DOCSLIB.ORG

FROM the AMERICAN PEOPLE Tribalism, Governance and Development Workshop Papers DRAFT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FROM the AMERICAN PEOPLE Tribalism, Governance and Development Workshop Papers DRAFT USAID FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE Tribalism, Governance and Development Workshop Papers DRAFT Management Systems coffey·) International international A Subsidiary of Coffey International. Ltd. development Management Systems International Corporate Offices 600 Water Street, SW Washington, DC 20024 Contracted under DFD-l-OO-04-00228-00, TO 20 AME DG Peace & Security TO DISCLAIMER The authors' views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Tribalism, Governance and Development I. Role of Tribes in Governance at Four levels--Rural, Urban, Regional, and National A. Afghanistan ................................................................................................................................ 4 i. Country Matrix ii. Rural and urban (Mason) iii. Regional and national (Murtazashvili) B. Somalia ..................................................................................................................................... 37 i. Country Matrix ii. Rural (Schwoebel) iii. Urban, Regional, and National (Menkhaus) C. Yemen ...................................................................................................................................... 48 i. Country Matrix ii. Rural and Urban (Gray) ii. Regional and National (Manea) II. Conceptual Papers: Are Tribes a Problem, an Opportunity, or Irrelevant for Addressing Conflict, Terrorism, and Failed States? ........................................................ 79 A. Afghanistan - Mason B. Afghanistan - Murtazashvili C. Somalia - Menkhaus D. Somalia - Schwoebel E. Yemen - Gray F. Yemen - Manea Tribalism, Governance and Development 3 Workshop Papers DRAFT The Role of Tribes in Governance in Afghanistan Spheres of Governance Rural Urban Regional National Defense and foreign affairs STIFR STCFR STIF SFR Security TIF STCF SIF SIF Law and order/ STCRNI SCF STCRIF SIF conflict resolution ~ Property and contract rights STRI SBC -- -- u c::: Promoting and regulating BTRI SBC SBIF SFI E" private activity ~ ~ Managing environmental T STC SNF SBNF Q ~ resources .... Q Education STRNIF SBRNF SNF SNF l!l Health SNF SBNF SNF SNF .S! ....u Roads SNBF SNBF SNBF SNF c::: Water and sanitation TNF SCNF -- -- ~= Social safety net TRNI TRNF S S B Revenue generation -- BC SB Asset redistribution TRI C -- S Money supply, interest rates. -- SB SB S exchange rates Key: S=State T=Tribe B=Businesses C=Citizens' groups R=Religious groups/leaders N=NGOs 1=lnsurgents F=Foreign actors (military/donors) Bold font indicates actors that are most prominent. Notes: In most instances, NGO activity (N) is almost synonymous with that of a foreign actor (F) Tribalism, Governance and Development 4 Workshop Papers DRAFT Afghanista n - t he Rural Level M . Chris Maso n Introduction Afghanistan cannot be essentialized to a bilateral ethnic divide of Pashtuns and Tajiks,l or a trilateral mix of Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. There are at least thirty important ethnic groups in Afghanistan, if we arbitrarily define that descriptor as "community and kinship-based groups of over 10,000 persons sharing common and demonstrably different customs, language and beliefs." There are over 100 languages spoken in Afghanistan, and the notions of two Iinguas franca or a bilingual society are a western fantasy. No such things exist. No linguistic surveys have been done that the author is aware of, but it would not be unreasonable to estimate that at least seventy percent of the population cannot communicate directly with anyone of different ethnolinguistic origin. The infamous maps of Afghanistan showing the country neatly divided into large, different-colored ethnic groups have been hugely unhelpful in perpetuating these myths. Maps of this type have been extraordinarily unhelpful in comprehending the complex reality of Afghan communities. Some communities are indeed extraordinarily isolated, such as the small, distinct tribal groups deep in the mountains of Nuristan province, many of whom have not seen a person from beyond their own valley in a decade or more. Others are remarkably diverse in ethnographic origin, with a homogeneity that confounds Western notions of ethnically segregated societies. The villages in north-western Afghanistan in Herat province which Nancy Tapper studied, for example, demonstrated a broad variety of peoples with different ethnic origins living in integrated communities where ethnically-based identities have largely ceased to be relevant. I The ethnographic descriptor "Tajik" as used in Afghanistan is an excellent example of a wholly we, tern­ constructed ethnic identity taking root in the dense web of western mythology and misinformation about the country and its people. Few, if any Afghans, identify themselves as such, and the term is best defined as the agglomeration of all Dari-speaking peoples of Afghanistan not of Mongol descent. As this category has no ethnic or political identity as such, it is a meaningless term. Tribalism, Governance and Development 5 Workshop Papers DRAFT As a general rule in cultural anthropology, of course, the more mountainous a region, the more isolated and thus genetically discreet its populations tend to be. This is as true of the Basque region of Spain or the Appalachian regions of America as it is of Nuristan. This is not to suggest that ethnography does not playa role in human settlement in Afghanistan, which would be absurd. It does suggest, however, that "one size does not fit all," and that communities need to be examined individually to begin to understand their political economies. The expression "all politics is local" is nowhere more true than in Afghanistan, and the argument made in the conceptual paper that Afghanistan is not one country but a loose collection of 60,000 villages is the key to opening the door to comprehension. Generalizing and essentializing at levels of identity greater than those which exist on the ground are seldom helpful. It would not be entirely unreasonable to assert that for Afghanistan we would need not one "local-level" matrix but 60,000 matrices, one for each village. Apart from a tiny minority of educated urban elites, most of whom are former expatriates and many of whom speak English, there is no sense of nationalism in Afghanistan. Unfortunately, these are the only Afghans with whom virtually all senior Americans communicate almost exclusively and in general they viscerally repudiate the importance of kinship groups or "tribes." This has logically but tragically led to a wholesale misunderstanding of identity politics at the national level in Afghanistan. In combination with the oversimplification and exaggeration of ethnically-constructed identities ("Tajik," "Uzbek" etc), this in turn has resulted in an oversimplification of community and identity throughout northern Afghanistan in particular. Northwestern Afghanistan, formerly Khorasan, is the most peaceful, prosperous and ethnically integrated region of the country. Here, in general, "tribal" identity is muted and inextricably intertwined with other sources of identity. In and around Herat and Ghor provinces live the Chahar Aimak (literally "four tribes") a Farsi-speaking people (often wrongly considered as "Tajiks") whose numbers are often predominant. Heratis, a Oari-speaking people of Persian origin are present throughout the region and tend to predominate in civil and administrative positions. There are also significant numbers of Turkic-speaking Uzbek and Turkmen families, sometimes concentrated in relatively homogenous villages, sometimes scattered amongst Oari­ and Farsi- speaking hamlets. (Tapper) Smaller pockets of "detribalized" Pashtuns (descendants of families forcibly relocated from the south by Abdur Rehman at the close of the 19th century), Qizilbash,2 and Arabs (descendants of a 14th century wave of invaders from the Middle East 3 who are no longer Arabic speakers ) also dot the rural landscapes . This region has benefited 2 Twelver Shi'a of Persian descent. 1 The search for apocryphal communities of Afghan-Arabs in the area of Balkh who still speak a 14th century dialect of Arabic has been cultural anthropology's version of the quest for the Holy Grail for several decades. but none has ever been found. Tribalism, Governance and Development 6 Workshop Papers DRAFT extensively from Iranian engagement and will soon be connected to the Iranian railroad network via a spur line being built by the Iranian government to Herat. Ismael Khan remains powerful in the region, the area is de facto semi-autonomous, and is the best administered area of Afghanistan. IITribesll as such playa distinctly limited role at any level of governance, and the local-levelllspheres of governancell matrix does not apply here (see Appendix). The central region of Afghanistan is known as the Hazarajat, or IIregion of the Hazara people. II The Hazaras are predominantly Shi'a and are primarily of Mongol descent.4 They have been the victims of discrimination for centuries and occupy the lowest rung on the economic ladder in Afghanistan. Even in areas such as the Hazarajat, however, where the ethnic composition of communities is almost exclusively Hazara, identity is usually all-too-quickly ascribed to IItribalism.1I In fact, communal identity is often far more complicated. In the case of the Hazaras, for example, religious difference,s economic discrimination and significantly different cultural values (gender polities are markedly less unfavorable to women within
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice & Security Practices, Perceptions, and Problems in Kabul and Nangarhar
    Justice & Security Practices, Perceptions, and Problems in Kabul and Nangarhar M AY 2014 Above: Behsud Bridge, Nangarhar Province (Photo by TLO) A TLO M A P P I N G R EPORT Justice and Security Practices, Perceptions, and Problems in Kabul and Nangarhar May 2014 In Cooperation with: © 2014, The Liaison Office. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher, The Liaison Office. Permission can be obtained by emailing [email protected] ii Acknowledgements This report was commissioned from The Liaison Office (TLO) by Cordaid’s Security and Justice Business Unit. Research was conducted via cooperation between the Afghan Women’s Resource Centre (AWRC) and TLO, under the supervision and lead of the latter. Cordaid was involved in the development of the research tools and also conducted capacity building by providing trainings to the researchers on the research methodology. While TLO makes all efforts to review and verify field data prior to publication, some factual inaccuracies may still remain. TLO and AWRC are solely responsible for possible inaccuracies in the information presented. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cordaid. The Liaison Office (TL0) The Liaison Office (TLO) is an independent Afghan non-governmental organization established in 2003 seeking to improve local governance, stability and security through systematic and institutionalized engagement with customary structures, local communities, and civil society groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Pashtunistan: Pakistan's Shifting Strategy
    AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN PASHTUN ETHNIC GROUP PASHTUNISTAN: P AKISTAN ’ S S HIFTING S TRATEGY ? Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER May 2012 Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? P ASHTUNISTAN : P AKISTAN ’ S S HIFTING S TRATEGY ? Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER About Tribal Analysis Center Tribal Analysis Center, 6610-M Mooretown Road, Box 159. Williamsburg, VA, 23188 Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? The Pashtun tribes have yearned for a “tribal homeland” in a manner much like the Kurds in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. And as in those coun- tries, the creation of a new national entity would have a destabilizing impact on the countries from which territory would be drawn. In the case of Pashtunistan, the previous Afghan governments have used this desire for a national homeland as a political instrument against Pakistan. Here again, a border drawn by colonial authorities – the Durand Line – divided the world’s largest tribe, the Pashtuns, into two the complexity of separate nation-states, Afghanistan and Pakistan, where they compete with other ethnic groups for primacy. Afghanistan’s governments have not recog- nized the incorporation of many Pashtun areas into Pakistan, particularly Waziristan, and only Pakistan originally stood to lose territory through the creation of the new entity, Pashtunistan. This is the foundation of Pakistan’s policies toward Afghanistan and the reason Pakistan’s politicians and PASHTUNISTAN military developed a strategy intended to split the Pashtuns into opposing groups and have maintained this approach to the Pashtunistan problem for decades. Pakistan’s Pashtuns may be attempting to maneuver the whole country in an entirely new direction and in the process gain primacy within the country’s most powerful constituency, the military.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy
    Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy July 18, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45818 SUMMARY R45818 Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy July 18, 2019 Afghanistan has been a significant U.S. foreign policy concern since 2001, when the United States, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led a military Clayton Thomas campaign against Al Qaeda and the Taliban government that harbored and supported it. Analyst in Middle Eastern In the intervening 18 years, the United States has suffered approximately 2,400 military Affairs fatalities in Afghanistan, with the cost of military operations reaching nearly $750 billion. Congress has appropriated approximately $133 billion for reconstruction. In that time, an elected Afghan government has replaced the Taliban, and most measures of human development have improved, although Afghanistan’s future prospects remain mixed in light of the country’s ongoing violent conflict and political contention. Topics covered in this report include: Security dynamics. U.S. and Afghan forces, along with international partners, combat a Taliban insurgency that is, by many measures, in a stronger military position now than at any point since 2001. Many observers assess that a full-scale U.S. withdrawal would lead to the collapse of the Afghan government and perhaps even the reestablishment of Taliban control over most of the country. Taliban insurgents operate alongside, and in periodic competition with, an array of other armed groups, including regional affiliates of Al Qaeda (a longtime Taliban ally) and the Islamic State (a Taliban foe and increasing focus of U.S. policy). U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern
    SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 4 PASHTO, WANECI, ORMURI Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 4 Pashto Waneci Ormuri Daniel G. Hallberg National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2004 ISBN 969-8023-14-3 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7433 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface.............................................................................................................vii Maps................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “It Is Not Charity, It Is a Chair of Power” - Moving Beyond Symbolic Representation in Afghanistan’S Transition Politics?
    “It is not Charity, it is a Chair of Power” - Moving Beyond Symbolic Representation in Afghanistan’s Transition Politics? Andrea Fleschenberg Research Study Publication Series “Reviewing Gender Quotas in Afghanistan and Pakistan” 2016 “It is not Charity, it is a Chair of Power”1- Moving Beyond Symbolic Representation in Afghanistan’s Transition Politics? Research Study Publication Series “Reviewing Gender Quotas in Afghanistan and Pakistan” 2016 Andrea Fleschenberg 1 “It is not charity, it is a chair of power and when you are there, you have to get tough with all the vulnerability you face” (interview with MP Farkhunda Zahra Naderi, Kabul, April 2015). The Heinrich Böll Stiftung is a German foundation and part of the Green political movement that has developed worldwide as a response to the traditional politics of socialism, liberalism, and conservatism. Our main tenets are ecology and sustainability, democracy and human rights, self-determination and justice. We place particular emphasis on gender democracy, meaning social emancipation and equal rights for women and men. We are also committed to equal rights for cultural and ethnic minorities. Finally, we promote non-violence and proactive peace policies. To achieve our goals, we seek strategic partnerships with others who share our values. Our namesake, Heinrich Böll, personifies the values we stand for: protection of freedom, civic courage, tolerance, open debate, and the valuation of art and culture as independent spheres of thought and action. For further information on our country programs in Afghanistan and Pakistan please visit our websites: www.af.boell.org www.pk.boell.org Disclaimer: This comparative action research project and its publication series were prepared with the support of the Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Afghanistan office.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tribes of Pakistan: Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Places
    The Tribes of Pakistan: Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Places By Paul G. Paterson, BSc. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ________________________________ Hrach Gregorian, PhD Faculty Supervisor ________________________________ Fred Oster, PhD Program Head, MACAM Program ________________________________ Alex Morrison, MSC, MA Director, School of Peace and Conflict Management ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY June 23, 2011 © Paul G. Paterson, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-76004-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-76004-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Politics in Yemen
    Arabian Peninsula Background Notes APBN-007 December 2008 Tribes and Politics in Yemen Yemen’s government is not a tribal regime. The Tribal Nature of Yemen Yet tribalism pervades Yemeni society and influences and limits Yemeni politics. The ‘Ali Yemen, perhaps more than any other state ‘Abdullah Salih regime depends essentially on in the Arab world, is fundamentally a tribal only two tribes, although it can expect to rely society and nation. To a very large degree, on the tribally dominated military and security social standing in Yemen is defined by tribal forces in general. But tribesmen in these membership. The tribesman is the norm of institutions are likely to be motivated by career society. Other Yemenis either hold a roughly considerations as much or more than tribal equal status to the tribesman, for example, the identity. Some shaykhs also serve as officers sayyids and the qadi families, or they are but their control over their own tribes is often inferior, such as the muzayyins and the suspect. Many tribes oppose the government akhdam. The tribes in Yemen hold far greater in general on grounds of autonomy and self- importance vis-à-vis the state than elsewhere interest. The Republic of Yemen (ROY) and continue to challenge the state on various government can expect to face tribal resistance levels. At the same time, a broad swath of to its authority if it moves aggressively or central Yemen below the Zaydi-Shafi‘i divide – inappropriately in both north and south. But including the highlands north and south of it should be stressed that tribal attitudes do Ta‘izz and in the Tihamah coastal plain – not differ fundamentally from the attitudes of consists of a more peasantized society where other Yemenis and that tribes often seek to tribal ties and reliance is muted.
    [Show full text]
  • AFGHANISTAN La Situation Sécuritaire À Jalalabad
    COMMISSARIAT-GÉNÉRAL AUX RÉFUGIÉS ET AUX APATRIDES COI Focus AFGHANISTAN La situation sécuritaire à Jalalabad 20 février 2018 (Mise à jour) Cedoca Langue du document original: néerlandais DISCLAIMER: Ce document COI a été rédigé par le Centre de documentation et de This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and recherches (Cedoca) du CGRA en vue de fournir des informations pour le Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the traitement des demandes d’asile individuelles. Il ne traduit aucune politique processing of individual asylum applications. The document does not contain ni n’exprime aucune opinion et ne prétend pas apporter de réponse définitive policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass judgment on the merits of quant à la valeur d’une demande d’asile. Il a été rédigé conformément aux the asylum application. It follows the Common EU Guidelines for processing lignes directrices de l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information country of origin information (April 2008) and is written in accordance with sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008). the statutory legal provisions. Ce document a été élaboré sur la base d’un large éventail d’informations The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected publiques soigneusement sélectionnées dans un souci permanent de with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even recoupement des sources. L’auteur s’est efforcé de traiter la totalité des though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the aspects pertinents du sujet mais les analyses proposées ne visent pas text is not necessarily exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond 'Tribal Breakout': Afghans in the History of Empire, Ca. 1747–1818
    Beyond 'Tribal Breakout': Afghans in the History of Empire, ca. 1747–1818 Jagjeet Lally Journal of World History, Volume 29, Number 3, September 2018, pp. 369-397 (Article) Published by University of Hawai'i Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2018.0035 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/719505 Access provided at 21 Jun 2019 10:40 GMT from University College London (UCL) Beyond ‘Tribal Breakout’: Afghans in the History of Empire, ca. 1747–1818 JAGJEET LALLY University College London N the desiccated and mountainous borderlands between Iran and India, Ithe uprising of the Hotaki (Ghilzai) tribes against Safavid rule in Qandahar in 1717 set in motion a chain reaction that had profound consequences for life across western, south, and even east Asia. Having toppled and terminated de facto Safavid rule in 1722,Hotakiruleatthe centre itself collapsed in 1729.1 Nadir Shah of the Afshar tribe—which was formerly incorporated within the Safavid political coalition—then seized the reigns of the state, subduing the last vestiges of Hotaki power at the frontier in 1738, playing the latter off against their major regional opponents, the Abdali tribes. From Kandahar, Nadir Shah and his new allies marched into Mughal India, ransacking its cities and their coffers in 1739, carrying treasure—including the peacock throne and the Koh-i- Noor diamond—worth tens of millions of rupees, and claiming de jure sovereignty over the swathe of territory from Iran to the Mughal domains. Following the execution of Nadir Shah in 1747, his former cavalry commander, Ahmad Shah Abdali, rapidly established his independent political authority.2 Adopting the sobriquet Durr-i-Durran (Pearl of 1 Rudi Matthee, Persia in Crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Mahsud Tribe in South Waziristan Agency
    RELIGIOUS MILITANCY AND TRIBAL TRANSFORMATION IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MAHSUD TRIBE IN SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY By MUHAMMAD IRFAN MAHSUD Ph.D. Scholar DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (SESSION 2011 – 2012) RELIGIOUS MILITANCY AND TRIBAL TRANSFORMATION IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MAHSUD TRIBE IN SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (December, 2018) DDeeddiiccaattiioonn I Dedicated this humble effort to my loving and the most caring Mother ABSTRACT The beginning of the 21st Century witnessed the rise of religious militancy in a more severe form exemplified by the traumatic incident of 9/11. While the phenomenon has troubled a significant part of the world, Pakistan is no exception in this regard. This research explores the role of the Mahsud tribe in the rise of the religious militancy in South Waziristan Agency (SWA). It further investigates the impact of militancy on the socio-cultural and political transformation of the Mahsuds. The study undertakes this research based on theories of religious militancy, borderland dynamics, ungoverned spaces and transformation. The findings suggest that the rise of religious militancy in SWA among the Mahsud tribes can be viewed as transformation of tribal revenge into an ideological conflict, triggered by flawed state policies. These policies included, disregard of local culture and traditions in perpetrating military intervention, banning of different militant groups from SWA and FATA simultaneously, which gave them the raison d‘etre to unite against the state and intensify violence and the issues resulting from poor state governance and control.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms in Pakistani
    ANALYSIS OF Y-CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISMS IN PAKISTANI POPULATIONS Thesis submitted to the Sindh Institute of Medical Sciences for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. BY Sadaf Firasat Centre of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sindh Institute of Medical Sciences Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT) Karachi, Pakistan 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv Summary vi Introduction 1 Literature Review 19 Materials and Methods 34 Results Phylogeography of Pakistani ethnic groups. 51 Comparison between the Pakistani and Greek populations 73 Discussion 86 Comparison within Pakistan 88 Comparison between the Pakistani and Greek population 94 Comparison with world populations 98 Insight in to populations origins 111 Conclusions 121 References 122 Appendix a i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank Prof. Dr. Syed Qasim Mehdi H.I. S.I., for his support, encouragement and for providing all the facilities for doing scientific work in his laboratory. The work presented in this thesis was done under the supervision of Dr. Qasim Ayub T.I. It is great pleasure for me to acknowledge the keen interest, advice, patient guidance and kindness that I have received from him during the course of this work. I would like to thank Dr. Shagufta Khaliq, (PoP), for teaching all the molecular genetics lab techniques and also to Dr Aiysha Abid for comments on this manuscript and suggestion for its improvement. I am also grateful to Mrs. Ambreen Ayub for her help in making the contour map. I thank my colleague Ms. Sadia Ajaz for her help and cooperation in proof reading the thesis.
    [Show full text]