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U.S. ’s Environmental Footprint A summary of findings, 2008-2012

Life Cycle Management

Farm to table, grass to glass Assess Manage Improve

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What is dairy’s impact? Contents Dairy’s environmental footprint is being measured by independent researchers on behalf of the Innovation The U.S. Dairy Sustainability Commitment...... 4 Center for U.S. Dairy®, which was established by dairy producers. This report summarizes the body of environmental research conducted from 2008 to 2012. Life Cycle Management ...... 5 The studies utilized an open-source, transparent and collaborative research process which includes peer- review and publication, as described later in this report. Dairy Nutrient Cycle ...... 8

With this body of work, the U.S. dairy industry is striving to create the most transparent and documented dairy LCA Findings: Use and Quality ...... 10 life cycle assessment (LCA) database available. It will be the pilot industry participating in the U.S. LCA Digital LCA Findings: ...... 12 It all starts here. Commons, a project by the National Agricultural Library of Department of (USDA) to provide an open access, prototype life cycle LCA Findings: Land Use and its implications...... 14 assessment database and tools.

Just as important as making those measurements is Dairy’s Contribution to America’s Health...... 16 determining what to do with them. To that end, the Innovation Center is also developing science-based Management Tools for Improvement ...... 17 Smart Tools that help dairy and managers identify opportunities for improvement and track progress. LCA Review Process ...... 19

Fluid Comprehensive Glossary...... 20 Henderson, A., Asselin, A., Heller, M., Vionnet, S., Lessard, L., Humbert, S., Saad, R., Margni, M., Thoma, G., Matlock, M., Burek, J., Kim, D., and Jolliet, O. (2012). U.S. Fluid Milk Comprehensive LCA. University of Michigan & University of Arkansas. and Resources ...... 21 Kim, D., Thoma, G., Nutter, D., Milani, F., Ulrich, R., and Norris, G. (2011). Life cycle assessment of cheese and whey production in the USA. University of Arkansas & University of Wisconsin. GHG Thoma, G., Popp, J., Shonnard, D., Nutter, D., Ulrich, R., Matlock, M.D., Kim, D.S., Neiderman, Z., East, C., Adom, F., Kemper, N. & Mayes, A. (2010). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Production of Fluid Milk in the US. University of Arkansas & Michigan Technological University.

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What is a Life Cycle Assessment? The U.S. Dairy Sustainability Commitment Life Cycle Management • A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies the environmental impact throughout a product’s life cycle, from to table As we look ahead to a future Today’s Dairy Cow—Dairy cows play an important role in the global system. Producing 1 billion kg of milk: 1944 vs. 2007 • An LCA is a science-based and quantifiable approach with a burgeoning global that provides a clearer picture of the impact of industries and products • The average dairy cow in the U.S. • The milk, and ultimately dairy of , potassium and vitamin Requirements in 1944 Animals Water Land Carbon Footprint • An LCA identifies and helps to prioritize both risks and opportunities population and diminishing produced 72 pounds of milk per and beverages, that a cow D—three nutrients that American Requirements in 2007 that individual or can use to set goals, identify 4, 5 natural resources, we recognize day in 2012. This is enough milk to produces provide a unique package diets fall short on. improvements, and track progress that we must continue to find provide an 8-ounce glass of milk to of essential nutrients that improve • Dairy cows’ manure contains 144 people every day.1 overall quality and promote CO2 ways to produce dairy foods valuable nutrients for the soil. The The LCAs for milk and cheese conducted for the dairy industry good health. and beverages efficiently and • A dairy cow in the U.S. produces, on manure is applied to the farm field were unprecedented in size, scope and commitment. average, four times more milk than • Dollar for dollar, dairy foods are one to fertilize crops such as corn and responsibly—in a way that the average dairy cow worldwide.2 of the most economical sources alfalfa that, in turn, are feed sources • Environmental science experts from the Applied Sustainability Center at the University of Arkansas were commissioned by the Innovation Center protects our natural resources of nutrition in the .3 for her. Her 17 gallons of manure • Dairy cows are a particular type of for U.S. Dairy to conduct the first LCA study, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) At less than 25 cents a glass, milk is daily have enough nutrients to grow and the communities and herbivore called a ruminant. Plant 21% 35% 10% 37% LCA for Fluid Milk, to establish a baseline GHG footprint for U.S. dairy. America’s number one food source 56 pounds of corn.6 people we touch. cellular contents can be digested by Source: Capper et al., 2009, Journal of • While some LCAs may include a few points (or even one point) of data most animals (including humans) collection—for example, a single dairy farm—the GHG LCA included Accordingly, sustainability has but cows also digest the plant cell data from 536 dairy farms. The herd-size demographics reflect national As one of the largest milk producers in the world, the U.S. dairy industry has already become a key business strategy for wall (i.e. structural carbohydrates, milk production. demonstrated significant efficiencies—doing more with less—through the use of best the U.S. dairy industry. Through the also called fiber.) This means a dairy practices and innovations at all stages of the supply chain. These improvements have not • More than 50 processing plants also contributed data, collectively Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, dairy cow can thrive on feedstuffs that representing 25 percent of fluid milk processed in the U.S., and 16 cheese only reduced environmental impact, but they also have enhanced the economic and producers, processors, transporters, people can’t. plants surveyed, representing 22 percent of natural cheese produced in social sustainability of dairy farms, businesses, and communities. and retailers have made a shared • Regurgitation allows a cow to chew the U.S. commitment to assess, manage and her food, or cud, again and again. There is still room for improvement. The life cycle management approach is the leading • On the transportation side, the LCA survey included an extensive improve the environmental, social The mechanical action of cud method for determining and managing opportunities for change and adaptation, and it database of transportation round-trips from farm to processor, with over and economic sustainability of U.S. chewing reduces the size of feed has been employed by the dairy industry through the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy 210,000 data points. dairy, from farm to table. particles to promote fiber digestion. since 2008. • The LCAs were subjected to third-party critical reviews to ensure credible results and transparency. Most cows chew at least 50 times Life cycle science provides a research-based understanding of the impacts of the dairy Sustainability Vision per minute and spend 10 hours a industry and directs us to key risks and opportunities. • In addition to third-party critical review, more than 100 dairy experts We commit to being leaders in day chewing their cud in order to including industry leaders, land grant university researchers and member- owned dairy personnel also contributed to and reviewed sustainability, ensuring aid in digestion. The U.S. dairy industry is focusing first on evaluating sustainability in the the studies. the health and well-being • This process, as well as a cow’s 1 following areas: National Milk Producers Federation. Dairy Data Highlights. Arlington, VA: National Milk Producers Federation, 2012. Print. • Ten non-governmental organizations also participated in the of our planet, communities, manure, is a source of methane, a 2 Environmental Economic Social National Milk Producers Federation. Dairy Data Highlights. 2012. review process. consumers and the industry. powerful greenhouse gas (GHG). 3 Drewnowski A. (2010). The cost of US foods as related to their nutritive value. Amer J of Clin Nutr. Greenhouse gas emissions Local economic impacts Animal care Identifying mitigation strategies 4 Dairy Research Institute®. NHANES (2003-2006). Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Water use and quality Financial value across the supply chain Community contributions • The dairy LCAs follow ISO 14040, 14044 standards. Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Hyattsville, MD:_U.S. Department of Health and Human Energy use Working conditions is a top research priority for the dairy Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [2003-2004; 2005-2006]. Waste and materials Food safety ISO 14040: environmental management–International Organization for Standardization. (1997). Environmental management— 5 life cycle assessment—principles and framework, ISO 14040:1997. industry. Drewnowski A. (2010). The Nutrient Rich Foods Index helps to identify healthy, affordable foods. Am J Clin Nutr. Land and biodiversity Health and nutrition 6 Erb, Kevin. “Manure 101: Nutrient Management and the Dairy Industry.” University of Wisconsin Extension. Madison. International Organization for Standardization. (2006). Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Requirements and Crop production guidelines, ISO 14044:2006.

4 5 Dairy LCA: Understanding Dairy’s Impact from Grass to Glass LCA Scope, Measurement and Application An LCA examines the environmental impacts of a product through its entire life cycle, from cradle to grave (product creation through disposal). This comprehensive approach makes it possible to determine impacts Processing Packaging across the value chain, illustrated on page 6. There are more than 1,000 U.S. Packaging is typically done by the dairy processing plants that turn processor. Both and LCA studies commissioned by the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy initially focused on GHG emissions milk into cheese, , ice , containers are designed to keep dairy associated with the production of fluid milk. The scope of subsequent LCAs broadened to evaluate other and other products. products fresh, clean and wholesome. environmental issues and dairy products including cheese and whey. Distribution Milk GHG LCA for Fluid Milk1 Comprehensive LCA Management Tools The Takeaway Milk is transported from farm to Distribution companies deliver dairy for Fluid Milk3 processing company in insulated products from the processor to Completed in 2010, this LCA The research studies support the • An LCA is more than just a collection of data: retailers, schools, and other outlets tanker trucks. The average truck was the first national carbon This study, completed in 2012, development of management it provides a baseline footprint, identifies key carries 5800 gallons of milk and travels in refrigerated trucks. footprint of its kind and the built on the GHG LCA by tools to help dairy farms approximately 500 miles round trip. opportunities and risks, and serves as largest scale effort in the world completing a water footprint and businesses benchmark Farm to Table Retail decision-support. at the time. On-farm emissions for the dairy industry, which themselves against the industry Milk production Milk and dairy products are available The Dairy Supply Chain establishes a baseline from • With the LCA as guidance, individual members Dairy cows are housed, fed and at 178,000 retail outlets of all shapes such as methane, carbon dioxide, average and to calculate what-if of the dairy supply chain can set their own milked on dairy farms across and sizes—from convenience stores and nitrous oxide were studied, which to evaluate water quality scenarios to help with business the country. On average, a cow and neighborhood groceries, to large and the GHG LCA included a and availability. Findings will help decisions. See page 15 for more goals and create a roadmap to real and lasting in the United States gave about discount stores and warehouse outlets. thorough evaluation of general air identify better management information. improvements. 21,345 pounds of milk in 2012. pollutants and particulate matter practices for dairy farms • Because it addresses the entire life cycle, Consumer linked to dairy farms, plants and and businesses. Voluntary Goal Milk and milk products deliver industry members can use the data to assess Production of feed for cows transportation systems. Primary and Roadmap The dairy supply chain begins with many essential nutrients to the Comprehensive LCA how management practices affect not only their growing crops such as corn, alfalfa hay diet of Americans. data was collected from 536 for Cheese4 Data from the GHG LCA operation but other stages of the supply chain. and to feed dairy cows. farms, 50 processing plants and study enabled the industry to Conducted from 2009 to 2011, this This avoids shifting burdens from one segment About 35 percent of feed is grown 210,000 round trips transporting collaborate and commit to a LCA evaluated GHG emissions, of the supply chain to another. on the farm by dairy farmers; the rest milk from farm to processor. The goal and roadmap to reduce is purchased from other farmers. land use and water use impacts data was published online in GHG emissions for fluid milk by of cheese production from farm April 2013 in the International 25 percent and increase business gate to processing to consumer. Dairy Journal and will be included value by $238 million by 2020.5 in the LCA Digital Commons of Production of Feed: USDA Economic Research Service, 2007; Milk Production: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012; Milk Transport:“Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S.”, University of Arkansas, 2010 the National Agriculture Library.2 Processing: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Agricultural Statistics Board, 2010; Retail: Progressive Grocer, 2008

The dairy LCAs have advanced the state of science by identifying these key elements of a successful LCA process 1, 5Thoma et. al, Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S., University of Arkansas, 2010. • Clear definition of goals • Work with the subject matter experts to gain a complete picture 2LCA Digital Commons: Data and Community for Life Cycle Assessment. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Library. • Careful selection of the functional unit to be used as the basis • Assess impacts appropriately, recognizing limitations of impact 3Henderson, A., Asselin, A., Heller, M., Vionnet, S., Lessard, L., Humbert, S. Saad, L., Margni, M., Thoma, G., Matlock, M., Burek, J., Kim, D., and Jolliet, O. U.S. Fluid Milk Comprehensive LCA. University of Michgan & University of Arkansas, 2012. for reporting and comparison of results assessment models 4Thoma et al., Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas and Energy Demand Assessment for Cheese and Whey Products. University of Arkansas, 2012. • Close attention to data sources to ensure underlying • Peer review to independently validate the findings assumptions are consistent • Documentation and transparency 6 7 Nutrients: Essential for Growth Dairy Nutrient Cycle Dairy cows create an efficient nutrient cycle where the same Many current best management practices are employed on dairy farms nutrients are used repeatedly. and crop fields where manure is applied. Direct injection of manure and conservation tillage practices increase the retention of nutrients in the soil • The nutrient cycle for dairy begins with the crops that are grown to and reduce the risk of runoff. A common practice is the use of buffer strips to Nutritious milk provide nourishment to the cow. ensure that manure won’t directly reach surface water. products • The cow, in turn, produces milk for nutritious dairy products. Larger dairy farms, meanwhile, are required to follow detailed manure • She also produces manure which, when recycled as fertilizer for crops, management plans which are continually updated to reflect new helps maintain soil fertility and enables the cow to return most of the technologies for manure storage and application. In fact, the U.S. dairy nutrients from her feed back to the land. industry is one of the most regulated and inspected industries in agriculture. New technologies will enable dairy farmers to better manage nutrient levels Learning from the LCA on the dairy farm. Anaerobic digester systems offer the potential to convert Precipitation Proper nutrient balances on the farm are critical for managing manure into valuable by-products including renewable energy, biogas, environmental impact as well as profitability. LCA research is helping by compost and fiber. There is also the potential for a new bioeconomy that identifying opportunities to maximize nutrient recycling and minimize includes the reuse and selling of these valuable nutrients in a packable form. negative impact on soil, air and water. Milk Soil and Manure Management Nitrogen and phosphorus are two nutrients in manure that are beneficial to the farm cycle as an alternative to synthetic fertilizer. Typically, manure is incorporated into crop fields according to a nutrient management plan Nutrients that takes into account local factors, such as the type of soil, the terrain of from manure the field, and moisture levels. applied to When a system reaches its limit of nitrogen or phosphorus storage, runoff crops or leaching occurs, which can lead to water quality issues including freshwater and marine eutrophication. See page 10 for LCA findings related to this topic. Crops and pasture Best practices Good manure application and nutrient management techniques deliver feed the LCA data show that the application of manure to cropland cow both environmental and economic benefits. Tools such as the Manure Application Planner (MAP),1 a computer program offered by soil and increases the water-holding capacity of soil by 20 percent, so less water conservation districts, generate thorough nutrient management groundwater is needed to grow crops.2 Manure plans and estimate the savings when using manure compared to 1Schmitt, M., Levins, R., & Richardson, D. (1997). Manure application planner (MAP): software for environmental and economical commercial fertilizer. nutrient planning. Journal of production agriculture, 10(3), 441-446 2Fulhage, CD. Reduce environmental problems with proper land application of animal manure. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Missouri; EQ201 Web

8 9 The greatest use of water for the Milk production water withdrawal* LCA Findings: Water Use and Quality production of milk and cheese comes from • Feed production accounts for more than 90% of water use related to dairy feed/crop production for dairy cows. • Dairy feed irrigation is 4.9% of total U.S. Water is a top issue for most industries and organizations worldwide, and the Water Management water withdrawal use and quality of water on farms and in milk and dairy processing plants are a Feed production accounts for more than 90 percent of water use related • On-farm dairy water use is 0.19% of total significant focus of dairy producers and processors. Analysis of the water footprint of to dairy, therefore efficient use of water for feed production is especially U.S. water withdrawal • Total dairy water use is approximately 5.1% a farm operation or processing plant must take into account local water availability crucial. Most dairy production in the U.S. does not occur in water stressed areas with the exception of some western states. of total U.S. water withdrawal and sources, water stress, and quality of water source. Soil conditions, weather, *excludes thermal power seasonal changes and management practices add to the mix. The combination of Application of manure and synthetic fertilizer for crops represent dairy’s greatest risk of impact to watersheds. If not managed properly, nitrogen these factors paints a complex water profile that is unique to each facility. • The water footprint for milk production is 140 liters of and phosphorus can cause marine or freshwater eutrophication. Primary water in competition per kilogram of milk consumed sources of marine eutrophication related to dairy include production of (144.2 gallons of water in competition per gallon of Learning from the LCA feed for cows (55%) and on-farm milk production (42%.) Primary sources of milk consumed) 2 The Dairy LCAs focused on water resource impacts from U.S. dairy production, including freshwater eutrophication include feed production (86%) and processing. • The water footprint for cheese is 1.37 cubic meters per water use (scarcity) and water quality (eutrophication). Uses of water include irrigation kilogram of cheese consumed (164 gallons per of crops for dairy feed, providing water for dairy cows, and dairy farm operations, such Best Practices pound of cheese consumed) as cleaning. Water quality is an issue when water that contains nutrients and sediment is Because water is a local issue, best practices must be chosen for the discharged back to ground or surface water sources. individual operation’s unique characteristics. Water use by life cycle stage Water is a local issue impacted by both water supply Findings will help the industry Many conservation practices are in place to re-use water in milk Water quality terminology Life cycle stage % of total water use and watershed characteristics understand its water-related risks production and processing. On dairy farms, water is typically re-used as Feed production 93.5% and opportunities, and to deliver many as five or six times. For example, water used to clean parlors best management practices to is reused to clean production areas and then to irrigate fields. Modern Milk production 3.6% Souris-Red-Rainy Pacific Northwest 9 help crop farmers, dairy producers, Eutrophication is an important dairy farms often use a , a technology that uses cold water 17 New England 1 consideration for the dairy industry: Processing 1.0% Missouri processors and manufactures Eutrophication: The process by to partially cool milk, and then collects this water to use again as drinking Great Lakes Eutrophication can lead to ecosystem 10 manage their water footprints. which a body of water becomes water for cows. Packaging 0.3% 4 enriched by inorganic plant damage and shortened life span due to oxygen depleted conditions, rapid Upper Mississippi nutrients, especially phosphates 7 Mid-Atlantic Key takeaway Best practices to mitigate water quality issues are focused on avoidance Transport/ 0.2% Ohio and nitrates sedimentation, accumulation of Great Basin 2 The LCA showed that water use biotoxins, and loss of biodiversity of runoff or sediment loss. They could include buffer strips, cover Distribution 16 5 Upper Colorado and water quality impacts are Phosphorus is the growth-limiting crops, tillage management, anaerobic lagoons or digester systems, and California 14 Retail 0.4% nutrient in freshwater bodies; nitrogen other manure management/application practices appropriate for the 18 location-specific, depending on is limiting in marine systems dairy farm.3 Consumer 1.0% characteristics of the region and Nutrient sources: Crop fertilizer Arkansas-White-Red Te nnessee Lower Colorado 11 Watershed values watershed where on-farm dairy field runoff 6 Total 100.0% 15 (per kg FPCM at farm gate) and feed production occur. Rio Grande Lower Mississippi South Atlantic-Gulf 0.5 Fraction of highest Thus, water use and quality 13 8 3 Henderson, A., Asselin, A., Heller, M., Vionnet, S., Lessard, L., Humbert, watershed value should be measured and 1 Matlock, M., Thoma, G., Cummings, E., Cothren, J., Leh, M., & Wilson, J. (2012). Geospatial analysis of potential water S. Saad, L., Margni, M., Thoma, G., Matlock, M., Burek, J., Kim, D., and Te xas-Gulf managed in a locally-relevant use, water stress, and eutrophication impacts from US dairy production. International Dairy Journal. Jolliet, O. U.S. Fluid Milk Comprehensive LCA. University of Michgan & 12 Water stress index (L eq.) 2 University of Arkansas, 2012. Henderson, A., Asselin, A., Heller, M., Vionnet, S., Lessard, L., Humbert, S. Saad, L., Margni, M., Thoma, G., Matlock, M., Burek, Phosphorus (kg P) way with practices best suited J., Kim, D., and Jolliet, O. U.S. Fluid Milk Comprehensive LCA. University of Michgan & University of Arkansas, 2012. 1 to the individual operation. 3 National Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. (2011). Conservation practices. Nitrogen (kg N) 10 11 U.S. Fluid Milk Carbon Footprint U.S. Dairy Carbon Footprint—All Products LCA Findings: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Total emissionsU.S. = 137 Dairy MMT (The Carbonentire dairy industry—farm Footprint to manufacturer’s— All Products gate—contributes approximatelyTotal 2% emissionsof total U.S. = GHG 137 emissions)MMT (2% of total U.S. GHG emissions) 4.9% Consumer 13% The reduction of GHG emissions was identified as a priority for the Feed Production Key Takeaway 6.5% Retail dairy industry in 2008. The GHG LCAs for fluid milk and cheese On-Farm Emissions • On the farm, management practices matter most for established an accurate baseline for GHG emissions and determined 7.7% Transport/Distribution Feed + On-Farm GHG emissions, more than factors such as farm, size, 3.5% Packaging 26% Processing, Distribution how each step along the dairy value chain contributed. or region. 5.7% Processing Retail Consumption 19% 68% • Manure management and feed efficiency practices 11% Retail + Consumption Production of all dairy products in the U.S. accounts for approximately can help reduce their carbon footprint. 6% Whey 51.5% 1 Milk Production 4% Source: Greg Thoma et al., Greenhouse 2 percent of total U.S. GHG emissions. • Increasing energy efficiency is important across the Gas Emissions from Milk Production and 51% Consumption in the United States, A cradle supply chain. The impacts from fuel and electricity 41% to grave life cycle assessment, 2008. span all stages of the supply chain; therefore, International Dairy Journal, 2012, accepted. Learning from the LCA opportunities for improvement exist at all stages. 19% The LCA was the foundation for the industry’s voluntary goal and roadmap 14% to reduce GHG emissions by 25 percent across the supply chain by 2020. 20.3% Feed Production 11% 13% 5% To develop solutions for reducing emissions, LCA findings were analyzed FLUID MILK OTHER DAIRY Management Practices Matter 35 MMT CO2e 0.5% CHEESE & WHEY (estimates) to identify opportunities for reducing emissions across the supply chain. of US Total 54 MMT CO2e 0.5% of US Total 48 MMT CO2e 0.5% of US Total It revealed that almost all (90%) of the industry’s carbon footprint can be On the Farm Thoma [e] et al. (2012). Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment for Cheese and Whey Products - Final Report. explained by approximately 20 variables; managing these variables can thus • Increasing feed efficiency Greenhouse Gas Emissions for U.S. Cheese and Whey Carbon Footprint address the factors known to contribute most to the industry’s impact. • Ensuring/enhancing herd health U.S. Fluid Milk: Contribution by Supply Chain U.S. Cheese and Whey Carbon Footprint • Reducing enteric methane GreenhouseGreenhouse Gas Gas Emissions Emissions for for U.S. U.S. Cheese: Cheese: Contributions Contributions from from Farm Farm to Processor to Processor Gate Gate Milk Production Feed Management Total CO e emissions of fluid milk = • Improving manure management 2 • Total annual milk production • Average dry matter intake 17.6 lbs. per gallon of milk1 • Average milk content • Lactating cow ration Consumption: 6.9% In the Plant (2.05 kg CO e/kg milk consumed) Feed production: 22.4% • Average milk protein content 2 TotalTotal carbon carbon footprint footprint from the Energy Management from the cheese sector • Reducing electricity usage 1 Retail: 8.3% cheese sector (both cheese Thoma et. al, Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S., (both cheese and whey) is Herd Management • Total annual on-farm electricity purchased • Consolidating distribution network University of Arkansas, 2010. Based on environmental and consumption data and whey) is approximately • Production herd • Percentage of electricity used for dairy activities from 2007-2008. Carbon footprint of 1 gallon of fluid milk consumed is 17.6 lbs. approximately54 million metric 54 million tons (MMT) • Consider alternative packaging materials CO e. Ranges from 15.3 to 20.7 lbs. CO e due to natural variability and uncertainty. metric tons (MMT) of CO2e, 2 2 Distribution: 3.0% of CO e, or 0.7 percent of the • Percentage of total herd dry • Total gallons fossil fuel purchased The total fluid milk carbon footprint is approximately 35 million metric tons, with or 0.7 percent2 of the total Milk Production: 46.5% total GHG emissions in the U.S. • Number of replacement heifers • Percentage used directly for dairy activities In Transport a 95% confidence range from 30 to 45 million metric tons. GHG emissions in the U.S. The entire dairy industry—farm • Number of replacement calves • Total amount of natural gas purchased Packaging: 1.3% The entire dairy industry — • Good truck maintenance • Pasturing period • Percentage used directly for dairy activities farmto manufacturer’sto manufacturer's gategate— — • Better route design The carbon and all other footprints are contributescontributes approximately approximately 2% 2%  • Mature animals culled for related to total milk and dairy food Manufacturing: 10.7% oftotalof total U.S. U.S. GHG GHG emissions. emissions. • Average weight of mature culls Manure Management • Reducing long-distance milk hauling • Manure Management System production and consumption patterns, • Calves sold for beef 1Thoma, G., et al. (2010). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Production of Fluid Milk in the US. University of according to USDA Economic Research transport: 1.9% Arkansas & Michigan Technological University. Service surveys. We know that a total Thoma et al., Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas andThoma Energy et al., Life Cycle Demand Greenhouse AssessmentGas and Energy Demand for Assessment Cheese for and Cheese Whey and Whey ProductsProducts. University. University of Arkansas, of 2012. Arkansas, Data were 2012. Data were collected in 2011 collected in 2011 from ten cheddar manufacturing facilities (1.2 billion pounds cumulative production; 35 percent of U.S. annual production) and of 32% of dairy foods may be lost at the from ten cheddar manufacturing facilities (1.2 billionsix mozzarella pounds manufacturing cumulative facilities production; (0.77 billion 35 poundspercent cumulative of U.S. production;annual production) 24 percent of U.S. and annual six mozzarella production). Scaling manufacturing the study results facilities (0.77 billion pounds (24 percent mozzarella production, 38 percent cheddar production and the remaining 38 percent represented by cheddar as proxy) to national retail and consumption stages. cumulative production; 22 percent of U.S. annual production).scale, the results Scalingin a total carbon the study footprint results is for cheese (24 percent only. Greenhouse mozzarella gas footprint: production, 8.3 CO2e 38kg/kg percent (or 8.3 lbs./lbs.) production consumed. and the remaining 38 percent represented by cheddar as proxy) to national scale, the results in a total carbon footprint is for cheese only. Greenhouse gas footprint: 8.3 CO2e kg/kg (or 8.3 lbs./lbs.) cheese consumed. 12 13 De ning metrics for land use impacts LCA Findings: Land use and its implications Land needed to grow crops for dairy cows is the capacity A comparison of land use in the US shows that the area needed Erosion resistance potential to grow dairy cow feed crops for 2008 milk production is: of ecosystems to stabilize soil and to prevent Land is one of the most important resources in the Learning from the LCA* 922 M acres sediment accumulation downstream. It is 3.7% of TOTAL farmland Total amount of US farmland 1 measured as ton/ha-year. food and agriculture sector. The US dairy industry is Land is occupied throughout milk’s entire value chain. Like water use, by 8.4% of US cropland working to better understand the way that dairy far most land occupation occurs during the production of crops for dairy cow feed. 3.6 million acres of agricultural land were lost to development 406 M acres Biodiversity is a measure of the vitality of production affects our land resources and to find ways 3 Amount of ecosystems. It is assessed by counting the number from 2002-2007. Urban sprawl is encroaching on land used for US cropland 1 dairy can contribute to meeting the future challenges Land occupation by life cycle stage* agriculture, including land used to produce milk. of different species an area of land is supporting. This count tells us that a forest is generally a in this area. The LCA identified the major sources of Since the late 1980s, US forest area has increased by ~14 million 34.1 M acres healthier ecosystem than a corn field and a much Feed production 96 % hectares.4 Although land occupation impact remains, current Land needed to land use impacts and how those impacts can be grow crops for healthier ecosystem than a parking lot. We agriculture in the US is not causing a net loss of US5 forest lands. 2 managed and mitigated. Total dairy cows measure biodiversity as the portion of species Milk production 0.13 % Impact 1US Department of Agriculture. (2012). 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States. Summary and State Data. Table 62. affected over a given area of land, or 1.67m2-year* 1 Includes all three types of farmland as defined by the USDA: prime farmland, unique farmland, and farmland of statewide importance. PDF-m2-year where PDF stands for “potentially Impacts from using land can occur when we trans- 2 2 Based on the calculated amount of land used for feed production (1.6 m -y*) and 2008 U.S. milk production, which was 190 billion lb) according to disappeared fraction” of species. form land from one type of use to another (such as Post farm gate 3.9 % Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. (2014). Dairy Data. Milk production and factors affecting supply (Annual). 2Includes all three types of cropland as defined by the USDA: cropland used for crops, cropland pasture and idle cropland. 3 from a forest to a field), as well as when we occupy The LCA assumes that no transformation of land to agricultural use is taking place. This National Resources Inventory, US Department of Agriculture (2013). 2010 NRI Summary Report. Mechanical filtration refers to the ability of 4US EPA (2015) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2013. EPA 430-R-15-004. Washington, D.C. an amount of land over time. The term land use refers assumption has been verified using the FAOSTAT database (http://faostatfao.org/site/291/ 5Changes to cropland acreage in the US can lead to land transformation in other countries, which may or may not cause a net loss of forest lands in an ecosystem to mechanically remove substances default.aspx) by reviewing the amount of land area harvested for most crops over the past those locations. For example: Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R.A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D., Tun-Hsiang, Y. in flowing water. It is measured as cm/day. to this land transformation and land occupation. 20 years. (2008). Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change. Science, 319, 1238-1240. Physico-chemical filtration refers to the The amount of land that we transform or occupy has ability of an ecosystem to remove substances in direct effects on the land’s flora and fauna, including Erosion resistance potential Biodiversity Mechanical filtration Groundwater recharge potential flowing water due to physico-chemical properties 61 t/ha-year per kg FPCM milk 1.4 PDF-m2-year per kg FPCM milk 2.4 cm/day per kg FPCM milk 190 mm/year per kg FPCM milk what those organisms can provide to humans. We and/or processes. It is measured in cmol/day. 99% of the impact on soil erosion 96% of the impact to 93% of of the impact to mechanical filtration of soils 99% of the impact on groundwater refer to these effects as impacts to biodiversity and resistance results from land used during dairy biodiversity occurs during the production of results from the use of land to grow feed for dairy cows. recharge potential is from land used during the Groundwater recharge potential is the cow feed crop production. crops to feed dairy cows. production of dairy cow feed crops. ecosystem services. Physico-chemical filtration ability of ecosystems to recharge subsurface 1.4 cmol/day per kg FPCM milk water bodies. The metric is evaluated in Ecosystem services refers to the benefits that people 94% of the impact to physical-chemical filtration mm/year. of soil is due to land used to produce feed crops for derive from the ecosystem, including cultural diversi- dairy cows. Land occupation is the act of using land. It is ty, provisions, regulation of environmental systems measured as an area occupied during a given and support functions. Impacts to ecosystem services period of time. This is expressed as m2-year. are a newer area of research and include a variety of Land transformation is the process of metrics. The milk LCA measures erosion resistance, changing the way in which land is used. It is groundwater recharge potential, mechanical filtration measured as an area transformed during a given and physico-chemical filtration, which all tell us period of time. Similar to land occupation, this is expressed as m2-year. about the ability of soils to support life. Feed production Milk production Post farm gate All results are expressed per kg FPCM *Henderson, A., Asselin, A., Heller, M., Vionnet, S., Lessard, L., Humbert, S., Saad, L., Margni, M., Thoma, G., Matlock, M., Burek, J., Kim, D., and Jolliet, O., U.S. Fluid Milk Comprehensive LCA. Technical Report to the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, University of Michigan & University of Arkansas, 2012. (fat and protein corrected milk) 13 15 Dairy’s Contribution to America’s Health Management Tools for Improvement

Dairy’s nutrient cycle continues with the delivery of The U.S. dairy LCA research Smart Tools Dairy foods are important contributors of many nutrients in the U.S. diet that are important nutrients to humans. Since ancient times when cows Dairy’s allows those in the dairy chain The dairy LCA’s measurement methods are being applied to new “smart tools” developed by the dairy industry, Triple Value for good health. Few other foods deliver these nutrients in such an affordable, appealing and were first domesticated, dairy foods have been a part readily available way. It is difficult for most people to meet nutrient recommendations without to fill gaps, find new opportuni- which allow for science-based decision making and a comprehensive performance review. of the human diet and health. As the population grows consuming at least three daily servings of dairy foods.1-3 ties, and determine solutions to Farm Smart™ Dairy Plant Smart™ Dairy Fleet Smart™ and resources diminish, there is a greater need to improve the environmental im- Nutrient Low cost5 Healthcare One tool is an integrated online In the processing plant, processors Improvements are also being incorporated optimize and be more efficient to feed 9 billion people. contributions4 About 25¢ savings6 pact of dairy production. This, in per serving management system called can track and reduce energy use, into the transport system with a new It’s not just more food that’s needed, it’s nutrient-rich • Calcium Potential Savings over 5 years with turn, will enhance the economic Farm Smart, currently being emissions and operating costs tool called Dairy Fleet Smart. Dairy 3-4 Daily Servings of Dairy Foods • Protein developed to help dairy producers through an online resource called Fleet Smart combines science-based food that becomes essential to nourishing the • Potassium sustainability of dairy farms and $70B 40% reduction in evaluate their production Dairy Plant Smart. Manufacturers decision-making tools with education on world. Nutrient-rich dairy foods and beverages • Phosphorus Hypertension businesses, and deliver benefits • Magnesium techniques, assess economic and can use case studies on proven recommended management practices 25% reduction in offer essential, high-quality nutrition because of • Vitamin A $37.5B to the communities in which Type 2 Diabetes environmental consequences energy efficiency approaches that that reduce fuel consumption, costs their composition, inherent wholesomeness and • they operate. of potential improvements in offer cost and energy savings, and GHG emissions. This builds on a • Vitamin B12 $16.5B 10% reduction in Coronary Heart Disease management practices, and share and they can take part in the U.S. EPA program called SmartWay and relative abundance. • Riboflavin Best practices: Best management • Niacin $14B 20% reduction in the contributions that their farm complementary Energy Star supplements it by providing dairy-specific Sustainable Diets are those diets with low environmental (Niacin equivalents) Osteoporosis practices are at the core of potential businesses have made to neighbors, Challenge from the U.S. EPA. recommendations. impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and improvements stemming from community groups and consumers. 1Nicklas et al. J Am Coll Nutr 2009 4 Dairy Research Institute®. NHANES (2003-2006) the LCA. Those practices, related to healthy life for present and future generations. Sustainable 2Huth et al. Nutr Today 2008 5Drewnowski A. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Choose low-fat and to farming, milk production, diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and 32010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 6McCarron DA, Heaney RP. Am J Hypertension. 2004 fat-free dairy options first processing and transporting, are ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically most effective when tailored to a fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; specific operation. www.USDairy.com/FarmSmart www.USDairy.com/P while optimizing natural and human resources. — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Research links dairy consumption to lowering certain health risks Personal best: The effectiveness The findings from the dairy LCAs are also leading to the creation of new process-based models that underscore The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans indicates that dairy intake is linked to improved of tailored practices is a key finding the complexities and interconnectedness between soil, climate, water use/quality and specific farm management The dairy food group (milk, cheese and yogurt) is an important bone health, especially in children and adolescents, and is associated with a reduced risk of of the dairy LCAs. For example, the practices. Science, then, is used to develop tailored tools that are most likely to be successful in enhancing source of nutrients in the diet of Americans—at only 10% of the cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and with lower blood pressure in adults. most sustainable practices for water sustainability while ensuring efficiency and, ultimately, a safe, quality product to be enjoyed. calories consumed. Contributions to daily nutrient intakes in the use and quality will depend on the U.S. diet include: region and sometimes even on the • more than half of the total calcium and vitamin D individual location of the dairy farm Bringing science to the decision makers or business. The same is true for • about one fourth of the total vitamin A, vitamin B12, and riboflavin Life cycle assessment research has helped the dairy value chain study the environmental impact of milk and dairy other elements of production, from foods production, and then develop best management practices for producers to implement at the farm level, • nearly one fifth (18%) of total protein methane conversion to wastewater processors at the plant level and haulers/distributors at the transport level. The science and best practices are built  In fact, milk alone is the number one food source of three of the Godfray, H. C., Beddington, et al. (2010). Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science, 327(5967), 812-818. treatment to more efficient truck into the Smart Tools developed by the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy so that dairy farmers and business owners

four nutrients of concern in American’s diets—calcium, vitamin D Dairy Research Institute®. NHANES (2003-2006). Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition routes and fuel use. can identify the economic and environmental impact of making changes in their operation. The ultimate goal is to Examination Survey Data. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [2003-2004; 2005-2006]. and potassium increase the resiliency of dairy production systems, while lessening their environmental impact.

16 17 LCA Review Process

The journey to sustainability includes many small steps that add up. Comprehensive LCA Research Expert Research Team Peer-reviewed scientific research grounds dairy industry decisions. It • Olivier Jolliet, PhD, Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan On the farm On the road In the plant also informs the development of best practices and helps establish goals and measure accomplishments for every segment of the dairy • Andrew Henderson, PhD, Assistant Professor of Environmental Sciences, • Better feeding practices have been Transporters have worked to • Dairies comprise nearly University of Texas Health Science Center value chain. The Life Cycle Assessment was initiated by the Innovation implemented through research, extension, reduce fuel use by introducing 30 percent of plants participating • Greg Thoma, PhD, Bates Teaching Professor of Chemical Engineering, and education efforts of universities, research best practices such as: in the EPA’s ENERGY STAR Center for U.S. Dairy’s Sustainability Council and the final results were University of Arkansas institutions and private companies. Today’s Challenge for Industry. released in late 2012. • Utilizing software to efficiently • Marty Matlock, PhD, Professor and Area Director, Center for Agricultural cows have their diets carefully balanced by route company trucks, reducing • Processors are experimenting The expert research team consisted of 15 subject area experts from and Rural Sustainability Biological and Agricultural Engineering, animal nutrition experts using advanced University of Arkansas miles and idle time. with blowing bottles with institutions throughout the United States. Additionally, 62 academic computer software. up to 5 percent inorganic experts and 64 dairy industry leaders were among the reviewers who • Marty Heller, PhD, Research Associate at Center for Sustainable Systems, • Using single wide tires, University of Michigan • Milking practices are managed in order to keep filler to reduce the amount of participated in final evaluation of the research findings. aluminum wheels, automatic cows infection free. HDPE plastic. • Anne-Claire Asselin, PhD, Consultant in Life Cycle Assessment, tire inflation systems, on-board University of Michigan Non-governmental agencies also were included in the • Bedding materials, such as water beds and sand, computers, synthetic drive train • Dae-Soo Kim, PhD, Post Doc Fellow, University of Arkansas minimize bacteria growth. review process: lubes and extended-life coolant • Manuele Margni, PhD, Scientific Coordinator, Interuniversity Research • Vaccination programs promote healthy cows. and door switches to prevent • World Wildlife Fund Centre for the Life Cycle of Products, Processes and Services (CIRAIG) National Milk Producers Federation. (2010). National • Free-stall allow a dairy cow to choose refrigerated trailers from running Dairy FARM Animal Care Manual. • Environmental Defense Fund • Franco Milani, PhD, Assistant Professor of Food Science, when she wants to eat and drink, lie down, or when the door is open. National Resource Conservation Service, US Department of University of Wisconsin Agriculture. (2011). Conservation practices. • World Resources Institute get exercise. • Filling trucks on their return • Greg Norris, PhD, Lecturer on Life Cycle Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). SmartWay • Winrock International Harvard School of Public Health • Animals are housed according to size and age to trip with product normally Technology Program. shipped by a freight carrier to US Environmental Protection Agency, ENERGY STAR. • United Nations Environmental Programme • Darin Nutter, PhD, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, minimize social stress. Guidelines for Energy Management Overview. University of Arkansas distribution centers. • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations • Fans help circulate fresh air when needed, and • Jennie Popp, PhD, Professor of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, sprinklers keep cows cooler. • Reducing top speed on company • Field to Market University of Arkansas tractors from 68 mph to 65 mph, • Calves are often housed individually in hutches, • Natural Resources Defense Council • Dean Sommer, Senior Management Team, which saves approximately Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research to prevent overcrowding, so they can exercise, • Sustainable Food Laboratory 52,000 gallons of fuel per year. get plenty of fresh air and receive individual • Rick Ulrich, PhD, Professor of Chemical Engineering, • National Wildlife Federation University of Arkansas feeding and care. • Sebastien Humbert, PhD, Co-founder, Quantis-International • Jon Dettling, U.S. Director, Quantis-International • Lindsay Lessard, Life Cycle Analyst, Quantis-International • Ying Wang, PhD, Dairy Research Institute, Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy

18 19 Glossary Resources

Anaerobic digester Enteric methane Life cycle (dairy) Non-point source pollution Water quality Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy provides a forum for Dairy Management Inc. (DMI) is a non-profit domestic Dairy Research Institute® was established under the An anaerobic digester is a manure management Enteric methane is the term for methane produced The dairy life cycle includes all the steps required to Non-point source pollution is pollution resulting Water quality is a term used to describe the chemi- the dairy industry to work together to address barriers and and international planning and management organization, leadership of America’s dairy farmers with a commitment technology that turns organic waste into clean, by cows during the process of feed digestion. produce a , including feed production, from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric cal, physical, and biological characteristics of water. renewable energy. Digesters can reduce greenhouse Environmental (ecological) footprint milk production, milk processing, retail and deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic It is usually used to determine water’s suitability for opportunities to foster innovation. The Innovation Center responsible for increasing demand for U.S.-produced dairy to nutrition, product and sustainability research. The Dairy gas emissions, preserve natural resources, and An environmental footprint is the measure consumption of the product, all the way through to modification. The term “non-point source” means a particular purpose. aligns the collective resources of the industry to offer products and ingredients on behalf of America’s dairy Research Institute is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization increase on-farm income. of how much land and water is needed to the disposal of the packaging. any source of water pollution that does not meet Water stress index consumers nutritious dairy products and ingredients, and producers. DMI manages the American Dairy Association, created to strengthen the dairy industry’s access to and Atmospheric deposition produce a resource and to dispose of the waste Life Cycle Assessment (comprehensive) the legal definition of “point source,” per the Clean A water stress index compares water use to water Atmospheric deposition occurs when emissions of air that is generated. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method regulated Water Act. availability. promote the health of people, communities, the planet National Dairy Council and U.S. Dairy Export Council. investment in the technical research required to drive and the industry. The Innovation Center was established innovation and demand for dairy products and ingredients pollutants from natural and human-made sources are Eutrophication by the International Organization for Standardization Nutrient sources Water withdrawal Visit: http://dairyinfo.com/ deposited in the environment. Eutrophication is the process by which a body (ISO) that provides a standard procedure for assess- Crop fertilizer field runoff is a source of nutrients Water withdrawal describes water removed from in 2008 under the leadership of America’s dairy farmers globally. The Institute works with and through industry, Biodiversity of water becomes enriched by inorganic plant ing environmental impacts. It is a compilation and in water. any water body. through Dairy Management Inc.™ (DMI), the nonprofit academic, government and commercial partners to Biodiversity is comprised of the sum total of all plants, nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and the potential Peer-reviewed studies Watershed organization that manages the producer checkoff program. drive pre-competitive research in nutrition, products and animals, fungi and microorganisms in the world or in Feed production environmental impacts of a product or service Peer-reviewed studies have been evaluated profes- A watershed is the land area that drains water to a particular area. This includes all of their individual Feed production is the stage in the dairy supply throughout its life cycle. It is a science-based and sionally by other experts in a field. a particular stream, river, or lake. Watersheds can It is the first of its kind to bring together milk producers, sustainability on behalf of the Innovation Center for U.S. variations and all the interactions between them. chain that includes the planting, tending, irrigating, quantifiable approach to determining the product’s Phosphorus be identified by tracing a line along the highest effects on the environment and provides a clearer processors and manufacturers, to offer consumers the Together, the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy and Dairy Dairy®, National Dairy Council® and other partners. Carbon footprint study and harvesting of animal feed products. Phosphorus is a nutrient essential for growing crops. elevations between two areas on a map. Thousands products they want—when and where they want them. Management Inc. (DMI) formed the Dairy Research The Dairy Research Institute is primarily funded by the A carbon footprint study measures the greenhouse gas picture of the impact of industries and products. In freshwater bodies, it is a growth-limiting nutrient. of smaller watersheds are found within large water- Geospatial analysis Specifically, a Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment Institute, a non-profit organization created to strengthen national dairy checkoff program managed by Dairy (GHG) emissions associated with a particular industry A geospatial analysis is a study analyzing relative Renewable energy , such as the Mississippi River basin. Visit: http://www.usdairy.com or product, such as a gallon of milk. Specifically, a car- (LCA) is a quantification of 1) the level of energy and impacts on a regional basis, including assessments raw materials used, 2) the solid, liquid and gaseous Renewable energy is energy generated from the dairy industry’s access to and investment in the Management Inc.™ bon footprint provides a representation of the effect of the effects of carbon storage, nutrient use, naturally replenished sources. Examples include technical research needed to drive global demand for dairy activities have on the climate. It is expressed in terms wastes produced at every stage of a product’s life nitrogen, phosphorus, water use, eutrophication, or process. An LCA can be conducted for a whole solar power, wind power, methane digesters, and Agricultural Resource Service and National Agricultural Visit: http://www.usdairy.com/DairyResearchInstitute of the total amount of greenhouse gases produced Library, US Department of Agriculture. (1999). Sustainable products and ingredients. and biodiversity, among others. process or for part of a process. hydroelectricity. (measured in units of carbon dioxide). agriculture: definitions and terms. Gold, M. (Ed.).Special ® Grass-to-glass (farm-to-table) Manure management Supply chain Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 99-02 (Vol. 21). Carbon sequestration Life Cycle Assessment The supply chain is the network that produces, Manure management is the containing, treating Ecosystem Characteristics. (2003). The ecosystem approach Agriculture practices use the process of carbon A grass-to-glass Life Cycle Assessment covers handles, and distributes a product. The dairy sequestration to remove carbon dioxide (CO ) from and utilizing of animal waste. Farmers use manure to fisheries: Issues, terminology, principles, institutional 2 environmental impacts throughout the life of a management techniques to minimize pollution supply chain can be broadly divided into 8 stages: foundations, implementation and outlook, 7-9. Rome: Food the atmosphere. Because CO2 is the most important product. The dairy industry LCA includes 9 feed production, milk production, delivery to and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. global warming gas emitted by human activities, and increase opportunities for environmental stages: feed production, production, delivery to processor, processing, packaging, distribution, retail, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, US carbon sequestration can help prevent global climate sustainability, including using manure as a source of processor, processing, packaging, distribution, renewable energy or crop fertilizer. consumption, and disposal. Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Frequently asked change by enhancing carbon storage in trees and retail, consumption of product, and disposal questions about atmospheric deposition: A handbook for Milk production Sustainability soils, preserving existing tree and soil carbon, and of the packaging. Sustainability means providing consumers with watershed managers. reducing emissions of CO , methane (CH ) and nitrous Milk production is the stage in the dairy supply chain 2 4 Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) the nutritious dairy products they want, in a way Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department oxide (N 0). that includes on-farm practices directly contributing of Agriculture. (2005). RCA issue brief #3: agriculture and 2 Some gasses, including carbon dioxide, methane, to the production of milk. that makes the industry, people and the earth Ecosystem and nitrous oxide, trap heat from sunlight near the economically, environmentally and socially better— climate change. Additional resources An ecosystem is a system of complex interactions earth’s surface. These gasses are termed “green- Nitrogen now and for future generations. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Anaerobic Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in digestion. The Natural Resource Conservation Service: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ of populations between themselves and with their house gasses” because they have the same effect in Water consumption environment. the atmosphere as glass in a greenhouse. crop production. It has many important functions US Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Carbon in plants, including storage and transfer of energy Water consumption is water that is withdrawn and sequestration in agriculture and forestry. The United States Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov Energy efficiency Heat exchanger (plate cooler) will not return back to the source. through the plant. In marine systems, Nitrogen is a US Geological Survey. (2013). Water basics glossary. Energy efficiency occurs when less energy is used to Heat exchangers, also known as plate coolers, are Water in competition The EPA Energy Star Challenge: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=challenge.bus_challenge perform the same services. growth-limiting nutrient. an energy-saving technology that uses well water Water in competition describes the portion of water The EPA Smart Way program: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm Energy use to cool milk as it moves from the milking system Nitrogen load Nitrogen load describes the pollution resulting from use that, if not used in the present application, will Energy use describes the amount of energy consumed to a holding tank. Because the milk has been be used for other purposes. University of Arkansas Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability: http://www.uark.edu/ua/cars/ by a system or process, measured in kilowatt hours. pre-cooled, the storage tank’s compressors use less land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, energy to chill the milk to the desired temperature. drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification. University of Michigan School of Public Health:http://www.sph.umich.edu/ Water is then collected and used again as drinking University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Systems: http://css.snre.umich.edu/ water for cows. 20 21 © 2013 Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy. All rights reserved. The original print run of this report uses Fortuna Matte Text and Cover recycled and FSC Certified paper and soy ink.