DOCSLIB.ORG

A Documentation and Description of Yelmek and Maklew

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Documentation and Description of Yelmek and Maklew A Documentation and Description of Yelmek Tina Gregor A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University July 2020 © Copyright Tina Gregor This thesis represents an original piece of work, and does not contain, in part or in full, the published work of any other individual, except where acknowledged. Tina Gregor July 2020 Abstract Yelmek is a small endangered language spoken in the south-west of New Guinea. It is a member of the Yelmek-Maklew family, a maximal clade family, comprising 4 languages. The whole language family has less than a thousand fluent speakers by my estimation. The present work is the first in-depth description of any language of this family. It is based on a total oftwelve months of original fieldwork. In some ways, Yelmek is typical for a language of Southern New Guinea. Its verbal mor- phology is exceedingly complex, while having a relatively flat syntactic structure. In other ways, it is very different, not just compared to languages of the region, but also toothers anywhere in the world. Its most striking grammatical feature, typologically speaking, is the suppletion for gender in the verbal paradigm. Yelmek distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, which align with biological sex but are also assigned to inanimate objects. The only agreement target for gender is the verb. This in itself is typologically rare. On the verb, the gender of both the subject and the direct object is indexed. The subject indexing (both for intransitive and transitive clauses) uses affixes and pre-verbal particles for gender marking, but the object indexing expresses gender by stem change. The morphological nature of the stem change depends on the verb and ranges from vowel change to full suppletion. This thesis is structured in a traditional way for a grammar. The first chapter introduces the speaker and the language situation. The second chapter talks in more detail about the linguistic classification and the internal relations of the Yelmek and Maklew varieties towards eachother. The actual language description starts in Chapter 3 with a discussion of phonemes and other phonological issues. The next chapter, Chapter 4, introduces and discusses the different parts of speech in Yelmek. Chapter 5 and 6 are dedicated to nominal morphology, whereas Chapters 7, 8 and 9 discuss different aspects of the verbal morphology. The last three chapters are dedicated to clausal structure. i ii ABSTRACT Acknowledgments You know that you live in a truly interconnected world when you meet your first speaker of a tiny Papuan language in a city in Germany. And you meet them because Papuans have their own Facebook group (of people from Papua in Leipzig). I am forever grateful to Delfina Tebay for putting my search for speakers of Yelmek-Maklew into this group, despite me having serious doubts about the likelihood of success. But there he was: Marselino Gebze who introduced me to his family in Merauke and everything else went from there. I owe a special debt of gratitude to the Yelmek people who welcomed me into their midst, sheltered, protected and fed me, as well as indulged my hundreds and hundreds of questions. Thanks to the authority if Johannes Gluba Gebze (Marselino’s uncle), we started off on a good foot. He gave the project his blessing and encouraged his people to work with me. Special thanks go to Yunita Gebze and Eko Wibowo who hosted me in Merauke during three trips and the Wibowo family for hosting me during the last trip. I am not sure I would have been able to navigate the local Indonesian bureaucracy without you. My hosts in Wanam, who were also stellar language consultants, Ambrosia Kahol and Kasimirus Gebze as well as Antoneta Kahol and Cely Moiwen also deserve special mention. Not only did they provide food and shelter, they were also very generous with their time and in advocate my work to their people. I would have recorded a lot less without their support. I am also immensely grateful to Liberata Gebze, Serafinus Gebze and Weren Kahol who acted as my primary consultants during different trips. Not only did they spend considerable time working with me, they also went to great length to facilitate for me to work with others. I was also truly blessed with transcribers who I could hand a computer with prepared ELAN files. Not only would they bring back the laptop intact, but also had transcribed the files. Most noticeable in this group are Liberata Gebze and Serafinus Gebze who did the bulk of the transcribing, but also enlisted their friends to help them. A big thank you to all the people who contributed recordings, helped transcribing or simply spread goodwill. On the academic side, I want to thank first and foremost my two supervisors I Wayan Arka and Nicholas Evans for giving me this opportunity and for all their support throughout this iii iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS journey. You are an inspiration to work with, and I learned so much. My heartfelt thanks also goes to all other advisors on my panel, who helped me at different stages of the project and read different version chapters: Matthew Carroll, Hannah Sarvasy, Don Daniels and Volker Gast. Further, I want to thank Siva Kalyan for help with Latex problems, to Simón Gonzalez Ochoa for preparing the forced-alignment data, to Karina Pelling form CartoGis for the wonderful maps, to Mark Ellison for help with R scripts and plots and Zurab Baratashvili for hunting up books I couldn’t get from the library. Thanks also to the ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language and the Wurm fund for generously funding my project. Being part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Languages was an amaz- ing experience. It provided a truly stimulating environment to work in and facilitated meeting countless interesting and inspiring people who influenced my work in so many ways. I always felt supported, not only by the researchers around me, but also by the admin team, in particu- larly Joanne Allen and Romina Paskotic within CoEDL, as well as Jo Bushby and Etsuko Mason in CHL. Thank you all, for helping to overcome the practical hurdles that are involved in doing a PhD. I also want to acknowledge the support of the Center for Endangered Languages Doc- umentation at the Universitas Papua in Manokwari. In particular Yusuf Sawaki and Jeanete Lekeneny who provided supporting letters for visas to Indonesia among other things. Thanks also to Albert Fiharsono for providing supporting letters. Doing a PhD can be a lonely journey, but for me it never was thanks to the many people who were colleagues as well as friends, friends as well as colleagues or just friends of course. A big shout out to all of you for long walks, long talks, plenty of board game nights and lots of coffees. To name just a few in no particular order: Eri Kashima, Julia Miller, Alex Marley, James Bednell, Claudia Cialone, Uta Reinöl, Marie-France Duhamel, Hedvig Skirgård, Dineke Schokkin, Mark Ellison, Siva Kalyan, Naijing Liu. Finally, to my family who always supported me and held on to their belief that there was a point to me going to the other side of the world and spending years on something this obscure. And to Louie Lester Yao, who has been my home and my heart. Without you my love this last stretch would have been unbearable, and I am not sure how long I would have survived on just coffee and chocolate. Oh and to my dog Phryne, who encouraged me to sit quietly onmydesk so she could sleep on my lap. Contents Abstract i Acknowledgments iii List of figures xiii List of tables xvii List of abbreviations xix 1 Preliminaries 1 1.1 The Yelmek and Maklew People .......................... 1 1.1.1 Geographic situation ............................ 1 1.1.2 Historical and political situation ...................... 4 1.1.3 Clans and kinship .............................. 8 1.1.4 Language situation ............................. 11 1.2 Existing data ..................................... 12 1.3 Methods and language corpus ........................... 12 1.4 Typological profile of Wanam Yelmek ....................... 18 1.5 Thesis outline .................................... 19 2 The Yelmek and Maklew languages 21 2.1 Linguistic classification ............................... 21 2.2 Lexical comparison within Yelmek-Maklew .................... 23 2.2.1 Comparison overall ............................. 24 2.2.2 Pronoun sets ................................ 26 2.2.3 Numerals .................................. 27 2.2.4 Sound correspondences .......................... 28 v vi CONTENTS 2.2.5 Conclusion for the lexical comparison .................. 32 3 Phonology 35 3.1 Overview ....................................... 35 3.2 Yelmek’s phoneme inventory in context ...................... 36 3.3 Vowels ........................................ 38 3.3.1 Monophthongs ............................... 38 3.3.2 Vowel sequences .............................. 48 3.3.3 Vowel lengthening ............................. 49 3.4 Consonants ...................................... 50 3.4.1 Plosives ................................... 51 3.4.2 Nasals .................................... 55 3.4.3 Fricatives .................................. 55 3.4.4 Laterals ................................... 56 3.4.5 Approximants ................................ 56 3.4.6 Consonant clusters and epenthetic schwa ................ 57 3.5 Morphophonemics .................................. 61 3.6 Prosody ........................................ 62 3.6.1 Stress .................................... 62 3.6.2 Intonation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 0=AFRICAN Geosector
    2= AUSTRALASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 123 2=AUSTRALASIA geosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This geosector covers 223 sets of languages (1167 outer languages, composed of 2258 inner languages) spoken or formerly spoken by communities in Australasia in a geographic sequence from Maluku and the Lesser Sunda islands through New Guinea and its adjacent islands, and throughout the Australian mainland to Tasmania. They comprise all languages of Australasia (Oceania) not covered by phylosectors 3=Austronesian or 5=Indo-European. Zones 20= to 24= cover all so-called "Papuan" languages, spoken on Maluku and the Lesser Sunda islands and the New Guinea mainland, which have been previously treated within the "Trans-New Guinea" hypothesis: 20= ARAFURA geozone 21= MAMBERAMO geozone 22= MANDANGIC phylozone 23= OWALAMIC phylozone 24= TRANSIRIANIC phylozone Zones 25= to 27= cover all other so-called "Papuan" languages, on the New Guinea mainland, Bismarck archipelago, New Britain, New Ireland and Solomon islands, which have not been treated within the "Trans-New Guinea" hypothesis: 25= CENDRAWASIH geozone 26= SEPIK-VALLEY geozone 27= BISMARCK-SEA geozone Zones 28= to 29= cover all languages spoken traditionally across the Australian mainland, on the offshore Elcho, Howard, Crocodile and Torres Strait islands (excluding Darnley island), and formerly on the island of Tasmania. An "Australian" hypothesis covers all these languages, excluding the extinct and little known languages of Tasmania, comprising (1.) an area of more diffuse and complex relationships in the extreme north, covered here by geozone 28=, and (2.) a more closely related affinity (Pama+ Nyungan) throughout the rest of Australia, covered by 24 of the 25 sets of phylozone 29=.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of the World--Indo-Pacific
    REPORT RESUMES ED 010 365 48 LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD- -INDO-PACIFIC FASCICLE FIVE. BY- VOEGELIN, FLORENCE M. INDIANA UNIV., BLOOMINGTON REPORT NUMBER NDEA- VI -63-18 PUB DATE DEC 65 CONTRACT OECSAE9468 FORS PRICE MFS0.16 HC -$4.96 124P. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS, 7(9)/11141 DEC.1965 DESCRIPTORS- *INDO PACIFICLANGUAGES, *LANGUAGES,ARCHIVES OF LANGUAGES OF THE 'WORLD,BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA THE NON-AUSTRONESIANLANGUAGES CENTERIN1 IN NEWGUINEA ARE LISTED AND DESCRIBEDIN THIS REPORT. IN ADDITION, SENTENCE SAMPLERS OF THEUSARUFA AND WANTOATLANGUAGES ARE PROVIDED. (THE REPORT ISPART OF A SERIES, ED 010350 IC ED 010 367.) (JK) trt 63-/f3 U. S. DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH, 1`11 EDUCATION ANDWELFARE Office of Education c'4 This document 5/C- C: has been reproducedexactly ea received person or orgargzation from the °deluging it Pointsct view or opinions stated do net mensal*represent official CZ) pos:then or policy. Ottica at Edu Mon AnthropologicalLinguistics ti Volume 7 Number 9 December 1965 I LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD:-.. INDOPACIFIC FASCICLE FIVE A Publication of the ARCHIVES OF LANGUAGESOF THE WORLD Anthropology Department Indiana University ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS is designedprimarily, but not exclusively, for the immediate publication of data-oriented papers for which attestationis available in the form oftape recordings on deposit in the Archives of Languages of the World.This does not imply that contributorswill be re- stricted to scholars working in tle Archivesat Indiana University; infact, one motivation far the of ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS
    [Show full text]
  • Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21St Century
    Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century edited by Nicholas Evans and Marian Klamer Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 5 PUBLISHED AS A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96822 USA http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI PRESS 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96822-1888 USA © All texts and images are copyright to the respective authors, 2012 All chapters are licensed under Creative Commons Licenses Cover design by Susan Ford incorporating a photograph by Darja Hoenigman Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data ISBN 978-0-9856211-2-4 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4557 Contents Contributors iv 1. Introduction 1 Nicholas Evans and Marian Klamer 2. The languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the level of coverage 13 Harald Hammarström and Sebastian Nordhoff 3. Systematic typological comparison as a tool for investigating 34 language history Ger Reesink and Michael Dunn 4. Papuan-Austronesian language contact: Alorese from an areal 72 perspective Marian Klamer 5. Even more diverse than we had thought: The multiplicity of 109 Trans-Fly languages Nicholas Evans 6. Projecting morphology and agreement in Marori, an isolate of 150 southern New Guinea I Wayan Arka 7. ‘Realis’ and ‘irrealis’ in Wogeo: A valid category? 174 Mats Exter 8. From mountain talk to hidden talk: Continuity and change in 191 Awiakay registers Darja
    [Show full text]
  • Kepunahan Bahasa-Bahasa Daerah: Faktor Penyebab Dan Implikasi Etnolinguistis1
    KEPUNAHAN BAHASA-BAHASA DAERAH: FAKTOR PENYEBAB DAN IMPLIKASI ETNOLINGUISTIS1 Fanny Henry Tondo2 Abstract This article tries to explain the language extinction phenomena in Indonesia particularly in accordance with factors that can cause the language extinction and its ethnolinguistic implications. There are some factors that can be identified as the reasons so that many languages are in the threshold of extinction. Those are the effects of major language, bilingual or multilingual community, globalization, migration, intermarriage, natural disaster, lack of appreciation towards ethnic language, lack of communication intensity using ethnic language in many domains, economic, and bahasa. Meanwhile, the language extinction can ethnolinguistically bring some implications. By the extinction of a language it could be the loss of knowledge on the internal aspects of it, that is, its structure. On the other side, it can bring implications to a loss of local knowledge and other cultural wealth of a certain ethnic using the language because they can only be known through the language used by its community, unless the language has been documented and revitalized. Keywords: extinction, ethnic language, ethnolinguistic Pendahuluan Fenomena kepunahan bahasa-bahasa daerah di Indonesia tampaknya telah menjadi persoalan yang cukup menarik perhatian banyak kalangan ilmuwan terutama para linguis. Berbagai upaya telah dan sedang dilakukan dalam rangka menyelamatkan bahasa-bahasa daerah yang cenderung mengarah pada proses kepunahan. Tentu saja 1Tulisan ini merupakan revisi makalah yang pernah dipresentasikan dalam Seminar Intern Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan (PMB)-LIPI pada tanggal 6 September 2007. 2Peneliti pada Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan (PMB)-LIPI. Widya Graha, Lantai 9. Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto No.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Phonetic Fieldwork in Southern New Guinea
    Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 24 (2021) Phonetic fieldwork in Southern New Guinea ed. by Kate L. Lindsey & Dineke Schokkin, pp. 1–4 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24999 Introduction: Phonetic fieldwork in Southern New Guinea Kate L. Lindsey Boston University Dineke Schokkin University of Canterbury This special publication of Language Documentation & Conservation represents a collection of the first available phonetic descriptions of several languages of Southern New Guinea. This area encompasses the southernmost regions of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The languages included in this collection belong to multiple non-related, non-Austronesian, and non-Australian families and include Yelmek (Yelmek-Maklew family; by TINA GREGOR), Ngkolmpu (Yam family; by MATTHEW CARROLL), Nmbo (Yam family; by ERI KASHIMA), Idi (Pahoturi River family; by DINEKE SCHOKKIN and colleagues), Bitur (Trans-New Guinea family; by PHILLIP ROGERS), and Urama (Kiwai family; by JASON BROWN and colleagues). Our issue opens with an overview of the region's phonetic systems by NICHOLAS EVANS (p. 7), and then each language is detailed in turn. First, we will contextualize the format of this special issue and the methodologies used for collecting, analyzing, and archiving the data in Southern New Guinea. Format The linguistic landscape of the Southern New Guinea region is diverse, dense, and widely unexplored (Evans 2012). To facilitate comparative research in this area, we have formatted the phonetic descriptions in this volume to be similar to one another and to the two other published phonetic descriptions of Southern New Guinea languages: that on Nen (Yam; by Evans & Miller [2016]) and Ende (Pahoturi River; by Lindsey [2021]).
    [Show full text]
  • Even More Diverse Than We Had Thought: the Multiplicity of Trans-Fly Languages
    Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 5 (December 2012) Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century, ed. by Nicholas Evans and Marian Klamer, pp. 109–149 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp05/ 5 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4562 Even more diverse than we had thought: The multiplicity of Trans-Fly languages Nicholas Evans Australian National University Linguistically, the Trans Fly region of Southern New Guinea is one of the least known parts of New Guinea. Yet the glimpses we already have are enough to see that it is a zone with among the highest levels of linguistic diversity in New Guinea, arguably only exceeded by those found in the Sepik and the north coast. After surveying the sociocultural setting, in particular the widespread practice of direct sister-exchange which promotes egalitarian multilingualism in the region, I give an initial taste of what its languages are like. I focus on two languages which are neighbours, and whose speakers regularly intermarry, but which belong to two unrelated and typologically distinct families: Nen (Yam Family) and Idi (Pahoturi River Family). I then zoom out to look at some typological features of the whole Trans-Fly region, exemplifying with the dual number category, and close by stressing the need for documentation of the languages of this fascinating region. 1. INTRODUCTION.1 The distribution of linguistic diversity is highly informative, about 1 My thanks to two anonymous referees and to Marian Klamer for their usefully critical comments on an
    [Show full text]
  • The World Tree of Languages: How to Infer It from Data, and What It Is Good For
    The world tree of languages: How to infer it from data, and what it is good for Gerhard Jäger Tübingen University Workshop Evolutionary Theory in the Humanities, Torun April 14, 2018 Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 1 / 42 Introduction Introduction Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 2 / 42 Introduction Language change and evolution “If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects, had to be included, such an arrangement would, I think, be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some very ancient language had altered little, and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others (owing to the spreading and subsequent isolation and states of civilisation of the several races, descended from a common race) had altered much, and had given rise to many new languages and dialects. The various degrees of difference in the languages from the same stock, would have to be expressed by groups subordinate to groups; but the proper or even only possible arrangement would still be genealogical; and this would be strictly natural, as it would connect together all languages, extinct and modern, by the closest affinities, and would give the filiation and origin of each tongue.” (Darwin, The Origin of Species) Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 3 / 42 Introduction Language phylogeny Comparative method 1
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Indonesia (Papua)
    Ethnologue report for Indonesia (Papua) Page 1 of 49 Languages of Indonesia (Papua) See language map. Indonesia (Papua). 2,220,934 (2000 census). Information mainly from C. Roesler 1972; C. L. Voorhoeve 1975; M. Donohue 1998–1999; SIL 1975–2003. The number of languages listed for Indonesia (Papua) is 271. Of those, 269 are living languages and 2 are second language without mother-tongue speakers. Living languages Abinomn [bsa] 300 (1999 Clouse and Donohue). Lakes Plain area, from the mouth of the Baso River just east of Dabra at the Idenburg River to its headwaters in the Foya Mountains, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. Alternate names: Avinomen, "Baso", Foya, Foja. Dialects: Close to Warembori. Classification: Language Isolate More information. Abun [kgr] 3,000 (1995 SIL). North coast and interior of central Bird's Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. Sorong Kabupaten, Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid kecamatans. About 20 villages. Alternate names: Yimbun, A Nden, Manif, Karon. Dialects: Abun Tat (Karon Pantai), Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Je. Classification: West Papuan, Bird's Head, North-Central Bird's Head, North Bird's Head More information. Aghu [ahh] 3,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area along the Digul River west of the Mandobo language, Merauke Kabupaten, Jair Kecamatan. Alternate names: Djair, Dyair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu, Aghu More information. Airoran [air] 1,000 (1998 SIL). North coast area on the lower Apauwer River. Subu, Motobiak, Isirania and other villages, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hilir, and Pantai Barat kecamatans.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary Classification, Language Maps, Wordlists
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS S elLA..e.� B - No. 3 1 LANGUAGES OF IRIAN JAYA CHECKLIST PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION, LANGUAGE MAPS, WORDLISTS by C.L. Voorhoeve Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. DOI:10.15144/PL-B31.cover ©1975 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. ------ ---------------------------- PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published by the Lingui�tic Ci�cte 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PU BLICATIONS. EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIF IC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Box 4, P.O., Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 . Australia. Copyright � C.L. Voorhoeve. First published 1975. Reprinted 1980. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 128 7 TAB LE OF CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Abui, Barue in Indonesia Abun, Karon Pantai in Indonesia Population: 29,000 Population: 4,300 World Popl: 29,000 World Popl: 4,300 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Flores-Sumba-Alor People Cluster: New Guinea Main Language: Abui Main Language: Abun Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 12.0% Evangelicals: 13.0% Chr Adherents: 50.0% Chr Adherents: 60.0% Scripture: Translation Needed Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Acehnese in Indonesia Adang in Indonesia Population: 4,007,000 Population: 3,200 World Popl: 4,093,000 World Popl: 3,200 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Aceh of Sumatra People Cluster: Flores-Sumba-Alor Main Language: Aceh Main Language: Adang Main Religion: Islam Main Religion: Christianity Status: Unreached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 0.00% Evangelicals: 4.0% Chr Adherents: 0.12% Chr Adherents: 70.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Translation Needed www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Status Aceh - Pixabay "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Adonara in Indonesia Aghu in Indonesia Population: 116,000 Population: 4,900 World
    [Show full text]
  • UNENGAGED BIBLELESS LANGUAGES (UBL List by Languages: ROL) September, 2018
    UNENGAGED BIBLELESS LANGUAGES (UBL List by Languages: ROL) September, 2018. Version 1.0 Language ROL # Zones # Countries Country Lang. Population Anambé aan 1 1 Brazil 6 Pará Arára aap 1 1 Brazil 340 Aasáx aas 2 1 Tanzania 350 Mandobo Atas aax 1 1 Indonesia 10,000 Bankon abb 1 1 Cameroon 12,000 Manide abd 1 1 Philippines 3,800 Abai Sungai abf 1 1 Malaysia 500 Abaga abg 1 1 Papua New Guinea 600 Lampung Nyo abl 11 1 Indonesia 180,000 Abaza abq 3 1 Russia 37,800 Pal abw 1 1 Papua New Guinea 1,160 Áncá acb 2 2 Cameroon; Nigeria 300 Eastern Acipa acp 2 1 Nigeria 5,000 Cypriot Arabic acy 1 1 Cyprus 9,760 Adabe adb 1 1 Indonesia 5,000 Andegerebinha adg 2 1 Australia 5 Adonara adr 1 1 Indonesia 98,000 Adnyamathanha adt 1 1 Australia 110 Aduge adu 3 1 Nigeria 1,900 Amundava adw 1 1 Brazil 83 Haeke aek 1 1 New Caledonia 300 Arem aem 3 2 Laos; Vietnam 270 Ambakich aew 1 1 Papua New Guinea 770 Andai afd 1 1 Papua New Guinea 400 Defaka afn 2 1 Nigeria 200 Afro-Seminole Creole afs 3 2 Mexico; United States 200 Afitti aft 1 1 Sudan 4,000 Argobba agj 3 1 Ethiopia 46,940 Agta, Isarog agk 1 1 Philippines 5 Tainae ago 1 1 Papua New Guinea 1,000 Remontado Dumagat agv 3 1 Philippines 2,530 Mt. Iriga Agta agz 1 1 Philippines 1,500 Aghu ahh 1 1 Indonesia 3,000 Aizi, Tiagbamrin ahi 1 1 Côte d'Ivoire 9,000 Aizi, Mobumrin ahm 1 1 Côte d'Ivoire 2,000 Àhàn ahn 2 1 Nigeria 300 Ahtena aht 1 1 United States 45 Ainbai aic 1 1 Papua New Guinea 100 Amara aie 1 1 Papua New Guinea 230 Ai-Cham aih 1 1 China 2,700 Burumakok aip 1 1 Indonesia 40 Aimaq aiq 7 1 Afghanistan 701000 Airoran air 1 1 Indonesia 1,000 Ali aiy 2 2 Central African Republic; Congo Kinshasa 35,000 Aja (Sudan) aja 1 1 South Sudan 200 Akurio ako 2 2 Brazil; Suriname 2 Akhvakh akv 1 1 Russia 210 Alabama akz 1 1 United States 370 Qawasqar alc 1 1 Chile 12 Amaimon ali 1 1 Papua New Guinea 1,780 Amblong alm 1 1 Vanuatu 150 Larike-Wakasihu alo 1 1 Indonesia 12,600 Alutor alr 1 1 Russia 25 UBLs by ROL Page 1 Language ROL # Zones # Countries Country Lang.
    [Show full text]
  • An Indo-Pacific Language in Nepal
    Kusunda: An Indo-Pacific language in Nepal Paul Whitehouse†, Timothy Usher†, Merritt Ruhlen†‡§, and William S.-Y. Wang¶ʈ †Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501; ‡Department of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; ¶Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 11529; and ʈDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Communicated by Murray Gell-Mann, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, November 23, 2003 (received for review January 4, 2002) The Kusunda people of central Nepal have long been regarded as Chepang, who also were forest dwellers and spoke a Tibeto- a relic tribe of South Asia. They are, or were until recently, Burman language. Later scholars often assumed, without look- seminomadic hunter-gatherers, living in jungles and forests, with ing at the data collected by Hodgson, that Kusunda was a a language that shows no similarities to surrounding languages. Tibeto-Burman language. Kusunda was classified essentially on They are often described as shorter and darker than neighboring the basis of its neighbor’s language, not its own, and this error tribes. Our research indicates that the Kusunda language is a perpetuated itself similar to a scribal error in a medieval member of the Indo-Pacific family. This is a surprising finding manuscript (7–9). inasmuch as the Indo-Pacific family is located on New Guinea and We have discovered evidence that the Kusunda language is in surrounding islands. The possibility that Kusunda is a remnant of fact a member of the Indo-Pacific family of languages (10). The the migration that led to the initial peopling of New Guinea and Indo-Pacific family historically occupied a vast area from the Australia warrants additional investigation from both a linguistic Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands in and genetic perspective.
    [Show full text]