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Acknowledgments

The African American Civil War Museum (“AACWM”) gratefully acknowledges the W.K. Kellogg Exhibit e. Foundation for itsAv generous support of Encouraging Students to Visit Museums- Museum Passport to Freedom program. 1859 - John Brown’s rmont The AACWMVe also thanks DC Government officials as well as DC Public and Charter School Administrators, Teachers, Teaching Aides, Students, and Parents for visiting the AACWM Raid on Harpers Ferry - and for their ongoing support of Encouraging Students to Visit Museums - Museum Passport to Freedom program. “Does Violence Lead to Change?”

1925 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20001 202 - 667 - 2667 · www.afroamcivilwar.org United Way Campaign #9606 · Combined Federal Campaign #45509 Spirit of Freedom & Wall of Honor Secession, Civil War, Emancipation & Colored Troops Table of Contents 1. Create time line 1860 - SC Secedes from Union plus 6 states in 6 weeks. 1859 - John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry - 2. April 12, 1861 - Civil War Begins - Where? “Does Violence Lead to Change?”...... 4 Planning, Participants, and A Publication 3. 1862 - DC Compensated Emancipation Act - Who received compensation? Obsborne Perry Anderson 4. Pres. Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation - What was effective date? A Voice From Harper’s Ferry Mary Ann Shadd-Cary 5. When did U.S. Colored Troops (USCT) begin to fight for Union Army? Harriet Helped. Douglass Declined. 6. How long did Bureau of U.S. Colored Troops exist? Brown’s Recruits, Recruited Colored Troops John Brown’s Legacy - A Triumph from Defeat 7. What date was Battle at Fort Wagner? 8. April 9, 1865 - Civil War Ends - Where? Who surrendered? U.S. Armory and Arsenal - Map ...... 5 Anderson’s Escape from Harpers Ferry to Canada - Map...... 5

Post Civil War Reconstruction 1865-1877 Secession, Civil War, Emancipation & Colored Troops ...... 6 1. What were Reconstruction years? 1860 - SC Secedes from Union plus 6 states in 6 weeks 1861 - Civil War Begins - April 12th 2. Identify Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. 1862 - DC Compensated Emancipation Act 3. What is the 13th Amendment? 1863 - Pres. Lincoln Signed Emancipation Proclamation 1863 -1867 - Bureau of U.S. Colored Troops (USCT) 4. What is the 14th Amendment? 1865 - Civil War Ends - April 9th 5. What is the 15th Amendment? Post Civil War Reconstruction 1865 - 1877...... 6 6. Identify years Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts Passed. 7. Summarize Civil Rights Act of 1866. 1865 - 13th Amendment to U.S. Constitution 1865 - Pres. Lincoln Assassinated 8. Summarize Civil Rights Act of 1875. 1866/1871 - Civil Rights Acts 9. When and where was President Lincoln Assassinated? 1868 - 14th Amendment to U.S. Constitution 1870 - 15th Amendment to U.S. Constitution NOTES 1875 - Civil Rights / Enforcement Act Garrison, Douglass, Lincoln, & Shaw ...... 7 William Lloyd Garrison / The Liberator Newspaper Frederick Douglass Abraham Lincoln Colonel Robert Gould Shaw - 54th Mass USCT Shaw Neighborhood - Map ...... 8 African American Civil War Museum Spirit of Freedom Camp Barker / Garrison Elementary Discussion and Questions ...... 9-10

10 Notes ...... 10 1859 - John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry- Discussion and Questions “Does Violence Lead to Change?” Planning, Participants, and A Publication 1859 - John Brown’s JOHN BROWN was born into a Calvinist family who believed slavery was a sin against God. Guided by the Raid on Harpers Ferry - Bible, Brown’s anti-slavery fervor culminated on October 16,1859 in his Raid on Harpers Ferry. He intended “Does Violence Lead to Change?” to seize 100,000 weapons stored in the federal arsenal to arm enslaved Black people to defend themselves against slavery. Funded by the Secret Six, a group of White men in New England, Brown led the Raid of 21 men, including his sons and 5 Black men which lasted 24 - 48 hours. Federal troops led by then Colonel, and later, Confederate General, Robert E. Lee, captured Brown. Convicted of treason and sentenced to hang, 1. Date of John Brown’s (“JB”) Raid on Harpers Ferry (“HF”). Brown’s December 2,1859 execution-day note was prophetic: “I John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood.” 2. Where was HF located in 1859? Where is HF located today? John Brown 3. Town where JB Headquarters (Kennedy Farm House) was located. OSBORNE PERRY ANDERSON was the lone Black survivor, and the only Raid participant to write a book, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry. Born free in 1830 and educated in Pennsylvania, 4. Where was JB located during Raid on HF? he was recruited by Brown in 1858 to participate in what his book described as the “Grand Mission of Liberty.” His book recounts the secret plan, the 11 Raid Orders, Brown’s location 5. How many men participated in the Raid? in the Engine House, tactical errors, Anderson as Recording Secretary, his place in the Arsenal, and his 600-mile escape to Canada. His book also refuted “a studied attempt” 6. Why did Frederick Douglass decline to participate in Raid? to label enslaved men as cowards, unwilling to fight for their freedom. 7. What did Harriet Tubman do to help John Brown? MARY ANN SHADD-CARY edited A Voice from Harper’s Ferry. Like Anderson, she was born free in 1823 in 8. Name the Colonel who led the capture of JB. Delaware, educated, and an abolitionist. Shadd-Cary started schools in America and in Canada where she founded a newspaper, The Provincial Freemen for people escaping slavery making her the first Black woman newspaper 9. Date of JB execution. editor in North America. She was also the second woman graduate from Howard University School of Law in 1883. 10. JB’s prediction about how America would end slavery. Harriet Helped. Douglass Declined. 11. How many Black men participated in the Raid? Brown asked FREDERICK DOUGLASS and ARAMINTA HARRIET ROSS TUBMAN to join the 12. Name the Black participant who wrote book about Raid on HF. Raid. Both escaped Maryland slavery in 1838 and 1849 respectively. As a Conductor on the Underground Railroad (UGRR), Tubman freed many enslaved people. Brown called her General 13. Name Black participant’s book title. Tubman. Her knowledge of UGRR networks was invaluable in planning the Raid. She also recruited for Brown, but she did not participate in the Raid due to illness. Douglass chose not to 14. Name 3 cities where Osborne P. Anderson stopped during his escape to Canada. fight. He admired Brown’s anti-slavery fervor, but saw his role as “ever ready to write, speak, publish, organize, combine, and even conspire against slavery when there is a reasonable hope of 15. Explain Mary Shadd-Cary connection to Osborne P. Anderson. success.” Some called Douglass a coward, and an arrest warrant labeled him conspirator. He rejected both and found safety in Englad until the summer of 1860. 16. When and where did Shadd-Cary graduate from law school? Brown’s Recruits, Recruited Colored Troops 17. William Lloyd Garrison was co-founder and editor of what newspaper? Anderson and Shadd-Cary returned from Canada to help the Union Army. He served as a Colored 18. What did William Lloyd Garrison write in letter to JB after his arrest? Troop recruiter in Indiana and Arkansas. Douglass, Shadd-Cary, and Tubman were civilian recruiters. Tubman also led over 150 Colored Troops in gunboats in the 1863 Combahee River Raid where 750 19. Explain JB’s connection to recruiting colored troops for Union Army in the Civil War. or more enslaved people were freed. She was the first woman to help plan, lead, and win a Civil War assault. After the war, of these Brown recruits, only Tubman lived and died outside of Washington, DC in 20. What did Frederick Douglass say at Storer College about JB legacy? Auburn, NY. 21. How is JB legacy addressed artistically and academically? John Brown’s Legacy - A Triumph From Defeat 22. Title of song about JB which uses tune of the Battle Hymn of the Republic? JOHN BROWN has been venerated and vilified, preserved in statutes and statues. In 1881, at Storer College, Douglass described “the hour of Brown’s defeat as the hour of his triumph.” As the song, John 23. Name a Hip Hop rap about JB. Brown’s Body immortalized him during the Civil War to the tune of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, so too does the Hip Hop video, John Brown’s Rap - It’s Going Down. His legacy is in the poetry of Whitman, the prose of Emerson, and the scholarship of W.E.B. Du Bois. The Raid inspired theater, 24. Why was Brown venerated and villified? dance,film, cartoons, children’s books, and paintings by artist like Jacob Lawrence. “The extent to which his Raid advanced or hindered the abolitionist cause” is a cornerstone topic in DC Public Schools and 25. Does violence lead to change? is debated in college studies about U.S. history, the Constitution, slavery, the Civil War, U.S. Colored Troops, Civil Rights, Freedom, Flags, and Justice. 4 9 U.S. Armory and Arsenal Shaw Neighborhood, NW - Washington DC

MARYLAND PO African American Civil War Memorial P TO ot ARMOR Spirit of Freedom African American Civil War Museum om MA a C c H S Y In July 1998, the African American Civil War Memorial statue, “Spirit of Freedom” i g t The AACWM preserves the history that preserved the h r ee was dedicated. The statue by sculptor Ed Hamilton honors African American Union. In July 1999, the AACWM opened with a Mission S t t RIVER units of the Union Army. A “Monument Wall of Honor” with 209,145 names to correct a great wrong which ignored the contributions r e e ENGINE forms a semi circle around the “Spirit of Freedom.” These names, from of Black soldiers in keeping America united under one t HOUSE National Archive records include 200,000 Black soldiers, 7,800 White flag and ending slavery. Officers, and about 1,200 men with Hispanic surnames. Harpers Ferry, VA 10 th St. L 1859 U Street U Street ARSENA a h d o a n R h e n 9th Street 11 S RIVE th Street

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10th St. Chatham-Kent MICHIGAN CANADA NEW YORK S Street S Street Lake Erie PENNSYLVANIA Camp Barker 11 The Union Army sheltered enslaved people fleeing Confederate states Chambersburg th Street YORK as “Contraband of War.” By 1863, there were hundreds of Contraband OHIO Camps in Union garrison towns like Harpers Ferry and in Washington, DC, which had abolished slavery in 1862. CAMP BARKER sheltered nearly Philadelphia 4000, and is the current site of GARRISON ELEMENTARY.. Sharpsburg MARYLAND

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8 5 1860 1861 1862 WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON was a founder of the American December 20th SC Civil War Begins District of Anti-Slavery Society in Massachusetts. He viewed Article Seceded from Union Confederate Army Columbia Compensated 1, Section 2 of the Constitution, which counted an enslaved Plus 6 states in 6 weeks Attacks Fort Sumter, SC Emancipation Act Black person as three-fifths of a White person for State representation MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX April 12, 1861 in Congress, as the original sin of plantation owners who wrote MD DEL WV it. He was Co-founder and Editor of the abolitionist newspaper, MO VA KY NC The Liberator from 1831-1865, after the 13th Amendment TN OK SC AR 1 Dec 20, 1860 AL GA MS abolished slavery. The Liberator had articles about the Raid on 45 2 LA TX Jan 11, 1861 Jan 19, 1861 7 6 Jan 9, 1861 Feb 1, 1861 Jan, 26, 1861 Harpers Ferry, Brown’s trial, and execution. On November 1, 1859, Garrison wrote to Brown: FL 3 Jan 10, 1861 Border slave states that did not secede Seceded after Fort Sumter “My Brave but unfortunate friend, … Protract, to the utmost your Trial, your delivery is at Seceded before Fort Sumter hand.” In 1964, GARRISON ELEMENTARY was named in his honor. 1863 1863 - 1867 1865 In 1841, FREDERICK DOUGLASS met William Lloyd Garrison who persuaded him to join the Pres. Lincoln - Jan. 1st U.S. War Dept. Civil War Ends American Anti-Slavery Society and to travel, speak, and write about his life and escape from slavery. Confederate Emancipation Gen. Order 143 As a child, Douglass secretly learned to read and write from his enslaver’s wife. She defied the law Proclamation Bureau of Colored Troops Gen. Robert E. Lee Surrenders at Appomattox which banned teaching “slaves” to read and write. Some thought Douglass could not have been April 9, 1865 enslaved because he spoke so eloquently. To respond to the doubters, in 1845 Douglass wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. He became an internationally known abolitionist. His book sales and benefactors enabled the purchase of his freedom. During the Civil War, USCT Fighting for Freedom he advised President Lincoln to allow Black men to fight for their freedom and citizenship in the and Citizenship. Union Army. Two of Douglass’ sons, Charles and Lewis enlisted, and their names are engraved on the “Monument Wall of Honor.”

President Lincoln would not allow Black men to fight until he was clear the Union would not be preserved without them. In 1863, five months after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation for 1865 1865 1866 | 1871 people enslaved in Confederate States, the U.S. War Department issued General Order 143 to establish the Bureau of U.S. Colored Troops (USCT).In 1865, Lincoln said: “Without the military help President Civil Rights Act of the Black freed men, the war against the south could not have been won.” 13th Amendment Abraham Lincoln Assassinated All people born in U.S. ... are ... Neither slavery nor involuntary citizens without regard to race, color, or servitude, except as a punishment previous condition of slavery or for crime whereof the party shall involuntary servitude have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Ford’s Theater Washington, DC The African American Civil War Museum and the Spirit of Freedom are located in the neighborhood named to honor Colonel ROBERT GOULD SHAW, two blocks 1868 1870 1875 from Garrison Elementary. Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts Infantry of U.S. Colored Troops in the July 18, 1863 Battle of Fort Wagner portrayed in the 1989 film, “Glory.” 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Civil Rights / Enforcement Act All persons within ... the U.S. shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote of the accommodations, advantages, ... are citizens of the U.S. and of the State shall not be denied or abridged by the facilities, and privileges of inns, public wherein they reside. No State shall make or U.S. or by any State on account of race, enforce any law which shall abridge the conveyances on land or water, theaters, color, or previous condition and other places of public amusement; ... privileges or immunities of servitude — of citizens ...; nor shall any State applicable alike to citizens of every deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop- race and color, regardless of any erty, without due process of law; previous condition of servitude. nor deny ... equal protection of the laws.

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