eating our food? Unfortunately, natural his- these people, doing a big share of the work, tory has fallen out of favor as a branch of sci- and getting little or no official credit or sup- ence during the last 20–30 years, and the port.Actually,INSTAAR has treated her soft- system eventually squeezed Jim out. money people far more fairly than other Jim and I worked closely together on an places, giving them voting rights within the NSF-funded project designed to improve our institute.As a soft-money colleague at Ohio understanding of packrat behavior in the State once told me,‘If you ain’t hard money Chihuahuan Desert regions of Texas and Memories & Vignettes 35

New Mexico. Packrats, also called woodrats, ing and stamping his feet, with blood in his are the dominant group of native rats of eye and a particular message he wanted to de- North America, and fossil plants and insect liver to his captors. Needless to say,we took a remains sampled from ancient packrat nests great deal of time and care in liberating this are one of the most important source of animal, and managed to accomplish it without proxy data for Pleistocene paleoclimates of getting sprayed. deserts on this continent. Since the rats col- Another good friend made at INSTAAR lect the plants, we wanted to learn more was Thomas Stafford,Jr.Tom,like Jim Half- about their foraging habits. One thing I penny,is the kind of person about whom it is learned about Jim during this project is that said,“I’ve never met anybody like him.” Tom he is an incessant note-taker. He was always is a vertebrate paleontologist, geochemist, whipping out his little field notebook, and and especially a radiocarbon dating expert, scribbling a few lines in it before going on to who specializes in extracting organic mole- the next task.This seems perfectly normal cules from ancient bones. He was brought when you are on the job, but I soon found into INSTAAR’s Center for Geochronology to out that Jim was never ‘off the job’ when he set up and operate a laboratory dedicated to was in the field. For a while, we worked out the preparation of samples (graphite targets) of a cabin in the hills near Alpine,Texas. He to be radiocarbon-dated in an accelerator loaned me his notes one day, so that I could mass spectrometer facility,such as they have copy some data, and I ran across a series of at the University of Arizona, in Tucson, and nightly entries that ran something along the Lawrence-Livermore Laboratory in Cali- these lines: fornia.The man has a passion for perfecting “Wednesday, November 12, 0100 hours: Mephitis his laboratory methods and upgrading his lab mephitis visited cabin, scratched around hardware. It paid off in the form of more foundations until 0108 hours, then departed.” work than he could handle, arriving as ancient “Thursday, November 13, 0240 hours: same bones from archaeologists and paleoecologists individual (?) of Mephitis mephitis from around the world.They found out that approached cabin, scratched at door until he could tease a reliable radiocarbon age out 0250 hours, then departed.” of the proverbial gnat’s eyebrow.He did it by building the most thoroughly clean, thor- The man was keeping track of nightly oughly automated chemical preparation line skunk visits, logging them in as if they were ever designed for the painstaking task of ex- vital to the project.The last ‘skunk’ entry tracting ancient bits of protein from fossil ran along these lines: bones.Tom was constantly calling me over to his lab to show me the latest refinements. “Friday, November 14, 0300 hours: Same © Mephitis mephitis visited cabin, but had When the normal Pyrex glassware tubing nothing to report, and so departed.” did not seem to be giving good enough re- sults, he scrapped the whole set-up and Later on that same trip, we managed to switched over to stainless steel tubing.When catch ourselves a skunk in a live trap. On our even that was not good enough, he found a daily outing to check the traps for packrats, source of precision-drilled stainless steel tubes Jim called me over to see a particularly inter- that would trap virtually no particles.These esting specimen of large, angry,black-and- came from the dairy industry,which has to white variety rat (he was not above pulling my worry about bacteria hiding out in their milk leg frequently,so took my time coming over production plants during the pasteurization to the trap).There was a spotted skunk, hiss- process.Then he designed a computer pro- 36 Fiftieth Anniversary

gram that robotically controlled his collection Colorado being one.Two basic courses in of little pumps, motors, heaters, and other ecology, Dr. Marr’s “General Plant Ecology” gizmos, all installed in the chemical lines to and Dr. Pennak’s “General Animal Ecology,” automate the chemical reaction sequence. were to be pivotal.The contrast in teaching Tom let me know that no human hands have styles could not have been more extreme. the mechanical reliability to run his sample Marr’s approach was experiential; we never preparation scheme with the same exact mo- cracked a book for it seemed a month that tions, over and over, through the night if need early fall of 1958, but spent time out near be, to get the job done. Is it any wonder that Marshall Mesa observing and trying to inter- the man was able to get a radiocarbon age out pret what we saw. Dr. Pennak—having pub- of the fossil proteins extracted from a single lished THE bible on Freshwater Limnology shrew’s mandible? —was god. He lectured, and lectured. I These fellow travelers in soft money sci- remember approaching him after my poor ence, as well as others, such as Susan Short, performance on my first exam. He simply Kirsten Williams,Vera Markgraf, and Anne said “You’re a graduate student, no?” (this Jennings, made life around INSTAAR much was a 400-level course, for upper-level un- more interesting for me.We formed many dergraduates also). End of discussion. I later good friendships as we struggled down that learned that one merely had to memorize his rocky road, working for recognition within lecture notes and learn to define all the itali- the university,patting each other on the back cized words in the text to do well.To me, when the grants came in, offering a sympa- rote memorization of facts is hardly the ap- thetic ear when the grants were turned down. proach to gaining wisdom! (I published a Some have moved on to other jobs, others re- Letter to the Editor in The Denver Post late main. I will always cherish their friendship. last year that underscored our educational system’s misguided efforts for students to Jim Erdman pass proficiency tests, creating a generation of “mindless robots.”) So, based solely on John Marr’s Teaching Style that experience, I switched my major, picked up some deficiencies in botany, and was off began my graduate school at CU on even another tack. Since that pivotal early the fall of 1958, having left North Central autumn of 1958, Dr. Marr instilled in me a ICollege, Naperville, Illinois, the prior passion to “read the landscape.”And for four spring with a degree in zoology. I’d been in a decades I’ve never looked back, fascinated premed program for most of those four with analyzing a myriad of terrains that have years, but my nemesis was organic chem- included the deserts of Sonora, Mexico,Ari- istry. (Ironically, I later joined the branch of zona, and New Mexico; the entire state of geochemistry with the U.S. Geological Sur- Missouri; the high plains and sagebrush vey, eventually becoming a biogeochemist!) “ocean” of the West;Alaska and its central My senior year I took a course in field biol- Aleutian Islands. Overseas conferences took ogy that used a simple textbook entitled me to Sweden, Finland, Germany, and Reading the Landscape that thrust me on a China, including its “outback,” Inner Mongo- completely new tack. In those days “ecology” lia. Loving every minute. Rubbing shoulders was hardly a household word; few people with geologic mappers, geophysicists, geo- knew what it meant, fewer how to pro- chemists, and remote sensors, I integrated nounce it. Degrees in ecology were limited that knowledge and understanding gained to only a few universities, the University of into my work in environmental biogeochem- Memories & Vignettes 37 istry and geobotany, and mineral and geot- Fritts, who’d just received his doctorate and hermal exploration. joined the staff of the Tree-Ring Laboratory, University of Arizona,Tucson.We installed John Marr’s Field Style Fritts dendrographs on trees at each of the weather-station sites, which I serviced along ummer, 1959.Wetherill Mesa, Mesa with the the weather instruments over the Verde National Park. Dr. Douglas Os- several years I worked and lived at Mesa Sborne, supervisory archeologist for the Verde.The dendroclimatological results Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project, had (Fritts, Smith, and Stokes, 1965,The biolog- contacted Dr. Marr to find a graduate student ical model for paleoclimatic interpretation who might serve on the project as its plant of Mesa Verde tree-ring series: Memoirs of the ecologist. I’d been considering a study of as- Society for American Archaeology, no. 19;Amer- pen near Science Lodge for my master’s the- ican Antiquity, vol. 31,no.2,pt.2) shed a sis. Not knowing what I was getting into, I new perspective on cycles of drought during certainly liked the idea of being funded by the the prehistoric occupation. My descriptive National Geographic Society to conduct some studies of the pinyon-juniper woodland pro- of the ancillary studies supported by the soci- vided the basis for a master’s thesis (Erd- ety.What a challenging, interdisciplinary ef- man, J.A., 1962, Ecology of the fort. (Initially,though, I was hired as a pinyon-juniper woodland of Wetherill Mesa, “laborer” at $1.99/hour.) I recall a visit that Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado: M.A. summer by John Marr and Colorado’s flora thesis).They also were the basis, in part, for authority,Bill Weber, with the intent to design my publishing an annotated list of the plants a workable thesis project. (I’d worked both as of Mesa Verde in collaboration with Stan field assistant of INSTAAR and as herbarium Welsh of Brigham Young University, with assistant under Dr.Weber.) We’d hiked down whom I helped identify the vegetal remains the trail from Spruce Tree Canyon over to from the excavations of the early Pueblo ru- Navajo Canyon.And, as I scrambled up the ins (Welsh and Erdman, 1964, “Annotated talus slopes (by then I was thin as a rail from checklist of the plants of Mesa Verde, Col- walking over mesas and through canyons for orado”: Brigham Young University Science Bul- weeks), I still can see Dr. Marr with pipe in letin,Biological Series—vol. 4,no.2). My hand stepping slowly up the bouldery terrain. doctoral work clearly grew out of my expe- Thinking, observing. rience on the fire lines of the 2,043-acre INSTAAR also was to install six weather Morfield Burn that summer of 1959.By stations, three along a transect from the gaining familiarity with the dendrochrono- southern end of Chapin Mesa on the Ute logical cross-dating technique, I was able to Mountain Ute Reservation to the North include a burn from 1873. My doctoral the- Rim, and three in Navajo Canyon to the sis was published as a BrighamYoung Univer- west of Chapin Mesa.The intent, to not only sity’s Science Bulletin (Erdman, James A., measure the variability of the microclimate 1970, Pinyon-juniper succession after natu- for its own sake (Erdman, Douglas, and ral fires on residual soils of Mesa Verde, Marr, 1969, Environment of Mesa Verde, Colorado: Brigham Young University Science Colorado, Wetherill Mesa Studies:National Park Bulletin,Biological Series, vol. 11,no.2). Service Archeological Research Series Number 7- Those years surrounded by the mystery of b), but to aid in dendroclimatological re- the Anasazi were the best of our lives—my search conducted by the first wife, my two (then) young sons, and me— dendroclimatologist in this country, Hal thanks to John Marr! 38 Fiftieth Anniversary

Franklin Folsom ters. I remember battling with one using a piece of stove wood as a weapon. I won the Life Before INSTAAR—Some Recollections battle, but I did not relish my victory when I of University Camp beheld the bloody mess I had made in one of the cupboards in the kitchen. bout 1922 when I was 15, In Geology Camp my immediate boss I was hired by the Recreation De- was Frances “Peg”Thompson, daughter of Apartment of the University to be a “Pop”Thompson who had established the camp helper at University Camp. I had to get first University Camp closer to Silver Lake. up early in the morning, sometimes about 4 Supervising Peg, who did the actual cooking, a.m., to start the fires in the cookstove. I had was Mrs. McCourt, wife of Dean McCourt, to split stave wood, peel potatoes and be a director of the Geology Camp. Mrs. Mc- helper around the kitchen, and I had to wash Court would come into the kitchen and dishes.The volume of dishes varied greatly complain because the canned goods stored from day to day, depending on the size of the on open shelves there were not arranged in a parties that came into camp. One day the pattern that was “artistic and symmetrical.” Chamber of Commerce organized a huge Dean McCourt was an inveterate cigar hike up Arapaho. The hikers were bused smoker, but on a hike he never smoked until from University Camp to Rainbow Lakes. noon. He said smoking cut his wind on From there they hiked up over Baldy to the uphill climbs. Saddle and South Peak.The crowd was large, McCourt led hikes all over the area and I and it was followed during the day by other was allowed to go along.Also, I attended all smaller groups that came on different mis- the lectures at night around the campfire, sions.The result was that I washed dishes and before I left high school I had picked up from 4 a.m. until midnight.This experience as much knowledge of geology as most doubtless had something to do with my deci- college students get from an introductory sion to follow some line of work other than geology course. dishwashing for my career. The summer school, students who en- Occasionally the work in the kitchen was rolled in this field geology course lived in finished by the time hikers were ready to tents near Geology Lodge.They were a var- leave camp and I was allowed to go along on ied lot. One man I recall had been a violinist the hikes and help some of the weaker hik- with the Prague Symphony Orchestra, and ers. In this. way I became acquainted with he used to play for the crowd around the the area at a time when hiking was permit- campfire.As I washed dishes at Geology ted in the Silver Lake drainage and up over Camp and at University Camp I had to deal the moraine. with the fact that gallon containers of jam I increased my knowledge of the area in were stored under the kitchen sink. My way the summer of 1923(?) when I worked in the of coping with this situation was to help my- Geology Camp adjoining University Camp. self liberally to huge quantities of the lovely With others I went up before the camp sweet stuff. I am not sure that I was ever rep- opened up and helped clean up the big cabin rimanded, or even caught, but I did suffer where the students took their meals.To our for my excesses. I had not only the usual astonishment, none of the knives, forks and adolescent acne. I had outbreaks of boils, spoons were where they had been left the that doctors said were aided in their vigor- preceding fall.We found most of the small ous development by my diet of jam. utensils up the second floor in pack rat nests. The place had been taken over by the crit- Memories & Vignettes 39

My knowledge of the area got me a pro- On one trip from University Camp to Ara- motion from camp helper to assistant guide. paho via Rainbow Lakes we had about a hun- For several summers when I was in college I dred hikers.At the saddle the party divided. helped to guide Recreation Department par- Warren Gilbert took half of the people back ties. Sometimes they went up to Arapaho over Baldy to Rainbow Lakes. I with Rachel over Baldy, sometimes they went up Fourth Gilbert as an assistant took the other half of of July Canyon.We also climbed Navajo,Al- the party up over the South Peak and on to bion,Audubon and other points among the the North Peak of Arapaho. On the ridge be- Indian peaks.Also we took trips up Long’s, tween the south and north peaks a Miss but we were not based at University Camp Stonebreaker sprained her ankle.The distance for these expeditions. was just as far back to help as it was forward, The head guides were Harry Vars and so we kept on going to North Peak. From Emory(?) Nussbaum. Harry became an emi- there the route down went over what we nent scientist and professor at the University called Henderson Glacier and on down to Sil- of Pennsylvania Medical School.Warren ver Lake where busses would meet us.At the Gilbert was an assistant guide with me as top of Henderson Glacier I got a big husky was his sister Rachel.Warren became a fellow to help the hikers scramble down onto physician who practiced in Rome, Georgia. the snow.I planned to have the hikers slide Charles Hutchinson, professor in the En- down Henderson Glacier (which I’ve since gineering School, was recreation director learned is not a true glacier). Before we got during one or two of the summers when I well started the big fellow gave a yelp and ran, guided, and A. Gayle Waldrop, a teacher in slid and tumbled down the big snowbank. I the Journalism Department was in charge had to find out what was wrong with him. during other summers.Waldrop was so Leaving the party Rachel’s charge I slid down deeply attached to University Camp that the snowbank standing up ski fashion.At the when he married the artist Gwendolyn bottom I found the big fellow sitting in the Meux they arranged to have the wedding at snow and sobbing. By way of explanation he the camp, outdoors.They sent out invita- took off his hat which was a kind of hard hat, tions for the wedding beautifully lettered by and put my finger on his scalp.There was a Gwen on sheets of aspen bark. soft place there—no bone.At the top of the The first year I worked at University snow bank a hiker had kicked loose a small Camp horses were used there in connection rock that had struck his hard hat.The vibra- with construction work. I was a city boy tions had reached his brain and disoriented from the huge metropolis of Boulder (popu- him. He didn’t really know what he had done. lation 10,000) and I knew nothing about It seemed to me that he was in no immediate horses, but for some reason I was asked one danger. I got him on the rocks, climbed up to morning to harness a team. I never got a the top of the snowbank and directed the hik- second request to do this job. I had put the ers how best to slide down sitting in the snow. horse collars on upside down and one of the Then I had the problem of getting Miss Stone- horses ran away.When the frightened animal breaker down. I sat her down and sat in front stopped running and put its head down to of her with her legs around me. I held the in- nibble something the horse collar fell for- jured leg up above the snow.Then down we ward bashing his head and of course fright- went with Miss Stonebreaker’s oilskin rain- ening him and stirring him up to run off coat doing excellent service as a sled.At one wildly again. point Miss Stonebreaker got frightened, kicked her good leg into the snow,and we 40 Fiftieth Anniversary

pivoted around. Now we were going head David M. Gates first, face up, speeding along with only my heels and elbows serving as brakes. Just when Memoir I Miss Stonebreaker was due to crash into the rocks at the bottom Warren Gilbert dove into shall never forget my first image of us and saved our lives, or at least saved the life John Marr and the Institute. I have an un- of Miss Stonebreaker. Idated, yellowed newspaper clipping “Sci- Warren had taken his party back to the ence Lodge High in the Mountains Scene of camp, then, realizing that we were very late, Arctic and Alpine Research.” I was a young as- had hiked up from Silver Lake and arrived sistant professor of physics at the University of just in time to dash out onto the snow and Denver and absolutely green with envy,never grab us before we came to disaster. dreaming I would ever be associated with it. With Warren’s help we got Miss Stone- At DU we had a cosmic ray laboratory on breaker down to Silver Lake and the buses, Mount Evans. I did solar and atmospheric re- and there we were cheered on by Mr. Dolly, search there. I thought that DU should have a the Boulder water supply caretaker who mountain lab for physics, physiology,and 1ived in the cabin at the lake. He was lonely ecology.In 1957 1 became assistant chief of there and for company he had papered the the upper atmosphere and space physics divi- walls and the ceiling of the cabin with photos sion of the National Bureau of Standards in of pin-up girls.These did not prove adequate Boulder. I met John Marr, we hit it off imme- to his needs and he advertised in a lonely diately,and I told John my ideas for making hearts column in a pulp magazine for a wife. ecology more analytical. Donald Lawrence, He got one and she came to Silver Lake and Marr’s thesis adviser, had asked me to give a moved into the cabin. But during her first series of lectures at the University of Min- winter there she decided for some reason to nesota which resulted in my first book, Energy run away. She set out for Nederland, but Exchange in the Biosphere.This plus John’s influ- never arrived. Not until next spring did any- ence propelled me into biology from physics. one find a trace of her.Then someone found John, along with Hugo Rodeck, engi- her frozen body clad only in a house dress. neered for me the position of tenured pro- She had got only part way to town. fessor of natural history, curator of ecology Mr. Dolly soon sought other employment with the Museum, research at the Institute, and was replaced as a caretaker by a Mr. Dally. and teaching in biology, all approved by the Scandals at University Camp? There were Board of Regents Sept. 11, 1964.1 moved one or two but I’ll leave it to the principals from NBS to the university in January 1965. to report their dalliances if they want to. Then a startling and totally unexpected If you are interested in what effect life in event happened. I was offered the director- University Camp and Geology Camp had on ship of the Missouri Botanical Garden and a one teenager, I can report that imagery from professorship of botany at Washington Uni- the area turned up many years later in books versity.The hardest thing I ever did was to written for, young readers. I did a series of tell John Marr I was leaving. He had wished mystery adventure novels published by Whit- for me to take over as director of INSTAAR man of Racine,Wisconsin, and distributed in when he retired. I loved Boulder, the univer- the dime stores. Several of these yarns drew sity, INSTAAR, and the mountains, but the heavily on events that occurred in the beauti- new opportunity was great. ful area where scientists now conducts scien- The rest is history.After six years in Saint tific research. Louis I returned to my roots at the Univer- sity of Michigan in 1971 as director of the Memories & Vignettes 41

Biological Station on Douglas Lake where most a firestorm rush, as heavier cooler air my father, Frank C. Gates, had taught plant sunk into the canyon from the east facing, ecology from 1915 through 1954. His shaded wall across the way. first summer there was 1911. But the best John was an excellent fly fisherman as he break of good fortune I ever had started at effectively demonstrated one evening along INSTAAR when I met Mark Paddock and he either the Los Piños or Piedra River east of accompanied me to Saint Louis,Ann Arbor Durango after one of our Mesa Verde excur- and Douglas Lake during which time he did sions. However, there was another time. Fri- all the work and I had all the fun. day, 18 September 1964, Richard Waugh,Joe Ruwitch, John, and I headed to the Laramie Memoir II River in a heavy downpour arriving at their rented cottage after dark. In the morning the truly memorable event Laramie was muddy and swollen, lousy fly in September 1962 was the visit to fishing.We crossed over to the Michigan and AScience Lodge of Sir Vivian Fuchs, North Platte rivers where the fishing was not the British Antarctic explorer who led the much better, but Dick Waugh snagged one historic 1957–58 trans-Antarctic Expedition trout and clumsy me caught two, while John across the continent from the Filchner Ice and Joe were skunked. It wasn’t the most suc- Shelf to McMurdo Sound; Paule Siple, the cessful weekend except for the camaraderie, Antarctic leader of West Base at Little Amer- which was superb. ica III in 1940, who had been to Antarctica with Admiral Byrd in 1928 as a boy scout, Joyce Gellhorn who is best remembered for his establish- ment of a wind chill chart, and for whom Siple Station in named; and Louis Quam, a am reminded of a story told by my Colorado native, geographer, and former mentor, Dr. John Marr, who founded the CU professor, who now was head of the ge- IInstitute of Arctic and Alpine Research at ography branch in NSF. I brought my son the University of Colorado. His class ob- Murray along on this little excursion with served the krummholz, the stunted, wind- John Marr showing tem the lodge and clima- blown, shrub-like trees above timberline. tological stations up Niwot Ridge. Drifts covered these small islands of trees lo- In the year or so before I left Boulder John cated at the lower edge of the alpine tundra; was collaborating with the chief archaeologist only a few branches reached above the snow at Mesa Verde, Douglas Osborne, to add some cover. Marr was explaining that severe winds ecological-climatological understanding to the laden with ice crystals pruned the windward interpretation as to why the pueblos were sides of the tree islands, shaping them asym- abandoned in the late 13th century.Osborne metrically.As he spoke, a ptarmigan walked had a passion for Charlie Chaplin and Our from one krummholz to another, methodi- Gang movies. I had the great pleasure to par- cally plucking buds.Astounded, Marr admit- ticipate with John in some of these visits to ted he had never seen a ptarmigan eating Mesa Verde. I shall never forget one superb spruce buds before, “wind-trimming” his evening when a group of us were seated on krummholz. He conceded that factors other the edge of the canyon at Wetherill Mesa.We than wind might also contribute to ecosys- were near the top of the west facing wall tem dynamics. Marr loved this story and heated by the setting sun and experiencing a retold it many times to illustrate the impor- dramatic flow of hot air out of the canyon, al- tance of being aware of the total environ- 42 Fiftieth Anniversary

ment. He always emphasized that being in I believe that this courageous chance tak- the field one could see more than quantities ing and belief in people, coupled with John’s being measured by instruments, and stressed capability to delegate complete responsibil- field research must be done during all times ity to individuals proved in many ways that of the year, not just during the summer.To he was an ultimate student of human nature. teach ecology without field studies, he said, I know that rare quality, that way of being is like standing in front of a diorama in the Director, was a great stimulation to many. Denver Museum of Natural History with the To be with Dr. Marr was to learn. shade pulled down and describing to stu- dents what’s behind the shade. Kathy Hansen The dynamics of winter are especially im- portant, Marr emphasized.Winter influences I will always remember the weekly rides for activities of organisms and ecological almost five years with John Clark up to mon- processes during all times of the year. Shortly itor and maintain the weather stations on Ni- before his death in 1989, I visited John Marr wot Ridge.The weather seemed to always be and we talked of Niwot Ridge, the weather harsh, and John would coax the Sprite up the stations, and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine trail, flawlessly, and somehow we kept warm Research. I asked,“John, what season do you and safe. It was always interesting to see just like most in the alpine?” Though very ill, his what we would find. In the summer the face lit up and without hesitation he answered, Stevenson screens might house a million flies “Winter, because it’s so dynamic!” that had hatched in the microclimate of the instrument shelter. In the winter the screen Skip Greene often was filled with windblown snow, and the clock may have failed due to the cold! I also remember the wonderful family of lways coupled to and mixed in friends and fun times at the Mountain Re- with all my many vivid memories search Station.The Thanksgiving Day Afrom the Mountain Research Station turkeys, the international visitors, the sum- where I was the first year-round live-in man- mer students and professors, the skiing, the ager, is a key memory that I will always cher- weddings, the celebrations, the NASA proj- ish and honor.That memory is how Dr. John ect, the potluck dinners, and all the laughs Marr viewed and used the concept of working will forever be a part of my memories of IN- with everything in life, be it studies or plow- STAAR. Of the 30th Street building, I will ing the station road, from the position of al- always remember the interest almost every- ways being a student.Tied irrevocably to that one had in what the weather was like at the concept was his view that students of all kinds station. How cold were we? What were the should be given a free hand to explore for an- roads like? Those of us from the station swers as well as making plenty of mistakes would all look like we had just emerged along the way,which if used with an open from somewhere afar.And, of course, I re- mind, are almost always learning steps. His member fondly the famous Christmas par- concept of guidance was to sit or walk with a ties in the library! station member and push, probe, question and in most cases, have the challenge of the prob- lem-solving in the hands of the student. Memories & Vignettes 43

Darvel Lloyd David Lubinski Of the 27 memorable visits I made to the Is- Let the field season begin: How Aeroflot turned abelle Glacier during the yearlong field sea- a 48-min flight into a 48-hour adventure son for my thesis, one really stands out. It was on that fateful day of January 26, 1969, hallenges are to be expected when my twin brother, Darryl, and I were when working in remote regions like climbing back to the d-1 research hut Carctic Russia. Nonetheless, it’s possi- through about a meter of newly-fallen snow ble to be caught off guard, particularly when after servicing weather instruments at the the challenge materializes before you even ar- glacier earlier in the day. On January 25,the rive in your host country.In 1992, Steve For- day before, 150-mph winds were recorded man (now at University of Illinois, Chicago) at NCAR’s gauge on Niwot Ridge.While I and I had a memorable experience at the start was cutting across a steep, north-facing gully of our second Franz Josef Land field season near the top of Niwot Ridge, a thick slab av- (collaboration with the Murmansk Marine Bi- alanche broke loose and took me on a wild ological Institute—MMBI).The season itself and scary 500+ meter ride to the bottom of eventually turned out to be a big success de- the ridge. Luckily, I wasn’t buried in the spite the inauspicious beginning. run-out zone and was able to drag myself Our adventure started at the Rovaniemi back up the ridge to d-1, where we radioed Airport in northern Finland. Steve and I Skip Greene, manager of the Mountain Re- were awaiting a flight to Murmansk, only a search Station. I was too bruised and stiff to short distance to the northeast.When it ski out, so Skip came to the rescue that night came time to check in, I approached the with the snowcat as another storm brewed. ticket counter, handed the airline agent my We made the newspapers the next day, and I ticket, and then watched his eyes go from was on a "high" that lasted for weeks! A year the ticket to me, back to the ticket, and fi- later, my brother and I established a wilder- nally back to me. “Sorry sir, but there is a ness mountaineering school on Mt.Adams problem.There have been no flights to Mur- in Washington State, attempting to pass mansk this year by any carrier; the last along some of that painfully learned, seat-of- Aeroflot flight was two years ago.” Somehow the-pants “wisdom.”We operated it success- Aeroflot had managed to sell us tickets for fully for ten years. Some of my other jobs a flight that didn’t exist and their New York during the past 31 years include: lecturer at office confirmed the flight 24 hours in ad- the University of Winnipeg for two years, vance! Now what were we going to do? Af- adjunct lecturer with Central Washington ter a few hours of international phone tag, it University for five years, director of the became clear that the best option was to fly Keystone Science School, Colorado for three to Helsinki Airport, far to the south. years, program director and instructor at Many hours later, we met with the seem- Colorado Mountain College for four years, ingly sole Aeroflot agent for all of Finland. and owner/innkeeper of the Flying L Ranch, He proceeded to give Steve new tickets to Washington for 11 years.We sold the Murmansk. He then discovered that I wasn’t ranch/business, and I now serve the frail in the Aeroflot computer system and, thus, elderly in Portland, Oregon for a nonprofit couldn’t help me. Never mind that I had al- organization. ready been sold a ticket for a fictitious flight by an Aeroflot computer system! His view reached absurdity when he uttered “how do I know that you don’t have a travel agent 44 Fiftieth Anniversary

friend who gave you a ticket for free, never which generously shared some of its mois- booked you on the flight, and set it up so ture with us.About 30 minutes later, we saw that you could fly at Aeroflot’s expense?” By a familiar figure in the distance jogging now the discussion had turned into argu- through the puddles. It was our MMBI col- ment. I was not going to leave that office un- league Sergei who, upon arriving, said that til I got a ticket to Murmansk. Did he crack? the Murmansk airport was closed for repairs Did I? Neither.The first to succumb was the so all flights had been diverted to a military poor SAS agent who was sharing an office runway tens of kilometers away. He apolo- with Aeroflot. In the end, this agent kindly gized for being late.The military police paid my way to Murmansk. wouldn’t let the Institute’s car past the sec- After spending the night in a Helsinki ond gate, closest to the runway, so he had to Hotel, Steve and I boarded an afternoon jog the last km. Fortunately, the car had got- Aeroflot flight to St. Petersburg (you didn’t ten through first gate; otherwise, we would think you could fly direct to Murmansk did have had to haul our bags three times as far. you?).The flight was uneventful other than Finally, something was going our way. Let the blue disinfectant oozing out of the vents the field season begin! during boarding and the fact that the seats hinged forward (all passengers would be- Lazarus Macior come a line of toppling dominos in the event of even a minor crash?). Once through cus- INSTAAR played an important role in my toms we had to spend the night in St. Peters- career as an arctic-alpine pollination ecolo- burg.The next flight to Murmansk wasn’t gist. My introduction to the alpine tundra until early the next morning. occurred in the summer of 1964 while at- With a whopping four hours of sleep, we tending the International Congress of Sys- were ready for the final stage of our journey. tematic and Evolutionary Biology held at The plane took off and landed on time.The CU-Boulder on a brief jeep trip to Niwot problem now was the location.Where were Ridge and a visit to the INSTAAR station. we? Both Steve and I had flown to Mur- Since the visit was too brief and the tundra mansk the previous summer, and this was too fascinating, I resolved to return as soon definitely not the Murmansk Airport! Our as possible.As good fortune would have it, at MMBI hosts were nowhere to be found. Our the Congress I met a former fellow graduate poor language skills only allowed us to estab- student then on the faculty of the University lish that we were indeed somewhere near of Wyoming who invite me to teach a NSF Murmansk.The luggage was soon pushed Summer Institute in Biotic Communities in from the plane directly into a truck and then the Medicine Bow Mountains in 1965.Late unceremoniously dumped into one huge pile that summer I visited John Marr at the of about 100 pieces.The well-behaved crowd INSTAAR station and planned fieldwork on graciously let the older folks make the first Niwot Ridge with grant support from the ascent for their bags. By the time we located National Science Foundation. It was that ex- all our field equipment and personal gear, perience in the alpine life zone, begun in several buses had arrived. It seemed best to 1966, that oriented my research for the next not board one; instead, we decided to try to 33 years with subarctic and alpine field stud- wait for our MMBI partners. ies in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, There were no nearby buildings, phones, Wyoming, Montana), Mt. Rainier, the Cali- or people (everyone but us had left by bus). fornia Sierra Nevada, the Tetons,Yukon Ter- Our only company was the low cloud cover, ritory and Alaska, Honshu and Hokkaido in Memories & Vignettes 45

Japan, the Indian Himalaya and most re- through the night. It did, but I was rather glad cently (1996–1998) in the Chinese Hi- to see the sun the next morning. malaya. It is with heartfelt gratitude that I I also have a vivid memory of John Clark reminisce on all those who made this won- giving all of us a lecture on what to do if one derful experience so joyful and meaningful. was caught on Niwot during a lighting storm. John Marr and all the others at INSTAAR Three hikers were killed by lighting that sum- will always remain in my fond memories. mer while hiking in the Front Range (I think up the Fourth of July Valley) and John had Philip C. Miller been involved in bring out the bodies. Christopher Miller was probably the (from Patsy Miller) youngest resident at Science Lodge when he Dr. Marr’s graduate student, Philip C. Miller, moved up from Boulder on May 29, 1961 and my remembrances of “Science Lodge” when he was ten days old. He spent the summer sleeping in a cardboard box in our hilip C. Miller was Dr. Marr’s one-room cabin next to the reserve kitchen. graduate student from 1960 to 1964 He survived the experience quite nicely and Pwhen he completed his Ph.D. His dis- has gone on to get a Ph.D. in marketing sertation was “Factors influencing the vegeta- from the University of Oregon and is now tion pattern on the White River Plateau in on the faculty at Santa Clara University. northeastern Colorado”. He was on the fac- During the summers of 1960–61 the ulty at San Diego State University from 1965 volleyball net was always up after dinner and until his death in 1982. His research focused every one was invited to play,from the on ecosystem energy budget studies, plant youngest kids (usually Bill Osburn’s daughter) water relations, and developing process mod- to the most senior faculty member. els of arctic tundra and Mediterranean type During the summer of 1961 the art of ecosystems. He was director of the System beer making was being refined in the reserve Ecology Research Group at San Diego State, kitchen, but there was a problem with the wrote numerous papers, edited three books, bottle caps, which kept blowing off at some and advised many graduated student who have crucial point in the process and making quite gone one to their own careers in ecology. a mess. Some tidbits about “Science Lodge” as we One of the highlights of the summer was called it way back in 1960 and 1961 when going down to the Gold Hill Inn for roast Philip and I lived in two of the one room suckling piglet. cabins next to the reserve kitchen which we The weather data from “B,”“C,” and “D” on shared with another family. the transect up Niwot Ridge had to be copied One of my vivid memories of “Science from the strip charts and summarized by Lodge” was when Philip, Jeffrey (as a one year hand, then checked and rechecked three times old) and I spent the night of July 4, 1960 in the to insure accuracy.During the summer of metal cabin up at “D.”As is common in July 1961, Philip Miller spend many long hours there was a terrific convectional storm that writing a computer program to automate this evening.It seemed that the cabin would tumble chore.At the time the University of Colorado down the side of the mountain at any minute. I did not have a computer. He had to go to kept reassuring myself that the cabin had been Colorado State in Fort Collins to run the data there for many years, was well grounded from reduction program.As I recall, some of his lighting strikes, and would probably make it fellow graduate students thought using a com- 46 Fiftieth Anniversary

puter to reduce data would never work and climbed to reach the western side of the Con- that the effort was a waste of time. tinental Divide. Students and scientists could During the summer of 1973, Dr. Philip walk to timberline from Tolland in a couple of Miller’s 23-foot motor home containing a hours but it was easier to catch a local freight Vidar data acquisition system was air lifted to train in the morning jumping off when desired “C” by the largest military helicopter available or riding all the way to the pass. Usually the so his graduate student Jim Ehleringer (now same train crew came back down the track in Dr. Ehleringer at the University of Utah) the afternoon and since the crew lived in Tol- could collect micro met data to validate the land and were friendly with the Mountain ARTUS model. (Jim can provide more detail Laboratory,they slowed the engine down so on this research, we were doing IBP research people could climb on. in Barrow,Alaska that summer.) The Mountain Laboratory was in opera- During the summer of 1975,a rotating tion for ten years closing in 1919 for various group of arctic researchers joined Jerry reasons, one of which must have been the Brown, Philip Miller, Larry Tieszen, and construction of the Moffat Tunnel under the Fred Bunnell, editors of the USIBP tundra Divide and the closing of the rail line biome synthesis volume, to write chapters through Tolland and over Rollins Pass. From for An Arctic Ecosystem, the coastal tundra at then on teaching and research in the Front Barrow,Alaska, which was later published as Range by the university was centered at Uni- volume 12 in the series. versity Camp, 1915–20, and Science Lodge, 1921–present, near the Arapaho Peaks area Mark Paddock and the City of Boulder Watershed. Some prehistory of INSTAAR Memoir I

he University of Colorado’s n a cool summer morning location on the Great Plains at the in 1953, we four were working in Teastern edge of the Front Range and Othe office above the kitchen-dining only twenty miles to the Continental Divide room at Science Lodge.To take off the chill, provides an almost unlimited variety of envi- we tossed some waste paper into the stove ronments in close proximity to the campus. and a couple of pieces of kindling. It soon be- This has, since the very earliest days of the gan to roar satisfactorily.About half an hour university,provided inspiration for field re- later, one of us noticing the stove continuing search in the mountains by its biologists, geol- to roar got up to close the damper. But there ogists, and geographers. One of America’s was no flame, only a few coals.Trying to de- first ecologists, Professor Francis Ramaley termine the roaring sound’s origin, he came to the University in 1898 and soon be- glanced up at the ceiling and noticed a red came convinced “that the University make glow of fire next to the stove pipe.The ceil- provision for instruction in mountain zoology ing and the roof were on fire! While we and botany.” He received approval of the Re- started to fight the fire, our wives, still in the gents in 1908 to establish The Mountain Labo- kitchen, ran up the stairs, grabbed the irre- ratory in Tolland a village at 8,900 feet placeable files of data and carried them to elevation on the main line of the Denver safety. Someone found an axe and chopped a Northwestern and Pacific Railroad (The Mof- hole in the wallboard ceiling; someone else

fat Road).Tolland lay at the foot of Rollins found a large CO2 extinguisher and directed Pass, 11,990 feet, over which the railroad line it toward the fire.The other two of us found Memories & Vignettes 47 a ladder, climbed up on the roof with buck- laying telephone wire in the field. So we ran ets of water and threw it on the burning wire from the dining hall at Science Lodge wood shingles. In a few minutes the fire was (now Mountain Research Station) up to d-1 out leaving only a burned out hole a few feet and hooked field phones on each end. Right in diameter.We knew that we were only a after we finished, we cranked the phone to few minutes away from losing the entire din- call down to the Lodge. Someone answered ing room and probably some nearby cabins, —it worked! as well.A catastrophe was averted by good Al, with “Wimpy” his cute black and luck and quick action. From then on, we in- white collie-shepherd mix, and I reached stituted fire fighting procedures, bought d-1 about 10 a.m. A few cumulus clouds had some appropriate equipment and showed gathered over the divide, as is typical.We more caution. decided to service d-4 first and hiked down into the Green Lakes Valley just up from Memoir II Green Lake Four, serviced it, and headed back up toward d-3. By this time it was late uring 1952–53 we in the IAAR morning and clouds were building rapidly, were attempting to obtain a year’s but no thunder was heard nor was any rain Dcomplete record from the sixteen falling.We opened the shelter and started environment measurement stations located the proms of recording data, removing the in a rough transect from the Sugarloaf area charts and rewinding the clocks.Without to the west end of Niwot Ridge, from 7,200 warning a tremendous flash and deafening to 12,280 feet. Four “Climax Regions” were explosion occurred.We felt a strong electric measured, each with four stations: ridge top, shock and were either knocked or threw north-facing slope, south-facing slope, and ourselves to the ground. “Wimpy” yelped valley bottom, On Niwot Ridge, the Alpine and ran cowering and shakingto Al.After a Tundra Climax Region, these stations were few seconds I looked up toward the ridge referred to as the “D” stations.All stations and the d-1 lab, although the lab itself was were serviced weekly. hidden from view. I saw a huge black cloud Al Knorr (Dr. Owen Albert Knorr) and I of smoke drifting slowly to the east and were scheduled to service the “D” stations thought, “Oh no, there goes the Lab build- one July day in 1953.We left Science Lodge ing!”We continued to hug the ground and and drove a jeep to timberline, parked below prayed for no more lightning.After about 30 the large snowdrift, and walked up the long minutes on the ground, the sky cleared ridge. It was a lovely, quiet, clear summer a bit so we hurried nervously up slope to day without the wind so often present on where we could see the d-1 lab. It was un- Niwot.We hiked along the trail to d-1 fol- touched! What was the cause of all that black lowing a telephone wire we had laid down smoke? Then we noticed a long, black swath just one week before. Ever since we had on the sod leading east from the lab.We fol- erected the d-1 “Lab” the previous autumn, lowed that burned path for some distance, we had felt the need to have some way to then began seeing bits of severely burned communicate between d-1 and Science wire.The lightning had struck a rock, Lodge. Radio was not practical and/or too jumped a few feet to the wire, and vaporized expensive, but Army field telephones and it for about 150 yards, creating a furrow in coated field telephone wire were available to the damp sod about six inches wide. us. Having been in a “wire platoon” while in d-1 lab with a thick copper wire embed- the U.S. Field Artillery, I knew a bit about ded in the soil and mounted on lodgepole 48 Fiftieth Anniversary

pine poles stretching over the building was Niwot Ridge, and never looked back. Jim’s fine and as far as I know has not been dam- crew backpacked twice a week into Arapa- aged by lightning to this day, 48 years later. hoe and Arikaree Glaciers for 2–3 days each, We were chagrined to have been so incau- establishing and surveying ablation stakes, tious. Lightning is a very serious danger in probing for depth to summer ice, and dig- the high mountains. From then on, we talked ging deep pits to measure snow density.We about the possibility of being “Zapped” as we spent nights in tents on the cirque moraines called it, and paid proper caution. and hiked the peaks for sport.That wasn’t The telephone line was never relaid; its enough to satiate me, so Keith introduced first message was its last. “Wimpy” was nerv- me to rock-climbing; on our weekends off, ous about lightning for the rest of his life and we two would pack into other mountain ar- I never really felt comfortable in summer on eas to climb and survey glaciers. Niwot Ridge from that day on. Some of the strongest memories of our fieldwork that summer, and the ones my chil- Marith Cady Reheis dren enjoy hearing the most, revolve around the constant battles with ravenous marmots! They infested both the cirque moraines and y first summer at the Moun- the water-storage dams where we parked ve- tain Research Station in 1971 as an hicles at the trailheads.And they would eat Mundergraduate participant in IN- anything that wasn’t metal, including gas lines, STAAR’s NSF-funded research assistantship oily ignition wiring, and plywood. Oh, the program changed the course of my life. I was ceremonies of starting a 3-day hike: everyone a frustrated junior majoring in geology at the taking turns to pee on the scrap pieces of ply- conservative, clinging-to-the-Old-South wood we would leave near the vehicles (urine- campus of the University of Georgia. soaked plywood was a marmot delicacy,but I couldn’t find a summer job in geology only worked as a diversion until all the flavor- because the oil-company representatives ful parts were eaten, usually in less than 48 wouldn’t hire a female (in those pre-libera- hours); opening the hoods and filling every tion days, they would say so to my face!) and small space in the lower part of the engine none of the professors dared take a female compartment with chunks of wood and heavy field assistant on their summer fieldwork. In rocks to keep them from climbing into the desperation I applied simultaneously to the wiring; throwing rocks at the furry devils for INSTAAR program and to a Women’s Offi- entertainment.And yet we still had to walk cer Training Program at Annapolis. My appli- out from the trailhead several times.The mar- cation arrived late to Boulder and so I was mots would eat everything left in the cache on the waiting list there, fending off the cans (except cayenne pepper) if they could Navy until the very last minute in mid-May knock the boulders off the lids, and once at- when an opening appeared in the INSTAAR tacked the back of our tent when we were program. I was off to Colorado to help Jim cooking inside! Johnson on his Ph.D. work on glacial mass balance in the Front Range, with a crew of three high-school students, one of whom was Keith Echelmeyer. What a revelation for an East Coast girl! In three days I made the transition from 500 feet in altitude in Georgia to 3350 m on Memories & Vignettes 49

Will Rense Anyway, the words were barely out of my mouth when there was a flash of lightning on The “GOD” Zot the hill above the lab and a clap of thunder A vignette from the summer of 1965 that shook the whole building. Paula gave me a strange look and then avoided me for the he summer of 1965 was cold and rest of the summer! wet, and followed a cold, wet winter. That evening I walked up the hill to the TI was working then at the Research c-1 station and half expected to see it in Station (we still called it “Science Lodge” in smoking ruins. However, nothing was amiss those days) as an undergraduate summer and all was in order.Whatever the lightning employee. My duties were varied, but fo- struck, it wasn’t the station and I spent the cused on the climatological data program. rest of that cold, wet summer in the lab, The Institute had gotten badly behind in hunched over thermograph charts, field notes the climatological data reduction process and other extraneous data records.“Zot” had and something like a year’s data from the spoken, but not in fulfillment of my prayer. four environmental stations of a-1, b-1, c-1 and d-1 (as they were then designated) were still in rough form on original field sheets Bill Rickard and instrument charts. I was thus assigned Memoir I the job of reducing these data to the proper format.This was a detailed and time con- t was a mid-winter day on Niwot. suming process, but working with climato- Air temperature was 17 degrees F.and logical data has always been a love of mine Iwind speed was 25 mph.The air was filled and I was generally enjoying the task. with blowing snow and it was my turn to hike However, on one particular day in July I down to the Green Lake Valley to service sta- had been working with the thermograph tion d-4. My intent was to walk to the top of a charts from c-1 for hours, as I had been for snow bank that extended downslope to the many days. It seems that the raw data from the valley floor, glissade down the snow bank and c-1 station were particularly ornery that year walk to the station.As I stepped out onto the and even I was beginning to lose patience! upper edge of the snow bank, I noticed that Paula Lehr was working in the lab that af- the snow was soft.As I paused to consider ternoon and around 4 o’clock she turned to what to do next, a crack in the snow appeared me and asked how I could stand to keep at my feet as the upper part of the snow bank looking at those charts for hours at a time, slipped away downslope gaining speed. I then day after day. Being exasperated after a long walked to a nearby rocky but snow free ridge day of trying to decipher indecipherable and hiked down it to the station. On the re- thermograph charts, I threw my arms up in turn trip, I decided that this was to be my last the air and said: “Oh great God Zot, strike winter on Niwot. down the c-1 station and deliver me from this agony.” Memoir II The term “zot” came from a popular car- toon, (B.C., I think, or Wizard of Id) and re- was interested in learning more ferred to lightning. In the lab parlance of about the native species of cutthroat trout 1965 “zots” were lightning strikes and get- Ithat inhabited the various watersheds in ting “zotted” was to have strikes occur very Colorado.Among these was the greenback near to you. which historically inhabited the mountain 50 Fiftieth Anniversary

streams that fed into the South Platte River. I Alpine Research kept me here. Having been had fished for Colorado River and Yellow- part of INSTAAR for more than half the its stone River cutthroats but had never seen a life, I have encountered many changes and greenback cutthroat. Como Creek, the small people—four directors, countless graduate stream, that flows through the Mountain Re- students, visitors, and researchers and fac- search Station property on its way to join ulty, and, most especially, changes in the way North Boulder Creek, supported a few small my work with publications is done. In 1967, fish. Mark Paddock captured several of we used manual typewriters, carbon paper, these, took a photograph and I preserved a and pen and ink drawing and stencil lettering specimen in formaldehyde solution and for maps and graphs. Now almost everything placed the jar in a cabinet of one of the aban- is digital.The pace is faster, but overall the doned classroom buildings.At this time I electronic age has improved the way we thought that the fish might be a greenback, work and communicate and ultimately the but most biologists thought that the green- quality of the product.The journal has back to be extinct because of over fishing, grown from around three hundred 7 x 10- habitat degradation and inbreeding with in- inch pages (1969) to more that five hundred troduced cutthroat. 8 1/2 x 11 inch pages (2000); it has an ex- In September 1953, I left Colorado to panded scope and name (Arctic,Antarctic,and attend Graduate School at Washington State Alpine Research); and achieved high ranking as College. I thought about the Como Creek international journal. I have experienced an trout and wrote an article for “Colorado exciting revolution in an exciting work Outdoors” magazine suggesting that a few environment. greenbacks might still exist in small isolated It is hard to forget some of the early days mountain streams. in a much smaller INSTAAR. I remember the At about this time, fisheries biologists guidance given me by Carol Haverkamp, the from Colorado State University were inter- institute secretary,when I arrived. She in- ested in greenbacks, and Bill Osburn remem- structed me, a very green editor, on the fun- bered the preserved specimen at Science damentals of office practice and proper forms Lodge. In time the Como Creek fish were of address, information that I value to this day. identified as greenbacks, other populations Carol was of the “old school” of well-trained were found and successfully propagated and secretaries who believed in doing things cor- planted in streams in Rocky Mountain Na- rectly.Another memory of that first winter in tional Park and elsewhere.Today,the green- Boulder was my first attempt at cross-country back is the state fish of Colorado. skiing. John Marr equipped me at the Moun- tain Research Station with Army surplus skis Kathleen (Blackie) Salzberg which had been narrowed down, but were much too long for me. Needless to say I took hen I arrived in Boulder many tumbles on the descent from T-van. I re- from Scotland in October member another tumble on Niwot Ridge. In W1967, I never expected to be the early 1980s, when INSTAAR was still rel- here 34 years later, having had a vague idea atively small, Pat Webber closed the Boulder that Colorado would be the first stop on my campus office for the day so that all the staff round-the-world tour. It proved to be the and families could participate in an all- first and last stop. Boulder’s ambiance, the INSTAAR hike to d-1. Descending from the people I met here, and my job as managing ridge with John Hollin after an enjoyable day,I editor of the fledgling journal, Arctic and tripped and fell flat on my face, much to the Memories & Vignettes 51 embarrassment of my then-young son who periods of ice sheet expansion.While that all was with us. sounds wonderful, and indeed produced There are many other happy, and frus- great science with many excellent research trating, times I could mention here, but suf- papers published from data collected, the fice is to say that INSTAAR has been a ship was to sail to one of the most dangerous formative and valuable part of my life for places on this planet. First, lets call up the most of my career. facts. Kangerlugsuaq Fjord, on the eastern coast of Greenland is about 5 km wide, 80 James P.M. Syvitski km long, and 900 m deep. It receives more iceberg mass (a total volume of 17 km3 com- CSS Hudson collision with Greenland iceberg prising over 1,000 large icebergs) than any single fjord in the world. Icebergs extended etween 4 and 16 September 1993, 600 m below the sea surface and towered scientists from Canada (GSC-A-BIO), some 80 to 100 m above the water line. BUnited States (INSTAAR), and the Cruise participants were literally sailing into United Kingdom collected geological and the ice age.This is a report on our adventure geophysical data between Iceland and East- of hitting one of these icebergs and having its ern Greenland.The cruise (CANAM- hull cracked open. PONAM Cruise hu93030) continued the As we sailed into Kangerlugsuaq Fjord, efforts of scientists from Geomar (Ger- on 9 September we encountered distributed many), the Danish Geological Survey, the ice conditions of about 1/10 to 3/10ths Icelandic Marine Institute, the Virginia Insti- density including bergy bits, growlers, ice- tute of Marine Sciences (U.S.), the Institute bergs, first and multiyear sea ice.The large of Arctic and Alpine Research (U.S.), the open patches of water meant that we were University of Calgary (Canada), Institute of able to deploy moorings and collect station Oceanology (Canada), and the Geological data (cores, water samples, etc.) but would Survey of Canada.The scientists who lead not be able to deploy our seismic gear.We the cruise were James Syvitski and John An- had heard conflicting reports from local drews, and they were aided amongst other Inuit, whom we met in the outer fjord scientists by fellow INSTAARs Kerstin reaches, on the ice conditions further up the Williams and Nancy Weiner. fjord, and in hindsight both reports were The cruise collected excellent data mak- true—there were places where water was ing four significant contribution: (1) ascer- more open and locations were floating ice taining the role of turbidity currents and was dense.We reached the head of the fjord debris flows within environments where and proceeded to collect oceanographic data deltas are not present; (2) revealing the role that evening.We maintained our position in of sikkussaqs or iceberg/sea ice shelves an upwelling zone that we termed the “pool” fronting the larger tidewater glaciers and at the head of the fjord. Snow fell through their affect in controlling sedimentary the night forming slush-ice pans. Freeze-up processes within the fjords; (3) revising our had begun. understanding the role of iceberg calving On 10 September, a.m., we cored at our and rafting on sediment accumulation distal location at the head of the fjord, and de- from the ice margins; and (4) collecting di- ployed a remotely operated submersible to verse data that will help define the role of examine the ice margin. In the afternoon we subglacial sediment transport through a moved down the fjord to collect another fjord and onto the continental slope during long core.The ride down was rather bumpy 52 Fiftieth Anniversary

as we the captain moved the ship among the aged hull. Eventually the Danish Navy sup- slush ice and bergy bits.We return trip to ported Canadian efforts by sending a dive the “pool” was much smoother, as the first team to repel onto the ship deck from a officer managed to avoid hitting ice.The ship Navy helicopter.They then entered the frigid was then in a circle within the pool towing waters to visually expect the damage.The seismic gear such that the floating ice was hull was found cracked to a length of 12 kept free of the towed instruments.The feet, 3 inches wide.Two full plates were evening was used to collect oceanographic damaged. to ascertain damage and obtain data and samples within the “pool” waters. port repair.The Danish Navy helicopter sur- On 11 September, I had informed the vey then survey the fjord to map out an ice captain that we should begin working our free corridor, from which the ship was to sail way down the fjord.Along the way we could out of the fjord. On 14 September the ship check out seafloor conditions near the en- sailed out of the fjord where a second diver trance to Nordfjord, a branch of the main team inspected the damaged hull to deter- fjord system, if sea-ice conditions allowed mine if the crack had changed in dimensions. such investigation, otherwise we were to re- The Hudson was then joined up to the Danish turn to the entrance of Courtauld Fjord.The Frigate Triton and escorted to Iceland for captain took a direct route to Nordfjord dockside inspection. through iceberg surface densities up to During the time the core logging team of 4/10ths.A 300-foot vessel does not turn on INSTAAR scientists of John, Kerstin, and dime, and ship-speeds through such ice are Nancy continued to work, logging cores and typically at about 3 knots.Along the way the making the most of the ship equipment. Oth- ship was forced to go between two relatively ers had become panicked and were sedated by small icebergs that were very close.The im- the ship’s nurse. Still others talked of other pact with the first iceberg pushed the ship ways of making a living. I have spent over into the other iceberg.The sound of the im- three years at sea, and I say without modesty pact was alarming.We knew something was that the INSTAAR scientists were second to wrong.The ship started to list as we took on none in this world-class misadventure. water.At the time we did not know where the hull damage was located, or its extent. Bruce Vaughn The ship began to list to starboard, first to 3°, then 5°, at which time I began to scan Trouble on the Ice the sea surface in case I had to jump ship and swim for a floating ice pan.We continued to n May of 1990 Jim White and I went list to 9° to 11.5° where we stopped taking to the summit of the Greenland Ice sheet in water.Altogether the ship had took in Ito be part of the Greenland Ice Sheet 1,000 tonnes of water. Shortly after we dis- Project (GISP2) field team to help recover covered that one of our empty fuel tanks and analyze the now widely known Green- (that was fortunately water-tight to the rest land ice core-which has been used exten- of the ship) had filled with seawater. sively for paleoclimate reconstructions. One We sent our communications messages of them almost didn’t make it back. pack to Canada informing them of our situa- After spending more that two weeks at sea tion.While the powers worked to rescue us, level in Sonderstromfjord on the West coast of we drifted without engine for another 37 Greenland, organizing supplies, and waiting for hours. During that time we deployed our good weather,Jim and Bruce boarded a ski- submersible to locate and inspect the dam- equipped Hercules c-130 aircraft bound for the Memories & Vignettes 53 summit site at the center of the Greenland Ice New York. FOB quickly arranged for an Sheet some 12,000 feet higher.We landed in a emergency plea to be transmitted to all air- storm, and quickly set up our tents as a part of craft flying over the North Atlantic in search the early season skeleton crew.Hard work dig- of a ski-equipped plane. Finally a small ski- ging snow trenches in windy –30°C conditions equipped Icelandic Twin Otter aircraft on left us tired.Within 48 hours, I experienced the East Coast of Greenland responded to difficulty breathing, and while in my tent late the plea.The two pilots, (who were in their on their second night, I began coughing up mid 20s) filled the inside of the Twin Otter blood- a symptom of an advanced case of high with 55-gallon drums of fuel to make the altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE).This acute distance, and headed off for the center of the altitude sickness was brought on by our rapid ice sheet with little more than a compass ascent and elevated level of activity upon ar- heading. It would take them four hours. rival. In normal mountaineering conditions the By now I could only breath with the aid only real cure for HAPE is a quick descent. of oxygen, which was in short supply. He Oxygen can help for a while, but left continued to cough up blood while the bliz- unchecked, the advanced condition is usually zard continued to howl outside. Meanwhile, fatal within days or even hours. Peterzen back at the FOB had realized the The ski-equipped aircraft that had deliv- seriousness of the problem and pleaded with ered us to the ice sheet had already returned the Royal Danish Airforce in Sonderstrom- to New York, and the storm on the ice cap fjord to launch their Gulfstream Surveillance had degenerated in to a full on white-out.To Jet with a box of oxygen tanks attached to a further complicate matters, the Earth was in parachute. Peterzen accompanied the jet, the middle of a serious ionospheric distur- and made quick time to the GISP2 site, bance, making radio contact with the outside where the conditions remained zero visibil- world impossible on the existing equipment. ity, with a zero cloud ceiling.The oxygen This was also the early days of satellite com- was dropped somewhere near the site, but munications, and the new ability to TELEX according to witnesses on snow machines via satellite was just getting set up at the Eu- trying to chase the air-drop, the “White box ropean ice core camp (GRIP), some 30 km with a white parachute was quickly blown to the North of where Jim and I were. Com- out of view by the strong winds”- making re- munication with INMARSAT in London was covery a near suicide mission.Time was run- possible for about 4 hours a day, when the ning out along with the oxygen. But the satellite was above the horizon at this high Twin otter, now within range, had little hope latitude. Others on site quickly mobilized of being able to land in white out conditions. and sent a snow machine to GRIP to get a In a twist of fate, the Royal Danish Airforce message out on this system before the win- jet was able to home in on the radio trans- dow of communication ended for the day. mitting beacon that marked the ski-way INMARSAT then telephoned Steve Peterzen landing strip on the ice. In this way they at the field operations base (FOB) station in could act as a control tower in the sky, guid- Sonderstromfjord passing on the bad news. ing the Twin Otter in its blind descent onto From there, a rescue plan was formulated, the snow white surface of the ice cap. Once but the biggest problem aside from the on the ground, there was confusion.They weather, was that there were no planes had landed at the GRIP ski-way, some 30 km nearby equipped to land on the ice sheet on away from GISP2 where we sat waiting for the West Coast of Greenland and it would rescue.After taking on fuel, the Twin Otter take too long for the c-130’s to return from decided to try to fly the line of bamboo 54 Fiftieth Anniversary

flags- spaced at 200 meter intervals between hospital in Jacabshavn on the West Coast was the two camps and twice failed— losing site more than 4 hours flying time.The logical al- of the flags each time. Once back on the ice ternative would have been for the plane to at GRIP,they radioed the GISP2 camp re- make a rapid descent to a lower elevation, questing that I be transported by ground to where the increase air pressure and oxygen the plane for evacuation. would likely allow the patient to breathe. Existing at the grace of bottled oxygen, I However, the storm and its associated cloud was getting weak and was unable to ride on a deck required the unpressurized Twin Otter snow machine, and the Tucker snow cat in to climb to 15,000-ft level, and fly above the camp was broken. Instead, a German track clouds until a safe descent path could be vehicle, driven by two Italians was dis- found. Once again, the “blue-lip express” patched from GRIP to do the transport. Jim method was used to budget the oxygen for the and I left GISP2 in the storm for the two- long trip.After four hours, the plane was still hour ride in the track vehicle with just one at 15,000 feet.They would look at the crew hour’s worth of oxygen.A decision needed and point to the watch, as if to say “How much to be made. Jim turned on the oxygen and longer?”The crew kept saying in Icelandic– allowed me to breathe for several minutes, English:“15 more minutes”.This went on for then shut it off.As the minutes ticked by my a half-hour, while the passenger’s view of the attempts to breathe without oxygen were la- cockpit told another story: both pilots were bored and Jim watched the color of my lips staring blankly at aviation maps of Greenland turn light blue. On again went the oxygen opened so wide that they filled the cockpit. for another two minutes, and so it went—on After a while, one pilot nudged the other and and off—like this for two hours in what they pointed to a hole in the clouds.The next mo- later referred to as the “ blue-lip express ment the plane entered into a step dive, spiral- taxi” to the waiting rescue plane.All was go- ing down through the hole, with both pilots ing well until suddenly the track vehicle scanning the horizon. Finally mountains and sputtered to a dead stop, still miles from steep fjords came into view,and out again GRIP.Snow had clogged the air intake and it came the maps, followed by lots of finger took the two Italian drivers about 20 min- pointing.Things were looking better. utes to fix it. Growing worried, the ground As the landing gear touched the runway, crews waiting for the track vehicle sent out the needle on the gauge of the oxygen bottle snow machines to rescue us, but when they finally went to zero.The airport, which had arrived the vehicle was up an running again. kept open its control tower six hours beyond The track vehicle, now with multiple snow its normal closing time was filled with on- machine escorts, finally reached the Twin Ot- lookers as the ambulance met the plane. ter, which was powered up and ready for take Some how, the words “medical evacuation” off, awaiting its patient. Jim and I had to ex- had conjured up gruesome expectations on plain to the pilots that I could not be placed on their part, and so it was quite a surprise a stretcher, as they had planned.Victims of when we walked off the plane. HAPE need to remain upright; or else the I spent several days on oxygen in the hos- fluid in the lungs will cover more lung surface pital in Jacabshavn, where two people spoke area, and make things worse.The Twin Otter English, the rest used Danish or the even had indicated that it had oxygen on board, but harder to understand Greenlandic tongue. they discovered that it was only one bottle, ca- X-rays showed severe accumulation of fluid pable of a scant two-hour supply at the rate in the lungs, indicating that the swift depar- that I now required.The flight to the nearest ture was a lucky one. However the recovery Memories & Vignettes 55 was rapid, and within the week I was re- Boulder, and spent many days of his babyhood leased, and the hospital, uncertain what to parked in his pram under a pine tree at Sci- charge to a foreign national, invented a fee ence Lodge. He has dual citizenship, which he that turned out to be less than the rate for turned to advantage when he earned the the local hotel where Jim was staying. money he needed to attend university in New I have many people to thank for surviving Zealand by working in Alaska and Utah. the epic time on the ice sheet.Without the In the New Zealand mountains the cli- help of dozens of people, I would not have sur- mate is comparatively non-seasonal, so Mar- vived.This incident helped underline the risks garet and I found the march of the seasons in of even moderately high altitude work on the the Rockies truly inspiring, especially the se- ice sheet, and the dangers of the remote loca- quence of alpine and forest flowers.We also tion. In the following years, more precautions enjoyed the wild mammals, even the chip- were taken at the GISP2 site that allowed all a munks that John Marr referred to as safer stay on the ice.A medical doctor and “varmints”—the mammals that we have in more oxygen tanks were put in place each field our mountains are unfortunately all intro- season, and a portable hyperbaric chamber duced pests that threaten the indigenous (Gamov bag) became standard equipment on biota.The Front Range was a very rewarding site.With these precautions Bruce was able to place to study timberline, and it was espe- return to GISP2 site and worked with the ice cially interesting to compare your highly core for two more seasons. Jim White and I continental situation with our insular tim- still continue to be heavily involved in ice core berlines composed of quite different trees. research at INSTAAR. Skip Greene set up a special van for my use at the upper limit of tall trees, and for years Peter Wardle after we returned home visitors to the Mountain Research Station commented on For us it is a year for 50th anniversaries: the what became known as the “kiwi van.” New Zealand Ecological Society, the ski club Finally, we have great memories of the that Margaret and I belong to, and now IN- wonderful people who made our year at STAAR! Also, this year I celebrated my 70th Boulder so enjoyable, both for me as a scien- birthday, so that works out to about 50 years tist, and for us as a family. Best wishes for of plant ecology in the mountains.We are the celebration. sorry that we won’t be able to attend the INSTAAR celebration on September 15–16, Sid White but will certainly have the Institute in mind. Our year in Boulder (August 1963–August 1964) was wonderful for us both profession- any memories come to mind of ally and family-wise.We made an inauspicious an old-timer who spent 12 full beginning, arriving with a rather sick 2-year- Msummers at Science Lodge, now old daughter. But through the kindness of Bob Mountain Research Station, when requested Krear, we got her to a good doctor, and there- for a vignette. Some come as questions. Can after all was well. By the time we returned anyone recall the old Department of Geol- home, Penny was talking well, with an Ameri- ogy Summer Field Camp and its rustic log can accent that wowed the locals; she reverted cabins next to Rainbow Lakes Road about to it when she spent a year at high school in 100 feet from the City of Boulder Watershed upstate New York as the recipient of a Rotary Gate? Why was the Megaron so named near studentship. Our son Robert was born in Science Lodge where we had classes, meet- 56 Fiftieth Anniversary

ings, and evening guest lectures? Who cut Now for the memories. Remember the the blazed trail straight east from Fern Least Appaloosa Chuck Opperman hired to carry cabin (#71) next to Como Creek below the our surveying and camping gear in 1961 from old toilets, past the sawmill and through the the end of Rainbow Lakes Road along the woods down to Peak-to-Peak Highway 7? ridge to Arapaho Pass to start our motion Who else was on the 1939 summer faculty study of Arapaho Rock Glacier; or hitching a at Science Lodge besides Warren O.Thomp- jeep ride with John Marr up towards Niwot son, Ernest E.Wahlstrom, and Dewey Sam- Ridge to gain altitude into Green Lakes Valley ple? Who remembers stripping tops of the and learning so much from his explanations of tallest pine trees and tying red flags to serve botanical phenomena we’d both noticed along as triangulation points for Doe Thompson’s the way; or Will Rense predicting at breakfast surveying course? Did you know that Ed in the dining hall what the weather was going Kohler, a rancher from near Longmont, ran to be each day; or John Clark leading ten of us cattle on Niwot Ridge under a Circle K on a Sunday morning to the top of Longs brand? We met him at Hill’s Mill in August Peak; or crawling on hands and knees with Fa- 1939 with salt blocks on a packhorse for his ther Macior to photograph his burrowing bees cattle.They enjoyed eating the alpine plants in the ground on Niwot Ridge; or going at alongside their contour trails long before the twilight with Harold Lutz along the old rail- botanists arrived. road east of Peak-to-Peak to watch beavers re- pairing their dam; or an Easter week two-foot-deep snowfall trapping us at Sawmill Trailer, unable to drive out to Nederland and loving every day of the enforced isolation?

Above: Scientists from INSTAAR and the Unioversity of Tromsø on R/V Jan Mayen in Kangerlussuaq region, East Greenland, 1996. Photo by katrine Husum. INSTAAR Photographs A

Above: Dining hall at Mountain Research Station, about 1952.

Below: Philip Miller and Skip Green and a Weasel with snow treads jammed with snow. Photo by Jim Erdman, 1960. B Fiftieth Anniversary

Above:Tad Pfeffer of INSTAAR conducts an outdoor science class for Nederland Elementary School at Eldora Mountain Resort. Photo by Ken Abbott.

Below:Tundra Lab on Niwot Ridge, constructed in 1990. INSTAAR Photographs C

Above:Alpine Laboratory in 1963.

Below: John W. Marr Alpine Laboratory in 1998. D INSTAAR Photographs Fiftieth Anniversary D

Members of the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO) team extracting an ice core at the GISP2 site, Greenland, 1989. Photo by Ken Taylor. E INSTAAR Photographs Fiftieth Anniversary E

Taking wind profile measurements in Wright Valley,Antarctica. Photo by Karen Lewis. F F

John Andrews and some former students at Mount Hood, Oregon, 2000. Left to right: Julian Dowdeswell, Julie Brigham-Grette, Peter Clark, John Andrews, Giff Miller,Art Dyke, John England. INSTAAR’s News

Larry W.Anderson I am grateful for my training at INSTAAR. You never know what life is preparing you for. I was at INSTAAR from 1975 to 1976.In I use my experiences and education every day 1977, I went to work as a geologist for the ge- in managing the ranch, both in terms of the fi- otechnical consulting firm Fugro in southern nances and the living system that we depend California. I stayed there until 1980, working on for our likelihood. primarily on large projects such as nuclear and coal-fired power plants and dam site in- vestigations. In 1980, I moved back to Colo- Stephanie Baker Mead rado with my wife Donna, and soon went to Stephanie Baker Mead passed away at age 41 work for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation on February 6, 2000. She was born in where I remain today.In my 20 years at Recla- Roanoke, and grew up in Lynchburg,Virginia. mation, I have concentrated on seismic hazard She attended the University of Oklahoma and and fault activity investigations for dams and received her Master’s degree in geology from dam sites throughout the western U.S., as University of Colorado, where she met her well as working on fault and earthquake stud- husband Roy.After working for the EPA in ies for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste stor- Seattle, she had the courage to follow her age project in southern Nevada. heart and change careers, becoming a dedi- cated and devoted teacher of English to immi- Lysanna Anderson grants and refugees at Seattle Central Community College. She enjoyed making I am living in Montana, in the northwest music, traveling to experience foreign cul- part of the state.When I moved here I tures, seeing historic places, and of course, started a business ranching, and that has spending time with her dear friends. Near the been the focal point of my life since.About a end of her life she once again showed her year after I moved here (three years ago) I spirit and enthusiasm for life in becoming ac- met a wonderful man, Jack Fitzpatrick, and tive again after suffering a stroke. She is sur- we have been working together since.We vived by her husband, parents, brother, many will be married this spring (2001) on our dear friends, and her cat Grover. ranch.We have about 2,000 acres and about 200 Black Angus cows (along with horses, cow dogs—and my Kalub—chickens, cats, Carl M. Berkowitz etc.).We are just finishing our new house Since leaving Boulder, I’ve pursued a career and are in the middle of calving. in atmospheric physics and chemistry. I now My most significant accomplishment has work at Pacific Northwest National Labora- been to have the courage to discover this tory, one of the Department of Energy life. I have three stepchildren. I am a wife research laboratories. and partner. I manage all the finances for the I first worked (hardly an appropriate word, ranch and do half the work outside.And I considering how much fun I had) at INSTAAR teach at the local school as a tutor and for on a NSF summer student program during the some of our home-schooled neighbor kids. summers of 1968 and 1969 (I think), and pos- 57 58 Fiftieth Anniversary

sibly 1970. My first two years were spent Jane Bunin studying krummholz growth patterns with Prof. Marr, and then spending a wonderful I received a Ph.D. under John Marr in 1975. summer looking for effects of cloud seeding I took various classes at INSTAAR while in around Lake George, Colorado, on a BLM my graduate program. contract with Prof.Webber. My time at IN- Currently (since 1983) I am president of STAAR had a significant influence on both my Natural Science Associates, Inc., Boulder, personal and professional life. Colorado, a small ecological consulting firm. Currently (since 1992) I am also senior ad- junct faculty in Environmental Studies De- Julie Brigham-Grette partment of Naropa University, Boulder, Post-doctoral research fellow, Department Colorado. of Quaternary Geology, Geomorphology, and Marine Geology, University of Jeffrey D. Colby Bergen, Norway, November 1983– December 1984. I was a doctorate student of Nel Caine, and currently, I am an assistant professor at East Post-doctoral research fellow, Department Carolina University in the Department of of Geology, University of Alberta, Ed- Geography. One mountain related highlight I monton,Alberta, and Geological Survey have had since departing CU was participat- of Canada, May 1985–May 1987. ing in the International Expedition to the Assistant professor of glacial geology, De- Hindu Kush, Northern Pakistan, in 1999. partment of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts,Amherst, September, 1987–1993. Alexis Conley Visiting professor,Alaska Quaternary Cen- Graduate degree: M.A., 1997 (as Alexis ter, University of Alaska Museum, Fair- Hartz) advisor:Tim Seastedt banks,Alaska, January–June 1990. Since 1997: project scientist for an ecologi- Associate professor of glacial geology, cal study in Siberia. I work for Science Department of Geology and Geography, Systems and Applications, Inc. in the University of Massachusetts,Amherst, biospheric sciences branch at the NASA September, 1993 to present. Goddard Space Flight Center. Associate department head of geosciences, University of Massachusetts,Amherst, William Richard (Dick) Cowan September, 1998 to present. Acting department head of geosciences, Resident 1970–1972, Ph.D. 1975 University of Massachusetts,Amherst, Since leaving INSTAAR in 1972, I have had September, 2000–2001. an interesting time doing various things. From 1973 to 1979, I was supervisor of Quaternary I have also served on several professional geology for the Ontario Geological Survey society boards and national panels. (Toronto), which required me to map Quater- nary materials, supervise several other geolo- gists, and review their publications. In 1979,I moved to Calgary to work as a terrain special- ist on regulatory matters for the Canadian sec- tor of the Alaska Highway Gas Pipeline.This INSTAAR’s News 59 pipeline was not completed due to the gas and perhaps most productive doing original surplus which developed; however, it is now work. Over the last ten years I have been fo- under discussion for future construction to cussed on activities related to sustainable meet U.S. energy needs.These were interest- mining in Ontario and Canada and I hope I ing times with field excursions from Prudhoe have made a positive contribution.As well, Bay,Alaska to Montana through Canada—a my youngest of four children just left the great learning experience. In 1981, I recog- nest and that part of my career, perhaps the nized that the pipeline was not going any- hardest, is slowed. I have been strongly sup- where slowly and entered the private sector as ported in my career by my wife of 34 years an environmental manager with Techman En- and my children who were always willing to gineers Ltd. in Calgary,where I worked with move homes to meet my career aspirations. a team of environmental specialists doing en- To conclude, the eclectic training and ex- vironmental assessments and regulatory mat- periences I received through my association ters on coal mines, pipelines, and oil sands with INSTAAR and my colleagues there made projects. In 1983, the economy went for a me into a flexible person with diverse inter- tumble, and I started my own company,Pal- ests who could cope with a variety of chal- liser Consultants Limited, which carried our lenges in a positive way.This has been a great environmental assessments, surficial geology, benefit both to myself and to the people/or- and energy related projects. I did this until ganizations I have worked with and for. Con- 1987 when I returned to Toronto to work gratulations INSTAAR on your successes. with the Ontario Geological Survey again. I had only been there four months when I was Wendy (Cunningham) Littman appointed manager of mining lands, responsi- ble for mineral dispositions and management I got my masters at INSTAAR in 1997. for Ontario, a province with present mining • Worked for one year as a PRA for John production of about U.S.$4 billion. I subse- Andrews, continuing some of my masters quently became manager of mineral develop- research. ment (1990) and director of the mining and • Worked for one year at the Geological lands management branch (1993), responsible Society of America as a program manager for mining lands, mineral development, and in their Science and Outreach depart- mine rehabilitation throughout Ontario (one 2 ment. Basically, I was helping to facilitate million km ). I currently am mainly involved with my statutory role as director of mine re- communication between geoscientists habilitation, which focuses on ensuring that and the public. new mines come into production with mine • Since April 2001, I’ve been working as a closure plans in place that are secured finan- science writer, creating Web sites to help cially in the event of default.As well, a similar the DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and program is in place for existing mines, and we Renewable Energy communicate the latest are currently working on a four-year $27 mil- renewable energy research to the public. lion program to rehabilitate our numerous abandoned mines. During my career, I believe I made signif- icant contributions to our knowledge of the Quaternary geology of Ontario; I consider my work as a mapper/scientist was probably the part of my career that was the most fun 60 Fiftieth Anniversary

Leland (Lee) R. Dexter development of subsistence based Eskimo societies and their responses to environmen- I was at INSTAAR from 1982 to 1986. Upon tal change.This work has been supported by graduation in 1986, I took a one-year tempo- NSF’s Office of Polar Programs.The re- rary instructor position in the Geography De- search findings of our Scandinavian research partment at Northern Arizona University, team have been widely published in interna- Flagstaff,Arizona. In 1986–87. I was hired to tional journals of geomorphology and soil a tenure track position in geography at Cali- science. I trust this brief biographical sketch fornia State University at San Bernardino,. contributes in a small way to successful cele- where I spent two years (1987–89). brations of INSTAAR’s 50th. I was hired to a tenure track position at Northern Arizona University in 1989 where I am currently an associate professor of James J. Ebersole geography. Ph.D. 1985. I am now in my 14th year teach- ing at Colorado College in Colorado Springs, John C. Dixon a nationally recognized undergraduate liberal arts school. In addition to teaching courses in I received my Ph.D. in geography at INSTAAR botany,ecology,and biostatistics, I have pub- in 1983 and my dissertation title was “Chemi- lished a number of papers with undergraduate cal weathering of late Quaternary Cirque De- coauthors on subjects ranging from ecophysi- posits in the Colorado Front Range.”This ology to restoration ecology.Fifteen years af- research was conducted in Arapaho Cirque and ter my graduate field work, I revisited my in Caribou Lake Cirque on the west side of the Alaskan dissertation study sites and co-au- Divide. Upon graduation (actually a couple of thored a paper offering a circumpolar com- years before graduation), I was hired into a po- parison of arctic vegetation recovery in sition in the Geography Department at the Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and northeast University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (the State Siberia. My current research focuses on Land Grant Institution). I have been there ever restoration ecology in the Colorado alpine. since, and a year ago was promoted to the rank of professor. Between 1993 and 1998 I was chairman of the Department. My research in- Margaret M. Eccles terests continue to be primarily focused on I want to let people know that I remember my geochemical processes in landscape develop- INSTAAR years with great fondness and still ment in Arctic-alpine environments. I have think it was the best place I ever worked. continued to do research in the Front Range as Everything I do these days involves security well as in S.E.Alaska. For the past eight years I clearances, and that really takes away a lot of have been working in a research group in the the fun. I enjoyed what I was working with, Scandes Mountains of Swedish Lapland looking too; the sciences interest me, and I liked what I at landscape geochemical processes. was working with. This work has been supported by funds from The National Geographic Society and from the National Science Foundation. In ad- dition, we have similar work underway in the Jotunheimen Mountains of southern Norway. In addition to my work in Scandi- navia, I have been working with anthropolo- gists from Alaska on the historical INSTAAR’s News 61

Jim Erdman • I have published 100 papers and 35 ab- stracts; in 1985, was nominated for Dis- Current Volunteer Efforts tinguished Lecturer in the Association of Serving on steering committees of two land Exploration Geochemists; served on trusts: the Crestone/Baca Land Trust, which manuscript review committee, and re- received a $129,000 wetland-purchasing grant viewed 35 fact sheets (outreach docu- from Great Outdoors Colorado in July 2000; ments for public information). and the Rio Grande Headwaters Land Trust. • I have received international recognition as Also member of an ad hoc Governance-Re- an exploration biogeochemist, especially search committee on pros and cons of the Baca after publishing a pivotal journal article Grande subdivision becoming a municipality. about the use of plants in gold exploration, Worked with the Bureau of Land Management and have prior experience in uranium and on its Gunnison Sage Grouse vegetation sur- porphyry copper exploration. veys in the Mountain Big Sagebrush terrain at the north end of the San Luis Valley. Professional Experience Professional Accomplishments Consultant, USGS/Water Resources Divi- • I have done contract work with Water Re- sion, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, sources Division, USGS, to delineate sub- 1997–1998; scientist emeritus (retired), surface leachate plume from Norman Central Region Mineral Resources Team landfill, central Oklahoma, using biogeo- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, chemical sampling.A report,“Elements in 1996–present; botanist, environmental geo- Cottonwood Trees as an Indicator of Ground chemistry section, branch of geochemistry Water Contaminated by Landfill Leachate,” U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, by Erdman and Christenson, was completed 1967–1996; Expertise in environmental January 1998, and published in the winter geochemistry, designing sampling plans to 2000 issue of the journal, Ground Water Moni- assess impacts of point-source contamina- toring and Remediation. tion; Diverse experience in integrating the element analysis of plant tissue (biogeo- • I have worked with multidisciplinary and chemistry) with the distribution of indicator interagency teams on complex projects plants (geobotany) to aid in mineral and ge- such as the politically delicate impact othermal exploration in a wide range of from the Summitville Mine contamina- landscapes from Sonora, Mexico, to the cen- tion of irrigation waters on the nutri- tral Aleutian Islands. tional quality of a major crop, alfalfa, in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. In 1995 re- ceived Special Act Award from the USGS Rick Ernst for outstanding work, yet forced into re- I worked for Dr. Giff Miller in the Amino tirement in ’96. Acid Geochronology Laboratory at IN- • My experience in “reading the landscape,” STAAR from 1985 through 1987, then in blending plant patterns with geology the summers of 1988 and 1989.Although it (landforms, structure, hydrothermal alter- started out as a summer job, I became in- ation), led to a multi-year collaboration in volved in my work, and with Giff’s help and the early 1990s with the U.S. Forest Ser- direction, became involved and performed vice in the Tobacco Root Mountains,west- research work which lead to undergraduate ern Montana, dealing with its Ecosystem research grant, an Honors thesis (graduated Management Program. from CU in 1987,summa cum laude), and my 62 Fiftieth Anniversary

Master’s thesis (I graduated from the Uni- upland schist tors of the Central Otago block versity of Arizona/Tucson in December mountains. I was promoted to associate pro- 1989; Giff was on my committee; I did all fessor at Guelph in 1981. my lab work at INSTAAR; my thesis was ti- Although I enjoyed my time at Guelph, it tled “Reaction Kinetics of Protein Hydroly- was always our intention to return perma- sis,Amino Acid Decomposition, and nently to New Zealand.This opportunity arose Isoleucine Epimerization in Eggshell of the when I was back there again on leave in 1984.I African Ostrich,Struthio camelus”). visited the Forest Protection Division of Forest Research Institute (FRI) on the University of Barry Fahey Canterbury campus in Christchurch that year and talked with its director about my interest I graduated with a Ph.D. in geography in in returning. He was looking for someone with 1971. I journeyed from New Zealand to a background in geomorphology and hydrol- Boulder to begin studies towards a Ph.D. in ogy to establish a research programme on for- the Geography Department in 1965.After est road erosion in New Zealand steepland completing most of my course work by 1967 forests, and I convinced him I was the person I still hadn’t decided on a dissertation topic. for the job. I joined FRI in September 1985, However, about that time Jack Ives was ap- about ten days before the government decided pointed Director of INSTAAR. He had to disband its umbrella organization, the New plenty of great research ideas, and before Zealand Forest Service. For the next ten years long I was working on a topic dealing with it was one round of restructuring after an- periglacial processes and landform develop- other. However, my association with FRI rekin- ment in the Front Range. dled my pre-Ph.D. interests in land-use In 1970 I took up the position of assistant hydrology.Thus, in the ensuing years I found professor in the Geography Department at the myself investigating the impacts of afforesta- University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. I re- tion and harvesting on water yield, sediment turned to Boulder in the summer of that year yield, and water chemistry. to defend my thesis, and to teach the Moun- In 1992 the government restructuring of tain Geomorphology course at the Mountain science in New Zealand culminated in the Research Station. I remained at Guelph for the establishment of nine Crown (i.e., govern- next 15 years teaching a variety of courses ment) Research Institutes or CRIs.The from first year to the graduate level, mostly in group I worked for in FRI was merged with geomorphology.I also continued with my re- one of the new CRIs called Landcare Re- search interests, notably in assessing the rela- search, which is responsible for providing in- tive importance of freeze-thaw,hydration, and formation to the government and other salt weathering processes in periglacial envi- clients on the status of terrestrial ecosys- ronments under simulated conditions in the tems. I am based at Lincoln, about 20 km laboratory.These experiments were supple- south of Christchurch near Lincoln Univer- mented by field studies during the Ontario sity, one of the two main agricultural univer- winters. I also spent a summer with a col- sities in the country. I work for the league from Guelph on Broughton Island in Catchment and Biophysical Processes Team. the eastern Canadian Arctic, studying the mi- Despite most of my research now being croclimate of the Arctic tundra. In 1976 I took conducted in temperate environments, my a sabbatical leave back in New Zealand in the interests in periglacial landforms and Geography Department at Otago University, processes are still catered for through a where I investigated the age and origin of the Landcare-based teaching contract I have with INSTAAR’s News 63 the University of Canterbury. For the last watching the build-up of cumulo-nimbus eight years I have taught a graduate course in clouds along the Front Range as a prelude to the Geography Department on Quaternary the afternoon thunderstorms. Environments and Periglacial Processes, I am proud to have been associated with which provides me with the incentive to INSTAAR when I was a student there in the keep in touch with recent advances in the late 1960s, and I wish the Institute every field. Each year I take the class on a field trip success in the next 50 years. to the St. Mary’s Range just inland from Oamaru on the east coast of the South Is- Sid Gustafson land.The area resembles Niwot Ridge in many respects with its variety of periglacial I was the first maintenance supervisor sent landforms, including patterned ground, up to the John Marr lab from the University tors, block fields, solifluction lobes and of Colorado Facilities Management. During nivation hollows. On the way back to that time the Mountain Research Station was Christchurch we look at the sequence of gla- in really bad shape … so I videotaped all the cial landforms left as a legacy of Pleistocene problems, called Risk Management and En- Glaciations in the Mt. Cook area. In the past vironmental Health and Safety up to the sta- few years I have also prepared a number of tion, and showed them the videotape that I contract reports for the New Zealand De- made.When I left, I also made a record of partment of Conservation on the impacts of the entire station and all of its needs at the snow grooming on vegetation and soils at time. I still have a copy of that also. one of New Zealand’s main ski fields in the As project manager I had responsibility west Otago mountains. for the planning budgeting and construction As for my main accomplishments I have of the new John Marr lab and the Kiowa lab over 50 refereed papers in print, and half-a- renovation—a $250,000 project over which dozen chapters in books, as well as numer- I had control. I brought the project in on ous contract reports for Landcare clients. I time and on budget. was recently given the honorary title of Se- I’m currently the head instructor of the nior Fellow in the Geography Department at University Colorado’s physics trades teach- the University of Canterbury, and last year I ing laboratory.This facility teaches the entire was awarded the New Zealand Hydrological University community machine shop tech- Society’s medal for outstanding achievement nology and welding practice.About 200 stu- in the science of hydrology. I was on the Ex- dents a year attend these courses. I’ve had ecutive Committee of the Society for eight many INSTAAR professors or researchers years, and was secretary for four years. In here taking my classes. addition I have just stepped down after five years as leader of the Working Group in For- est Hydrology for the International Union of Forestry Research Organisations (IUFRO) based in Vienna. My research and teaching career is now drawing to a close, and this year I have gone on to reduced hours, with a view towards retirement in a couple of years’ time. One of my lasting memories of Colorado, however, is of summer fieldwork on Niwot Ridge with all its color and atmospheric clarity, and 64 Fiftieth Anniversary

Kathy Hansen grant did not arrive but the teaching job did. On such a happenstance event does a lifelong Since leaving INSTAAR, I have become a full career depend. I rented a truck and moved professor of geography in the Department of family and belongings to La Junta, Colorado, Earth Sciences at Montana State University, where I had been offered a position teaching Bozeman. My most significant accomplish- botany at Otero Community College. My ments include that I continue to study wife and I planned on staying in La Junta for mountain environments (treeline, snow, and ten years and then moving on.That was 42 climate). I initiated and developed the Cen- years ago and we are still here. ter for High Elevation Studies at Montana I came to Otero to teach botany, but at a State University. I have had numerous gradu- small college you find that you will need to ate students of whom I am very proud, and I do many things. I taught botany until it was still love to hike, ski, and play in mountains. merged with zoology into general biology. After that, my major teaching topics were Dexter W.Hess plant taxonomy and microbiology. During the summers, especially early in my career, I I arrived in Boulder in the fall of 1953,hav- taught plant ecology courses at the Univer- ing just completed my M.S. under Dr. Oost- sity of Colorado, Denver University, and the ing of Duke University. He had suggested University of Northern Colorado. that I continue my studies under Dr. Marr at Later, I spent many summers participat- the University of Colorado because of my in- ing in workshops on ecology, threatened and terest in microclimate and the ecology of endangered plant species, radiation biology, trees.And so I spent the next six years with desert biology, and noxious weeds. the Institute, servicing the weather stations The principal reason I remained at Otero and assembling climatic records while I for so many years was that I had an excellent worked toward my Ph.D. I was a southerner college president (Dr.William McDivitt) to and so chose to do my research as low in ele- work under, and I was given free rein to vation as possible in the ponderosa pine zone teach and develop quality science courses near station a-1 and Sugarloaf Mountain. I that would transfer to any university. I be- was also told that one of the skills I need to came chairperson of the Biology Depart- learn was either skiing or snowshoeing—I ment in 1962, was promoted to chair the opted for snowshoes. Science Department in 1972, and in 1977 I I completed typing my thesis on the became the dean of faculty, a position I held Cambial growth of Ponderosa Pine during until I retired from the college in 1983. the summer of 1959 while living with my Almost immediately, I entered the world family at Science Lodge.Two of my most of business and industry. I was asked to join vivid memories of that summer were, en- the staff of Western Foods, a local food pro- during the hundreds of miller moths that cessing plant (pickles and tomatoes), as head fluttered around my typewriter each evening of the quality control department. I spent putting punctuation marks where none were the next four and a half years experiencing intended, and spending weeks trying to dis- how industry deals with its problems, and it lodge a pack rat that had decided to live in is quite different from academia. I retired the frame of our family automobile. from the company in 1987. During the weeks just prior to receiving That same summer I became a seasonal my degree I had applied both for a research ranger for the National Park Service, and on grant and also for a teaching position, hoping an intermittent but continuing basis have that one or the other would materialize.The INSTAAR’s News 65 served as a park ranger to the present. I do Owen A. (Al) Knorr both Living History role playing as well as historical plant research at Bent’s Old Fort I was a research associate with the IAAR from National Historic Site near La Junta. Inter- 1951 to 1956. My work was primarily to as- spersed with my work with the Park Ser- sist in the collection of data from the sixteen vice, I have served as consultant for our local original environment measurement stations. Head Start program and developed a science During this period John Marr became course for pre-school children and their concerned with a certain lack of precision teachers; and served as tour guide for the with which the data were being collected. U.S. Forest Service Dinosaur Trackway in Since I had some experience in writing man- Pinyon Canyon and have prepared a illus- uals for the Army and the Air Force, he trated wildflower guide for visitors. asked me to write a “Servicer’s Manual” and Most of my current research interests are I produced an eight-page document which small projects dealing with the historical was used to train new personnel. changes in the vegetation of the lower John also asked me to do the maps, verti- Arkansas Valley. In the summer I teach a lo- cal profile, and the graphics for the Climatic cal wildflower course, and am active in the Atlas which was Part V of the overall IAAR Colorado Native Plant Society. Otherwise, I report entitled Vegetation and Environment on keep busy with community involvement the East Slope of the Front Range in Colorado. such as serving on our local hospital’s Ethics Finally, I participated in the production Committee and working with Hospice of the final report Data on Mountain Environ- patients who are terminally ill. ments II—Front Range,Colorado—Four Climax Regions,–. I thought I had retired from doing biologi- Albert W. Johnson cal assessment and environmental impact Joined the Institute of Arctic and Alpine studies, but my friend (?) Professor William A. Ecology in July 1951, and continued until Weber referred the international environ- September, 1954. Received a Ph.D. in biol- mental artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude to ogy (plant ecology) from the University of me, and in September I will be doing an envi- Colorado under John W.Marr in 1956. ronmental analysis of their project to cover From 1956 to 1960 was on the faculty of the (literally) several miles of the Arkansas River. University of Alaska in biology. In 1960–1961 was in Norway on an NSF Sci- H. Robert Krear ence Faculty Fellowship. In 1961–1962 re- joined the University of Alaska faculty. From I do not remember when I started working 1962 to 1964 was at UCLA doing research. with IAAR—perhaps 1960. I was a member From 1964 to 1969 was on the faculty (biol- of the team that serviced the meteorological ogy) at San Diego State University. From stations, especially in the winter. During 1969–1977 I was dean of the College of Sci- World War II,I served with America’s only ences at SDSU. From 1977–1991 I was vice- alpine infantry division (The 10th Mountain president for Academic Affairs at SDSU and Division), so it was a pleasure for me to be retired in 1991. Research in Alaska from reintroduced to the army over-snow vehicle 1956 to 1977, mostly at Cape Thompson in known as the Weasel that my mountain divi- northwest Alaska. sion had created during the war, and which IAAR was using to service the stations on Niwot Ridge. 66 Fiftieth Anniversary

I also used this vehicle on weekends dur- (Six months studies,summer,fall,and winter, ing three winter seasons to conduct my doc- determining methods of keeping otters alive in toral research in the Niwot Ridge area captivity,and of reestablishing such otter pop- dealing with the behavioral and ecological ulations in areas of their former range from study of the pika (Ochotona princeps). It would which they had been exterminated.) have been more difficult to conduct this re- In addition, I served as a seasonal profes- search during winter conditions without the sional naturalist in eight major national parks aid of this vehicle, and I was very grateful to over a period of 15 years. I was also a mem- the Institute for making it available to me. ber of the Mountain Rescue Team in Grand I completed my doctoral program in the Teton National Park. One rescue, performed spring of 1965, and my dissertation “An Eco- under extremely dangerous conditions on logical and Ethological Study of the Pika the Grand Teton,received the U.S. Depart- (Ochotona princeps saxatilis Bangs) in the Front ment of the Interior Valor Award. Range of Colorado” received the Phi Sigma Outstanding Graduate Student Award that spring. I gave a copy of it to the Institute. M. Iggy Litaor During graduate work at CU, I taught Shalom with the General Biology Program as a The following are a few lines describing teaching fellow and full time instructor, and my activity since leaving INSTAAR 1990. as a visiting lecturer in zoology.After gradu- ation I taught at three universities (1) 09/90–06/95: senior geoscientist, EG&G Mankato State University, Minnesota, (2) Rocky Flats Environmental & Technology The Colorado Alpine College of United Site, Colorado. Lead scientist of the Envi- States International University, and (3) ronmental Restoration Division’s Soil Sci- Michigan Technological University, retiring ence Team.The main task of my team was in the spring of 1984. to conduct a comprehensive site assess- I consider my major career accomplish- ment of contaminants in the vadose zone ments to be four arctic and subarctic re- and the soil environs. More specifically,I search expeditions: studied the nature and extent and the fate 1. The Osborne Ungava Ecological Expedi- and transport of actinides in the soil envi- tion (1951) ronment around Rocky Flats Plant.This work entailed extensive stochastic model- (Studies in subarctic northern Quebec and ing and geostatistics to provide spatial esti- Labrador) mation, uncertainty maps, and additional 2. Fur seal research, Pribilof Islands in sampling strategies of contaminants in soils Bering Sea—USFWS (1953) around Rocky Flats Plant. (Worked out the reproductive cycle of the cow 07/93–1997: associate professor adjunct, fur seal) Department of Civil and Environmental 3. Member of the Olaus Murie 1956 Arctic Engineering, University of Colorado, Brooks Range Expedition Boulder, Colorado. Studied the fate and (Conducted research that contributed largely transport of actinides in the soils of to the creation of the National ArcticWildlife Rocky Flats Plant. Designed and installed Refuge in northeast Alaska) a state-of-art remotely controlled real- 4. Sea otter research,Amchitka Island, time in-situ monitoring system (MS). western Aleutians (1957) Conducted a detailed study of macropore flow and its role in contaminant transport INSTAAR’s News 67

under controlled rain simulations, tored their growth. It was fascinating to sep- snowmelt and natural rainfall.The hydro- arate out the longer term genetic effects and geochemical and mineralogical charac- acclimatization effects from the shorter term teristics of the contaminants (i.e., growth effects on individual plants. particle, colloidal, and dissolved) were After my Science Lodge days, I got my studied in great details. Supervised five Ph.D. degree in Organic Chemistry from graduate students. the University of Wisconsin in 1970, and The above mentioned work produced went to work for DuPont in Wilmington, over 15 journal articles on the fate and Delaware. I have been instrumental in devel- transport of actinides in the soil environs. oping a new class of thermoplastic elas- tomers, which are now used around the 08/96–present: associate professor, Depart- world—primarily in automotive applica- ment of Biotechnology and Environmental tions (covers for the airbags, continuous ve- Sciences,Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper locity joints), but also in a large number of Galilee, Israel.Teaching several courses in other applications (tubing, film applications environmental sciences. Current research for breathable jackets, seating, fiber applica- interests: the hydro-geochemistry of al- tions, small molded parts, etc.). I have a tered wetlands and the regional effects of number of patents and publications in addi- global climate change. Supervising five tion to my commercial successes. graduate students who are working on the hydro-geochemistry of nutrients in altered semi-arid wetland ecosystem. Gerald A. Meehl Since leaving INSTAAR as a master’s degree Darvel Lloyd student studying tropical connections to the North Atlantic Oscillation, I have been work- I was a graduate student in geography at the ing at the National Center for Atmospheric University of Colorado in Boulder and was in- Research, first as an associate scientist and volved with INSTAAR from 1968 to 1970, then as a research scientist. My research has graduating with an M.A. in Geography in focused on two major areas.The first is diag- 1970. My thesis was “The Isabelle Glacier, nostic studies of the coupled climate system Front Range, Colorado During the 1968– utilizing analyses of observations and model 1969 Budget Year.” My thesis advisors were simulations, and the second is analyses of fu- Dr. Roger Barry and Dr. John Andrews. ture climate simulations from a hierarchy of climate models. My roots are in field experi- J. Michael McKenna ments from my grad school days during the 1970s when I collected data during the Tropi- I have fond memories of my work on the re- cal Wind Energetics Reference Level Experi- sponse gardens with Dr.William S. Osburn ment (TWERLE) and Monsoon Experiment during the summers of 1961 through 1965. (MONEX) in the tropical Pacific/Asian-Aus- We established four of these gardens at dif- tralian monsoon regions. During these field ferent elevations—one right above the experiments I not only became familiar with Mountain Research Station, one at the end observed data, but witnessed the workings of of Niwot Ridge, and two at lower elevations. the climate system in those regions firsthand. Then, we transplanted several different These experiences motivated my Ph.D. thesis species of plants from each elevation to each at CU. In it I documented the fundamental of the other elevations, and carefully moni- workings of what I would later name the “tro- 68 Fiftieth Anniversary

pospheric biennial oscillation” (TBO). Due in search, was studying the tropical link to the part to my work in this area, the TBO is now a North Atlantic Oscillation with Roger Barry, mainstream area of monsoon research as rec- David Greenland, and Harry van Loon from ognized by CLIVAR in the recent “Imple- NCAR.That evolved to more work focusing mentation Plan for CLIVAR Asian-Australian on the tropics and led to research in climate Monsoon Research” and typified by a special change. However, I have maintained my in- session on the TBO in the Eighth Scientific As- terest in high latitude processes, and I have sembly of IAMAS in Innsbruck,Austria. published a number of papers on climate Though my research interests are wide variability and climate change related to cold ranging, a common thread is time and space regions in both hemispheres. scale interactions.These include synoptic/ subseasonal/MJO,seasonal,TBO/ENSO, Mark D. Moorhead global decadal variability,and climate variability related to low frequency external forcing. I graduated in 1999 with a Ph.D.in geophysics. These interests in scale interactions led me to I am presently working on a post-doc- get involved in TOGA COARE, a field project toral position at Northwest Watershed to study coupled interactions in the western Pa- Research Center, which is an Agricultural cific warm pool region in the early 1990s. I was Research Service laboratory in the U.S. a co-PI on a TOGA COARE grant with another Department of Agriculture.We are studying former INSTAAR person, George Kiladis, and the conditions leading to large winter flood- was active in the site survey,deployment, data ing events in the Pacific Northwest. collection, and analysis of data from the Inte- I am presently applying for positions at grated Sounding Systems (portable weather sta- various universities. tions) developed at NCAR. My other major area of research is cli- Ann Marie Odasz mate change. For example, in recent work I have demonstrated that cloud feedbacks op- I was Dr. John Marr’s last Ph.D. student and erating in the equatorial Pacific can con- graduated from CU in 1983. I did my re- tribute to initiating the coupled processes search in the Brooks Range of Alaska on veg- that produce an “El Niño-like response” to etation at the treelimit.

increasing CO2 in some global climate mod- I went to Norway to post-doc with Dr. els.This response, with greater relative Eilif Dahl at the Agricultural University of warming of sea surface temperatures in the Norway. Eilif had been on a sabbatical with eastern compared to the western equatorial Dr. Marr in 1954 and hiked the treelimit of Pacific, is significant in its possible future the Rockies.What wonderful people both consequences for water resources in coun- these men were. My post-doc was a NSF one tries in the Asia-Pacific region. I have been year grant … but I got a permanent job (no active in the international climate change re- tenure endurance test over in Norway!) and search community, serving on various com- I’ve been a professor at the University of mittees and contributing to the IPCC Tromsø—world’s northernmost univer- climate change assessments, most recently as sity—ever since. Most of my work has been a convening lead author of the chapter on fu- conducted on Svalbard with long seasons ture climate change for the upcoming IPCC looking at population dynamics of arctic Third Assessment Report. It is interesting plants and recently on plant–reindeer inter- that my initial connection to INSTAAR, an actions.The generous sabbatical system in institute dedicated to alpine and polar re- Norway has let me maintain working rela- INSTAAR’s News 69 tionships and friendships in Boulder, and I’m ing approval. I was also able to develop spe- presently on a research visit from the cial areas of research such as an Arctic pro- Department of Arctic Biology in Tromsø. gram, environmental health and indicator I have advised 13 graduate students and programs, and a National Environmental Re- many of them are running research pro- search Park (NERP) program. grams of their own in northern Norway and My path repeatedly crossed with IN- on Svalbard. STAAR. One major path concerned sup- porting research proposals of their scientists. Bill Osburn In general it was a pleasure to defend the typically well-prepared, innovative, and fully Though I left INSTAAR in the fall of 1965 af- justified research proposals from INSTAAR ter 14 years, it did not mean a severing of ties. members and/or alumni, which over the For the next 32 years most of my activities years included Drs. Clifford Amundson, Nel would have a strong association with my re- Caine, Jack Ives,Albert Johnson, Norman search years on Niwot Ridge, particularly re- French, David Gates, Philip Miller, David garding the value and need for such sites in and Barbara Murray, Dean Smith, Skip resolving environmental issues.As an associate Walker, Patrick Webber, and William Weber. professor in the Department of Radiation Bi- My work flexibility initially was large, ology at Colorado State University (65–66) 1 though it decreased, as the AEC became an continued to collect, analyze and prepare for Administration and finally a Department be- publication data from Niwot Ridge. coming increasingly political and rigid. I was In June 1966 I accepted a position as ecol- permitted to keep relationships established ogist with the Atomic Energy Commission.As while an INSTAAR member such as those a condition of employment my job descrip- with Time-Life, the Conservation Founda- tion required that I keep abreast of develop- tion, National Academy of Science commit- ments in ecology and associated fields, and tees, and with the Aspen Institute’s Seminar focus on pertinent environmental issues. I was of Environmental Arts and Sciences. Occa- to become familiar with individuals and their sionally I substituted for the Commission research sites, carrying out ecological studies Chairman, Dr. Glen Seaborg, concerning in all major ecological regions, particularly environmental issues such as nuclear testing Arctic-Alpine, or wherever ionizing radiation on Amchitka rather than in the coastal re- could become an issue.As one senator put it, gion of northern Alaska. my hobbyhorse and workhorse was the same. Not only was I encouraged to develop re- At this time the AEC was funding more eco- search programs but to participate in a wide logical/field research than any other agency, array of interagency environmental activi- including the National Science Foundation, ties.This was during a period that environ- and I became a focal point for evaluating mental awareness and intense activism was much of this funding. rapidly developing, especially after the Na- My position label was technical represen- tional Environmental Policy Act of 1969 tative for ecological/environmental re- (NEPA) was passed and Judge Skilly Wright search. I was to encourage submission of wrote his precedent-setting opinion that proposals, to have them peer-reviewed, to NEPA gave every Federal agency a second prepare an evaluation summary, establish sci- mission and of importance equal to that of entific merit and appropriateness of agency their present mission. funding, and finally to present them to a My agency along with most others re- multi-disciplined panel of scientists for fund- sponded to this opinion and to public insis- 70 Fiftieth Anniversary

tence and increased environmental/ were exempt from NEPA. But these hearings ecological consideration dramatically. Con- surely shortened the learning curve for sequently, I was placed on many interagency many agencies, and their resistance to NEPA environmental/ecological committees, was compliance was dramatically altered—and invited to numerous workshops, conferences their environmental programs were substan- (from local garden clubs to international or- tially increased. ganizations), requested to write “white pa- While with the Federal government, I pers,” position papers, responses to citizens, continued to organize and write up the re- and provide frequent congressional or budg- sults of my INSTAAR research.Throughout etary testimony.Among the many position my entire Federal career substantial amounts papers or reports I helped prepare the one I of these data were used in a wide range of most enjoyed, and which received much at- activities including lectures such as the spe- tention, concerned the value of the Navy cial congressional lecture series, the Smith- Arctic Research Laboratory and its role re- sonian Winter Lectures, briefings to the garding setting of environmental regulations. Office of Congressional Research Services, This report argued that most environmental the Woodrow Wilson Foundation for Schol- regulations—especially in the Arctic—are ars, the United Nations energy/environmen- based on little scientific information, conse- tal meetings, etc., and numerous quently they are often overly constrictive or “environmentally aware” civic organizations too lax. In either case, they may be costly: If as well as secondary schools and universities. overly constrictive, the economic cost is un- INSTAAR research information was es- necessarily large; if too lax, the environmen- pecially useful in my early years with the tal cost may be very large. AEC when nuclear warfare was a much-dis- Thus, new environmental regulations cussed issue, In fact this was the major issue should be promulgated jointly with a re- within the Office of Civil Defense and they search program.This would allow the regu- needed a definitive position.The National lation to be adjusted as data are gathered. Academy of Science was asked in 1967–68 The concept was warmly received by the to evaluate the effects of a nuclear exchange, 1977 Committee on Science and Technology partial and all-out, both short term and long (U.S. House of Representatives).Though term. Not only was INSTAAR research in- nothing came of the “happy reception” the formation used in the first two reports, but concept remains valid and perhaps will be largely because of these INSTAAR studies, I picked up—persistence is often a key to was asked to author the ecology chapter in Federal action. the final report: “Forecasting Long Range As program chairman for the Ecological Recovery from Nuclear Attack”. Society of America I developed a special Other National Academy activity in- panel for the First Annual Biological Con- cluded serving as a delegate to several inter- gress, wherein major Federal agencies re- national congresses and, ironically to review ported their planned response to NEPA only the research program of the same Army four months after its signing. John Dingle, a Quarter Master Corps division that provided coauthor of NEPA described the session as support for the first three years of IN- “music to my ears” and stated he would hold STAAR.Also included in this review was the a similar meeting that fall to evaluate the en- research of Dr. Dansereau who gave the vironmental sincerity of the respective agen- keynote speech dedicating the Alpine Labo- cies.This led to a very contentious hearing ratory at Science Lodge in 1963. series—it seems many agencies thought they INSTAAR’s News 71

Perhaps my most notable post-INSTAAR for Science and Technology concerning the achievement concerned the development of role of Ecology in the Federal Government. a system of National Environmental Re- Furthermore it urged that these research search Parks (NERPs).A National Environ- parks form the basis for a National System of mental Research Park is an outdoor Ecological Research Areas. Special hearings laboratory wherein research may be carried of the U.S. House of Representatives Com- out to achieve agency and national environ- mittee on Science and Technology titled En- mental goals as articulated in the National vironmental Research Reserve Networks Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Simpli- featured (over 100 pages of documentation) fied, these goals indicate the nation’s task is these NERPs. to understand our environment sufficiently In separate action the National Science so that we may enjoy its bounty and its Foundation funded a study of a proposed beauty without detracting from its value and National Network of Experimental Ecologi- eventually evolve an equilibrium use of our cal Reserves.These NERPs were included, national resources. and area wise contributed more than all The Department of Energy (DOE) has other Federal agencies combined.Also, the stewardship for lands representing a large quality of these sites for research achieved array of the nation’s ecological regions, a very high rankings.The concept of these re- correspondingly large array of environmen- search parks was widely used by others in- tal disrupting activities are taking place on terested in ecological reserves this included these lands, that a highly competent cadre of an invitation by the Canadian National Com- researchers are associated with these sites mittee on Problems of the Environment to and by proper organization of environmental provide a discussion on the next phase in research to achieve agency mandated goals Northern Ecological Research. (Again the we can simultaneously aid in resolving envi- paths of several INSTAAR members and ronmental problems on-site, locally, region- alumni came together—Drs. Les Viereck, ally, nationally, and globally. Each research Patrick Webber, Phillip Miller, and Bettie park is dedicated to helping resolve environ- Willard. mental problems of many scales.A charter In “selling” the concept of developing out- also outlined specific goals and outlined pro- door laboratories (NERPs) major intra- cedures for these achievements. agency resistance centered around the The embryo from which this program question of how could we assure the public grew can be traced back to the INSTAAR ra- this is a wise expenditure of their tax dollars. I dioecology program of (1959–65).A num- was able to return to INSTAAR days for ex- ber of INSTAAR alumni were eventually amples of field research payback.The two ex- involved but Mark Paddock supplied a very amples I most frequently used were as persuasive comment concerning the follows. value/need for ecological research sites at a The Public Service Company of Colo- field review which led to the crystallization rado used information regarding depth of of the research park concept in the fall of organic soil needed to support moderate 1970.The program was formally established plant cover from my research on Niwot within the AEC, which was later to become Ridge, to justify the rerouting of a gas the Department of Energy. It was approved pipeline over a mountain pass.The revised by many groups particularly the committee route had less deleterious environmental im- charged by the President’s Council for Envi- pact, and being far shorter, the dollars saved ronmental Quality and the Federal Council was greater than INSTAAR’s total budget 72 Fiftieth Anniversary

from its initiation to the date of action— My career path repeatedly crossed with some eight years. and was much influenced by INSTAAR or The second example concerned the pro- former INSTAAR members. I seldom at- posed clean up of plutonium-contaminated tended a major environmental meeting (es- soil at Rocky Flats.The initial proposal was pecially Arctic ones) without interacting to remove 4–6 inches of topsoil from many with participating INSTAAR members. acres (20–40) of the eastern portion of the Whenever my travels brought me back to plant site. Extrapolation of research results Colorado I would always visit and exchange from the 1957 to 1964 years of radioecology information with INSTAAR, not only with research (from Niwot Ridge) supported by present members but those still on campus onsite research of INSTAAR scientists Nel or nearby—this often included Drs. Bill Caine, Harvey Nichols, Patrick Webber, and Bradley, Bill Weber, Horace Quick, and Bet- William Weber was sufficient to convince tie Willard. Drs. Cliff Amundson and James the operations office that the pattern of plu- Erdman were particularly helpful concern- tonium contamination was directly related ing ecological research on Amchitka Island. to snowfield distribution, and that by clean- Dr. Jack Ives and I interacted on a num- ing a very small but precisely located area ber of environmental committees and activi- the total field contamination was reduced to ties, including the International Biome in signification.The savings of taxpayer dol- Program. He and Dr. Patrick Webber always lars amounted to many millions. responded rapidly and thoughtfully on nu- One of the more meaningful outcomes in merous occasions and helped convey arctic- establishing NERPs was convincing the Fed- alpine information to the public. Dr.Albert eral Council for Science and Technology to ac- Johnson, via the National Academy of Sci- cept and sanction the concept that sites ence chaired a carefully selected committee reserved for ecological research are actually and carried out a critical, creative review of “land facilities” which should be treated as the DOE Arctic Research Program and pro- “unique, unusual and expensive-to-duplicate vided useful guidance to form a research research facilities” and that these outdoor lab- program known as R4D. Dr. Ronald Fore- oratories were as essential to making good man, a valuable, well-organized assistant land-use decisions as an “indoor laboratory” is while at INSTAAR continued ecological in- to human health research.This led to a revi- terests and eventually directed a field sta- sion of a Presidential Executive order, which tion, but he was always a valuable informal directed that land be returned to the Savannah consultant. Dr. Bill Rickard and I were in a River Reservation for ecological research— near continuous environmental relationship specifically to the NERP program. while he was engaged in arid land research at Another INSTAAR contribution regarded the Nevada Test Site and later when he was the distribution patterns of nuclear fallout recognized as an environmental ombudsman and other contaminates deposited from the at the Hanford Laboratory. Drs. Gates and atmosphere—the first to find evidence that Mark Paddock and I exchanged professional deposition may follow logarithmic rather visits continuing our INSTAAR association than normal scales.The Health and Safety while they were at the Missouri Botanical Laboratory, concerned with worldwide Garden and at the Michigan Biological Sta- 90Sr deposition soon followed suit. In spe- tion. INSTAAR days marked our exchanges. cific ecological situations it is now standard Dr. Bettie Willard and I continued our procedure. close environmental activity relationship, and she was particularly helpful to our INSTAAR’s News 73 agency during her effective tour of duty as a Mark W.Paddock member of the President’s Council on Envi- ronmental Quality. She helped clarify to her Joined the Institute of Arctic and Alpine associates several Arctic issues and was an ar- Ecology in September 1952.Worked for the dent supporter of Arctic research. Dr. Phil Institute full-time and later part-time until Miller was a very capable and innovative re- 1954. M.A. in ggeography at the University searcher for the DOE concerning environ- of Colorado in 1953.Worked full-time with mental effects of nuclear power plants and the USDA in Ames, Iowa, while taking was the first scientist to calculate the role of courses in Wildlife management.Worked Arctic tundra in possible global warming— with the Idaho Fish and Game Department is it a sink or source for CO ,Dr.Harold in 1955–1957. Rejoined IAAR in 1957 as 2 Mooney was a very effectual member of Al chief of operations and facilities, enrolled in Johnson’s Arctic review panel regarding the biology part-time as a graduate student, DOE Arctic research program and he later worked for IAAR year round and lived at chaired a group to evaluate the value of and Science Lodge summers of 1958 through needed direction of the DOE environmental 1965. Received M.A. in Biology in 1961. research program. From 1965 to 1971 was assistant director of Lastly, my two major hobbies, running the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis (racing) and miniature rose growing, link Missouri. From 1971 until 1991 was associ- back to INSTAAR. Fourteen years of high- ate director of the University of Michigan elevation conditioning has enabled me to I left INSTAAR in 1965 after being there still race competitively at a national class 1952–54 and 1957–65. I went to the Mis- level—of course within age-adjusted group- souri Botanical Garden in 1965 to be associ- ing.Additionally, as I had occasionally used ate director till 1971 when I went to The army modified bear paw snowshoes while University of Michigan Biological Station to with INSTAAR and fortified by optimistic be associate director till retirement in 1991. recall, I made a successful transition from We—my wife Ruth (whom I met in 1952 at running to snowshoe racing and won three CU) and I—moved from Ann Arbor to a gold medals in the recent (2000) Senior home and 80 acres in Northern Michigan Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid, New year-round in 1997.This place is almost sur- York. In many races, especially at a national rounded by the Biological Station’s 10,000 level I frequently wear an INSTAAR T-shirt. acres and we love it! Though true roses do not appear in the Most significant accomplishments post alpine, I certainly was enthralled by plant INSTAAR: miniaturization and enjoyed the wild roses • Bringing the Missouri Botanical Garden found below timberline, which I now in- back from near collapse to a point where clude in my miniature rose hybridization it later has become the premier botanical program.The most appealing rose developed institution in the world. (I worked with to date, a sure winner in regional and even David Gates who was Director. Gates in one national show, will be registered as was associated with INSTAAR for a few “Michelle’s Shadow”—named for past IN- years about 1962–65) STAAR director Pat Webber’s daughter. I • Co-founded the “Coalition for the Envi- also have another striking rose that I may ronment St. Louis Region” register as “INSTAAR’s Shadow.” • Revitalized the University of Michigan Biological Station (again with David Gates) to a point where it is in the very 74 Fiftieth Anniversary

top tier of inland field stations in the cil member, Quaternary Geology and Geo- country. My experience at the MRS was morphology Division, GSA (1999–) invaluable in this position. Awards: • Co-founded the Tip of the Mitt Water- University of Colorado (1979–1984): Out- shed Council in northern Michigan. Now standing Woman Graduate of 1984,Associa- 27 years old and with a staff of ten, it is tion of Women Geologists Gilbert Fellowship, considered preeminent among similar U.S. Geological Survey (1995–96) Various organizations. monetary awards, U.S. Geological Survey,for • Biological Station at Douglas Lake. scientific leadership and for innovative research Retired in October 1991. on relations between geologic surfaces, eolian dust, soils, and desert plant communities.

Marith Cady Reheis Field Trip Leader: (neé Marith Jean Reheis) Joint FOP–Rocky Mountain cell and 1974 M.S., University of Colorado (INSTAAR AMQUA, 1984, Bighorn Basin, and Geology Department), advisors John An- Wyo.–Mont.; INQUA, 1990,Yellowstone drews, Peter Birkeland, and Nel Caine.“Source, area; FOP–Pacific Cell, 1991, Fish Lake Val- transportation, and deposition of debris on Ara- ley, Nev.–Calif.; GSA Section Meeting, paho Glacier,Front Range, Colorado.” 1993, Neogene Tectonism in Southwestern Ph.D., University of Colorado (Geology Nevada; FOP–Pacific Cell, 1996, Pluvial Department), advisors Peter Birkeland, John Lake Lahontan, Nev.; FOP–Pacific Cell, Andrews, and William Bradley.“Chronologic 1997, Owens Valley, Calif.; GSA Nat. Meet- and climatic control on soil development, ing, 1997, High, Old Pluvial Lakes of West- northern Bighorn Basin,Wyoming and ern Nevada; FOP–Pacific Cell, 1999, Quinn Montana.” River–Alvord Desert, Nev.–Ore. Specialties: Member of graduate student committees Surficial geology and geomorphology Qua- Slate, J.L., 1992, Quaternary stratigraphy, ternary soils and eolian processes Pluvial geomorphology and geochronology of allu- lakes in the western Great Basin Neotecton- vial fans, Fish Lake Valley, Nevada–California ics, especially west-central Nevada and east- (Ph.D., CU) Noller, J.S., 1993, Late Ceno- central California. zoic stratigraphy and soil geomorphology of the Peruvian desert, 3°–18°S:A long-term Employment: record of hyperaridity and El Niño (Ph.D., Geologist GS-15, U.S. Geological Survey, CU); Redwine, Joanna (1998–?), Quater- Earth Surface Processes Team. nary history of pluvial lakes in Newark and Society membership and contributions: Long Valleys, east-central Nevada (M.S., Geological Society of America (1975–pres- Humboldt State University); Laabs, Ben- ent), fellow (1992); Colorado Scientific Soci- jamin, (2000–?), Causes and timing of Qua- ety (1975–present), secretary (1977–78), ternary lake-level change in the Bear Lake councilor (1993–95); Soil Science Society of valley, northern Utah and southern Idaho America (1980–present); International Asso- (M.S., Northern Arizona University). ciation of Soil Scientists (1980–present); American Quaternary Association (1984– present); associate editor, Quaternary geology and soils, GSA Bulletin (1993–present), coun- INSTAAR’s News 75

Ross Reynolds William H. Rickard My career started in 1972 when I joined the Worked with IAEE from 1951 to 1953. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Birken- 1953–1957 Ph.D. in botany,Washington head, Merseyside, U.K.After 15 months there State College, Pullman,Washington. I was appointed to a position in the Depart- 1957–1960 assistant professor, biology, New ment of Meteorology at the University of Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, Reading, U.K. I am a teaching fellow in the New Mexico. department, which means that my principal role is to teach. I have served on the council of 1960–1965 research scientist, General Elec- the Royal Meteorological Society,have tric Company, Hanford Laboratories, worked on board of its magazine, Weather,am Richland,Washington. a long-standing member of its Education 1965–1991 staff scientist (retired). Battelle Committee and am now a Life Member after Memorial Institute. Pacific Northwest winning its Michael Hunt Award in 1995 (for Laboratory, Richland,Washington. popularizing the science of Meteorology). 1991–present adjunct faculty, biology,Wash- I have published many weather educa- ington State University Tri-Cities, Rich- tional materials for tertiary and secondary land,Washington. level education and papers in journals.The 1991–present faculty research appointment, most recent relate to Computer-Aided Associated Western Universities, Rich- Learning (CAL), generated by my work with land,Washington. the European Community-funded ‘Eu- roMET’ project.This offers freely accessible web-based courses on Satellite Meteorology Sandra E. Ryan and Numerical Weather Prediction for Uni- versities & Weather Services; it won one of Graduate student affiliation with INSTAAR the ten biennially-awarded European Acade- (1990–1994) and the Department of mic Software Awards in 1998. I am currently Geography. involved in developing CAL to extend the 1990–present: research hydrologist/ way in which we teach here. geomorphologist, USDA Forest Service, I taught a graduate summer school Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry course at the University of Oklahoma Sciences Laboratory. (apologies) School of Meteorology in 1998. My research on geomorphology and sedi- I am in charge of an official link between the mentation processes in steep mountain two departments, which also involves the streams continues since leaving INSTAAR flow of students across the Atlantic. and Boulder.Within this broad field I am I am the external examiner for the B.Sc. working on the influence of streamflow and in environmental sciences at University Col- sediment supply on sediment transport lege,Worcester and am soon to be the same rates, channel processes, and variation in for the Royal Navy’s postgraduate diploma channel morphology. I continue to work pri- in meteorology which is taught in their marily in the subalpine environments of Col- school in the far west of Cornwall. orado and Wyoming where streamflow is Finally, I’ve written a popular (hopefully) generated primarily by snowmelt. I have also text Guide to the Weather—the U.S. version is been involved in assessing methods for published by Cambridge University Press. measuring bedload, including comparing data collected with different types of sam- plers and the use of underwater photogra- 76 Fiftieth Anniversary

phy for monitoring bedload movement. In Heidi Steltzer the future, I will be involved with testing the feasibility of an acoustic sampler for detect- I was a graduate student at CU Boulder and a ing gravel movement in coarse-grained chan- member of INSTAAR from 1994 to 1999.My nels. New research on the effects of fire on major advisor was Bill Bowman.At this time I sedimentation and channel processes in a am working as a postdoctoral research scien- burned watershed near Jackson,Wyoming is tist at Colorado State University in collabora- planned for the next few field years. Perhaps tion with Bob Stottlemyer and Dan Binkley. my most significant accomplishments, how- The project I am working on is “Treeline bio- ever, have been my three little boys: Sam, geochemistry and watershed dynamics, age 6; Mikey, age 4; and Kellen, age 3. Noatak National Preserve,Alaska.” My most significant post-INSTAAR accomplishment is to have had a successful field season living on a Dave Sauchyn gravel bar in the Agashashok River Valley sur- I obtained my M.A. in geography from IN- rounded by 10,000,000 mosquitoes in the STAAR in 1979. I did my thesis research on Brooks Range of Alaska. landslides in the San Juan Mountains under the supervision of Nel Caine. I, of course, Ann (Stites) Stringfellow have very fond memories of Colorado, Boul- der, INSTAAR, and especially the Mountain I was at the institute for five years, served as as- Research Station, where I lived year-round sistant to Jack Ives and then as a program spe- for two years. I still have good friends in cialist on the Man and the Biosphere Program. Nederland.After reluctantly leaving Colo- rado, I obtained my Ph.D. from the Univer- Rebecca M. Summer sity of Waterloo, working under the supervision of another mountain geomor- In brief, since INSTAAR I worked for water phologist, Jim Gardner. In 1982, I landed an resource research firms, the Agricultural Re- academic appointment at the University of search Service, Environmental Protection Regina, Saskatchewan, on the Canadian Agency, and the Gila National Forest. One plains (close to my roots). I’ve been here accomplishment is my work on the Indepen- ever since, climbing through the ranks to dent Review Team at Sandia National Labs Professor. Currently I am seconded to a new focused on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant climate change research institute, the Prairie where nuclear waste is being stored. Adaptation Research Cooperative. Harvey Thorleifson Kathleen L. Shea I completed a Ph.D. under the supervision of I graduated with a Ph.D. in 1985 from EPOB John Andrews in 1989.The title of my thesis and did my field work at the Mountain Re- was “Quaternary Stratigraphy of the central search Station. I am now an sssociate professor Hudson Bay Lowland, Northern Ontario, of biology at St. Olaf College and just finished Canada.” I have been with the Geological six years as chair of the department. I did my Survey of Canada in Ottawa since 1986, field work studying spruce and fir and remem- working on regional projects in northern ber many days of taking the shuttle to cabin Ontario and the Canadian prairie region clearing, just below tree line. I remember tak- dealing with mineral exploration, offshore ing predawn moisture potential measure- surveys, and groundwater. ments of the trees after camping out all night. INSTAAR’s News 77 Colin E.Thorn My first position was as an assistant pro- fessor at the University of Alaska where I Ph.D. 1974. taught botany and ecology courses and con- 1973–75: Department of Geography, ducted research in northwestern Alaska as University of Montana part of an Atomic Energy Commission 1975–79: Department of Geography, funded project.This research was designed University of Maryland to predict the impacts of the AEC’s Project 1979–present: Department of Geography, Chariot, which was a plan to blast a harbor University of Illinois at Urbana– using five or more nuclear explosives. In Champaign 1961 I lost my position with the University 1994–2000: head of department, Depart- of Alaska as the result of a protest of the mis- ment of Geography, University of Illinois use of data and reports by the AEC. Much at Urbana–Champaign later, in 1993, Dr.W.O. Pruitt and I received Honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Full member I.G.U. “Periglacial Commis- the University of Alaska and an apology from sion” (1989–2001) the Alaska State Legislature for the Univer- Publications: one book written, one book sity’s actions in 1963. (For a complete ac- edited, one book co-edited, seven book count of this saga see The Firecracker Boys by chapters authored or co-authored, about Dan O’Neill). 40 refereed journal articles authored or Following my firing from the University of co-authored. Alaska, I was employed by the Alaska Depart- Funding: Grants from National Geographic ment of Fish and Game as a research biolo- Society and National Science Foundation. gist.This was an exciting job because I was Fieldwork:Research experience in the assigned to study Dall Sheep range in the mountains of Colorado, Nepal, Norway, Alaska Range.As part of this project I was able and arctic Sweden to work with my wife,Teri, who was studying the ecology of the pika, a small alpine rodent. Research interests:Alpine, periglacial, and We were able to spend most of two summers theoretical geomorphology. and one winter in the Alaska Range with our two young sons and with a dog team that we Leslie A.Viereck used for winter transportation. In July 1963 I took a research ecologist The following is a brief summary of my pro- position with the newly established U.S. fessional and personal career following my Forest Service’s Institute of Northern departure from INSTAAR and Boulder in Forestry on the University of Alaska Fair- June of 1959. banks campus. I was to keep this position When I left the University of Colorado in and the same office until my retirement in June of 1959, I was an “all but”—I had com- 1996.The main emphasis of my research has pleted all of the requirements for my Ph.D. been on 1) the effects of wildfire and other except the thesis. I managed to finish the writ- disturbances on boreal forest ecosystems, 2) ing of this thesis titled “Plant Succession and permafrost-vegetation interactions in the Soil Development on Gravel Outwash of the boreal forests of Alaska, and 3) forest succes- Muldrow Glacier,Alaska” and defended it in sion on the floodplains of the major rivers of March of 1962.This study was later published Alaska. In addition to the ecological studies I in Ecological Monographs in 1966. continued my interest in taxonomy and veg- etation classification and co-authored two 78 Fiftieth Anniversary

books:The Alaska Trees and Shrubs (1972) and 1973–1976: I spent parts of three summers The Alaskan Vegetation Classification (1992). in the Soviet Union, in both Siberia and One exciting aspect of my research occurred the Far East, as an ecologist on a toward the end of my active Forest Service U.S./USSR agreement on “Protection of career when I was the co-principal investiga- Northern Ecosystems”.As part of this tor on the NSF-funded Long Term Ecological exchange I also helped to host several Research (LTER) program at the Bonanza groups of scientists and administrators Creek Experimental Forest. from the Soviet Union that toured In 1996 the U.S. Forest Service closed Alaska. the Institute of Northern Forestry, and I was 1973–1976: Board of Governors of the forced to retire. However, I still have an of- Arctic Institute of North America fice on the UAF campus in the Boreal Ecol- 1975–1980: National Academy of Sciences, ogy Cooperative Research Unit and hold member, Committee on Permafrost affiliate positions with the Department of Forestry, the Institute of Arctic Biology, and 1975–1990: Editorial Board Arctic and the University of Alaska Herbarium. I have Alpine Research also continued my activities in the Bonanza 1977–1985: chairman, Interagency Com- Creek LTER program, serving on the local mittee on Vegetation Inventory and Clas- Executive Committee. My main research sification for Alaska. Joint State–Federal objectives now are to summarize field data Alaska Land Use Planning Commission from a series of long-term vegetation and 1978–1995: associate editor Arctic permafrost plots that I established in the 1981–1983: National Academy of Sciences, 1960s and publish several papers summariz- editorial board for the Fourth Interna- ing this work. I also have a contract with the tional Conference on Permafrost National Park Service to repeat the measure- ment that I made on my thesis plots in Co-editor and co-author of the book For- Denali National Park in 1956 and 1958 est Ecosystems in the Alaska Taiga:A Synthesis and 1975. of Structure and Function.Springer Verlag, A few “bullets” of important events in my New York career follow: 1989–1996: co-principal investigator the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecology Mon- In 1968–69 I spent several months working itoring Program (LTER) at the Forest Service Herbarium and Na- tional Herbarium in Washington D.C. 1993: Honorary Doctor of Science Degree gathering information for the book Alaska from the University of Alaska Trees and Shrubs. 1996–present: U.S. Forest Service emeritus 1970–1971: Under the Government Em- scientist and affiliate professor of forest ployees Training Act I spent a year in ecology, University of Alaska Norway working with Professor Eilif Dahl. My interest was in the Scandinavian and other European vegetation classifica- tion systems. Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses 79

Teri Viereck Del Wiens I taught biology at the University of Alaska Surprisingly,I stayed at the University of Utah and studied the adaptations to cold of small for the rest of my career. Since leaving CU mammals for the Air Force and the Institute of I published 70–80 articles (not including ab- Arctic Biology.This work allowed me to join stracts) and four books. I was major of profes- Les for some wonderful seasons in the field in sor for ten graduate students, two hold tenure Alaska. I continued teaching and doing re- appointments (Penn and BYU, another two search for eight years after graduating from are MDs, the others I’m uncertain about). Boulder.Then, with the birth of our third My most significant accomplishments? 1) child, I felt that field work would be too diffi- the discovery of a new system of sex deter- cult, and resigned to take up farming with a mination and sex ratio distortions in African few animals and a big garden. Soon I began species of Viscum (Viscaceae) (Publication in teaching part-time for the Tanana Valley com- both Science and Nature, plus others in Hered- munity college in a variety of personal enrich- ity and Chromosoma); 2) the First documenta- ment and holistic subjects. I designed and tion of non-flying mammal pollination taught courses in yoga, tai chi, medicinal and (rodents, in the Cape region of South Africa) edible plants, and holistic health. (publications in Nature and Annals of the Mis- I’ve published articles on sports psychol- souri Botanical Garden); 3) mimicry in mistle- ogy and environmental ethics, served as co- toes and other plants (publications in chair of the Green Party and helped found a Evolution and Evolutionary Biology); 4) the dis- forest rescue organization called Alaska Boreal covery that seed set in plants is largely under Forest Council. I have written three books: genetic control (publications in Nature and Alaska’sWilderness Medicines,Alaska Northwest others in Oecologia); 5) systematic studies of Publishing Co. 1987;Yoga:Skillful Means. Bo- dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium,Viscaceae) real Pursuits. 1995; Meditation:A Complete Basic with the discovery of 23 new taxa of dwarf Guide.New World Library. 1998. mistletoes in Mexico and Central America I am still teaching yoga for senior citizens (subject of two books on dwarf mistletoes and giving inspirational workshops in body- with F.G. Hawksworth); 6) systematic stud- centered healing practices. I just started ies or the mistletoes of Africa (subject of a learning to paint. book with Roger Polhill) with 282 species, with numerous new species described. I am presently initiating studies of the causes of rarity and extinction in southwestern Australia (kwongan) emphasizing the loss of reproductive capacity as the result of genetic load. 80

D-1 climate station at 3,749 m asl on Niwot Ridge, 1988. Photo by LTER. Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses

Abbott, M.B. 1991: Radiocarbon dating and inter- August, E.E. 2000: Influence of a wetland on water pretation of sediments in five lake systems quality in a Rocky Mountain watershed im- along Frobisher Bay, N.W.T., Canada, 237 pp. pacted by acid mine drainage, 150 pp. M.Sc. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Directed by: D.M. McKnight.

Agard, S.S. 1979: Investigation of recent mass Bahr, D.B. 1993: Estimating the accuracy of movements near Telluride, Colorado, using englacial stress calculations, 156 pp. Ph.D. growth and form of trees, 157 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: M.F.Meier. Directed by:W.C. Bradley. Baied, C.A. 1991: Late-Quaternary environments Alford, D.L. 1973: Cirque glaciers of the Colorado and human occupation of the South-Central Front Range: mesoscale aspects of a glacier Andes, 131 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: D.L. Greene. environment, 198 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J. D. Ives. Baker,S.A. 1984: Holocene palynology and recon- struction of paleoclimates in north-central Amundsen, C.C. 1967:The subalpine forest of Alaska. 204 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Wild Basin, Front Range, Colorado, 129 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Balog, J.D. 1977: Big Thompson River tributaries: Geomorphic activity and its controlling fac- Anderson, L. 1998: Quantitative paleoclimatic tors during the 1976 flood, 81 pp. M.A. reconstructions for the Late Quaternary of Directed by:T.N.Caine. southern South America based on calibration of modern pollen and climate relationships, Bamberg, S.A. 1961: Plant ecology of alpine tundra 219 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:V.Markgraf. areas in Montana and adjacent Wyoming, 163 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Anderson, L.W.1976: Rates of cirque glacier ero- sion and source of glacial debris, Pangnirtung Barber, D. 2001: Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics Fiord area, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, 78 pp. 35-7 KA: isotopic Sr-Nd-Pb provenance of 1 fold. map. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. NW North Atlantic margin sediments, 160 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Arians,A.E. 1997:The impact of flood frequency, permafrost distribution, and climate variation Barlow, L.K. 1994: Evaluation of seasonal to on a northern treeline floodplain in Alaska, decadal scale deuterium and deuterium ex- 112 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.T.Veblen. cess signals, GISP2 ice core, Summit, Green- land,A.D. 1270–1985, 290 pp. Ph.D. Directed Armstrong, B.E.R. 1980:A century of avalanche by: J.W.C.White. hazard in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, 190 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.D. Ives. Barreto, H.L. 1994:An investigation of the 1991–1993 mass balance and summer abla- Armstrong, R.L. 1976: Relationship between solar tion, with past climatological and ablation re- radiation and ablation on the Blue Glacier, lationships studies on the Arikaree Glacier, Washington, 69 pp. M.A. Directed by: R.G. Front Range, Colorado, 137 pp. M.A. Directed Barry. by:T.N. Caine.

Auerbach, N.A. 1992: Effects of road and dust dis- Benning,T.L.1993: Fire frequency and turbance in minerotrophic and acidic tundra topoedaphic controls of net primary produc- ecosystems, northern Alaska, 253 pp. + 6 fig- tivity in the tallgrass prairie: development and ures folded in pocket. M. Basic Ed. Directed tests of remote sensing indices, 169 pp. Ph.D. by: M.D.Walker. Directed by:T.R.Seastedt. 81 82 Fiftieth Anniversary

Berg, N.H. 1977: Prediction of natural snowdrift Bristow, K.J.H. 1981: Environmental controls influ- accumulation on alpine ridge sites, 310 pp. encing the altitude and form of the forest- Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. alpine tundra ecotone, Colorado Front Range, 245 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.D. Ives. Best, P.1996: Environmental controls on magnetic mineralogy and geochemistry of late Quater- Brooks, P.D. 1995: Microbial activity and nitrogen nary lacustrine sediments from Grass Lake cycling under seasonal snowpacks, Niwot and Tule Lake, northern California, 139 pp. Ridge, Colorado, 138 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. S.K. Schmidt.

Bollinger, M.J. 1982: Chemiluminescent measure- Brown, R.N. 1986: Recruitment, survivorship, and ments of the oxides of nitrogen in the clean the spacing system of pikas, 72 pp. M.A. troposphere and atmospheric chemistry im- Directed by: C.H. Southwick. plications, Ph.D. Directed by: R.E. Sievers. Bryant, D.M. 1996: Litter decomposition in an Bollinger,W.H.1973:The vegetation patterns after alpine tundra, 53 pp. M.A. Directed by: E.A. fire at the alpine forest-tundra ecotone in the Holland. Colorado Front Range, 74 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:A. Love. Buchanan, L.R. 1986:A snow depletion curve for modelling runoff in an alpine basin, 143 pp. Bomblies,A. 1998: Climatic controls on stream- M.Sc. Directed by: J.E. Flack. flow generation from Antarctic glaciers, 110 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: D.M. McKnight. Buckner, D.L. 1977: Ribbon forest development and maintenance in the Central Rocky Moun- Bovis, M.J. 1974: Rates of soil movement in the tains of Colorado, 224 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: Front Range, Boulder County, Colorado, 254 J.W.Marr. pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Bunin, J.E. 1975:The vegetation of the west slope Boyce, D.A. 1977:Vegetation of the South Fork of of the Park Range, Colorado, 235 pp. Ph.D. the White River Valley, Colorado, 328 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Burns, S.F.1980:Alpine soil distribution and devel- Boyer, S.J. 1972: Pre-Wisconsin,Wisconsin and opment, Indian Peaks, Colorado Front Range, Neoglacial ice limits in Maktak Fiord, Baffin 360 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.W.Birkeland. Island: a statistical analysis, 117 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Caine, J.M. 1982: Sources of dissolved humic sub- stances of a subalpine bog in the Boulder Wa- Bradley, R.S. 1976: Precipitation history of the tershed, Colorado, 85 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: Rocky Mountain States, 334 pp. Ph.D. Directed D.D. Runnells. by:R.G.Barry. Carleton,A.M. 1982: Cryosphere-climate interac- Brigham, J.K. 1980: Stratigraphy, amino acid tions based on satellite data analysis of cloud geochronology, and genesis of Quaternary vortex systems in the Northern Hemisphere, sediments, Broughton Island, E. Baffin Island, 289 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. Canada, 199 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T. Andrews. Carr,T.L.1996: Evaluating regional lithic procure- ment using combined aerial and ground based Brigham, J.K. 1985: Marine stratigraphy and amino remote sensing, 126 pp. M.A. acid geochronology of the Gubik Formation, western arctic coastal plain,Alaska, 316 pp. Carrara, P.E. 1972: Late and neoglacial history in Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Smirling and Sulung Valleys, eastern Baffin Is- land, N.W.T., Canada, 50 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: Brinkmann,W.1973:A climatological study of J.T.Andrews. strong downslope winds in the Boulder area, 229 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. Carroll,T.R. 1974:The water budget of an alpine catchment in central Colorado, 124 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses 83

Costello, D.P.2000: Seismic and geomorphic in- Carroll,T.R. 1977: Statistical analysis of the liquid vestigations of Galena Creek Rock Glacier, water distribution in a high altitude snow- 102 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:W.T.Pfeffer. pack, 79 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Cowan,W.R. 1975: Stratigraphy and quantitative Castaneda, I. 2001: Holocene paleoceanographic analysis of Wisconsinan tills,Brantford- and climatic variations of the inner N. Iceland Woodstock area, Ontario, Canada, 219 pp. continental shelf, Reykjarfjordur area, 154 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Coxwell, C.C. 1992:Abiotic and biotic influences Clark, J.A. 1974: Mudflows in the San Juan Moun- on the distribution and abundance of an tains, Colorado: controls and work, 102 pp. alpine grasshopper, Aeropedellus clavatus, 102 M.Sc. Directed by:T.N.Caine. pp. M.A. Directed by: C.E. Bock.

Clark, J.A. 1977: Global sea level changes since the Crane, R.G. 1978: Synoptic controls on the en- last glacial maximum and sea level constraints ergy budget regime of an ablating fast ice sur- on the ice sheet disintegration history, 150 face, 133 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: R.G. Barry. pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.C. Harrison. Cunningham,W.L. 1997:The use of modern and Clark, P.U. 1984: Glacial geology of the Kangalak- fossil diatom assemblages as climate proxies siorvik-Abloviak region, northern Labrador, in the central and western Ross Sea, Antarc- Canada, 240 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. tica, 233 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Clark, S.J.V.1977:Vegetation of Rocky Flats, Col- Curry, R.R. 1962: Geobotanical correlations in the orado, 172 pp. M.A. Directed by: P.J.Webber. alpine and subalpine regions of the Tenmile Range, Summit County, Colorado, 122 pp. + 3 Cline, D.W.1995: Studies supporting the develop- fold maps in pocket. M.Sc. Directed by:W.C. ment of spatially-distributed, physically-based Bradley. snowmelt models for continental alpine areas, 186 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Daly, C. 1984: Influence of snow persistence on the regeneration of Engelmann spruce and Cohn, J.B. 2000:The surface strain rate field at the subalpine fir, Colorado Front Range, M.A. Columbia Glacier calving margin, 49 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:T.T.Veblen. Directed by:W.T.Pfeffer. Davinroy,T.C. 1994: Rates and controls of rock Colby, J.D. 1995: Resolution, fractal characteriza- movement through alpine couloirs, Colorado tion and the simulated hydrologic response of Front Range, 161 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N. a Costa Rican watershed, 214 pp. Ph.D. Caine. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Davinroy,T.C. 2000: Hydrological and biogeo- Colvill,A.J. 1982: Glacial landforms at the head of chemical characteristics of alpine talus, Colo- Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Canada, 202 pp. rado Front Range, 157 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: M.A. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. M.W.Williams.

Cooper, D.J. 1983:Arctic-alpine tundra ecosys- Davis, P.T.1980: Late Holocene glacial, vegetational, tems of the Arrigetch Creek Valley, central and climatic history of Pangnirtung and King- Brooks Range,Alaska, 3 v. Ph.D. Directed by: nait Fiord area, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, J.W.Marr. 366 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Cooper,T.A.1995: Late Quaternary ocean/ice Dexter,L.R. 1986:Aspect and elevation effects on sheet interaction in Denmark Strait: paleo- the structure of the seasonal snow cover in ceanographic and paleoenvironmental implica- Colorado, 228 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. tions, 85 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Diaz, H.F.1985:A comparison of twentieth cen- tury climatic anomalies in northern North America with reconstructed patterns of tem- 84 Fiftieth Anniversary

perature and precipitation based on pollen Ellerman, P.J.1992: Depositional environments and and tree-ring data, 234 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: post-depositional alteration of Cenozoic R.G. Barry. hyaloclastites in Antarctica, 242 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:W.E.LeMasurier. Dixon, H.N. 1969:The growth of lodgepole pine in the Colorado Front Range as related to Elliott, D.L. 1979:The stability of the northern environment, Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Canadian tree limit: current regenerative capacity, 192 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.D. Ives. Dixon, J.C. 1983: Chemical weathering of Late Quaternary cirque deposits in the Colorado Emerick, J.C. 1976: Effects of artificially increased Front Range, 174 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:W.C. winter snow cover on plant canopy architec- Bradley. ture and primary production in selected areas of Colorado alpine tundra, 192 pp. Ph.D. Douglass, M.M. 1954: Ecology of forest succession Directed by: P.J.Webber. on a ridge in the subalpine forest of northern Colorado, 134 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.W.Marr. England, J.H. 1969:The late-glacial chronology and pattern of postglacial isostatic uplift in Home Dowdeswell, J.A. 1982: Debris transport paths and Bay, east-central Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, sediment flux through the Grinnell Ice Cap, 99 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, 176 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. England, J.H. 1974:The glacial geology of the Archer Fiord/Lady Franklin Bay area, north- Drexler, J. 1990:The transport of ions and 18O eastern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada. 234 from an alpine snowpatch during spring pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. snowmelt, 84 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:T.N. Caine. Erdman, J.A. 1962: Ecology of the Pinyon-Juniper woodland of Wetherill Mesa, Mesa Verde Na- Duvall, M.L. 1993: Late Foxe glacial geology of the tional Park, Colorado, 109 pp. M.A. Directed mid-bay area of Frobisher Bay, southeast Baf- by: J.W.Marr. fin Island, Northwest Territories, 103 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Ernst, C.L. 1976:The effect of timber harvesting on relic landslide terrain, Rio Chama Valley, Dwyer, J.L. 1993: Monitoring characteristics of Archuleta County, Colorado, 111 pp. M.A. glaciation in the Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord re- Directed by: P.V.Krebs. gion, East Greenland, using Landsat data. 238 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Evans, L.W.1990: Late Quaternary stratigraphy of the Hatton and Resolution Basins, southeast Dyke,A.S. 1974: Deglacial chronology and uplift Baffin Island shelf, N.W.T., Canada, 189 pp. history: northeastern sector, Laurentian Ice M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Sheet. 113 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Fahey, B.D. 1971:A quantitative analysis of freeze- Dyke,A.S. 1977: Quaternary geomorphology, gla- thaw cycles, frost heave cycles, and frost pene- cial chronology, and climatic and sea-level his- tration in the Front Range of the Rocky tory of southwestern Cumberland Peninsula, Mountains, Boulder County, Colorado, 320 pp. Baffin Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ph.D. Directed by: J.D. Ives. 185 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Figge, R.A. 1996: Reconstruction of a high resolu- Ebersole, J.J. 1985:Vegetation disturbance and re- tion Holocene and late glacial record of at- covery at the Oumalik oil well, arctic coastal mospheric CO2 concentration from stable plain,Alaska, 408 pp. + 4 tables in pocket. carbon isotopes in peat, 182 pp. Ph.D. Ph.D. Directed by: P.J.Webber. Directed by: J.W.C.White.

Elias, S.A. 1980: Paleoenvironmental interpreta- Fisk, M.C. 1995: Nitrogen dynamics in an alpine tions of Holocene insect fossil assemblages landscape, 114 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: S.K. from three sites in Arctic Canada, 331 pp. Schmidt. Ph.D. Directed by: H. Nichols. Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses 85

Flock, J.W.1976:The influence of snow cover and sive time series analysis, 50 pp. M.Sc. Directed soil moisture on bryophyte and lichen distri- by: J.W.C.White. bution, Niwot Ridge, Boulder County, Colo- rado, 168 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: S. Shushan. Gould,W.A. 1998:A multiple-scale analysis of plant species richness, vegetation, landscape Forman, S.L. 1986: Quaternary glacial, marine, and heterogeneity, and spectral diversity along an soil developmental history of the Forlandsund Arctic river, 157 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: M.D. area,Western Spitsbergen, Svalbard, 330 pp. Walker. Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Griffin, E.R. 1997: Use of a geographic information Forsyth, J.K. 1980: Principal components analysis system to extract topography for modeling of subalpine vegetation on the east slope of flow in the Colorado River through Marble the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 101 pp. Ph.D. and Grand Canyons, 113 pp. M.Sc. Directed Directed by: E.L. Hartman. by: M.F.Meier.

Freeman,W.J. 2000: Use of lake ice records to Grote, E.E. 1995: Respiratory carbon costs of detect climate variability in the eastern Cana- nitrogen fixation and water stress effects on dian arctic, 260 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T. nitrogenase activity between mesophytic and Andrews. xerophytic species of alpine clover, 33 pp. M.A. Directed by:W.B.Bowman. Fritz, R.J. 1981:Alpine vegetational patterns around isolated tree islands on the eastern Hadley, N.F.1966: Microenvironmental factors in- and western slopes of the Tenmile Range, fluencing the nesting sites of some Colorado Summit County, Colorado, 233 pp. M.A. subalpine Fringillidae, 85 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: Directed by: J.W.Marr. G.Alexander.

Funk, D.W.1983: Effects of simulated acid precipi- Haefner, B.D. 1976: Glacial valley morphometry tation on growth and reproduction of two in the Front Range of Colorado, 93 pp. M.A. alpine plant species, Acomastylis rossii (R.BR.) Directed by: J.T.Andrews. E. Greene and Bistorta vivipara L., in the field. 80 pp. M.A. Directed by: E.K. Bonde. Halford, M.K. 1983:Analysis of the structure of herbaceous communities along an elevational Furbish, D.J. 1985:The stochastic structure of a gradient in the Colorado Front Range, 145 pp. high mountain stream, 365 pp. Ph.D. Directed M.A. Directed by:Y.B.Linhart. by:T.N.Caine. Halfpenny, J.C. 1980: Reproductive strategies: intra Geirsdottir,A. 1988: Sedimentologic analysis of and interspecific comparison within the genus diamictites and implications for late Cenozoic Peromyscus, 160 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.A. glaciation in western Iceland, 272 pp. Ph.D. Bernstein. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Hamann, H.B. 1998: Snowcover controls on alpine Gemery, P.A.1993: Investigations of the sources soil surface temperature patterns, Niwot of deviation in oxygen isotope measurements Ridge, Colorado, U.S.A. 129 pp. M.Sc. Directed made on atmospheric carbon dioxide. 157 pp. by:T.N.Caine. M.Sc. Directed by: J.W.C.White. Harbor, J.M. 1984:Terrestrial and lacustrine evi- Golian, S.C. 1985: Population dynamics of pikas: dence for Holocene climatic / geomorphic effects of snow-pack and vegetation, 78 pp. change in the Blue Lake and Green Lakes Ph.D. Directed by: C.H. Southwick. Valleys of the Colorado Front Range, 205 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Gonzalez, G. 1999: Soil fauna, microbes and plant litter decomposition in tropical and subalpine Hardardottir, J. 1999: Late Weichselian and forests, 78 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.R.Seastedt. Holocene environmental history of south and west Iceland as interpreted from studies of Gorodetzky, D.B. 1996: Solar cycle revealed in lake and terrestrial sediments, 332 pp. Ph.D. GISP2 ice core delta D: results of an exten- Directed by: J.T.Andrews. 86 Fiftieth Anniversary

Harden, C.P.1975: Landslides near Aspen, Colo- based on projectile points and pottery, 109 rado, 78 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N.Caine. pp. M.A. Directed by: R.H. Lister.

Harden, C.P.1987: Estimating hillslope soil erosion Ingersoll, G.P.1995: Estimating snowmelt contri- in the Rio Ambato watershed, Ecuadorian An- bution to the seasonal water balance in a des:A mesoscale approach, 244 pp. Ph.D. Di- small alpine watershed, 137 pp. M.A. Directed rected by:T.N.Caine. by: M.W.Williams.

Hartz,A.A. 1997: Simulation of carbon and nitro- Inyan, B.J. 1999: High elevation watershed charac- gen cycling in an alpine tundra ecosystem, 71 terization and sensitivity analysis: science as a pp. M.A. Directed by:T.R.Seastedt. basis for watershed protection policy, 301 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: M.W.Williams. Hawkins, F.F.1980: Glacial geology and late Qua- ternary paleoenvironment in the Merchants Isherwood, D.J. 1975: Soil geochemistry and rock Bay area, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. 145 pp. weathering in an arctic environment. 173 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Hazen, J.M. 2000:Acid mine drainage characteriza- Jackson, M.E. 1988:Thermoluminescence dating of tion and remediation using a combination of Holocene paleoseismic events on the Nephi hydrometric measurements, isotopes and dis- and Levan segments,Wasatch fault zone, Utah, solved solutes, 120 pp. M.A. Directed by: M.W. 149 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: S.L. Forman. Williams. Jacobs, J.D. 1973: Synoptic energy budget studies Hearty, P.J.1987:Age and aminostratigraphy of in the eastern Baffin Island - Davis Strait re- Quaternary coastal deposits in the Mediter- gion. 217 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. ranean Basin, 207 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Janke, R.A. 1968:The ecology of Vaccinium myrtillus using concepts of productivity, energy ex- Hess, D.W.1959: Ecological studies of the growth change, and transpiration resistance, Ph.D. Di- of Ponderosa Pine on the East Slope of the rected by: J.W.Marr. Rocky Mountain Front Range in Boulder County, Colorado, 100 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: Jennings,A.E. 1986: Late Quaternary marine sedi- J.W.Marr. ments from a transect of fiord and continen- tal shelf environments: a study of piston cores Hoffman, K.L. 1987:A geography of dissolved or- from Clark Fiord and Scott Trough, Baffin Is- ganic carbon in alpine snowmelt waters—the land, Canada, 245 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T. Green Lakes Valley, Colorado, 165 pp. M.A. Andrews. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Jennings,A.E. 1989: Late Quaternary history of Hood, E.W.1998:Turbulent energy fluxes in Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island,Arctic alpine terrain: Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Canada, 319 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T. Range, 81 pp. M.A. Directed by: M.W.Williams. Andrews.

Hubbard, J.D. 1978: Breeding biology and repro- Johnson,A.W.1956: Ecology of subalpine forest ductive environments of Mt.White-crowned communities in the Silver Lakes Valley of the Sparrows in Colorado, 311 pp. Ph.D. Directed Front Range in Colorado, 121 pp. Ph.D. by: C.E. Bock. Directed by: J.W.Marr.

Hughen, K.A. 1997: Development and application Johnson, B.J. 1995:The stable isotope biogeo- of varved sediment records for geochrono- chemistry of ostrich eggshell and its applica- logical and paleoclimatic research, 182 pp. tion to late Quaternary paleoenvironmental Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Overpeck. reconstructions in South Africa, 229 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Husted,W.M. 1962:A proposed archeological chronology for Rocky Mountain National Park Johnson, J.B. 1979: Mass balance and aspects of the glacier environment, Front Range, Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses 87

Colorado, 1969–1973, 285 pp. Ph.D. Directed Kline, M.L. 1986:Wetland influence on substrate by: J.T.Andrews. retention of dissolved organic carbon in two subalpine stream ecosystems, 78 pp. M.A. Joynt, E.H., III. 1999: Calibration and application of Directed by: J.T.Windell. lake diatoms as proxies for climate change on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada, 97 pp. M.Sc. Klinger, L.F.1988: Successional change in vegeta- Directed by: G.H. Miller. tion and soils of southeast Alaska, 234 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.T.Veblen. Kaplan, M.R. 1999:The last glaciation of the Cum- berland Sound region, Baffin Island, Canada, Knowles, M.H. 1978: Genetic characteristics asso- based on glacial geology, cosmogenic dating, ciated with growth in ponderosa pine, 81 pp. and numerical modeling, 206 pp. Ph.D. M.A. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Komarkova,V.1976:Alpine vegetation of the Kaufman, D.S. 1991: Pliocene-Pleistocene Indian Peaks Area, Front Range, Colorado chronostratigraphy, Nome,Alaska, 297 pp. Rocky Mountains, 654 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. P.J.Webber.

Keen, R.A. 1979:Temperature and circulation Krear, H.R. 1965:An ecological and ethological anomalies in the eastern Canadian Arctic, study of the pika (Ochotona princeps saxatilis summer 1946–76, 157 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: Bangs) in the Front Range of Colorado. Ph.D. R.G. Barry. Directed by: M. Altmann.

Keigley, R.B. 1987: Effect of experimental treat- Krebs, P.H. 1972: Dendrochronology and the dis- ments on Kobresia myosuroides with implica- tribution of Bristlecone Pine (Pinus aristata tions for the potential effect of acid Engelm.) in Colorado, 211 pp. Ph.D. Directed deposition, 115 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: by:W.S.Glock. P.J.Webber. Laymon, C.A. 1988: Glacial geology of western Kelso, S. 1980: Management of the Niwot Ridge Hudson Strait, Canada, with reference to biosphere reserve, 159 pp. M.A. Directed by: Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics, 345 pp. Ph.D. J.D. Ives. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Kerwin, M.W.1994: Final stages in the collapse of Lea, P.D. 1989: Quaternary environments and de- the Laurentide ice sheet: a rock magnetic and positional systems of the Nushagak Lowland, sedimentological study from Hudson Strait, Southwestern Alaska, 355 pp. Ph.D. Directed Canada, 189 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. by: J.T.Andrews.

Kerwin, M.W.2000: Quantifying and modeling LeDrew, E.F.1974: Radiation and energy budget Holocene climate variability based on modern of an alpine tundra in Colorado during the and fossil pollen records from the eastern growing season 1973, 170 pp. M.A. Directed Canadian arctic and subarctic, 307 pp. Ph.D. by:R.G.Barry. Directed by: J.T.Overpeck. LeDrew, E.F.1976: Physical mechanisms responsi- Kiladis, G.N. 1981: Surface circulation and its rela- ble for the major synoptic systems in the tionship to temperature and precipitation eastern Canadian Arctic in the winter and anomalies over the Western United States summer of 1973, 205 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: during the period 1899–1974, 109 pp. M.A. R.G. Barry. Directed by: R.G. Barry. Lehman, S.J. 1985: Quaternary glacial and relative Kirby, M.E. 1996: Mid to late Wisconsin ice sea level history of Prins Karls Forland and sheet/ocean interactions in the northwest Northern Kongsfjorden, west Spitsbergen, Labrador Sea: sedimentology, provenance, Svalbard, 140 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: G.H. process, and chronology, 194 pp. M.Sc. Miller. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. 88 Fiftieth Anniversary

Lehman, S.J. 1989: Quaternary glacial and marine Litaor, M.I. 1986: Geochemistry of alpine soils paleoenvironments of north and west Spits- in the Colorado Front Range, with special bergen, Svalbard, 236 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: reference to acid deposition, 275 pp. Ph.D. G.H. Miller. Directed by: D.D. Runnells.

Leonard, E.M. 1981: Glaciolacustrine sedimenta- Lloyd, D.T.1970:The Isabelle Glacier, Front Range, tion and Holocene glacial history, northern Colorado during the 1968–1969 budget year, Banff National Park,Alberta, 271 pp. Ph.D. 133 pp. M.A. Directed by: R.G. Barry. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Locke,W.W.III. 1976: Etching of hornblende as a Lewis, G.C. 1993:A predictive model for differen- dating criterion for arctic soils, 85 pp. M.Sc. tial frost heave and its application to pat- Directed by: P.W.Birkeland. terned ground formation, 196 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:W.B.Krantz. Locke,W.W.III. 1980:The Quaternary geology of the Cape Dyer area, southeasternmost Baffin Lewis, K.J. 1996: Surface energy balance and melt- Island, Canada, 331 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T. water production for a Dry Valley Glacier,Tay- Andrews. lor Valley,Antarctica, 102 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: M.F.Meier. Loranger, S.R. 1979: Landtype analysis in the southern San Juan mountains, 84 pp. M.A. Licht, K.J. 1995: Marine sedimentary record of ice Directed by: P.V.Krebs. extent and late Wisconsin deglaciation in the western Ross Sea,Antarctica, 144 pp. M.Sc. Di- Lorenz, D.C. 1985:The effects of trampling on rected by: J.T.Andrews. subalpine habitats in the Colorado Front Range: an experimental approach, 135 pp. M.A. Licht, K.J. 1999: Investigations into the Late Qua- Directed by:T.N.Caine. ternary history of the Ross Sea,Antarctica, 216 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Losleben, M.V.1991:Temporal variation of climati- cally important anthropogenic trace gas con- Lichty, K.E. 1962: Small mammal populations in the centrations at a sub-alpine site, Front Range, San Juan Mountains of Colorado, 168 pp. M.A. Colorado, 121 pp. M.A. Directed by: Directed by: O.Williams. D. Greenland.

Light,A. 1996:Amino acid paleotemperature Loveland,A.D. 2000:An evaluation of the impor- reconstruction and radiocarbon shoreline tance of dissolved organic nitrogen in chronology of the Lake Bonneville Basin, USA, snowmelt runoff and its qualitative character- 142 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: D. Kaufman. istics, Como Creek, Front Range, Colorado, 92 pp. M.A. Directed by: M.W.Williams. Lind, E.K. 1983: Holocene paleoecology and deglacial history of the Cape Rammelsberg Lubinski, D.J. 1998: Latest Pleistocene and area, southern Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. Holocene paleoenvironments of the Franz 219 pp. 3 fold. maps. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T. Josef Land region, Northern Barents Sea,Arc- Andrews. tic Russia, 361 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Lindeberg-Johnson, M. 1981: Ecological physiology of populations of Caltha leptosepala DC. along Lundstrom, S.C. 1992:The budget and effect of altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in the cen- superglacial debris on Eliot Glacier, Mount tral Rocky Mountains, 204 pp. Ph.D. Directed Hood, Oregon, 183 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: by: E.K. Bonde. M.F.Meier.

Lipson, D.A. 1998: Plant-microbe interactions and Maat, P.B.1992: Eolian stratigraphy, soils and geo- organic nitrogen availability in an alpine dry morphology in the Hudson dune field, Colo- meadow, 170 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.K. rado, 105 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: S.L. Forman. Monson. Mabee, S.B. 1978:The use of magnetite alteration as a relative age dating technique: preliminary Fifty Years of INSTAAR Theses 89

results, 185 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: P.W. McLaren,A.S. 1986:Analysis of the under-ice to- Birkeland. pography in the Arctic Basin as recorded by USS Nautilus in 1958 and USS Queenfish in Mahaffy, M.-A.W.1974:A three-dimensional nu- 1970. 163 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. merical method for computing the load distri- bution of ice sheets with time, 74 pp. M.Sc. Mears,A.I. 1972: Glacial geology and crustal prop- Directed by: J.C. Harrison. erties in the Nedlukseak Fiord region, east Baffin Island, Canada. 60 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: Mahaney,W.C. 1970: Soil genesis on deposits of J.T.Andrews. neoglacial and late Pleistocene age in the Indian Peaks of the Colorado Front Range, Meehan, R.H. 1986: Impact of oilfield development 242 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. on shorebirds, Prudhoe Bay,Alaska, 91 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.J.Webber. Manega, P.C. 1993: Geochronology, geochemistry and isotopic study of the Plio-Pleistocene ho- Meehl, G.A. 1978:Tropical teleconnections to the minid sites and the Ngorongoro Volcanic seesaw in winter temperatures between Highland in northern Tanzania,382 pp. Ph.D. Greenland and Northern Europe, 110 pp. Directed by: G.L. Farmer. M.A. Directed by: R.G. Barry.

Manley,W.F.1995: Late-glacial record of ice- Meierding,T.C. 1977:Age differentiation of till and sheet/ocean interactions, Hudson Strait and gravel deposits in the Upper Colorado River Southern Baffin Island, Eastern Canadian Arc- Basin, 353 pp. 2 maps folded in pocket. Ph.D. tic, 251 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Directed by: P.W.Birkeland.

Marcus,W.A.1987: Spatial channel controls on Menounos, B.P.1996:A Holocene, debris-flow suspended sediment and trace metal trans- chronology for an alpine catchment, Colorado port in streams, 212 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: Front Range, 160 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N. T.N. Caine. Caine.

May, D.E. 1973: Models for predicting composition Michaels, P.S. 1984:A spatial and temporal analysis and production of alpine tundra vegetation of the isothermal snowpack in an alpine basin, from Niwot Ridge, Colorado, 99 pp. M.A. 99 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Directed by: P.J.Webber. Michener, M.J. 1964: High altitude vegetation of May, D.E. 1976:The response of alpine tundra veg- the Needle Mountains of southwestern Col- etation in Colorado to environmental modifi- orado, 76 pp. M.A. Directed by:W.A.Weber. cation, 164 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.J.Webber. Miller, G.H. 1975: Glacial and climatic history of May,T.A. 1975: Physiological ecology of white- northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, tailed ptarmigan in Colorado, 311 pp. Ph.D. Canada, during the last 10,000 years, 226 pp. Directed by: P.J.Webber. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

McArthur, G.R. 1977:The use of an ecologically Miller, J.B. 1999:Application of gas chromatogra- based information storage and retrieval sys- phy isotope ratio mass spectrometry tem to locate grass species suitable for reveg- (G-IRMS) to atmospheric budgets of C18OO etation of TOSCO II spent oil shale, 124 pp. and 13CH , 163 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.P.Tans. 4 Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Miller, K.D. 1956: Diameter growth of Ponderosa McCord, B.E. 1982: Surficial deposits of the Indian Pine in two areas in the Front Range of Colo- Peaks region, Colorado Front Range, 132 pp. rado, 89 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.W.Marr. M.A. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Miller, P.C. 1964: Factors influencing the vegeta- McCoy,W.D. 1981: Quaternary aminostratigraphy tion pattern on the White River Plateau in of the Bonneville and Lahontan Basins,West- northwestern Colorado, 213 pp. Ph.D. ern U.S., with paleoclimatic implications, 603 Directed by: J.W.Marr. pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. 90 Fiftieth Anniversary

Miller, R.J.O. 1992: Late Quaternary lacustrine nutrient cycling in alpine systems, 122 pp. paleoenvironmental records from southeast Ph.D. Directed by: S.K. Schmidt. Baffin Island, NWT,Canada, 296 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Muller, D.S. 1980: Glacial geology and Quaternary history of southeast Meta Incognita Peninsula, Millington,A.C. 1977: Late Quaternary paleoenvi- Baffin Island, Canada, 211 pp. M.Sc. Directed ronmental history of the Mary Jane Creek by: J.T.Andrews. Valley, Grand County, Colorado, 193 pp. M.A. Directed by: H. Nichols. Murphy, P.H.1982:The forest vegetation of the Lost Creek area in the southern Front Range, Mills, R.C. 1962:A study of near climax conditions Colorado, 145 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.W.Marr. in a spruce-fir ecosystem, 66 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Mutel, C.F.1973:An ecological study of the plant communities of certain montane meadows in Minges, D.R. 1966: Determination of the effect of the Front Range, 77 pp. M.A. Directed by: topography, season and storm type on precipi- J.W.Marr. tation distribution, 144 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: W.A.Weers. Nelson,A.R. 1978: Quaternary glacial and marine stratigraphy of the Qivitu Peninsula, northern Mode,W.N.1980: Quaternary stratigraphy and Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Canada, palynology of the Clyde Foreland, Baffin Is- 297 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. land, N.W.T., Canada, 219 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Nichol, J.E. 1973: Land types and associated land use from photomorphic mapping in Boulder Moore, J. 1996: Late-Quaternary glacial and cli- County, Colorado, 135 pp. M.A. Directed by: matic history of the Cape Dyer area, eastern D.D. MacPhail. Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Canada: a rock magnetic and varved sediment investiga- Niyogi, D.K. 1999: Effects of stress from mine tion of Donard Lake, 175 pp. M.Sc. Directed drainage on ecosystem functions in Rocky by: G.H. Miller. Mountain streams, 181 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: W.M. Lewis. Morehead, M.D. 1999: Sediment supply to the ocean: the temporal and spatial variability of Odasz,A.M. 1983:Vegetation patterns at the tree- rivers and plumes, 263 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: limit ecotone in the upper Alatna River J.P.Syvitski. drainage of the Central Brooks Range,Alaska, 224 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Moritz, R.E. 1979: Synoptic climatology of the Beaufort Sea Coast of Alaska, 238 pp. Ph.D. O’Grady, D.B. 2001: Sedimentary geomorphology Directed by: R.G. Barry. of siliciclastic continental slopes, 189 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.P.Syvitski. Moses,T.A. 1982: Erosional response of hillslopes after forest fire in the Colorado Front Range, Olmsted, C.E. 1977:The effect of large herbivores 217 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N.Caine. on aspen in Rocky Mountain National Park, 141 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Mrugala, R.J. 1997: Effects of original snow density and magnitude of temperature gradient on Osburn,W.S., Jr. 1958: Ecology of winter snow- grain growth and sintering processes in snow, free areas of the alpine tundra of Niwot 87 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:W.T.Pfeffer. Ridge, Boulder County, Colorado, 77 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. Muhs, D.R. 1980: Quaternary stratigraphy and soil development, San Clemente Island, California, Osterman, L.E. 1982: Late Quaternary history of 221 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.W.Birkeland. southern Baffin Island, Canada: a study of foraminifera and sediments from Frobisher Mullen, R.B. 1995: Fungal endophytes in the alpine Bay, 380 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. buttercup Ranunculus adoneus: Implications for Fiftieth Anniversary 91

Outcalt, S.I. 1964:Two Ural-type glaciers in Rocky Ridge, Colorado, 74 pp. M.A. Directed by: Mountain National Park, Colorado, 81 pp. + M.W.Williams. 1 fold map in pocket. M.Sc. Directed by: D.D. MacPhail. Robertson,A.D. 2000: Simulated and observed cli- mate variability of the last 500 years, 197 pp. Paddock, M.W.1961:The food habits of the pika, M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Overpeck. Ochotona princeps saxatilis Bangs, 81 pp. M.A. Directed by: O.Williams. Rockmann,T.1994: Feasibility of measuring [delta] 13C in atmospheric methane from small air Peck, S.M. 2000: Drought in the northwest Aus- samples using a cryofocused Gas Chromatog- tralian outback: isotopic records of ecologic raphy-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (cry- change from Lake Gregory,W.A. 233 pp. M.Sc. ofocused GC-IRMS) technique, 116 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: G.H. Miller. Directed by: J.W.C.White.

Peterson, R.A. 1996: Use of acoustic TDK to as- Rodbell, D.T.1986:The use of lichenometry, rock sess the effect of crosslinking on membrane weathering and soil development to estimate compaction, 105 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:W.B. ages of moraines and fluvial terraces in the Krantz. Upper South Branch,Ashburton Valley, South Island, New Zealand, 147 pp. + 6 plates in Pheasant, D.R. 1971:The glacial chronology and pocket. M.Sc. Directed by: P.W.Birkeland. glacio-isostasy of the Narpaing/Quajon Fiord area, Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, 232 Rodbell, D.T.1991: Late Quaternary glaciation and pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.D. Ives. climatic change in the northern Peruvian An- des, 215 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.W.Birkeland. Phillips,V.D., III. 1982: Responses by alpine plants and soils to microtopography within sorted Rogers, J.C. 1979.The North Pacific Oscillation polygons, 208 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W.Marr. and eigenvectors of Northern Hemisphere at- mospheric circulation during winter. 177 pp. Piety, L.A. 1981: Relative dating of terrace de- Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. posits and tills in the Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado, 209 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: P.W. Rosenbloom, N. 1997:A hillslope evolution model Birkeland. for the coupled prediction of soil texture and ecosystem dynamics, 177 pp. Ph.D. Directed Raup, B.H. 1995: Incorporation of longitudinal by: J.W.C.White. stress coupling into a map-plane finite ele- ment glacier flow model, 76 pp. M.Sc. Ryan, S.E. 1994: Effects of transbasin diversion on Directed by: M.F.Meier. flow regime, bedload transport, and channel morphology in Colorado mountain streams, Reheis, M.J. 1974: Source, transportation and dep- 236 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. osition of debris on Arapahoe Glacier, Front Range, Colorado, 71 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: Sarantitis, B.C. 1986:Temporal variation in the J.T.Andrews. runoff hydrograph of an alpine snowfield, 158 pp. M.A. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Retherford, R.M. 1972: Late Quaternary geologic environments and their relation to archaeo- Sauchyn, D.J. 1979:The controls on recent lands- logical studies in the Bella Bella-Bella Coola liding adjacent to the northwestern San Juan region of the British Columbia coast, 128 pp. Mountains, Colorado, 120 pp. M.A. Directed M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. by:T.N.Caine.

Reynolds, R. 1971:A study of circulation types and Sauer, P.E.1997: Records of climate and Late Qua- energy budgets for the Baffin Island region ternary paleoclimate from stable isotopes in during June, July and August 1970. 75 pp. M.A. lakes and lake sediments, eastern Canadian Directed by: R.G. Barry. arctic, 224 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: G.H. Miller.

Rikkers, M.R. 1997: Spatial variability of liquid wa- ter in a continental alpine snowpack: Niwot 92 Fiftieth Anniversary

Schoolfield, S.C. 2000: Late Pleistocene sedimen- for proxy records from the Coral Siderastrea tation in the Denmark Strait region, 181 pp. sidera, 100 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.E. Cole. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Snyder, J.A. 1991:A lacustrine record of Holocene Scott, D. 1997: Quinone moieties act as electron glaciation and radiocarbon dating of organic- acceptors in reduction of humic substances by poor lake sediment, Linnevatnet, Spitsbergen, FE (III)-reducing microorganisms, 87 pp. M.Sc. Svalbard, 143 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: G.H. Directed by: D.M. McKnight. Miller.

Sharpe, D.R. 1974: Mudflows in the San Juan Spencer, J.P.1975: Effects of winter weather modi- Mountains, Colorado: flow constraints, fre- fication on alpine plant communities in the quency and erosional effectiveness, 126 pp. San Juan Mountains, Colorado, 129 pp. M.A. M.Sc. Directed by: P.W.Birkeland. Directed by: J.H. Bock.

Shea, K.L. 1985: Mating systems and population Stein,A.B. 1996: Seismic stratigraphy and seafloor structure in Engelmann spruce and subalpine morphology of the Kangerlussuaq region, East fir, 170 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: M.C. Grant. Greenland: Evidence for glaciations to the continental shelf break during the Late Weich- Sherrod, S. 1999:A multiscale analysis of the selian age and earlier, 293 pp. M.Sc. Directed northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) by: J.T.Andrews. at the alpine site of Niwot Ridge, Colorado, 142 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.R.Seastedt. Steltzer, H. 1999: Plant species effects on spatial variation in nitrogen cycling in alpine tundra, Shippert, M.M. 1997:A spatially distributed model 121 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:W.B.Bowman. of the methane emissions from arctic tundra calculated from remotely sensed images and Sterr, H.M. 1980:The seismo-tectonic history and field data, various pagings. Ph.D. Directed by: morphological evolution of Late Quaternary S.W.Beatty. fault scarps in southwestern Utah, 286 pp. Ph.D. Shojaie, S.S. 1992: Polymeric dense films and mem- branes via the dry-cast phase-inversion Steward, D.G. 1977:Tree-island communities of process; modeling, casting, and morphological Rocky Mountain National Park, 140 pp. M.A. studies, 355 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:W.B.Krantz. Directed by: J.W.Marr.

Short, S.K. 1978: Holocene palynology in Stravers, J.A. 1986: Glacial geology of outer Meta Labrador-Ungava; climatic history and culture Incognita Peninsula, southern Baffin Island, arc- change on the central coast, 231 pp. Ph.D. tic Canada, 231 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T. Directed by: F.W.Eddy. Andrews.

Sloan,V.F.1998:The distribution, rheology, and ori- Stravers, L.K.S. 1981: Palynology and deglaciation gin of rock glaciers, Selwyn Mountains, Canada, history of the central Labrador-Ungava Penin- 194 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. sula, 171 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: S.K. Short.

Smith, L.M. 1997: Late Quaternary glacial marine Street, F.A.1973:A study of tors in the Front sedimentation in the Kangerlussuaq region, Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, East Greenland, 68 degrees N, 190 pp. M.Sc. with special reference to their value as an in- Directed by: J.T.Andrews. dicator of non-glaciation, 241 pp. + 1 fold map in pocket. M.A. Directed by: J.D. Ives. Smith, L.M. 2001: Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the continental shelves ad- Summer, R.M. 1980:Alpine soil erodibility on Trail jacent to the Denmark Strait, 219 pp. + data Ridge, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo- separately bound. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T. rado, 187 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Andrews. Tan, Li. 1993: Development of a laser interfero- Smith, N.E.G. 1997: Decadal climate variability in metric technique for instantaneous film thick- the Western Tropical Atlantic and the potential Fiftieth Anniversary 93

ness measurements of polymer films and membranes, 112 pp. M.Sc. Viereck, E.N. 1959: Small mammal populations in Mount McKinley National Park,Alaska, 177 Tarleton,L.F.1987: Persistence characteristics of pp. Ph.D. Directed by: O.Williams. 500 mb blocking and zonal flows in the mid- latitudes of the northern and southern hemi- Viereck, L.A. 1962: Plant succession and soil de- spheres, 210 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: R.G. Barry. velopment on gravel outwash of the Muldrow Glacier,Alaska, 145 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.W. Taussig,W.H. 1962:An ecological study of Formica Marr. neorufibarbis gelida Wheeler in the alpine tun- dra of Colorado, 90 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: Waldrop, H.A. 1962:Arapahoe Glacier, Boulder R.E. Gregg. County, Colorado, 57 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: W.C. Bradley. Tedesco, K.A. 1993: Late Quaternary paleo- ceanography of the northwest Labrador Sea, Walker, D.A. 1977:Analysis of the effectiveness of 190 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. a television scanning densitometer for indicat- ing geobotanical features in an ice-wedge Telleen, S.L. 1978: Structural niches of Eutamias polygon complex at Barrow,Alaska, 129 pp. minimus and E. umbrinus in Rocky Mountain M.A. Directed by: P.J.Webber. National Park, 141 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: O.Williams. Walker, D.A. 1981:The vegetation and environ- mental gradients of the Prudhoe Bay region, Theodose,T.A. 1995: Interspecific plant competi- Alaska, 484 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: P.J.Webber. tion in alpine tundra, 160 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:W.B.Bowman. Walker, M.D. 1987:Vegetation and floristics of pin- gos, central arctic coastal plain,Alaska, 409 pp. Thiessen, D.B. 1992:Thin film dynamics of drop re- + 6 fold. tables in pocket. Ph.D. Directed by: jection in solidification of miscibility-gap mate- P.J.Webber. rials, 282 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:W.B.Krantz. Walters, J.E. 1988: Glacial geology of Countess of Thorleifson, L.H. 1989: Quaternary stratigraphy of Warwick Sound, Baffin Island, arctic Canada, the Hudson Bay lowland, northern Ontario, 110 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Canada, 363 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Warburton, J. 1985: Rayleigh convection and the Thorn, C.E. 1974:An analysis of nivation initiation of sorted patterned ground: three processes and their geomorphic significance, field investigations, 127 pp. M.A. Directed by: Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, 351 pp. T.N. Caine . Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. Waterman, S.E. 1982: Investigation of multispec- Tieszen, L.L. 1965: Photosynthetic adaptations to tral remote sensing of snow cover using a so- light intensity in arctic and alpine populations, lar radiation model, 206 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: 175 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: E.K. Bonde. R.G. Barry.

Trench, N.R. 1978:The geomorphology and pale- Waters, S.B. 1999: Responses of algal communi- oenvironmental history of the Lake City land- ties to environmental change in an alpine lake, slide complex, southwest Colorado, 149 pp. Green Lakes Valley, Colorado, 132 pp. M.Sc. M.A. Directed by: H. Nichols. Directed by: D.M. McKnight.

Urban, F.E. 1999: Multiple modes of tropical Waythomas, C.F.1990: Quaternary geology and Pacific climate variability recorded in the late-Quaternary environments of the Holitna 18O of corals form the Gilbert Islands, Lowland and Chuilnuk-Kiokluk mountains re- Kiribati,West Central Pacific, 95 pp. M.Sc. gion, interior southwestern Alaska, 268 pp. Directed by: J.E. Cole. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Vaughn, B.H. 1994: Stable isotopes as hydrologic tracers in South Cascade Glacier, 143 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: M.F.Meier. 94 Fiftieth Anniversary

Weaver, R.L. 1976:Aspects of the radiation budget Williams, J. 1974: Simulation of the atmospheric related to fast ice decay, Broughton Island, Baf- circulation using the NCAR Global Circula- fin Island, N.W.T.158 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: tion Model with present day and glacial period J.T.Andrews. boundary conditions, 221 pp. Ph.D. Directed by:R.G.Barry. Wegmann, J. 2000:A modeling approach to the investigation of ice falls on the Worthington Williams, K.M. 1984: Marine diatom assemblages Glacier,Alaska, 105 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:W.T. from Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, 111 pp. M.Sc. Pfeffer. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Welch, B.C. 1996: 2-Dimensional and pseudo Williams, K.M. 1988: Late Quaternary paleo- 3-dimensional migration of radio-echo sound- oceanography of the Baffin Bay region, based ing data from a temperate valley glacier, 81 pp. on diatoms, 263 pp. Ph.D. Directed by: J.T. M.Sc. Directed by:W.T.Pfeffer. Andrews.

Welter, S.P.1995:Topographic influences on ero- Williams, L.D. 1972: Some factors influencing sion and soil development in hollows of the cirque glacierization on eastern Cumberland Rampart Range, Colorado, 263 pp. Ph.D. Peninsula, Baffin Island, Canada, 131 pp. M.Sc. Directed by:T.N.Caine. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.

Werbe, E. 1980: Disturbance effects of a gravel Wilson, M.J. 1984: Modern and Holocene environ- highway upon Alaskan upland tundra vegeta- ments of the North Slope of Alaska, 253 pp. tion, 153 pp. M.A. Directed by: P.J.Webber. M.A. Directed by: P.J.Webber.

Werner,A. 1988: Holocene glaciation and climatic Wohl, G.M. 1978:A study of sea ice conditions change, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, 296 pp. Ph.D. and synoptic climatology for the Beaufort Sea Directed by: G.H. Miller. coast of Alaska, 166 pp. M.A. Directed by: R.G. Barry. Willard, B.E. 1960:The ecology and phytosociol- ogy of the tundra curves,Trail Ridge, Colo- Wright, C. 1975: Lichen-free areas as indicators rado, 144 pp. M.A. Directed by: J.W.Marr. of recent extensive glacierization in north- central Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, 107 pp. Willard, B.E. 1963: Phytosociology of the alpine M.A. Directed by: J.T.Andrews. tundra of Trail Ridge, Rocky Mountain Na- tional Park, Colorado, 245 pp. Ph.D. Directed Wyatt, P.H. 1989:The stratigraphy and amino acid by: J.W.Marr. chronology of Quaternary sediments in central Hudson Bay lowland, 119 pp. M.Sc. Directed by: J.T.Andrews.