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8A46be6228da48aa7886c6c4a8 The Social Structure of the First Crusade The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500 Managing Editor Hugh Kennedy SOAS, London Editors Paul Magdalino, St. Andrews David AbulaÀ a, Cambridge Benjamin Arbel, Tel Aviv Larry J. Simon, Western Michigan University Olivia Remie Constable, Notre Dame VOLUME 76 The Social Structure of the First Crusade By Conor Kostick LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: “Dieu le veule—Peter The Hermit preaching the First Crusade” by James Archer (1823–1904) © Photograph by K. Ross Hookway Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kostick, Conor, 1964– The social structure of the First Crusade / by Conor Kostick. p. cm. — (The Medieval Mediterranean ; 76) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–90–04–16665–3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Crusades—First, 1096–1099. 2. Civilization, Medieval. 3. Social classes—Europe—History—To 1500. I. Title. D161.2.K67 2008 956’.014—dc22 2008009738 ISSN 0928–5520 ISBN 978 90 04 16665 3 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. In Memoriam Anne Walsh CONTENTS Acknowledgements ....................................................................... ix Abbreviations ................................................................................ xi Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Chapter One: The Eyewitnesses .................................................. 9 Chapter Two: The Early Historians ............................................ 51 Chapter Three: Pauperes and the First Crusade: From the Preaching of the Crusade to the Rise of the Visionaries ....... 95 Chapter Four: Pauperes and the First Crusade: From Antioch to Jerusalem ................................................................................... 131 Chapter Five: Milites: Knights or Simply Mounted Warriors? ... 159 Chapter Six: Iuvenes: The Glory-Seeking Knights of the Crusade ..................................................................................... 187 Chapter Seven: Principes and the Crusading Nobility .................. 213 Chapter Eight: The Leadership of the First Crusade ................ 243 Chapter Nine: Women and the First Crusade: Prostitutes or Pilgrims? .................................................................................... 271 Conclusion .................................................................................... 287 Bibliography .................................................................................. 301 Index ............................................................................................. 315 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of medieval historians were kind enough to share their thoughts on certain points featured in this book and for their com- munications I would like to thank Anne Duggan, S. B. Edgington, John France, Bernard Hamilton, Natasha Hodgson, A. V. Murray and Leena Roos. Sini Kangas was particularly supportive and brought her extensive knowledge of the First Crusade to bear on the early drafts of some of the chapters. The formulations in this book have beneÀ ted greatly from their hav- ing been discussed with my colleagues at Trinity College Dublin; my thanks are due to Terry Barry, Léan Ní Chléirigh, Peter Crooks, Séan Duffy, David Green, Katherine Simms and all those who attended the seminars at which some of the ideas in this book were À rst presented. Most heartfelt thanks are especially due to Christine Meek, whose extensive bibliographical knowledge was extremely helpful and who was very generous with her time. It has been a great pleasure to work with such efÀ cient, friendly and supportive librarians as Anne Walsh and Mary Higgins at the Library of Trinity College Dublin. Alas, since I wrote the preceding sentence Anne passed away: this book is dedicated to her memory. Much of the research for this book was conducted while I was a post-graduate scholar of the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and the Social Sciences and I am very grateful for their assistance. I was fortunate in growing up in a household where medieval history was frequently a topic for discussion, a topic informed by my father’s extensive and scholarly book collection, much of which has stealthily been transferred over the years to my own bookshelves. The impact on this book of conversations with my father, Gerry Kostick, and especially my brother, Gavin Kostick, has been considerable. Two other non-medievalists who I am keen to acknowledge here for their moral and intellectual support are my old comrade Andy Wilson and my partner Aoife Kearney. Finally, I turn to I. S. Robinson. If I were to do justice to the kind- ness, intellect, erudition and generosity of my former supervisor this acknowledgement would both embarrass him and sound distinctly like this was a work of medieval hagiography. I therefore conÀ ne myself to saying that no scholar could have wanted for a better mentor. ABBREVIATIONS AA Albert of Aachen, Historia Iherosolimitana, ed. S. B. Edging ton (Oxford, 2007). AC Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (Middle- sex, 1979). BD Baldric of Dol, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Oc. 4, 1–111. CA La Chanson d’Antioche, ed. S. Duparc-Quioc, 2 (Paris, 1977). CC Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis. EA Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chronica’, Frutolfs und Ekkehards Chroni ken und die Anonyme Kaiserchronik, ed. F.-J. Schmale and I. Schmale- Ott (Darmstadt, 1972). FC Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127), ed. H. Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg, 1913). GF Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed. R. Hill (London, 1962). GN Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, CC LXXVIIa, (Turnhout, 1996). GP Gilo of Paris and a second, anonymous author, Historia Vie Hierosolimitane, ed. C. W. Grocock and J. E. Siberry (Oxford, 1997). MC Monte Cassino Chronicle (Historia Peregrinorum euntium Jerusolymam), RHC Oc. 3, 167–229. MGH SS Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Scriptores in Folio, 32 (1826–1934). OV Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall, 6 (Oxford, 1969–79). PL J. P. Migne ed., Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina (1844–66). PT Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, ed. J. H. Hill and L. L. Hill (Paris, 1977). RA Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, ed. John France (unpublished PhD. thesis: University of Nottingham, 1967). RC Ralf of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Oc. 3, 587–716. RHC Oc. Recueil des historiens des croisades, Historiens occidentaux 1–5 (Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres: Paris 1841–95). xii abbreviations RM Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Oc. 3, 717– 882. WT William of Tyre, Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, CC 63 (Turnhout, 1986). INTRODUCTION In 1096, tens of thousands of people of all backgrounds left their homes in Europe to march to Jerusalem and capture it for Christianity. Among them were many thousands of knights. These professional warriors lived for the chase; if they were not at war they were at the hunt and the horse that they rode not only gave them military prow- ess but a social status that was signiÀ cantly more prestigious than the lowly footsoldiers who were marching in great bands, stave in hand, unstrung bows over their shoulder. Even greater throngs of more lowly non-combatants tried to keep pace with those trained for war. Farmers sold their lands and tools, except for a plough and a few animals. Hitching a cart to their oxen, they placed their remaining possessions in the vehicle, put their chil- dren on top and set out determinedly for the Holy Land. Serfs too, with little more than a few coins, dependent upon charity, the bounty of God, ran from the prospect of lifelong toil for their social superiors and, arming themselves with crude weapons, obtained freedom in the ranks of the army of God. Among the crowds were women, also present in their thousands. The presence of so many women dismayed the senior clergy, but popular preachers distributed alms to them, so that they could À nd husbands and protectors. Some women, though, had the temerity to dress as men and cast off the role that had been assigned them from birth. As the great armies snaked their way along the old Roman roads, elderly men, monks, nuns, artisans and peasants joined the expedition. The poor escorted the princes and the glittering knights,
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