Initial Environmental Examination

September 2013

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Meghauli Town Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 September 2013)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.0100 $1.00 = NPR99.749

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

;f/f+z

k[i7e"ld

of] kl/of]hgfsf] k|:tfjs vfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu (DWSS) cGtu{t kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{no (PMO) xf] . of] kl/of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf (SSTWSSSP) xf], h;sf] d"n p2]Zo b]zsf ;fgf zx/x?df vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0FffnLsf] lgdf{0f÷j[l4, s'nf] / ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf lbg' tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;/;kmfO{ :jf:Yo lzIff k|bfg ug'{ xf] . of] kl/of]hgf ;d'bfosf] dfu nlIft b[li6sf]0fn] ag]sf] 5 / PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf z'? ePsf] xf] . k||:tfljt d]3f}nL zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgfn] d]3f}nL uf lj ; sf] j8f g+= # -lhtk'/, ;fhk'/ hfg] uf8L af6f]_, j8f g+= $ -auf rf}s, ;fhk'/, ;]?jf_ j8f g+= % -t]nf}nL ahf/, t]nf}nL 7'nf] ufp‘, d]3f}nL ufp‘, go‘f kl6ofgL, uf}td gu/_ j8f g+= & -uf}td gu/ rf}s b]vL ;fhk'/ hfg] uf8L af6f_, j8f= g+= * - k;{f wfk, waf}nL, waf}nL up‘r/0f, hgsk'/, k;{f wfk yf? ufpF, up‘r/0f_ / j8f g+= ( -w/dk'/, a'4gu/_ nfO{ ;d]6b5

k|f/lDes jftfj/0Lfo kl/If0fsf] p2]Zo, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] gLlt / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] P]g / lgod

o; k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f ug{'sf] d"n p2]Zo jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f]; eGg] xf] / ;fy ;fy} tL c;/x?sf] kl/If0f ug'{ xf] / tL c;/x?nfO{ lgd{{"n jf l:js[t l;dfdf Nofpg'sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg' xf] .

b'j} g]kfn ;/sf/ / PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] gLlt cg';f/ s'g} klg ljsf;sf] of]hgf tyf lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf jftfj/0fLo c;/x?sf] Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg'gL k|lqmof cg';f/ of] k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfn] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f P]g @)%#, / jftfj/0f ;+If/0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ / -;+zf]wg_ sf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . k|:tfljt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fn] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f lgodfjlnsf] cg';'rL ! cGtu{t lgod # / ;'rL "G" sf] kfngf ub{5 . To:t} u/L PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -h'g @))(_ cg';f/ of] kl/of]hgf >]0fL "B” df kb{5 / PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] r]slni6 cg';f/ of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo c+zx?

k|:tfljt cfof]hgfn] e'ldut kfgLsf] >f]tsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/L cfof]hgf l8hfO{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf b'O{j6f efux? 5g\ . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f / ;/;kmfO{ . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f efu cGtu{t l8k j]n, 6\fG;ld;g d]g kfOk nfO{g, ljt/0f kfOk nfO{g, kfgLkf]v/L, eNe RofDa/ /x]sf 5g\ . o; cfof]hgfn] b}lgs ?kdf @%=@% ln=k|=;]= kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ / !*,!&^ hg;+Vof -hg;+Vof %),))) eGbf sd_ nfO{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{{ ul/g]] 5 .

o; afx]s ;/;kmfO{ efu cGtu{t jiff{ ofddf ;+sng x'g] kfgL aUgsf] nflu 9n -%,^)% ld6/_ sf] Joj:yfkgf klg ul/g] 5 .

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. i SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

ljBdfg l:ylt

k|:tfljt d]3f}nL zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgf If]q cGtu{t s'g} klg vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf ;r+fngdf /x]sf] 5}g . o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx? !* lkm6 b]lv @^ lkm6 ;Dd ulx/fO{ ePsf] 6\o"aj]nsf] tyf ;fd'bflos Ogf/sf] dfWodaf6 e"ldut kfgLsf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL 6\o"aj]nx? sd ulx/fO{df ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ b'lift tyf k|b'lift x'g] ;Defjgf Hofb} /x]sf] 5 .

cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;/kmfOsf] cj:yf /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ahf/sf] k|fo ;a} 3/w'/Lx?df ;]lK6s 6}s+ ;lxtsf] zf}rfno /x]sf] 5 cfof]hgf If]qsf] ((=!)% 3/x?df zf}rfno /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf 3/x?aff6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf ;fgf] kl/0ffddf x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ AolQmut ?kdf g} Joa:yfkg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|efj, gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0f pkfox? / cg'udg

s'g} vf;} dxTjk"0f{ gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj b]lvb}g / ;+efljt gsf/fTds k|efjx? klg :yfgLo / lgDg :t/sf] b]lvG5g\ . vfg]kfgL lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf kfO{k lj5\Øfpg] sfo{sf] nfuL df6f] vGg] tyf k"g]{ sfo{n] hldgsf] ;txsf] df6f] v's'nf] x'g ;S5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg /fd|/L ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ltgsf] gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;fjwfgL pkfox? h:t}M vlgPsf vfN8fx? /fd|/L k'g]{ / hlt ;Sbf] ?v tyf af]6 lj?jfx? sf6\g Go"g ul/Gf]5g\ . To:t} u/L ;/;kmfO{ ;DalGwt d'Vo d'2f ;+rfng r/0fsf s[ofsnfk h:t}M 9n / zf}rfnosf] /fdf]| ;Fu Joj:yfkg ug]{ / a]nfa]nfdf b'a}sf] ;/;kmfO klg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo ;+/If0fsf :yfgsf] 5gf]6 pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj cg'?k ul/Psf 5g\ / To;sf] nflu s'g} klg 3/w'/L / hg ;d'bfonfO{ lj:yflkt jf k'g{:yfkgf ug{ gkg]{ b]lvG5 . oL ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf, k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfaf6 ;f] If]qsf h}ljs tyf cfly{s ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf s'g} uxg k|efjsf] ;Defjgf lgs} sd b]lvG5 .

gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf] sfo{Gjog /fd|f];Fu ePsf] jf gePsf] hfFr ug{ cg'udg ug'{ h?/L 5 . To;}n] lgdf{0f / ;+rfng cjlwdf x'g] lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ Pp6f lj:t[t cg'udg sfo{qmd tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . kl/of]hgf z'? ug'{ cufl8, kl/of]hgf Aoj:yfkg sfo{non] gsf/fTds k|efj GogLs/0f" pkfox?sf] sfo{Gjog ug{sf nflu lj:t[t sfo{ of]hgf / jftfj/0fLo of]hgf cg';f/sf] cg'udg of]hgf agfOg] 5 h;nfO{ lgdf{0f / ;+rfng sfo{sf] 7]Ssfk§f ;Fu} ;+nUg ul/g] 5 .

jftfj/l0fo k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf tyf lg/fs0f tyf cg'udg cfbL sfo{sf] nfuL cg'dflgt /sd ?= !,%$),)))=)) nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf 5 .

lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx?

Kf|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfn] dfly pNn]lvt If]qdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj gkg]{ u/L tyf olb k|efj kl/xfn]df tt\ kZrft k|efj sd kg]{ u/L / k/]sf k|efjnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg u/Lg] u/L cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog u/Lg] x'bFf o; vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf cfP kZrft\ :yflgo afl;Gbfx?n] ;'/lIft / kof{Kt dfqfdf vfg]kfgL kfpg], ;d'bfosf] :jfYodf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ x'g], :yflgo afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg] / cfof]hgf If]qsf] jftfj/0fdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. ii SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

b]], lvG5cfof . To;}n ]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fn] g} k'Ug] b]lvG5 / kl/of]hgf sfo{Gjogsf nflu plrt b]lvG5 .

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iii SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Executive Summary

Background

The Project Management Office (PMO) of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide sanitary health education to the community in upcoming small urban towns of the country. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB finance. The proposed project is intended to serve ward no. 3 (Jeetpur Bazar, motorable road to Shajhapur); ward no. 4 (Bhaga chowk to motorable road to Sajhapur, Sajhapur, Seruwa); ward no. 5 (Telauli Bazar, Telauli Thulo Gaon, Meghauli Gaon, Sidhdhanagar, New Patiyani, Gautam Nagar ); ward no. 7 (Gautam nagar Namuna Boarding chowk to motorable road up to Shajhapur ); ward no. 85 (Parsa Dhap, Dhabauli, gaucharan (Dhabauli), Janakpur, Parsa Dhap Tharu Gaon, Gau Charan) and ward no. 9 (Dharampur and Budhdha Nagar ) of the Meghauli VDC.

Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules

The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication of the proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide measures to remove or reduce those impacts into acceptable limits.

Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.

The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and amendments 2007). The present IEE study fulfils the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009, the project is classified as Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the REA checklist suggested by ADB.

Components of the project

The project is designed using ground water sources. The treatment capacity of the unit for new source is less than 25 lps. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works

The location of the project structures have been decided by the Water User and Sanitation Committee (WUSC) and all are situated on public land. The main transmission line and Distribution system main passes through earthen and blacked topped roads in some places. The major structures of the projects are: Deep Well, Transmission Pipe line and Distribution Pipe line, Circular RCC Ground water storage tank, RCC Overhead Water Storage Tank and Valve Chambers.

Another part of the project is Sanitation component. The sanitation component of the project consists of construction of 5,605m storm water drainage.

Baseline information

The sub-project area is an emerging small town, and is growing very rapidly as a residential centre. The project area consists of core and densely populated Meghauli bazaar area and the rural and scattered settlement area. The project core is the main trade and economic centre and the land is mostly used for

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iv SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report residential purposes. The bazaar is surrounded by the rural settlements pre-dominant with agricultural fields scattered settlement.

The present population in the proposed service area is 11,180 in 1,765 HHs. The permanent population of the project at the end of design period of 18 years (1 year survey year + 2 year construction +15 years project life) is projected as 24,659 with annual growth rate 2.90%. The total population in the proposed service area during design year will be 18,176.

There is no improved piped drinking water supply system built within the project area. The source of water supply for the population is ground water. They are fetching water through community dug well of 50ft to 60 ft depth and shallow tube well of 18 ft to 26 ft depth, where the aquifer tapped is easily susceptible to pollution and contamination. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps/ sources. Most of these dug wells and hand pumps are installed by villagers themselves. A few of them were constructed by concerned VDC. Though the test sample has no arsenic contamination, the community people said that the water of some tube well has arsenic content at Telauli area. Due to these various reasons, quality water supply system is needed in the service area. The condition of these tube wells seems good and proper sanitation protection has to be provided.

Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring

No significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative impacts are local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply system is soil erosion or loss especially during project construction period due to digging and excavation for pipe laying. The mitigation measures are precautionary types such as proper back filling of the excavated trenches and avoiding cutting of vegetation.

Similarly for the sanitation sector proper maintenance of the storm water drainage and toilets is required along with periodic cleaning. The locations of major structures have been acquired in consultation with the user committee and no households need to be displaced or resettled. Therefore, there are very few possibilities of adverse impacts on the biological and socio economical environment of the project area.

Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures, for which and a detailed monitoring schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project construction and operation phases. Before the operation of the project, PMO should develop a detailed work plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on the Environmental Management Plan which will be incorporated into the construction and operation contracts.

The total cost for EMP, including the cost of monitoring and mitigation measures that will be carried during the implementation of project is estimated to be NRs. 1,540,000.00

Conclusion and Recommendation

It is expected that the proposed Meghauli Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have minimal environment impacts which can be easily mitigated with careful planning and monitoring measures. The implementation of the project will bring significant improvements in water supply and sanitation facilities of the community thereby improving the overall quality of life. Since, no significant adverse environmental impacts are expected, a full scale EIA is not required and the present IEE study is sufficient.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. v SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Table of Contents Page CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1 1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY ...... 2 1.2.1 ADB Policy ...... 2 1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 3 1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 7 1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project ...... 8 1.2.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 10 CHAPTER II: DESCRIPTION OF THEE PROJECT ...... 12 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 12 2.1.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure ...... 12 2.1.2 Type, Category and need of the Sub‐projects ...... 12 2.1.3 Size or magnitude of operation ...... 13 2.1.4 Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 14 2.1.5 Project Requirement ...... 14 2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 15 2.3 SOURCE OF WATER ...... 18 2.4 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ...... 18 2.5 SERVICE RESERVOIRS ...... 18 2.6 PIPE LINES ...... 18 2.7 OTHERS APPURTENANCE ...... 18 2.7.1 Generator/Pump House ...... 18 2.7.2 Operator/ Chaukidar Quarter ...... 18 2.7.3 Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building ...... 19 2.7.4 Electrical Facilities ...... 19 2.7.5 Chambers ...... 19 2.9 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED .... 19 2.10 MANUFACTURING PROCESS ...... 19 2.10.1 Construction of Deep Tube well ...... 19 2.10.2 Installation of Pumps and Electrical Facilities ...... 20 2.10.3 Construction of Service Reservoir ...... 20 2.10.4 Pipe Laying and Jointing Including Earthwork ...... 20 2.10.5 Construction of House Connections ...... 20 2.10.6 Raw Materials to be Used ...... 21 2.11 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY...... 21 CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 23 3.1 PHYSICAL RSOURCES ...... 23 3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 24 3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas ...... 24 3.2.2 Forests ...... 24 3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 26 3.3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH ...... 31 3.3.1 Land Use ...... 31 3.3.2 Infrastructure ...... 32 3.3.6 Economic Characteristics ...... 33 CHAPTER IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 35 4.1 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS AND AUGMENTATION MEASURES ...... 35 4.2 ADVERSE IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES (WATER SUPPLY) ...... 36 4.2.1 Pre‐Construction Phase ...... 36 4.1.2 Construction Phase ...... 36

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. vi SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

4.1.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Impacts ...... 43 4.2 DRAINAGE WORKS ...... 44 4.2.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 44 4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 45 CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 50 5.1 PROJECT LOCATION ALTERNATIVE ...... 50 5.2 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE ...... 50 5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE ...... 50 5.4 NO ACTION OPTION ...... 51 5.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ...... 51 5.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT OPTION ...... 51 CHAPTER VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 52 6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION ...... 52 6.2 INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED ...... 52 6.3 COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS/ISSUES RAISED ...... 53 CHAPTER VII: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 54 CHAPTER VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 55 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 55 8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP ...... 55 8.2. MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 55 8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators ...... 55 8.2.2 Types of Monitoring ...... 56 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 56 8.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during different phases of Project Implementation ...... 56 8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring ...... 62 8.3.3 Modality of Operation ...... 62 8.3.4 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 62 8.3.5 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 63 8.3.6 Documentation and Reporting ...... 64 8.3.7 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 64 8.3.7.1 Mitigation Cost ...... 64 8.3.7.2 Monitoring Cost ...... 65 8.3.7.3 Cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities ...... 65 CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION ...... 66 REFERENCES ...... 67

ANNEXES: Annex-I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist (Revised One) of Water Supply Annex-II: General Layout of Reservoir Bore hole, Pump House/Generator House Annex-III: Project Location Map Annex-IV: Public Notice, Muchulka, Recommendation Letter and Focus Group Discussion Annex-V: ToR Approval letter and IEE Terms of Reference Annex-VI: Water Quality Report Annex-VII: Air Quality Standards, Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for gasoline & Diesel operated Vehicles, 2056, National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (As per Urban Environment Guidelines, 2068) Annex-VIII: Comments and Responses

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. vii SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

List of Tables:

TABLE 1.1: THRESHOLD LIMIT FOR CONDUCTING IEE AND STATUS OF THE PROJECT ...... 9 TABLE 2.1: TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN DIFFERENT USES ...... 15 TABLE 2.2: MATERIALS REQUIRED ...... 15 TABLE 2.3: HUMAN RESOURCES ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 2.4: CONSUMPTION PATTERN ...... 21 TABLE 2.5: WATER DEMAND ...... 21 TABLE 3.1: TYPES OF FOREST ...... 24 TABLE 3.2: TOTAL POPULATION OF DELINEATED PROJECT AREA ...... 26 TABLE 3.3: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SEX AND FAMILY SIZE ...... 26 TABLE 3.4: DISTRIBUTION POPULATION BY EDUCATIONAL STATUS ...... 27 TABLE 3.5: WARD-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ...... 28 TABLE 3.6: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS & POPULATION BY CAST/ETHNIC, DALIT ETC GROUPS ...... 28 TABLE 3.7: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY AGE GROUPS ...... 29 TABLE 3.8: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD BY INCOME ...... 29 TABLE 3.9: OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF WHOLE FAMILY MEMBER BY WARDS ...... 30 TABLE 4.1: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS ...... 36 TABLE 4.2: BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS ...... 38 TABLE 4.3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS ...... 39 TABLE 4.4: TYPES OF IMPACTS, MITIGATION MEASURES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND COST ...... 44 TABLE 6.1: KEY PEOPLE STAKEHOLDERS CONTACTED DURING PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 50 TABLE 8.1: TYPES OF MITIGATION MEASURES, MONITORING PARAMETERS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND COST ...... 55 TABLE 8.2: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIFFERENT PARTIES ...... 60 TABLE 8.3: MITIGATION COST ...... 62 TABLE 8.4: ENVIRONMENTAL MONOTORING COST ...... 63 TABLE 8.5: COST FOR EMP ...... 63

List of Figures:

Figure-7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 52

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. viii SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Abbreviation Used ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Sea Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Liter per capita per day lps : Liter per second MOUD : Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Organization NRs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organization WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee NVMES : Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. ix SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT

1. The project proponent, Project Management Office (PMO) of Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) of Government of Nepal (GoN) is responsible for conducting present IEE study of the project. COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. has been contracted to work on the behalf of PMO to conduct IEE studies and prepare IEE report by using all prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules.

2. The name and address of institutions responsible for conducting and preparing IEE report are:

• Name of the proposal: Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

• Name and address of the proponent

Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal

• Address of the Proponent

Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np

• Consultant preparing the report

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. Ksitiz Marga, Shankhamul Post Box No. 19961, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel/Fax: 977-1-4784558 E-mail: [email protected]

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 1 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY

3. Based upon the framework of the National Urban Policy (2007), Government of Nepal has updated a fifteen year development plan and small towns have been redefined. About, two hundred sixty five towns (153 towns in Terai and 112 towns in hill) with a total population of 3.6 millions satisfy the criteria. The newly identified towns are being developed haphazardly but they are playing vital role in creating economic linkage between the rural areas and the country's urban economy. The present Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) is an effort towards bridging the existing gap in the sector and facilitating services in small towns of Nepal to some extent. The situation shows that series of water supply and sanitation projects need to be launched to improve the quality of life provide safe and better health and hygiene facilities.

4. The Ministry of Urban Planning is the Executing Agency (EA) and the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency for the project. The SSTWSSSP is designed to have full participation of the users in the formulation, implementation and operation and maintenance of the respective town project. The cost will be shared equally by the users and GON on 50:50 basis in water supply component. Likewise the cost of sanitation component will be shared 15:85 basis.

5. As per the Environmental Protection Policy Act 2053, and Environmental Protection Regulation 2054, of GON, and as per ADB Environmental Policy Statement (EPS) (2009) policy require to conduct Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) based on the criteria given in the Annex 5 and 6 of EPR 2054, before the commencement of work. This report has been prepared to fulfill the requirements.

1.2.1 ADB Policy

6. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) describes common objectives of ADB’s safeguards, lays out policy principles, and outlines the delivery process for ADB’s safeguard policy. The SPS is designed for application to current and future lending modalities and caters to the varying capacities and needs of DMC clients in both the public and private sectors and will supersede the three current safeguard policies.

7. ADB’s current safeguard policies are generally understood to be operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process.

8. ADB’s SPS highlights a number of areas that require attention in ADB's environmental assessment process. It addresses the need for more upstream environmental assessment at the level of country programming, the need for more structured consultation in the conduct of environmental assessments, the need for greater emphasis on monitoring and compliance with environmental requirements during project implementation, and finally the need to view environmental assessment as an ongoing process rather than a one-time event.

9. ADB requires environment assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans, and private sector investment operations. The process of determining a project’s environment category is based on a screening checklist that considers the type, size, and location of the proposed project. Loans are classified into category A (with potentially significant environmental impacts); category B (with potentially

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 2 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

less significant environmental impacts); category C (unlikely to have significant environmental impacts); and a new category, FI, (credit line for subprojects through a financial intermediary, or equity investment in a financial intermediary). A project’s environment assessment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including both direct and indirect impacts. An IEE is required for category B projects, and an EIA, requiring greater depth of analysis, for category A projects. No environmental assessment is required for category C projects although their environmental implications nevertheless need to be reviewed.

10. The proposed Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as environment category B and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted. The IEE has been done based on the checklist completed to support the environmental classification of project under ADB (Refer Annex 1 for REA checklist).

1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines

11. Different national and international documents, legal provisions, conventions, plans and policies have been reviewed.

12. Government of Nepal has adopted various acts, regulations and guidelines to ensure the integration of development and conservation of environment. Similarly ADB has also developed different environmental and social guidelines and frameworks. Following acts, rules and guidelines were found to guide the environmental study of the project and hence have been reviewed.

Law

i) The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007)

13. The Interim Constitution of Nepal has mentioned that every person has the right to live in a clean environment. It also has made provision in Article 35(5) the state shall make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical the development activities by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forests, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them.

Plan/Policies

ii) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.)

14. This provides guidance on water supply and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, It generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 3 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

iii) Second Three Year Interim Plan 2068-71 B.S.

15. The second three year interim plan has identified EIA as a priority area, and it emphasizes on environmental monitoring of the project that have undergone EIA process. The Plan focuses on the need for setting-up national environmental standards with the strategy of internalizing environmental management into the development programs. The Plan has also realized to carryout Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) with the long term policy of promoting environmental governance..

iv) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

16. This policy was recently formulated to provide an overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required.

v) ADB's "Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)" 2066 B.S. (2009A.D.)

17. ADB's Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

Acts and Regulation

vi) Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.) and Rules 2026 (1969)

18. Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977) with amendment in 2049 (1993) guides the compulsory acquisition of land in the country. The Land Acquisition Act and the Land Acquisition Rules are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Government can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving compensation pursuant to the Act for the land acquired for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions (Section 3 and 4). The powers given under these sections are very broad as government is empowered to acquire any land in the name of public works. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 in its Article 19 (2) directs the state to provide compensation for any property requisitioned, acquired or encumbered by the State in implementing scientific land reform program or in public interest in accordance with law.

vii) Solid Waste Management Act 2011 (2068 B.S.)

19. The Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre has prepared a "Solid Waste Management Act" for managing increasing garbage in the city. The Act is related for sustainable management of garbage and to minimize the negative impacts of garbage on environment and public health. According to the act, the local agency will manage garbage under the public and private partnership concept. The Act has provisions for segregation of garbage according to its nature and for managing hazardous, industrial, medical and domestic wastes accordingly. Provisions of complete responsibility to local bodies and strict punishment have also been proposed in the act for effective monitoring system.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 4 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

viii) Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) and Regulation, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

20. Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.

ix) Water Tax Act 2023 (1966 A.D.)

21. Under the Act, The water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law.

x) Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.)

22. The labor Act, 1992, which is executed by Ministry of Labor, is the main regulation regulating the working environment. Chapter 5 of this Act deals with occupational health and safety. Section 27 of Chapter 5 requires the management to make certain arrangements such as the removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of accumulation of dust, fume, vapor, and other impure materials, which would adversely affect health of workers. Sections 28 and 29 require management to provide protective clothing and devices to workers handling chemical substances and other hazardous and explosive substances. In order to prevent accidents, section 30 of the Act requires the proprietor to make arrangements for fire safety equipment and emergency equipment while Section 31 requires the placement of sturdy fences around hazardous machines and equipment operated by energy.

xi) Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) and Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.)

23. The Forest Act, 1992 (with amendments) and its Rules 1993 contains several provisions to ensure the development, conservation, management and sustainable use of forest resources. The Act categories the forest into five categories viz.; state managed forest, community forest, leasehold forest, private forest and religious forest.

24. The Act in general, prohibits the use of forest areas for development projects, but its Article 68 empowers GoN to issue permission to use the required portion of forest for development with the assurance that it does not significantly affect the environment. Based on Forest Legislation, GoN has legally protected thirteen plant species. The Regulation further elaborates legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.

xii) Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.)

25. The act requirement prescribed developmental projects to carry out Initial Environmental Examination and such projects cannot be implemented without approval from the Ministry of Urban Development. The proponent is required to submit proposal with the report and the Ministry has to grant approval of the proposal after opinions and suggestions by the general-public and by an expert committee formed by the Ministry. The act also has the provision such that nobody can create pollution beyond prescribed limits or standards; or nobody can cause significant adverse impacts to the environment to safeguard to public life and health. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the Terms of Reference (ToR) and IEE report for approval and includes

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 5 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detailed information on impacts and environment protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects. The provisions of the act and regulations are directly related to the project and hence these provisions have been considered in the design and proposed implementation.

xiii) Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) and Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D)

26. The Local Self-Governances Act, 1999 empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest, and other natural resources and implementation of environmental conservation activities. The Village Development Committees (VDCs), Municipalities and District Development Committees (DDCs) are mandated to take up the responsibilities of formulation and implementation of programme relating to protection of environment and bio-diversity, and to give adequate priority for the protection of environment during the formulation of local level plans and programme. The Regulation has provisions for VDCs, District Development Committee DDCs and municipalities to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.

xiv) Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.)

27. This regulation regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers.

xv) Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.)

28. Section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states "Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states "Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule". The Section 4 states "Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means".

xvi) Town Development Act 2045 B.S. (1988 A.D.)

29. The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.

30. Clauses 9 of town development act empowers the town development committee to regulate, control or prohibit any act which has an adverse effect on public health or the aesthetics of the town, or in any way pollutes the environment. It contains penalty provision in the form of fines for the violation of the Act.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 6 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

xvii) Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act 2006

31. These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes.

Standards and Guidelines

xviii) National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

32. GoN has developed and adopted National EIA Guidelines in 1993, under which projects and programs are categorized as either requiring Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This also includes scoping, preparation of ToR for IEE/EIA, Methods of IEE/EIA report, impact monitoring, evaluation of impact studies, impact auditing, community participation and schedules & annexes to IEE and EIA. Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and the Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997, were brought into force aiming at mainstreaming of the integration of environmental aspects in development projects and programs.

xix) National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S. (2005 A.D.)

33. These standards provide details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.

xix) Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

34. In order to make water resource development comprehensive, systematized and accelerate the process of development, Government of Nepal issued Water Resource Strategy in 2002. With the goal of meeting its water supply needs and achieving long-term sustainability, the Water Resources Strategy aims to meet this need by providing a systematic framework for water resources development and identifying action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts, and achieve Nepal's water- related development objectives.

1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

35. The main objective of carrying out IEE study is to investigate the environmental implication of the proposed project so that the project can be implemented in an environment friendly and socio- economically sustainable manner.

Some of the specific objectives of the IEE are as the following: • To identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Meghauli);

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 7 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

• To investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio- economic condition of project areas; • To identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economical and environmental acceptability to the community; • To identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available; • To address the major concern of the local community of the project area; • To propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project; • To prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans; • To inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project. • To prepare IEE report as per EPR 1997

36. Scope: This IEE report is of the water supply & sanitation project is proposed for Meghauli Town of Mehgauli VDC in Chitwan district. It investigates the environmental implication of the proposed project and suggests mitigation measures so that the project can be implemented in an environmentally and socio-economically sustainable manner.

1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project

37. The proposed water supply and sanitation project is a need to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). The MeghauliTown Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been formulated to supply required quantity of water to service area of Meghauli of Chitwan District. The source of proposed water supply project is ground water. It is expected that with the on implementation of the project, the users of the area will be able to avail from adequate amount of safe drinking water. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). On the basis of the information on the Meghauli, the Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households. The project is expected to benefit a design population of about 18,176.

38. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.

Threshold limit for conducting IEE Report

39. According to Environmental Protection Rules, 2054 BS, First Revised (2055 BS) schedule-3, Work–Schedule of Initial Environmental Examination of Drinking water are:

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 8 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project For Proposed water SN Description supply project 1. The Supply drinking water from new source for design An IEE is required. population 18,176 (i.e. 5,000 to 50,000), criteria satisfy but the system totally new one. 2 Augmentation of new water source in existing system population 18,176 (i.e. 10,000 to 100,000), the system The scheme is new one is augmentation of flow.

3. Collection of rain- water not more than 200 hectares, Not applicable and use of water sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area. 4 Surface water sources with not more than 1 cubic ft. Safe yield and supply of not more than 50 percent of Not applicable the water during the dry season 5. Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 liters per An IEE is required. second: Treatment/ processing system and its capacity is 15.15lps from one tube well. Another test tube well abstract 15.15 lps and will be developed after wards. Simple gravel aerator is proposed as treatment process. 6. Project Cost. The scheme cost is estimated Nrs. An IEE is required. 210,514,252.07 (IEE required when the project cost is in between 50 to 250 million rupees) 7. The project location in relation to environmental The scheme is located in buffer sensitive area. zone of Chitwan National Park. The wildlife forest and conservation office has given consent to implement the water supply project. As per EPR 2054, Schedule 1 (Pertaining to Rule 3), (A) Forest Sector, Clause 21, IEE is sufficient for launching of development activities and construction activities by Government sector in the forest area, national parks, conservation area and their buffer zone. 8. Displacement of not more than 100 persons for No environmental assessment (IEE operating a water supply scheme. The scheme is or EIA) is required unlikely to displace the people. 9. Construction of not more than one kilometre long Not applicable- no environmental tunnels for carrying water assessment (IEE or EIA) is required 10. Recharging up to 50 percent of the total aquifer for the Not applicable- no environmental development of underground water source assessment (IEE or EIA) is required 11 Settlement of not more than 500 persons on the Not applicable upper reaches of water sources 12 Supply of drinking water to a population ranging between 10000 and 100000 and connection of new Not applicable sources 13 Installation of more than 20 kilometres long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water Not applicable and consumption of more than one mw of electricity. 14 River training and diversion activities over an area of Not applicable more than one kilometre. (Source: ’Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054’’)

Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 9 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

1.2.5 Approach and Methodology

40. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the approved Terms of Reference (TOR) by the Ministry of Urban Development, of the Government of Nepal. The procedures followed for current IEE study are in accordance with the provisions stated in ADB’s EPS (2009) and the GON’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997

41. ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist was completed for the proposed project and Environmental Categorization of the project was decided. Based on the checklist and environmental categorization, the proposed project has been classified under category B of ADB’s environmental classification, which depicts that the project has insignificant environmental impacts and requires only an IEE.

42. The specific methods used for collecting the required information and conducting the IEE study are as follows:

i. Desk Study

• Literature review: The published and unpublished relevant information and literatures were extensively reviewed. The reports related to the water supply and sanitation scheme (e.g. Feasibility, detailed design Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) were thoroughly reviewed in preparing IEE report. • Questionnaire & Checklist: As a part of desk study. A check list was used to gather the information on physical and biological parameters. (Annex-I)

ii. Field Work

• Walk-through survey: A walk-through survey of the service area was done to inspect and understand the project components and the environmental features of the surrounding areas. A detailed field investigation was carried out to furnishing information on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Necessary measurements were noted and discussed with the local stakeholders. The details of the field study on various aspects (physical, biological and socio-economical) are as follows.

Physical Environment Assessment Existing environment constraints and potential impacts in the project area were studied through topography map and field survey, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews. Information on the location, topography, land use, geology and soil hydrology were collected during the field work and from the reports obtained from the different sources.

Biological Environment Assessment The information on biological environment was gathered by reconnaissance survey of the project site and surroundings area. Due attention were paid on the collection of information on vegetation pattern, wild life, parks and protected area and aquatic life.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 10 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Assessment Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, and expected water users obtained through various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders though public notices and public hearing process. • Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The discussions have been held during field visit regarding environmental aspects. The relevant stakeholders and the members of the local communities were consulted and a FGD was organized in order to understand their views and opinions. The discussion made during FGD is given in Annex-IV.

iii. Data Processing The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts identified during the study.

1.2.5.1 Impact Identification, Prediction, Evaluation and Prioritization

43. After the survey, the data was complied and the matrix method was used to identify and categorize the potential impacts. The matrix was used to identify the possible positive and negative impacts due to implementation of the proposed Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation project.

44. The different aspects of environmental impacts (negative or positive) were identified and prioritizations of the seriousness of environmental impacts were evaluated.

45. The magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts are categorized according to the National EIA Guidelines, 1993. The impacts are further categorized as high, medium and low in terms of magnitude, short term, medium term and long term in terms of duration and local, site specific and regional in terms of extent.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 11 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

•

Chapter II: DESCRIPTION OF THEE PROJECT

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS

2.1.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure

i) Water Supply System

46. There is no improved piped drinking water supply system built within the project area. The source of water supply for the population is ground water. They are fetching water through community dug well (50 to 60 ft depth) and shallow tube well of 18 ft to 26 ft depth where the aquifer tapped is easily susceptible to pollution and contamination. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps/sources. Most of these dug wells and hand pumps are installed by villagers themselves. A few of them were constructed by concerned VDC. Local NGO Clinic Nepal has implemented shallow tube well program in ward no 3 and 4. The condition of these tube wells seems good and proper sanitation protection has to be provided.

ii) Sanitation

47. The sanitation practice is directly related with quantity as well as quality of supplied water. This is also dependent on climatic condition, living standard, culture and awareness of the people in the health and sanitation activities. There is no sewerage system in the proposed service area.

48. The sanitary situation of project area is found to be good. Of the total population, more than 99.10% of households have their private latrine facilities with septic tank and these latrines are maintained properly. The common diseases caused due to water in the service area are found to be diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery and typhoid.

iii) Drainage

49. There is no surface drainage and sewer facility within the project area. Though the project area is situated at flat terrain with gently slope toward south and west, no water logging in rainy season as there is ample space and has sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. Quantity of solid waste from the individual household is not high and managed by community themselves

2.1.2 Type, Category and need of the Sub-projects

50. The proposed water supply project falls in category B of ADB environmental categorization. The Project has been classified as service delivery typed project. The aim of the project is to improve health and quality of life of the people living in the project towns by facilitating improved drinking water supply system facility. The water source of proposed Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will be ground water. The project comprises of two major components. The first and major component is to provide safe drinkable water to the delineated service area with a modern water supply system. The second component is the construction of sanitary sewer system, construction of community (public) latrines and septic tank. However, the WUSC has less priority of sanitary sewer system. They are given top priority to implement water supply system. The WUSC has decided to construct about 5,605 m surface drain at Meghauli Bazaar and Airport

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 12 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

area, ward no. 8, Meghauli VDC. The outfall for the surface drain shall be Bethari Khola. WUSC has decided not to construct sewerage system in the service area.

51. The service area of the proposed project covers ward no. 3 (Jeetpur Bazar, motorable road to Shajhapur); ward no. 4 (Bhaga chowk to motorable road to Sajhapur, Sajhapur, Serua); ward no. 5 (Telauli Bazar, Telauli Thulo Gaon, Meghauli Gaon, Sidhdhanagar, New Patiyani, Gautam Nagar); ward no. 4 (Khairi up to Dumduma School); ward no. 7 (Gautam nagar Namuna Boarding chowk to motorable road upto Shajhapur); ward no. 8 (Parsa Dhap, Dhabauli, gaucharan (Dhabauli), Janakpur, Parsa Dhap Tharu Gaon, Gau Charan) and ward no. 9 (Dharampur and Budhdha Nagar ) of the Meghauli VDC.

52. The present permanent population of the proposed service area is 11,180. The projected population in the service area at the end of design year 2029 from this survey year 2012 (1 year survey and design +2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 18,176 with an average annual growth rate of 2.90%. The population at 2012 is taken from house hold survey conducted in the service area

2.1.3 Size or magnitude of operation

53. The project has been designed to extract 30.30lps of water from the deep well. One new deep well and one test deep boring have been proposed to exploit the ground water. The system also consists of gravel aerator, ground storage tank of 200cum capacity and RCC overhead tank of 250Cum capacity. The length of transmission and distribution pipe line is 56,541m.

54. The project has been designed for the base year population of 12,181 in 1,765 households (Year 2015) and a design population of 18,176 (Year 2029). Total water demands for this year in different uses are presented in the following table.

Table 2.1: Total water demand in different uses Water demand (lit/ day) SN Description Survey Year 2012 Base Year 2015 Design Year 2029 1 Domestic 1,118,000 1,218,114 1,817,620 2 Non Domestic 89,440 97,449 145,410 3 Leakage and wastage 134,160 146,174 218,114 Total demand (lit/day) 1,341,600 1,461,737 2,181,144

55. The project has been conceptualized as a community based approach. Almost half of the project cost has to be mobilized and shared by the community who will also be responsible for operation and management of the system after its completion. The active involvement of the community in the decision making as well as in project implementation and operation has been ensured. After the completion of the project, the local people of the service area will benefit from regular supply of clean drinking water and proper sanitation services.

56. Safe drinking water is distributed the local people of the service area in the proposed service area by distribution system. The project will provide 24-hours supply of water of potable water of NDWQS standard within the project area.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 13 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

2.1.4 Proposed Schedule for Implementation

57. Total period for the implementation of the project is forty two months including operation & maintenance and Defect Liability Period.

58. The main task associated with the project will be as follows.

• Detailed Engineering Survey and design

• Preparation of working drawings

• Preparation of quantity and cost estimates

• Carrying out of economic and financial analysis and level of water tariff

• Preparation of socio technical profile

• Environmental study of the sub project area

• Preparation of tender documents

• Awarding of contract

• Construction

• Operation and Maintenance

59. The project has been designed with the principle of active community participation from the design stage itself. The implementation strategy of the project is based on the community management approach, which includes encouraging the financial responsibility towards the improved facility. Therefore, user participation at the outset of the planning and design exercise is an essential requirement. The community has to contribute 50% of the total construction cost. Out of which 5% has to be deposited before implementation of the project as upfront cash. Another 35% - 45% is to be contributed by taking the loan from TDF. The loan should be recovered within the time frame of 15 years with 5 years of grace period, along with the interest of 5% per annum through their affordable water tariffs plus. Tariff raised by the service has to support towards maintenance of the supply system of the water supply system. DWSS is acting as the initiator/coordinator for the purpose.

2.1.5 Project Requirement

i) Service Area

60. Service area delineation has been made through a long discussion between WUSC, community and stakeholders. The major tole and villages of the proposed service area of Meghauli VDC are as follows:

Ward 3: Jeetpur Bazar, motorable road to Shajhapur Ward 4: Bhaga chowk to motorable road to Sajhapur, Sajhapur, Seruwa Ward 5: Telauli Bazar, Telauli Thulo Gaon, Meghauli Gaon, Sidhdhanagar, New Patiyani, Gautam Nagar Ward 7: Gautam nagar Namuna Boarding chowk to motorable road up to Shajhapur Ward 8: Parsa Dhap, Dhabauli, Gaucharan (Dhabauli), Janakpur, Parsa Dhap Tharu Gaon, Gau Charan Ward 9: Dharampur and Budhdha Nagar

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 14 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

61. As per the house hold survey record, there are 1,765 households in the service area with 11,180 populations during the survey year 2012.

62. The following table shows the materials required during the construction and operation of the Meghauli Khandbari town water supply and sanitation project.

Table 2.2: Materials required Particulars Unit Quantity Source Adequacy Cement Bags 6845 Narayanghat Sufficient MS Rod MT 60.86 Narayanghat Sufficient Aggregate Cu m 625 Lothar Khola Sufficient Sand Cu m 522 Lothar Khola Sufficient Stone Cu m 85 Lothar Khola Sufficient Brick Nos 249,677 Narayanghat Sufficient

Human Resources Requirement

63. Numerous skilled, semi skilled and unskilled human resource (manpower) are required for the construction work which is expected to last for 2 years.

Table 2.3: Human Resource Human Resource Man/days Skilled human resource 5225 Unskilled human resource 69282

2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

64. The Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project have been designed as a ground water based water supply system that will provide sufficient quantity and good quality of water to the residents of Meghauli VDC. The water supply component of the project consists of construction of following components: • Deep tube well • Borehole platform • Transmission main • Wash out • Air valve • Aerator • Ground water reservoir • Overhead reservoir • Distribution main • Control valve • Pipe valve box • Generator house • Electrical and electromechanical works • Tap Connection • Water Quality Testing Laboratory/WUSC Building

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 15 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

• Boundary wall/Buffer Zone

65. The Sanitation components included to construct 5,605 m surface drains in the Meghauli bazaar and airport area; ward no – 8 of Meghauli VDC. The outfall of surface drainage system will be Bethari Khola.

66. The salient feature of the project is given in the Table

SALIENT FEATURES

1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

2. Scheme Name: Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Chitwan

3. Service Area: The service area lies in Meghauli VDC. The settlements are:

Ward 3: Jeetpur Bazar, motorable road to Shajhapur Ward 4: Bhaga chowk to motorable road to Sajhapur, Sajhapur, Seruwa Ward 5: Telauli Bazar, Telauli Thulo Gaon, Meghauli Gaon, Sidhdhanagar, New Patiyani, Gautam Nagar Ward 7: Gautam Nagar Namuna Boarding Chowk to motorable road up to Shajhapur Ward 8: Parsa Dhap, Dhabauli, Gaucharan (Dhabauli), Janakpur, Parsa Dhap Tharu Gaon, Gau Charan Ward 9: Dharampur and Budhdha Nagar

4. Scheme Type: Pumping system

5. Designed Flow (lps): 20 hr. pumping per day 30.30 lps Designed flow for distribution system: 25.25 lps Supplied from test tube well (lps): 15.15 Required from new groundwater pumping System (lps): 15.15

6. Source Discharge Measurement

Proposed Sources Tapped Flow lps. From test Tube well 1 15.15 From new tube well 2 15.15

7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).

8. Household No. - Survey Year: 1,765

9. Average Growth Rate: 2.90% per annum.

10. Permanent Population: Survey Year 2012 Base Year 2015 Design Year 2029

11,180 12,181 18,176

11. Water Demand at design year (lpd)

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 16 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Domestic: 1,817,620 Non-domestic demand (adopt 8 % of domestic demand, which includes demand for rental population, Institutional, Industrial/ Commercial, fire demand etc.) 145,410 Leakage and wastage (10% of total demand): 218,114

Total: 2,181,144

12. Structures required

Intake Type

Deep Tube Well (no) 2 Borehole plate form (no) 2 Generator house (no) 1 Transformer (no) 1 Aerator (set) 1 Pipe length (m) Transmission main (m) 522 Distribution main (m) 56,019

Pipe Size Transmission Main GI/DI (mm) 100–150 Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50–225 DI (M) (mm) 250–300 Ground storage (No/ cum cap. cum) 1 no. of 200 cum OH Reservoir (No/ cum capacity cum) 1 no. of 250 cum Control Valve, Air valve, washout valve Chamber (No.) 16 Pipe valve box (No.) 70 HH fully plumb and yard connection (survey year) 1,821 Community connection (No.) 25 (1 community connection for each 4HH) Institutional connection 15 WUSC / Lab building (No.) 1

13. Sanitation Component: Storm drainage (m) 5,605

14. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2068-2069: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT):

Total cost (Nrs.) 210,514,252.07

Cost breakdown GoN (50%) 105,257,126.04 TDF loan (45%) 94,731,431.43 Community up front cash contribution (5%): 10,525,712.60

Per capita cost (Nrs.) Base year: 17,282.18 Design year: 11,581.99

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 17 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

15. Estimated project cost for sanitation component agreed by WUSC (Nrs.) as per district rate 2068- 2069:

Total (incl. 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT): 31,377,858.08

Cost breakdown GoN (85%): Nrs. 26,671,179.37 Contribution from Local bodies/ users (15%): Nrs. 4,706,678.71

2.3 SOURCE OF WATER

67. Ground water is potential and reliable water source for thise project. Currently Ccommunities are fetching water through community dug well and shallow tube well. Two deep tubes well are proposed for the proposed water supply system. One deep well is proposed within the proposed OHT site and treatment plant, second tube well is located at west 180m from first tube well.

68. The use of only groundwater source alone is found to be more reliable option among others available for the new water supply system. The proposed and designed ground water source is deemed to be technically viable regarding the stability and source discharge. Pumping is necessary to extract the water from deep tube well/ ground water source.

2.4 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES

69. Based upon the test result, the water quality of the existing tube well is within the limit of NDWQS. The iron smell has been observed in the both tube well water. It is deemed that the water quality of newly proposed tube well will be in the same quality. Hence, aerator is necessary for removal of iron contain in water and followed by disinfection unit has been proposed for the treatment process for safety health condition. Chlorination unit has been provided before the ground storage reservoir. This will give adequate detention time.

2.5 SERVICE RESERVOIRS

3 3 70. Proposed system consists of a 20m high 250 m overhead reservoir and 200 m capacity ground reservoirs.

2.6 PIPE LINES

71. Alignments of the proposed pipe line have been fixed. The entire pipe line network follows the tracks and roads.

2.7 OTHERS APPURTENANCE

2.7.1 Generator/Pump House

72. A Generator/Guard house is designed at existing deep tube well site Dharmapur for supplying power for all three tube wells. The generator shall be used during NEA power failure

2.7.2 Operator/ Chaukidar Quarter

73. A Operator/ Chaukidar quarter is designed at reservoir site

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 18 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

2.7.3 Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building

74. WUSC office has been proposed in the Meghauli town.

2.7.4 Electrical Facilities

75. An electric sub-station is proposed near by the space of aerator. The electric sub-station comprises of outdoor pole mounted transformer, indoor diesel generator, indoor power control panel. The nearest 11kV power supply line available is 200m away from the proposed electric substation. 11kV overhead line extension up to the boundary wall of the project complex and then 11kV underground cable is proposed up to the electric sub-station.

2.7.5 Chambers

76. These will comprise of valve chamber and connection chamber to the house. The purpose of the control valve is to regulate the required flow in each distribution main from the junction/ node. Sometimes it can be used for the maintenance of distribution system in particular area without closing whole distribution system. A control valve is provided in the system where there are more than two branches from one junction or where it is necessary. In total, there are 75nos, pipe valve box and 10 control valve chambers are designed in the distribution system.

2.8 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

77. The major project activities are as below: • Construction of deep tube well and its components • Installation of pumps and electrical facilities • Construction of service reservoir • Laying and jointing of pipes • Excavation along the municipal road, along foot paths etc for lying of pipe. • Construction of WUSC office/Lab building, Pump house/chaukidar house, Guard house etc. • Construction of Valve chambers, Pipe valve box and house connection

2.9 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED

78. The project area is about 28 km far from the district headquarter Bharatpur. It is connected at Baaiskothi at the Mahendra Highway. There are other gravel roads and earthen tracks linking various settlements in the service area. Most part of the service area is easily accessible by motor vehicle.

2.10 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

79. The project will be constructed using cement, brick, sand, reinforcement steels, DI Pipe, GI Pipes, HDPE Pipes etc.

2.10.1 Construction of Deep Tube well

80. Two deep tube wells have been proposed for the project. The well size should be of 12’’ inch (300 mm) housing of 50 m depth and reducing it to 8" (200 mm) casing and screen. The total depth of the well should be about 150 m with maximum screened area and allowing maximum drawdown.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 19 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

The yield of the tube well can be increased to great extent. Johnson stainless steel of 30m has been kept in screen and minimum 15% opening is to be kept to achieve the design discharge 15.15lps from the tube well. The estimated location of screen has been kept. But, exact position of screen shall be confirmed during drilling.

81. Recommended Drilling Machine: Percussion or percussion cum rotary method of drilling rig is recommended for drilling which will perform effectively and efficiently.

2.10.2 Installation of Pumps and Electrical Facilities

82. Two pumps of 25HP capacity and another three pumps of each 15 HP are provided for lifting water from deep well to ground reservoir and from ground storage to overhead reservoir.

83. A stand by diesel generator of 160 kVA for back up is provided to operate all pumps, assuming all pumps will be operated at a time during the failure of NEA supply. A transformer is proposed at this site, whose capacity is designed to provide adequate power required for all pump operation at a time, chlorination plant, external electrification of the site and other loads at DG room.

2.10.3 Construction of Service Reservoir

84. The total storage tank requirement for the system at the end of the design period shall be about 450 m3. A 250 m3 overhead reservoir and 200 m3 ground storage reservoir have been provided to store the filtered water while there is no use of water in the distribution system. Reservoir site will be fenced by boundary wall and overhead tank will be painted with green color to cover eye sore.

2.10.4 Pipe Laying and Jointing Including Earthwork

85. The distribution system consists of pipe network designed by preparing the loop network system. The hydraulic design has been carried out accordingly. HDPE pipe of 50-225mm and GI pipe of 65-100mm, DI pipe of 250-300 mm dia have been proposed in the distribution system as per technical requirement and as suggestion of the community. The HDPE of 6-10 kg/ cm2 types are used in the design. The total estimated pipe length of the proposed distribution system is 56,019 m. The proposed minimum size of the pipe is 50 mm HDPE and the maximum size is DI 300 mm.

86. The pipeline is designed by adding 10% extra length of actual one. However, the estimated distribution pipeline length is 56,885.00m including about 7% extra length in actual one.

2.10.5 Construction of House Connections

87. The household shall connect the tap to their household by making a Tee at each 40-50m distance in distribution main to avoid frequent hole in distribution main. The service area has scattered household in some settlement and Tee may not be practical in all places. Hence, those houses shall connect the tap directly from the main distribution pipe.

88. The average 18m length of 15mm dia. medium class GI pipe has been estimated up to meter for each HH connection. The meter shall be kept near and adjoining the compound of the houses. After meter, each HH should extend the pipe themselves as they desire. The necessary fittings have been designed.

89. Three types of tap stands have been designed for the project. At the end of the design period, it is anticipated that about 90.65% of the total household shall have fully plumbed, 8.25% of the

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 20 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

total household shall be served through yard connection and remaining 1.10% of the total household shall use water from community connections. There will be total 1,821 private connections, 25 community connections and 15 institutional taps at end of design year.

2.10.6 Raw Materials to be Used

90. Sand, Gravel, river pebbles and bricks will be used as raw materials. Since the proposed project lies in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park (CNP) and the stream in the buffer zone areas are the habitat of crocodile, pythons, tortoise and many varieties of fish, therefore collection of local materials like sand, gravel and river pebbles are prohibited from project area site. The required sand, gravel and river pebbles will be used from the quarry site located at Lothar River. Other materials include cement, reinforcement steel; will be procured from the Bharatpur. DI pipe, HDPE pipe and GI Pipe will be procured in Kathmandu market. All the construction materials require for the construction work are available in above said market in required quantity. Construction materials will be stored in proposed land for reservoir.

2.11 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY

91. The following design parameters have been considered for the design of the water supply system.

System: • 24 hours operational • Pumping system (pump will be used to lift water from deep well to ground reservoir and from ground savoir to overhead tank) • Distribution system will be operated by gravity flow

Water quality: The water quality of the deep tube well has been recently tested after completion of test boring. It is found that the values of test results are within the range as compared with NDWQS standard (Annex- VII). It is envisaged that the water quality of proposed new tube well will be similar with the quality of test tube well.

Table 2.4: Consumption Pattern:

Hours Percentage of daily demand 05:00 – 07:00 20 07:00 – 12:00 35 12:00 – 17:00 15 17:00 – 19:00 20 19:00 – 05:00 10

Peak factor: 2.4

Design Period: 15 years

Table 2.5: Water Demand: SN Type of Demand Recommended Demand 1. Fully plumbed connections 100 lpcd 2. Yard connections 65 lpcd 3. Community taps 45 lpcd Non domestic demand consists of rental/ floating 4. population, institutional demand, commercial demand, fire 8% of domestic demand fighting

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 21 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

92. For the design purpose, 10% of total water demand has been considered for wastage, leakage or uncounted water use as specified in SSTWSSSP guidelines Pressure and Velocity Minimum residual head of 8-10: at all service nodes Velocity: least 0.2 m/sec Pipe materials: DI, GI & HDPE

(Source: Detailed Project Report of Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2012)

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 22 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Chapter III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 PHYSICAL RSOURCES

3.1.1 Topography

93. The service area of Meghauli town project lies in Meghauli VDC, which is situated in Chitwan district of Narayani Zone in the Central Development Region of Nepal. Geographically the project area lies in 270 39’ to 270 28’ N latitude and 83°57’ to 84°41’ E longitude. It is surrounded by Dibyanagar VDC to the North, Rapti River to the South, Sukranagar to the East and Narayani River to the West. The project area is about 28 km far from the district headquarter Bharatpur.

94. Topographically, the project area Meghauli lies in the central terai region which is flat terrain with gently slop towards south with an average 274m to 283m altitude from mean sea level (msl).

3.1.2 Geology and Soil

95. The geological features of the project area consist of boulders and coarse gravel-mixed red-soil commonly found in the highway adjoining the foothill area. In the flood plains of the Rapti and Narayani Rivers, the soil is finer and sticky either black or yellow silt. The area around the sources and the proposed reservoir site are stable without any apparent landslides.

3.1.2 Climate and Rainfall

96. The climate of Chitwan district is tropical. Average maximum and minimum temperatures (1995 to 2006) recorded in the meteorological station at Rampur (station no.0902) are 34.91oC in June and 8.08oC in January, respectively. The mean annual rainfalls are taken from station no.0902. More than 80% of the total annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from June to September (DHM 2006). The average annual rainfall during 12 years from 1995 to 2006 at Rampur Station (0902) is 2214mm (Neupane and Shrestha, 2009), which is significantly higher than 1,400 mm average precipitation of Nepal. The maximum rainfall within 24 hours is 227mm (1979) as recorded in the nearest rain gauge station at Rampur.

3.1.3 Air Quality

97. The air pollution sources in the project area includes vehicular emission, smoke emitted from biomass burning/cooking, and agricultural farming practices. There are no significant industrial activities in the area and the dust from agricultural activities is only seasonal and neutralizes naturally after some time. Therefore fugitive dust pollution due to various man-made activities is the major contributor in deteriorating air quality in the town.

3.1.4 Water Resources

3.1.1 Surface Water and Quality

98. The Rapti River – flows from east to west joined by several tributaries originated from Siwalik Hills and Narayani River in the western side are the two main perennial rivers flowing through the south of project area. The rivers meet downstream of the proposed project’s service area. Among the tributaries Lothar and Manohara are the major perennial streams flowing from north to south originated from Siwalik Hills. Rapti River and its tributaries are the main source of groundwater

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 23 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

recharge in the valley besides the vertical infiltration during the monsoon period. However, it is obvious that the stream/ river water becomes turbid during rainy season and total suspended solid will be increased more during that period rather than in dry period. The test result varies at season to season. In general, turbidity, total suspended solid and faecal coli form will exist in surface water source hence, the surface water is not suitable for the drinking purpose.

3.1.2 Ground Water and Quality

99. Chitwan Valley is very potential for ground water exploration. Southern part of the service area, flood plains of the Rapti has good potential for groundwater extraction as the rivers naturally recharge the aquifers. Ground water potential of service area has been confirmed by the findings obtained from the test conducted by Department of Irrigation, Groundwater Irrigation Division, and Shallow Water Level Fluctuation Monitoring Project in Chitwan district in association with UNDP. In total 17 STWs where drilled and pumping test was carried out in each STW to determine the geo-hydrological properties and parameters

100. The possibility of the human intrusion and water quality degradation is very less as the source is ground water and water is pumped from confined deep aquifer. The water quality of the proposed new deep tube well be tested after the completion of the boring.

3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas

101. The proposed Meghauli Water Supply & Sanitation Project located outside boundary of Chitwan National Park (CNP) and it lies under Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park. It is mandatory to take prior permission from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation to conduct any construction work within the buffer zone. However, The Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, National Park and Wildlife Conservation Department, Chitwan National Park Office has given consent letter for the implementation of proposed project are given in Annex IV.

3.2.2 Forests

102. In Chitwan District, forests have been categories into community, leasehold and private forest. There are 24 community forest, 211 leasehold forest and 201 private forests in the district. The table below shows the area occupied by these forest and number of households benefited by these forests.

Table 3.1: Types of forest SN Forest Type Area (Ha) Number of benefited Population 1 Community Forest 9,293 12,652 2 Leasehold Forest 925 1,491 2 Private Forest 142..58 303,510 (Source: District Profile of Nepal, 2007/08)

The project area is surrounded by eight community forest. They are: I. Radha Krishna Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 5 II. Hariyali Rapti Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 9 III. Sadabahar Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 5 & 9 IV. Barhadha Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 4 & 7

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 24 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

V. 3 No. Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 3 VI. 2 No. Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 2 VII. Rapti Niyantran Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 8 VIII. Malika Community Forest. Meghauli Ward No. – 8

Flora

103. The trees found in the project area consist of Sal (Shorea robusta), Karma (Adina cordifolia), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Khayer (Acacia catechu), Asna (Terminalia alata), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Satisal (Dalbergia latifolia), Bijaya Sal (Pterocarpus marsupium), Teak (Butea monosperma), Aap (Mangifera indica), Badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha), Katahar (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Tooni (Toona ciliate), Jalebi (Pithecellobium dulce), Gular (Ficus glomerta), Sisris (Albizzia mollis), Raj Briksha (Cassia fistula), Rohini (Mallotus phillippinensis) etc.

Fauna

104. The commonly found mammals, birds and reptiles in the project are as follow:

• Mammals

105. The commonly found mammals in the area are Jackal (Canis aureus), Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Hanuman langur (Presbites entellus), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Dhole (Cuon lurtra), Squirrel (Fanambulus sps), Jungle rat (Bandicota indica), Swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli), Panther (Panthera pandrus), Common mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Chittal (Axis axis) etc.

• Birds

106. Black shouldered Kite (Enalus caereleus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Great barbet (Meghalaima virens), Indian moor hen (Gallunila chloropus), Pigmy goose (Nettapus coromandeeliarnus) White breasted kingfisher (Halcyon smyntensi), Stork-billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis indicus), Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii), Purple Heron (Ardea purperea), Large golden-backed woodpecker (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), Gray tit (Parus major), Jungle babbler (Tudoides striatus), Pin tail duck (Anal acuta), Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Jungle Myna etc. are some common species of birds found in the project area.

• Reptiles

107. The common species of reptiles found in the area are green lizard (Calo tesversicolor), common monitor lizard (Vranus bengalensis), green pit viper (Trimeresrus albolabris) and water snake (Ntrix stolata)

• Aquatic Species

108. The common species of fishes found in the Rapti River are given below:

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 25 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Rawa (Cirrhinus sps.), Rohu (Labeo rohita), Andha bam (Amphipnos cuchia), Katle (Acrossochelius hexagonalepsis), Bhoti (Chauna gachura), Bam (Mastacembelus sps), Garahi (Chauna punctatus), Sahar (Tor tor) etc.

3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

i) Population and communities

109. The total population of the service area is 11,180 in 1765 households. The service area has been delineated in six wards of the settlement of Meghauli VDC. Among the six wards of VDC, ward no. 5 of Meghauli VDC hold the large number of population (32 percent) of the total population. Other remaining population are dwelling in other respected wards. The rental population of the project area is negligible in comparison with total population. The population of the service area is estimated to be increasing at the annual rate of 2.90 percent which is slightly higher than the national average growth rate (2.6%) according to national census average growth rate of Terai (2.62%) and average growth rate of Chitwan district (2.86%) during 1991- 2001A.D. Transportation, communication, fertile land, economic opportunities as well as difficult livelihood situation of the hill are pulling factors for increasing population in Meghauli area. The Table 3.2 depicts the demographic information of delineated service area.

Table 3.2: Total population of delineated project area Total popn excluding Total Female Male Average HH size Wards Rental HH No. % No. % No. 3 124 644 63.1 376 36.9 8.2 1020 4 246 1454 66.4 736 33.6 8.9 2190 5 638 1806 49.8 1819 50.2 5.7 3625 7 28 260 75.6 84 24.4 6.3 344 8 552 1529 49.6 1555 50.4 5.6 3084 9 177 441 48.1 476 51.9 5.2 917 Total 1765 6134 54.9 5046 45.1 6.3 11180 Source: Households survey 2012

Population by Sex and Family Size

110. The total households and population in the service area are 1765 and 11180 respectively. Out of total population 54.90 percent are female. The male female ratio of the beneficiary population is 1.2 .The average family size in the project area is 6.3 which are slightly higher than district figure (i.e. 5.0 based on 2008 projected). Table 3.3 shows the distribution of population by sex and family size.

Table 3.3: Distribution of population by sex and family size Total population Average Female Male Wards Total HH Permanent Population HH size No. % No. % No. % 3 124 644 63.1 376 36.9 1020 9.1 8.2 4 246 1454 66.4 736 33.6 2190 19.6 8.9 5 638 1806 49.8 1819 50.2 3625 32.4 5.7 7 28 260 75.6 84 24.4 344 3.1 6.3 8 552 1529 49.6 1555 50.4 3084 27.6 5.6 9 177 441 48.1 476 51.9 917 8.2 5.2 Total 1765 6134 54.9 5046 45.1 11180 100.0 6.3

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 26 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Source: Households survey 2012

ii) Health Facilities

111. The health facilities available in the project area are not satisfactory as there are only one government healthpost and one health center run by the private organization called Private Clinic. The infrastructure present in government health post is not enough to provide quality services to the public. However, Health service provided by Clinic Nepal is better.

iii) Educational Facilities

112. The literacy status explains here is based on household survey of the service area. The survey reveals that maximum numbers of the population i.e. 82.2 percent are literate and 17.8 percent are illiterate.

113. It is cleared that population belong to secondary level of education is reported the highest (23.5%), followed by primary education (e.g. 17.3%), IA or +2 (6.1%) as compared the population having SLC passed (e.g. 13.5%) and Bachelor degree (3.9%). Survey reveals that just literate population is reported 16.0%. Population achieved master degree of education is found only 1% of the total sampled households. The large number of population found under the illiterate category 17.8%. The education status of the service area ward-wise has been presented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Distribution of population by educational status Wards W.No.3 W.No.4 W.No.5 W.No.7 W.No.8 W.No.9 Total Age Group No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

under age 1.0 11.1 2.0 22.2 4.0 44.4 2.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.9

Illiterate 39.0 21.4 26.0 14.3 53.0 29.1 22.0 12.1 36.0 19.8 6.0 3.3 182.0 17.8

Just 19.0 11.7 13.0 8.0 60.0 36.8 20.0 12.3 33.0 20.2 18.0 11.0 163.0 16.0 literate

Primary 34.0 19.2 23.0 13.0 55.0 31.1 16.0 9.0 31.0 17.5 18.0 10.2 177.0 17.3

Secondary 47.0 19.6 24.0 10.0 69.0 28.8 20.0 8.3 53.0 22.1 27.0 11.3 240.0 23.5

SLC 18.0 13.0 17.0 12.3 32.0 23.2 16.0 11.6 40.0 29.0 15.0 10.9 138.0 13.5

IA 3.0 4.8 12.0 19.4 10.0 16.1 7.0 11.3 21.0 33.9 9.0 14.5 62.0 6.1

BA 9.0 22.5 0.0 0.0 12.0 30.0 4.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 5.0 12.5 40.0 3.9

MA 2.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 40.0 3.0 30.0 0.0 1.0 10.0 10.0 1.0

Total 172.0 16.8 117.0 11.5 299.0 29.3 110.0 10.8 224.0 21.9 99.0 9.7 1021.0 100.0

Source: Households survey 2012

114. The project area is facilitated and served by one primary (Ni.Ma.Vi) schools, six secondary schools including 4 boarding schools, 2 higher secondary, one special child care centre. Among these schools and college are located in 2 secondary boarding schools, one higher secondary

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 27 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

schools and one child care center in ward number 8, one primary one boarding secondary in ward number 3, one higher secondary school in ward number 4, one higher secondary, one boarding secondary school in ward number 5. These educational institutions teach 4390 students by 121 teachers and 22 administrative staff. Among these teacher and staff 49.42 percent are female. Wards-wise distribution of educational institutions is illustrated in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Wards-wise distribution of educational institutions Status of

Existing #

d School / Student Teacher Staff Total water source Toilet SN ar Hostel/ Types

W Total Fem Total Femal Femal Type of Liter/ Female Male Male Male Total Male Total College ale e e source day Pour Name flash 1 Munagurung 2 1 3 1 1 2 33 32 65 Tube 1000 Children care well 8 center 30 30 60 2 Paramount 7 7 14 2 3 5 179 240 419 Tube 5000 8 School 170 230 400 well 3 Shree 6 7 13 5 4 9 271 351 622 Tube 3000 Sarswoti well 8 Ma.Vi 260 340 600 4 Shree 3 4 7 4 2 6 82 131 213 Tube 1000 Rastraya Ni well 3 Ma Vi 75 125 200 5 Shree Janaki 12 14 26 7 4 11 559 678 123 Tube 7000 5 H S School 540 660 1200 7 well 6 Shree Milijuli 8 10 18 3 2 5 311 412 723 Tube 8000 8 S school 300 400 700 well 7 Namuna 5 4 9 3 2 5 98 96 194 Tube 1200 English well 5 Boarding 90 90 180 8 Shree 8 10 18 4 2 6 312 462 774 Tube 3500 Sajhapur well Higher Secondary 4 School 300 450 750 9 All Maeti 6 7 13 2 2 4 138 179 317 Tube 1500 academy well 3 Jeetpur 130 170 300 Total 57 64 121 31 22 53 88 2581 2669 Tube 1895 2495 4390 well Source: Households survey 2012

iv) Socio-economic conditions

Community Structure

115. Based on the households' survey, the socio-economic condition of the project area is satisfactory. The service area has mixed cast and ethnic compostions. Basically, in service area's dominating ethnic group are Tharu/ Chaudhary. Each cast groups have own ritual, customs, tradition, culture and nature of occupation, which are made their daily life easier and different. The Indigenous group (Janajati, Tharu, Newar, Magar, Rai, Gurung, Tamang, Kumal, Bote) are the main ethnic group of the project area represent 55 percent of the total households. Similarly the groups are Brahmin/ Chhetri 30 percent, Dalit/ Kami/ Sarki 7.8 Percent and other 7 percent.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 28 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Table 3.6: Distribution of households & population by cast/ethnic, dalit etc. groups

Wards Ethnic 3 4 5 7 8 9 Total groups No Po No Po No Po No Po No Po No Po No Po HH % p % HH % p % HH % p % HH % p % HH % p % HH % p % HH % p % Bram in/ 10 12 15 15 27 29 12 8. 20 20 13 13 10 31 30 6 38 9 48 16 92 7 27 12 64 8 42 58 Chee .3 .2 .5 .4 .6 .6 .1 68 .7 .6 .8 .5 0 1 .5 a tri Janaj 11 20 12 12 28 15 28 15 14 11 20 2. 3. 10 55 54 22 21 13 69 30 16 83 21 20 3 21 105 b ati 6 .8 .4 .3 .6 7 .1 .2 .8 3 .2 86 76 0 9 .8 26 22 28 13 13 10 7. 4 18 0 0 3 20 23 0 0 6 40 28 35 2 11 15 80 c Dalit .7 .5 .8 .3 .8 0 84 Othe 26 35 10 6. 0 0 0 0 6 40 27 38 0 0 3 20 19 6 40 25 15 71 d rs .8 .2 0 95 16 17 16 11 11 11 28 29 29 11 11 10 21 22 21 9. 9. 10 10 10 32 22 55 23 42 19 99 193 .6 2 .8 .4 7 .5 .5 9 .3 .9 0 .8 .8 4 .9 84 7 0 21 0 Source: Households survey 2012

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 29 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Family Structure 116. The population of the service area is categorized according to four major groups. Population of age below 5 years is found to be 3.7 percent which are the population of infants or children. Population belongs to age group between 6-15 years is about 20.5 percent which is also considered as a population of school children. It means more than a quarter population of the service area is dependent and they are not contributing household income. More than two-third (66.2 percent) population belongs to age group 16-60 years, which is economically active population. Population of age 60 years and above is reported only about 9.6%. The sampled survey found that nearly one-third (e.g. 33.8%) population is dependent and they are economically inactive (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7: Distribution of population by age group Wards Age Groups W.No.3 W.No.4 W.No.5 W.No.7 W.No.8 W.No.9 Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % < 5 4 10.5 5 13.2 13 34.2 3 7.9 9 23.7 4 10.5 38 3.7 6 - 9 13 20.0 6 9.2 23 35.4 11 16.9 5 7.7 7 10.8 65 6.4 10-15 24 16.7 16 11.1 43 29.9 14 9.7 29 20.1 18 12.5 144 14.1 16 - 39 84 17.8 52 11.0 128 27.1 54 11.4 110 23.3 44 9.3 472 46.2 40 - 59 38 18.6 21 10.3 60 29.4 20 9.8 46 22.5 19 9.3 204 20.0 60 + 9 9.2 17 17.3 32 32.7 8 8.2 25 25.5 7 7.1 98 9.6 Total 172 16.8 117 11.5299 29.3 110 10.8 224 21.9 99 9.7 1021 100.0 Source: Households survey 2012

Level of Income 117. Main sources of household income of the service area are agriculture, service, remittance, pension and wage labor. Among the total household 38.5 percent have monthly income is above Nrs. 15001, 5.6 Percent of household have monthly income below Nrs. 4,000, 7.5 percent household monthly income lies between Nrs. 4001-6000, 24.2 percent between Rs. 6001-10,000, 24.1 percent between Nrs. 10,001-15000. The monthly income of HHs in service area ward-wise is given in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8: Distribution of household income Monthly Wards income 3 4 5 7 8 9 Total levels (Rs.) No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Less than 4,000 3 3.0 2 2.0 52 52.5 1 1.0 32 32.3 9 9.1 99 5.6 4,001 - 6000 6 4.5 8 6.0 58 43.6 1 0.8 49 36.8 11 8.3 133 7.5 6001- 10,000 25 5.8 69 16.1 156 36.4 5 1.2 133 31.1 40 9.3 428 24.2 10,001- 15,000 29 6.8 74 17.4 157 36.9 6 1.4 124 29.1 36 8.5 426 24.1 Above 15,001 61 9.0 93 13.7 215 31.7 15 2.2 214 31.5 81 11.9 679 38.5 Grand Total 124 7.0 246 13.9 638 36.1 28 1.6 552 31.3 177 10.0 1765 100.0 Source: Households survey 2012

v) Physical or Cultural Heritage

118. The project area has no physical or cultural heritage and archaeologically important monument and object of art. However, some temples are situated in the project area and during important

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 30 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

religious occasions, people visit these temples. The popular festivals of the service area are Dashain, Tihar, Chhatha and Magi.

vi) Employment

119. The sampled survey shows that out of the total population 45.1 percent have employed and remaining 55.9 (others) percent do not have a specific income generation activities or they are largely un-employed. The occupation of the beneficiaries were analyzed on the basis of a single main activity of the household, accordingly 21.5 percent of the households have agriculture as a main occupation followed by service (8.4 percent), business (4.3 percent), wage earning or daily wage labor( 4.2 percent), remittance (6.7 percent) and producing industries ( 0 percent). Large number of households (e.g. 40 percent) reported that they have multiple source of income and have more than one occupation. Table 3.9 highlights the occupational status of the family in each project Wards.

Table 3.9: Occupational status of whole family member by wards Wards Occupation 3 4 5 7 8 9 Total No % No % No % No % No % No % No % Agriculture 54 24.7 32 14.6 48 21.9 24 11.0 41 18.7 20 9.1 219 21.5 Business 4 9.1 6 13.6 12 27.3 5 11.4 10 22.7 7 15.9 44 4.3 Service 16 18.6 7 8.1 34 39.5 6 7.0 14 16.3 9 10.5 86 8.4 Industries 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Remittance 11 16.2 5 7.4 12 17.6 12 17.6 21 30.9 7 10.3 68 6.7 Labor 3 7.0 1 2.3 20 46.5 0 0.0 17 39.5 2 4.7 43 4.2 Others (Student, Housewife, Cow 84 15.0 65 11.6 173 30.9 63 11.3 121 21.6 54 9.6 560 54.9 firm, Poultry, vegetable) Total 172 16.9 116 11.4 299 29.3 110 10.8 224 22.0 99 9.7 1020 100.0 Source: Households survey 2012

vii) Slums and Squatter Settlements

120. No slums and squatter settlements exist within project area.

3.3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH

3.3.1 Land Use

121. The project area consists of core and densely populated bazaar area and has the rural and scattered settlement area. The project core area is market area with densely constructed building side by side along both sides of the road. This is the densely populated area of the service area. The main trade and economic activities carried out from here. The Meghauli Bazaar is surrounded by the rural settlements and adjoined with the Bazaar. The rural settlement is growing up purely to the residential type of settlement and is scattered houses situated at distant from each other. These settlements are moderately habilitated which could turn into residential settlement within the project completion period.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 31 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

122. About 65% of the total land in the proposed service area is covered with cultivated land, residential area comprised about 35%, residential and commercial 0,75% followed by institutional area 0.25%.

3.3.2 Infrastructure

i) Transportation

123. The project area is situated at 28 km south from Bharatpur. It is connected to the Baiskothi of east west highway at Bharatpur. There are other gravel roads and earthen tracks linking various settlements in the service area. Most part of the service area is easily accessible by motor vehicle. Numbers of day bus services to the Kathmandu and Bharatpur are available from the project area.

124. The nearest airport is the Bharatpur airport at Bharatpur Municipality from where daily flights from Kathmandu provide their service. Besides, this there is Meghauli airport located in the project area, from where only charter flight services from Kathmandu are available.

ii) Drinking Water Supply

125. There is no piped water supply system in service area. All households have to depend on hand pump (tube-well) and dug well. There were not much difference regarding the use of drinking water source during dry and monsoon season.

3.3.3 Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage

126. There is no water logging due to sufficient cross section area of drain and out lets available. The project area lies in flat terrain with mild slope towards the south. No water logging is apparent in rainy season. There is ample space and are sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. The core part of project area has storm drains facility. This drain is working perfectly and does not need further surface drains facility in that area. Further 5,605m surface drain has been decided by WUSC in new service area.

127. The sanitation condition of the project area seems good. More than 99.10 percent HHs facilitate by private latrine. The awareness program is necessary to make mores clear and to raise the level of awareness on health and hygiene and sanitation activities such as workshop, seminar, and awareness campaign.

128. Management of the solid wastes generated in the bazaar area is another concern. But. In Meghauli quantity of solid waste generated from the individual household is not high and managed by community themselves. However, the project proposes to conduct a number of training and awareness generating programs. These software programs will help to implement 3R principal of waste management i.e. reduce, reuse, and recycle the wastes from the households. The refuse collection program has to be administered through contractors or licensed individuals as per consensus of the beneficiaries or by other satisfactory arrangements on cost/ charge basis.

129. Refuge storage bins will be designed and provided in sufficient quantities for temporary storage in the market area. Suitable training will be provided.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 32 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

130. There is no separate sewerage system in the proposed service area. But almost all households in the urban areas as well as in rural area have their own latrine connected to the septic tanks and the outlets of these toilets are not connected to the drain.

131. The environmental sanitation in the rural settlements appears to be moderate. The households' premises and the settlement in general were moderately clean. However, toilets as well as better handling of animal wastes (dung) need to be promoted in the rural parts of the project areas.

3.3.4 Electricity

132. Electrical facility is available in the project area and is connected with national grid system of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA).

3.3.5 Communications

133. All kind of communication facilities are available in the project area. Meghauli has been facilitated by telephone and mobile phone services which include GSM, CDMA and sky mobile. Majority of people living in and around project area have television in their home. Project area facilitated by different national daily news papers like Kantipur, Rising Nepal, Gorakhapatra, Rajdhani etc. There is also good facility of postal service in the district.

3.3.6 Economic Characteristics

3.3.6.1 Industries

134. There are no major types of industries in the project area. .

3.3.6.2 Agricultural development

135. The major occupation of the people of project area is agriculture as there is good potential for agriculture activity. Chitwan is famous for its paddy production. The major crops produced are paddy, wheat, maize and seasonal vegetables.

3.3.6.3 Mineral development

136. There is no mineral development activity prevalent in the area.

3.3.6.4 Tourism development

137. Since the proposed project area lies within the buffer zone of National Chitwan Park, the tourism industries are flourishing well in the project area. It is a good tourist destination for internal as well as external tourist.

3.3.6.5 Development Organisations

138. There are very few national organizations that are working in the development sector. Following are the some of the development organization currently working in the Meghauli Town for different developmental issues: • Clinic Nepal

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 33 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

• Meghauli Village Development Committee's Office • Meghauli Town Water Users & Sanitation Committee

3.3.7 Major Environmental Problems

139. Some of the major environmental problems prevalent in the project area are: • Lack of safe drinking water supply project. • Lack of landfill site for solid waste management. • During the rainy season there is major problem of river bank erosion along the alignment of the Rapti river and Narayani due to which the nearby crop land suffer severe damage to its fertility and production capability.

3.3.8 Health and Sanitation

140. As the local people are dependent on water supplied through shallow hand pumps which could be easily contaminated; water borne diseases are most common in the area.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 34 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Chapter IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS AND AUGMENTATION MEASURES 141. Environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio–economic and cultural aspect are identified and predicted based on the existing environmental condition with respect to the proposed project interventions in terms of their magnitude, duration and their extent during pre-construction, construction and operation & maintenance phases.

142. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts could be positive and beneficial as well. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of Meghauli VDC of Chitwan district. The attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying suitable mitigation measures.

143. Some of the major beneficial impacts of the project and their maximization measures are described below.

i) Employment Generation

144. As project will offer opportunities for various skilled and non-skilled work forces, it will generate direct employment opportunities to the local people of the area during construction work. The amount of money earned by the local people will directly affect the local economy thereby reducing the chances of seasonal migration of the local people. The project will provide short term direct employment benefit to majority of the construction workers and even long term employment to few workers during the operation of the project. In order to augment such benefit, priority will be given to employ local laborers as far as possible.

ii) Skill Enhancement

145. The construction of the project will not only provide direct employment opportunities but also ensure the transfer of skills and technical know-how to the local workforce. The project activities such as constructing reservoir tanks, drains, slope stabilization methods will provide transferable skills. These skills will directly benefit the local people in long term for similar activities in future. Such benefit will be augmented by making proper work plan and code of conduct during the construction period.

iii) Local Trade and Business Opportunities

146. In order to meet the food and other demands of the construction workers, there will be opportunities to establish small market, tea shops around the vicinity of project area. The demand of the local food items; beverages and other necessary items of the workshop will provide direct benefit to the supplier, farmers and retailers. These will increase the local trade and business opportunities in the area which can be augmented by providing awareness and ensuring good relation between the local people and outside work force

iv) Improved Health and Hygiene

147. Deteriorating water quality and unsanitary conditions are often the causes of water borne communicable diseases. The survey report showed that the people in the project area are mostly

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 35 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

dependent on water drawn from shallow tube wells which have high chances of contamination and have high content of iron. After the implementation of the proposed project; the health and hygiene of the local people will improve and will help to reduce the occurrence of water borne communicable diseases in the area. In order to enhance such benefit regular maintenance of the water supply and sanitation components should be done so that the project operates smoothly and the benefits are intact.

v) Increased Economic Opportunities

148. After the construction of the project, due to improved living condition, there could be increased migration towards the town from surround rural areas which will create opportunities for shops and other business activities in the area. Due to increased economic opportunities, the land value of the area could increase which will uplift the economic status of the local people. These benefits can be maximized by ensuring regular maintenance of water supply and sanitation components and by promoting land development activities in the area.

vi) Benefits to Women

149. Women and girls are mainly responsible for household activities such as fetching water and cleanliness. Improved water supply and sanitation will improve the health and hygiene of women, girls and the entire household members. The time they save from fetching water from distance location can be utilized in other economic activities. The beneficial impacts to women and girls can be enhanced by conducting health and awareness programs to the local community.

4.2 ADVERSE IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES (WATER SUPPLY)

4.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase

4.2.1.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Location and Design

150. As the project has been designed as supplying ground water system, the potential adverse impacts due to the project design have been found to be non-significant. There could be some issues related to project location and design such as encroachment of forest area and effect on agricultural land. However, no forest area is encroached and no cutting of any trees is required. Due to project activities, the land does not have to be procured for construction of major structures such as boreholes, treatment plant and OHT. Since the location and areas of the major structures have been decided in consultation with the WUSC (the required areas have been managed by WUSC), the chances of conflict due to location of the project components are minimal

4.1.2 Construction Phase

4.1.2.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Construction

Physical Environment

151. The project will have impacts on physical environment of the project site at all three stages. Considering the size of structures proposed for water supply system the impacts do not seem to be significant.

152. The major physical environmental issues identified are briefly presented below in Table 4.1.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 36 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Table 4.1: Physical environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Land use • Change in land use (water supply D Site Long L C & O structures) • Change in land use (pipelines) D Site Short L C Soil Erosion • Transmission line D Site Short L C • Distribution lines D Site Short L C Ground Water • Depletion in water table D Local Medium L O Water Quality • Water pollution due to earthwork I Local Short M C and Hydrology activities • Littering of solid waste D Local Medium M O Air Quality • Air pollution due to movement of D Local Short L C & O project vehicles • Air pollution due to dust particles • Air pollution due to operation of D Site Short L C & O Pumps & Diesel Generator D Local Short L C & O Noise and • Noise & vibration due to project D Local Short L C Vibration vehicular movement • Noise pollution due to operation of Pumps & Diesel Generator D Site Short L C & O Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts

i) Change in Land use pattern

153. Land proposed for the construction of Borehole, OHT and Ancillary buildings are on public land. Similarly, pipe lines are aligned along the public property like roads, footpath and will reinstated after the laying the same. Thus during the construction and operation phase no remarkable impact on land is expected. The change in land use pattern is temporary and expected insignificant

ii) Soil Erosion, Soil Stability and Geology

154. Since the project has been designed to supply ground water and the project activities will be carried out in plain area, chances of soil erosion, loss of top soil and landslides are not expected massively. There is no remarkable and adverse impact on geology is expected during the construction and operation phase of proposed project. While pipe laying work, the excavation work / earthworks will have direct impact and loss on top soil. If placed improperly and without any protection, it is prone to wine erosion on dry season and water erosion on wet season.

155. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trenches during laying of pipes has to be avoided. Avoid accidents related to construction work is needed.

156. Mitigation measures: Excavated soil placed safely against any kind of erosion by covering with polythins, placing soil on flat area avoiding gradient slope and away from nearby water bodies. Collect and protect the top soil in safe place for further reuse.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 37 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

iii) Ground Water and Hydrology

157. The aquifers of the area proposed for abstraction of ground water are formed of coarse sand to very coarse sand, gravel, cobbles and pebbles materials which indicate very high transmissivity value. The static water level ranges from 9 m to 17 m in different wells situated in the project area which could be due to the difference in elevation of the tube well location. The deeper wells indicate the availability of more thickness of aquifers which may increase the yield of the tube well. Considering the discharge-drawdown relationship by allowing more drawdown the discharge rate could be increased to great extent.

158. Properly constructed tube well can produce sufficient yield, without disturbing groundwater level in the proposed project area. From the above facts it is clear that there exist potential aquifer zones and for the effective exploitation of groundwater. Thus during the construction and operation phase no remarkable and adverse impact on hydrology is expected. Regular measurement of ground water table will be taken.

iv) Water Quality

159. Construction activities, leakage of pipes, intrusion of the waste water may have adverse impacts on natural water bodies. Most of the impacts are expected to be emerged during the operation construction phase like Urination and defecation in open areas nearby water course; improper use and storage of toxic waste, oil, grease and chemicals; improper management of solid waste, waste water, and sludge; surface runoff and sediments load from drains and ditches to nearby water course. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only.

160. Mitigation measures: Regular visual inspection and maintenance work will be carried out. Open urination and defecation around water course is prohibited to the labor and pit latrines will be constructed at site. Toxic waste like used oil, grease and other fuel will be treated in trap/catch pit. Solid waste and waste water will be buried in pits and decompose. Sludge will be drained out to soak pits and buried. Impermeable surface and adequate collection facilities will be maintained in site to control spillage to drain out to nearby water course and soil contamination.

v) Air Quality

161. The trucks and tractors that will be used for the transportation of construction materials. The vehicular movement for construction purposes, excavation and other construction activity may release dust and particulate matters. Crushers and other mechanical equipment will emit some quantity of dust and smoke. Increase in suspended particulate matters, increase in fugitive dust particles during construction work and increase in vehicular movement for construction purposes will have negative impacts on air quality in the project area. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only.

162. Mitigation measures: Provisions of emission testing equipment, restriction on waste littering, completely ban on open burning of solid waste, use of masks, spraying of water to control dust on excavated materials on dry season, loose stockpiles will be covered and stabilized, air quality monitoring, use of vehicle during construction work should be complying with NVMES 2069 B.S.. Water will be sprinkled at regular intervals so that the dusts settle down and regular maintenance of the equipment and vehicles will be carried out.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 38 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

v) Noise and Vibration

163. Noise induced from vehicular movement during for construction phase purposes and use of mechanical equipment may cause have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community. The proposed project does not consider blasting activities; 24-hours of works on shift and use of excessive heavy machineries and equipment are not involved. It means that the noise and vibration levels over the existing standard ones does not seem to be significant and all these effects will be temporary and will last for the construction period only.

164. Mitigation measures: Provisions of restriction on horns, maintenance of equipment, fitting of mufflers to noisy equipment, speed restriction, provision of protection gears to the workers etc.

vi) Waste / Sludge Management

165. Non toxic solid waste, sanitary waste, and waste water produce at labor camp and round the project site if not handle properly will pollute the surrounding environment, soil and water course. Mechanical waste like used oil, fuel, lubricants, acids and used batteries if not handle, store, and manage properly will impact on soil, water bodies.

166. Inadequate disposal of sludge at the reservoirs and treatment plants will cause nuisances to the surrounding areas. Since, the one only aerator has been proposed for the treatment of water, hence the quantity of Waste/ Sludge produce will not be high and will be managed by the community themselves. Trained people for safe handling, storage and transportation of toxic waste materials at specified area only.

167. Mitigation measures: Properly disposal of waste water by construction of sedimentation ponds and sand beds. Facilitate source segregation of solid waste and use composting method for non- toxic waste.

168. Construction of septic tank and soak pits for sludge management, decomposition and treatment and minimization of its volume. Sludge after treatment and dewatering can be dispose in land or water bodies, involve incineration, disposal into sewer systems, underground disposal, compositing, spreading on land, or landfill.

Biological Environment

169. The potential environmental impact of the project on local flora and fauna during construction and post construction phases will be low as the activities do not involve cutting of trees on forest area and clearing of vegetation from grazing land and fertile agricultural lands. Site clearance is required during laying of pipeline, construction of service reservoir sites and deep tube well site. However, those impacts are for short period and during the construction period only.

170. Since this project has been designed as ground water system, the, above mentioned environmental impact regarding the aqua-species is non-significant. But there are some potential impacts, which illustrated in Table 4.2.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 39 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

Table 4.2: Biological environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Vegetation • Loss of vegetation for clearance of sites D Site Short L C for structures • Loss of vegetation due to laying of pipelines D Site Short L C & O Flora & fauna • Loss of flora & fauna due to project D Site Short L C sitting & related activities Habitat • Loss of habitat due to project sitting & D Site Short L C related activities Aquatic life and • Effects to aquatic life due to wastewater D & I Site Short L C & O ecosystem discharge & project activities Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts

i) Vegetation

171. The natural vegetation and ecology of project area will be disturbed due to construction activities of different project components. The vegetation/ bushes clearance will permanent in the sites of borehole, OHT and ground storage reservoir, whereas the damaged vegetation during in pipe laying works will be recovered after a short period. The chances of cutting of forest trees are non- existent.

172. Community forests are located within the project area. However, none of the project activity, including construction of major structures and laying of pipes pass, requires clearing of trees or pass through the forest area. There is possibility of some disturbance due access of labor force to nearby forest for fodders and firewood but the chances of cutting trees by the laborers are limited as the forest is managed by the community. As the community itself owns and manages the forests, the risk of damage to the forest will be negligible/low.

173. Mitigation Measures: Restricting use of fuel wood in labor camp / LPG provision, provision of minimization of vegetation clearance

ii) Flora, Fauna and Wildlife

174. The project area being located in sparse vegetated area features low level of bio-diversity. The possible adverse impacts on local wildlife population will be minimal as the construction activity involves minimal clearance of vegetation which is the habitat of wildlife population. Similarly, the impacts on seasonal migration of mammals will be minimum and insignificant as habitat degradation and vegetation loss by this project activities does not exist. However, the use of machinery and possible hunting activities of the project laborers could cause disturbance to the local wildlife. But there is no forest area in the nearby surrounding of project site. The impact on wildlife due to construction of the project is non-significant.

175. Mitigation Measures: Provisions of minimization of vegetation clearance by pegging, restriction of fuel woods at the camps, etc. and provision of restriction on fishing activities.

iii) Habitat

176. Clearance of ground vegetation during construction may result in loss of wildlife habitat but the chances are minimal as clearing of forest and vegetation is not involved due to the project work to

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 40 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

a great extent. The population dynamics of resident and migratory birds and reptiles at the project sites may be temporarily affected during construction phase due to earthwork activities but such impacts are insignificant.

177. Mitigation Measures: Provision of minimization of vegetation clearance, Environmental awareness program

iv) Aquatic Life and Eco-System

178. Since the project has been designed to supply ground water system, the aquatic life will be hardly disturbed.

179. Mitigation Measures: Environmental awareness program will be required, excavated soil will be disposed safely and will be protected, the quality of river waters will be regularly monitored to maintain its quality, the workers will be prohibited from fishing activities as well defecation around water bodies.

Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

180. The major environmental factors associated with the human life are socio-economic, cultural, human health, land acquisition, compensation, resettlements, rehabilitation and occupational and safety hazards. Assessment of the impacts on these factors is given in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Socio-economic and cultural environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Acquisition of land and • Acquisition of agricultural land D Site Long H C & O property • Acquisition of private properties D Site Long L C

Socio-economic & • Impact on social structure & D Local Long H C & O cultural practices cultural aspects • Impact on employment D Local Short M C & O • Migration D Local ShortLong H C &O • Local economy D Local Long M C & O Quality of life values • Occupational Health and D Local Short L C Safety (OHS) I Local Long M C & O • Socio-economic values I Local Long H O • Public health I Local Short L C & O • Aesthetic values I Local Long L O • Cultural values Traffic Management • Difficulties in traffic and D Local Short M C pedestrian movement • Visual & aesthetic impacts I Local Short L C Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts

i) Land Acquisition

181. The construction of permanent structures such as boreholes, OHT and ground reservoir does not require land acquisition and will be construction in existing WUSC premises. Hence land acquisition; resettlement plan and compensation will not be issues during the project implementation.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 41 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

182. As compared to the size and nature of the project land acquisition will not be required for the execution of the project. The contractor will rent temporary land for his camp/ office through the negotiation with the owner in the approval of DSC.

ii) Impairment to Infrastructure

183. All the major structures of the proposed project like water storage and ancillary buildings will be constructed on public land. Similarly, most of the pipe lines are aligned along the public property. Necessary precaution will be adopted at time of construction for minimum impairment to infrastructure.

184. Mitigation Measures: All the damaged infrastructures will be repaired.

iii) Historical and archaeological treasures

185. The service area of the project is not a site of archaeological and historical values. Hence, there are no any impacts on archaeological and historical artifacts’.

iv) Law and Order Issue due to the Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities

186. Currently the project area is not habituated but during project implementation, the influx of large number of seasonal workers can create some law and order issues. Involvement of outside workforce may initiate conflict with the locals due to cultural and other differences. Similarly, fights, disease transmission, pollution and competition for available resources with outsiders may arise in due course.

187. Mitigation Measures: The project should take protective measures to minimize impact, cultural awareness program will be conducted. Priority will be given to local people while employing laborers for the project works. Child labor should be prohibited

v) Human Health

188. Spread of the water borne diseases and deterioration in sanitary conditions due to construction activity (unsafe working condition, accidents, transmission of communicable diseases) is of major concern in the project area, especially to the construction workers.

189. Mitigation Measures: Health and hygiene of the workforce is to be given top priority. Provide proper sanitation and hygiene, health care and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Sanitation awareness program will be conducted. Health and hygiene of the workforce will be regularly monitor and is to be given top priority.

vi) Gender Issue

190. The project will create job opportunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involved in the job. This will create a positive impact on the socio-economic environment of community and play a vital role towards gender empowerment

vii) Health and safety .

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 42 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

• Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

191. Precaution will be taken regarding major injuries that may occur at the construction site and priority will be given to the safety of the workers. The workers are exposed to dust, noise, spills, operate heavy machineries and always are in high risk to accidents during construction phase. Adequate safety equipment (Personal Protective Equipment, PPE) like hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots will be provided to the workers and all the labor force will be strictly instructed to adopt safety measures during the construction work. Adequate amount of first aid medicine will be provided in construction site.

192. Mitigation Measures: Sanitation/PPE awareness program will be conducted, provision of first aid medicine and safety equipments (hand gloves, helmets, ear plug and boots etc). Health and accident insurance will be provided by the contractor to all workers.

viii). Traffic Management

193. The project area does not experience heavy traffic movement except in the adjoining east west highway. Traffic plans will be prepared to mitigate traffic congestions and disturbances to pedestrians. Temporary disruption of the local access due to construction and excavation could affect pedestrians and other vehicles.

194. Mitigation Measures: Proper diversion signboards and prior notifications of the construction activities will be provided during the construction period.

ix) Livelihood and impact on local economy

195. Since the project will create job opportunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involved in the job. This will create a positive impact on livelihood and economy of the community.

4.1.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Impacts

196. Inadequate Operation and Maintenance of the project will create hazard in terms of safety of the personnel involved as well as in the overall output of the project. Timely monitoring and routine maintenance of the sub system will ensure smooth running of the project and avoid unnecessary obstruction and delays.

• Under sub-optimal operational condition, there will be risk of contamination of water in the distributed system which could lead to disease epidemics throughout the community. Such risk will be minimized by regular monitoring of water in the distribution to ensure that it meets the minimum National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). Training will be provided to the staff on water quality assessment and operational supervision will be ensured

• There is risk of health hazard, especially to the operating staff, due to unmanaged and improper use of chlorine. Guidelines for using chlorine will be developed and proper handling and storage of chlorine to be set up.

• There is a risk of pollution of raw water supply (deep tube well) due to the improper sanitation condition. It could be mitigated by locating the deep tube well site comparatively higher place, sealing the casing, grouting the well casing, protecting the floor by concrete platform and

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 43 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

chlorination of well according to the standards to disinfect the pipe and screen of the tube well.

4.2 DRAINAGE WORKS

197. There is no drainage system to drain out the rain water (runoff water) in service area long side except on few stretches in Meghauli bazaar area. Since, the area is situated at flat terrain with gentle slope toward south and west, no water logging exist in rainy season as there is ample space and has sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. However, a rectangular stone masonry drain with a total length of 5,605m has been designed in the area selected by WUSC

4.2.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

198. The construction of drain along the road side will take place in relatively short length. There will be no significant environment impact regarding its activities, if proper precautions are taken, however some of the anticipated environmental impacts with drain construction are as follows:

• The construction activities of drain will be carried out along the road side, chances of erosion and landslides are not expected. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trenches of drain has to be avoided. • Due to the construction activities along the road side, creates disturbance to local residents, pedestrian and local amenities are anticipated. • The vehicular movement during construction, excavation and other construction activity will release dust and particulate matters, which will be negligible. • Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community. • There is a risk of blocking of drainage especially in dry season by solid waste disposal and accumulation of silt.

199. The following mitigation measures are to be included and implemented during the construction of drainage works.

• Surplus excavated soil will be safely disposed in designated place (existing dumping site) and protect top soil for reuse. • Provide temporally safety barriers near trenches area and excavated location for lying of drain pipes. • Provide prior information about the construction work and schedule to the public and strictly follow the safety rules of constriction activities. • Exclude the public from the construction site and proper use of sign board, diversion signs etc. • Provide onsite training to workers on safety measures and use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, mask etc. • Public awareness program • Use of tarpaulin to cover loose construction materials (sand and aggregate) at the time of transportation. • Transportation of construction materials as and when required. • Provision of periodic flushing and cleaning of the drain.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 44 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSS IEE Report

4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

200. Table 4.4 provides the summary of project activities, potential environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measure

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 45 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Table 4.4: Types of impacts, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost Project Stage Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Review of None None DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC/DSC NA design/Estimate Pre- Project Activity (Project Design)

Review of specification None None DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC/DSC NA of work

Preparation for construction Physical Environment Earthwork in excavation 1. Soil erosion and soil stability • Excavated soil placed safely against Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC Included in for pipe laying and erosion with protection contractors construction works • Reuse of excavated soil properly during bidding backfilling the pipe line trench with documents proper compaction

Earthwork in excavation 2. Air Quality (Dusty Environment) • Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSSDO Included in for pipe laying and • Air pollution due to movement of • Monitoring of air quality contractors construction works project vehicles • Use of masks bidding documents • Air pollution due to dust particles • Use tarpaulin cover to the excavated • Air pollution due to operation of materials against wind erosion and Pumps & Diesel Generator pollution Earthwork in excavation 3. Noise and Vibration due to: • Restriction on unnecessary honking of "" for pipe laying and • project vehicular movement horn from the vehicles used for Contractor/ DSC Construction Phase: construction works • Noise pollution due to operation of construction purpose specially on forest Pumps & Diesel Generator and settlement area • Regularly maintenance of equipment • Mufflers fittings to noisy equipment • Speed restriction specially on forest and settlement area Biological Environment

Construction works 4. Impact on natural vegetation and • Restricting use of fuel wood in labour Contractor/ DSC NA ecology (Disturbance and loss of natural camp. vegetation and ecology) • Provision of minimization of vegetation • Construction of different component clearance on Phase Constructi of system like pipe laying, water tank, • Forestation where ever needed

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 46 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Project Stage Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) building etc

5.Loss of habitat (Clearance of • Provision of minimization of vegetation Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC NA bushes/vegetation) clearance • Loss of flora & fauna due to project • Environmental awareness program sitting & related activities • Forestation where ever needed • Loss of habitat due to project sitting & related activities • Effects to aquatic life due to wastewater discharge & project activities . 6. Impact on aquatic life • Construction work to be avoided in Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC NA rainy season. • Quality of river water to be regularly monitored. • Ban on fishing activities. • Avoid construction activities on natural water bodies located within direct \indirect impact zones to control runoff impurities to water bodies • Potential control of leakage of oil, grease & other chemicals and run – off of spoil with rain Socio Economic Environment

Construction works 7. Impairment to infrastructure • Proper precaution to be taken at the Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC Included in (Construction activities may impair some time of construction contractors of the existing community infrastructure • Any damaged to the existing bidding such as road, foot trail) infrastructure to be repaired documents 8.Cultural Practices Contractor NA (Intervention/disturbances on social structure and cultural practice) • Instruction to all workers to act in a responsible manner • Impact on social structure & cultural • Prohibition of use of alcohol, gambling

Construction Phase aspects and other unsocial activities • Impact on employment • Migration • Local economy

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 47 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Project Stage Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC 9.Employment of local people (Economic • Positive impact on the project and condition of local people increases) community

10.Occupational Health and safety • Instruction to adopt safety measures on Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC (impact on health of workers) site • First aid to be easily accessible • Occupational Health and Safety • Workers are to be insured by the (OHS) contractor. • Socio-economic values • Public health • Aesthetic values • Cultural values

11. Cultural conflict between work force • Cultural awareness of local Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC and local people communities to outside work force • Orientation to outside work force Proper sanitary condition to be Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC 12. Pollution from outside work force • maintained in the labour camp

Collection of solid waste in fixed place • with proper management

• Periodic cleaning Construction works 13. Traffic management • Prior notification of construction Contractor/WUSC NA • Traffic congestions and disturbance activities to pedestrians • Diversion signboards to be provided • Disruption of the local access

Construction works 14. Reinstatement of damaged • Proper reinstatement of the pavement Contractor/ DSC Included in community services an infrastructure works including the road and footpath contractors such as irrigation canals, road, foot trails, to original state bidding water supply line etc. documents

Construction Phase • Difficulties in traffic and pedestrian movement • Visual & aesthetic impacts

Construction of Drain

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 48 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Project Stage Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Construction Construction of drain 15. Soil erosion, silt runoff and unsettled • Excavated soil placed safely against Contractor/ DSC Included in cost Phase street surfaces erosion and protect it estimate • Reuse of excavated soil properly during backfilling with well compacted • Surplus soil to be disposed in agriculture fieldproper places. Construction of drain 16. Air, dust and noise pollution • Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSSDO Included in • Air pollution due to movement of • Monitoring of air quantity contractors project vehicle • Use of tarpaulin to cover loose bidding • Air pollution due to dust particle construction materials (sand and documents Aggregate) at the time of transportation. • Transportation of construction materials as and when required. Construction of drain 17. Disturbance and risk of accidents on • Inform the public in advance Contractor/ DSC Included in cost site to workers and public • Follow the safety rules for all estimate construction activities • Exclude the public from the construction site and use of notice board & diversion signs • Use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, face mask etc. Operation of water 18. Risk of contaminated water in the • Regular monitoring of water quality at WUSC/ DWSS NA supply system distribution system different outlets.

19. Health hazard due to unmanaged • Proper handling and storage of chlorine WUSC/ DWSS These costs are use of chlorine to be set up mentioned in the • Provide Guidelines for using chlorine contractor documents bidding documents for DLP period Operational Phase Operation of drain 20. Blockage of drain especially during • Periodic flushing and cleaning of the Contractor/ DSC Included in cost dry season by solid waste disposal and drain lines estimate accumulation of silt • Raise Public awareness

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 49 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Chapter V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS

201. The alternatives analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedure and raw materials used have been studied and analyzed. The alternatives in environmental studies can also be analyzed and compared in term of "No Action" option with the proposed "Action Option". No action option defines the scenario of present situation, which means that one has to note of what is happening without any interventions.

5.1 PROJECT LOCATION ALTERNATIVE

202. No significant environmental impact has been found with the present location of the project. The location of project components such as boreholes, reservoir and treatment plant has been decided in consultation with local people and WUSC and the area managed by WUSC. Similarly, the alignment of transmission line and distribution pipe has been fixed with minimum environmental impacts. The impacts associated with the location of project components are minimal and insignificant. Therefore, the proposed location of the project has no alternatives.

5.2 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE

203. The project has been designed to abstract ground water in deep aquifer. Rapti river located just east-south of the project area, has not been used instead of ground water, because more expensive than utilizing ground water sources.

204. The ground water will be extracted by digging deep boreholes which will be collected in ground reservoir and overhead tanks and subsequently distributed after basic treatment/disinfection. Two options for distribution involved either pumping or gravity system of flow. Since the area is a flat terrain, gravity system could not be considered feasible for main transmission and hence pumping system has been adopted. Similarly, gravity system is enough for distribution system from ground/OHT. Therefore, the proposed design of the project has no other alternatives.

5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE

205. There is no use of explosives and other danger chemicals. Appropriate technology and equipment to suit the local condition will be used. There could be some noise and disturbance in the land system during drilling of the boreholes, but those are temporary and can be minimized with careful handling and protective measures. The working procedures proposed are participatory one and the beneficiaries will be actively participating in all the phases of the project. Except from some mechanical equipment for drilling of boreholes, most of the raw materials used will be local in nature.

206. The project structures will be made inaccessible by fencing or building compound wall. Local manpower will be used as far as possible so that the local knowledge of the area is utilized and chances of conflicts are minimized. Hence, the proposed project has minimal impact against alternative technology and construction choice.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 50 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

5.4 NO ACTION OPTION

207. The No-action option alternative prevents the implementation of the project. The local people are suffering from severe shortage of water supply. The local people in the project area are quite receptive of the project and will involved in the every phase of project.

208. If the project is not implemented; the people of the project area will still have to suffer the existing water supply and sanitation problems. They will have to continue using the water drawn from shallow tube wells which have high iron content and high risk of contamination.

209. The only advantage of "No Action" alternative is that the few adverse impacts as outlined be avoided and the entire project cost will be saved. However, because most of those impacts are not significantly harmful and are site specific or local, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

5.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

210. The cost requires for operation and maintenance has been kept in contract for the first year after completion of the project. Similarly, the cost required after completion of post construction of the project has been estimated and accordingly, the water tariff has been determined.

5.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT OPTION

211. The relatively stable topographical condition, sparse vegetation covers and limited loss of arable land in the project area favors the implementation of a cost effective and environmentally sustainable water supply and sanitation scheme.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 51 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Chapter VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

212. The proposed project has been designed in a participatory approach. The local people and concerned stakeholders have been and will be involved in every phases of the project including project design, construction and operation and maintenance. Public participation provided an opportunity to interact with the beneficiaries and understand their opinion regarding the project.

6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION

213. A public notice was published in the Rajdhani Dainik, a National Daily newspaper on 2069-07-18 B.S. (3rd November, 2012) requesting comments and suggestions from all the interested parties. A copy of this public notice is included in Annex-IV. The notice was also posted in the school, health post, V.D.C. office and other local areas in the project area and the deed of public inquiry (Muchulka) was collected.

6.2 INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED

214. All the concerned authorities such as VDC was contacted and their consensus regarding project implementation was obtained. Apart from the concerned authorities, other institutions such as community organizations and other local bodies were approached to and their suggestions and opinions were collected. A focus group discussion (FGD) was held at project area with WUSC and key stakeholders and their concern regarding the project construction and implementation were listened and clarified. Another view regarding environmental effects and remedial measures were discussed.

215. The list of key people stakeholders contacted during public consultation held at WUSC’s office are presented in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Key people stakeholders contacted during public consultation SN Name of Participants Designation Address 1 Mr. Indra Bahadur K.C. WUSC Chairman Meghauli VDC 2 Ms. Sita Adhikari WUSC Vice-Chairman Meghauli VDC 3 Mr. Shivalal Bhurtel WUSC Secretary Meghauli VDC 4 Mr. Ramakanta Bhandari WUSC Treasurer Meghauli VDC 5 Mr. Chandralal Kaphle WUSC Member Meghauli VDC 6 Ms. Dolkanti Newpane WUSC Member Meghauli VDC 7 Mr. Bednidhi subedi Water Users Meghauli VDC 8 Mr. Den Prashad Lamichane Water Users Meghauli VDC 9 Mr. Kapil Paudel Water Users Meghauli VDC 10 Mr. Hari Bhandari Water Users Meghauli VDC

216. During FGD meeting, the people said that there will be positive impact on environment and vegetation growth due to extraction of water from deep boring. The local worker need to be involved during construction as far possible to preserve social cultural environmental. During

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 52 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

excavation of pipe line trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment for a short period, precaution need to be taken to reduce such impacts. The details of FGD are given in Annex-IV

6.3 COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS/ISSUES RAISED

217. No comments and suggestion were received from the institutional, organization within the given time frame, where the notice was posted. Also, no written comments and suggestion were received from public within the given time frame notified through National Daily Newspaper.

218. The summary of the focus group discussion (FGD) were as follows: • Local workers need to be involved during construction as far as possible to preserved

social culture environmental. • There is no impact on forest due to the construction work and proposed tube well is

isolated from the community, so no inverse impact on environment. • During the excavation of pipeline trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment

for short period, precaution need to be taken to reduce such impacts by sprinkling water.

• The wastage comes from concrete and masonry work will be managed properly. • The waste water comes from the individual household will be managed by each

household by constructing soak pit to improved environment.

• During pipe lying, existing road, drain and other structure will be safe as far as possible.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 53 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Chapter VII: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

219. The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concerns of the community, who are directly or indirectly affected by the project activities. The proposed project does not involve resettlement of any community and a Resettlement Plan that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication and formalized procedure to settle disputes.

220. The process requires a GRM committee to be established at the local level to assure accessibility to the affected person or stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient knowledge about the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodge with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievance at project site. The GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution needs to be provided at meeting within the week.

221. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committee need to submit it to the PMO. The PMO with assistance from Environmental Specialist and experts will resolve the grievance within 15 days. If the grievance cannot be resolved even by the PMO, it will be referred to the VDC and district DWSS. The grievance is required to be solved within 2 weeks by VDC but if it cannot be resolved even by VDC and DWSS, the case will be referred to court of law to adjudicate the matter

Fig. 7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism

Court of Law

DWSS

VDC Grievance Redress Safeguards Specialist SSWSSSP/PMO

WUSC GRM Committee

Grievance/ Redress

Affected Person

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 54 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Chapter VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

222. The SSTWSSSP will set out environmental management requirements to develop procedures that ensure all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The EMP will actually be carried out in subsequent stages of project development, operation and post operation phase of the proposed project.

8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP

223. The basic objectives of the EMP are to: • Formulate environmental management requirements to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in the approved IEE report will actually be carried out in different stages of project development and operation; • Define environmental management principles and guidelines for the pre-construction, construction, operation and post operation phases of project development; • Recommend a plan of action and a means of testing this plan to meet existing and projected environmental problems; • Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in project environmental management; • Describe mitigation measures that be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts by maximizing the positive ones; • Establish a supervision, monitoring, and reporting framework; • Ensure implementation of recommended corrective actions aimed for environmental management and its enhancement; and • Ensure that the environment of the project area and its surrounding areas is protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, the stakeholders and safeguard the interest of common people.

8.2. MITIGATION AND MONITORING

224. Environmental monitoring is required to identify the changes in the environmental quality over the time. It is also an integral part of the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Environmental monitoring generates real data and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures.

8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators

225. The project also includes performance indicators for:

Water Quantity

• Availability of at least 65 LPCD of drinking water during the summer months; • Trend in falling ground water table arrested/reversed

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 55 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Water quality

• Residual chlorine test at the service reservoir and public taps • Number of toilets using 'safe' sanitation technologies • Decline in the number of cases of parasites • Number of awareness programs organized, attendees and simple pre- and post evaluation to assess the efficiency of training

Lack of sanitation and environmental health

• Percentage/number of households with access to safe sanitation and environmental hygiene facilities • Cases of diarrhoea in children under five years of age

8.2.2 Types of Monitoring

226. Monitoring is continuous measurement of proposed actions to examine what changes have been taken place, what has gone wrong and who to improve them. Usually, monitoring takes place in three aspects:

a) Baseline Monitoring: In this monitoring, pre-project information is compared with the information obtained during the project implementation. Any changes that have occurred during the period of time will be recorded. However, most of the major baseline information of this project has already been collected and there are very few chances will change till implementation phase. Therefore, baseline monitoring will not be conducted unless any striking new scenarios in terms of physical and socio-economic conditions emerge.

b) Impact Monitoring: It is carried out to examine the occurrence of impacts identified and predicted impacts. It is necessary to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the project as the environmental impacts are predicted based on value judgment with some valid assumptions.

c) Compliance Monitoring: It is carried out to examine whether the compliance of the condition prescribed in laws and regulations have been followed in implementation of the project. It is essential to encourage and promote the proponent to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the project approval.

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during different phases of Project Implementation

227. The environmental mitigation measures proposed is implemented in different phases of the project implementation (design, pre-construction, construction, operation; post-operation phases).

228. Mitigation measures and monitoring indicators during both construction and operation stage of the water supply projects are listed below and shown in Table 8.1.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 56 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Pre-Construction Phase Review of Design/Estimate Technical Design At respective After submission DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC NA office of design report Review of specification of Technical At respective After submission DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC NA work specification office of design report regarding materials and workmanship Physical Environment Construction Phase 1. Soil erosion and soil • Excavated soil placed • Stacking of soil At construction Twice a week Contractor/WSSDO/DSC Included in stability safely. • Quantity of soil site contractors • Reuse of excavated soil remain bidding properly during backfilling documents the pipe line trench with well compacted

2. Air Quality (Dusty • Frequent sprinkling of • Dust in Air Wherever Every day Contractor/WSSDO/DSC Included in Environment) water • Deposition on earthwork is contractors • Monitoring of air quality crops and going on bidding • Use of masks vegetation documents • Delivery vehicle will be • No complaints covered from local residence. • Monitoring of evidence issued by concerned agency • (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, etc) NAAQS of Nepal

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 57 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored 3. Noise and Vibration • Restriction on • Periodic Wherever Daily during Contractor/WSSDO/DSC NA unnecessary honking of maintenance earthwork is construction horn from the vehicles record going on used for construction • No complains from purpose local residence • Regularly maintenance • (1 he Leq dB(A) of equipment WHO Standards • Mufflers fittings to noisy equipment • Speed restriction • Provisions of noise barrier placed in sensitive areas • Works to be restricted to day hour only

Biological Environment Construction Phase

4. Impact on natural • Restricting use of fuel • Smoke, coal • Labour camp • Biannually WSSDO/WUSC Nil vegetation and ecology wood in labour camp. • Cleared area • Reservoir site (Disturbance and loss of • Provision of minimization • Afforested area, natural vegetation and of vegetation clearance ecology)

5. Loss of flora & fauna • Provision of minimization • Appearance of • Reservoir site • Biannually WSSDO/WUSC Nil due to project sitting & of vegetation clearance fauna related activities • Environmental awareness program • Restricting use of fuel wood in labour camp. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Construction Phase 6. Impairment to • Proper precaution to be • Uninterrupted • Along pipeline • Daily Contractor/ WSSDO/DSC Included in infrastructure taken at the time of human movement route contractors (Construction activities construction and vehicle bidding may impair some of the • Any damaged to the movement. document. existing community existing infrastructure has

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 58 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored infrastructure such as to be repaired road, foot trail etc.) 7. Cultural Practice • Instruction to all workers • Behaviours of local • Construction • Weekly Contractor/ WSSDO/DSC Nil (Intervention/disturbance to act in a responsible people workers camp on social structure & manner • Alcohol bottle, culture practice) • Cultural awareness of quarrels local communities to outside work force • Orientation to outside work 8. Employment of local • Positive impact on the • Appearance of • Construction • Weekly Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC Nil people (Economic project and community local people site condition of local people seems to be happy increases)

9. Occupational Health and • Instruction to adopt • Use of safety • Construction • Biweekly Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC Included in safety safety measures measures viz. site contractor’s • First aid to be easily Helmet, safety belt bidding accessible etc. (PPES) document. 10. Pollution from outside • Proper sanitary condition • Sick labours • Construction • Biweekly Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC Included in work force to be maintained in the • Waste and site and contractor’s labour camp (Sanitary cleanliness of area labour camp bidding toiler, safe drinking document. water) • Collection of solid waste in fixed place • Periodic cleaning 11. Traffic management • Prior notification of • Notice boards • Construction • As needed Contractor/ WUSC Included in the • Traffic congestions and construction activities • Use of diversion site project cost disturbance to pedestrians • Diversion signboards to sign boards • Disruption of the local be provided access Construction of Drainage Work 12. Soil erosion, silt runoff • Excavated soil placed • Stacking of soil • At • Twice a week Contractor/ DSC Included in cost and unsettled street safely against erosion • Quantity of soil construction estimate surfaces • Reuse of excavated soil remain site properly during backfilling with well

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 59 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored compacted • Surplus soil to be disposed in proper places. (Arjun Khola and Existing dumping site) 13. Air, dust and noise • Frequent sprinkling of • Dust in Air • Wherever • Every day Contractor / DSC/ WSSDO Included in pollution water • earthwork is contractors • Monitoring of air quality going on bidding • Use of tarpaulin to cover documents loose construction materials (sand and Aggregate) at the time of transportation. • Transportation of construction materials as and when required.

14. Disturbance and risk of • Inform the public in • Use of safety Construction Weekly WUSC Included in accidents on site to advance measures site contract cost workers and public • Follow the safety rules • Availability of first for all construction aid medicine at activities site • Exclude the public from • Accident records the construction site and use of notice board & diversion signs • Use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, face mask etc.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 60 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Operation Phase 15. Risk of contaminated • Regular visual • Water quality • At community • Monthly WUSC/DWSS Nil water in the distribution observation & carryout parameter for tap and system maintenance work drinking water is to household • Regular water quality be tested monthly connection monitoring of water in • Regularly • Pipe line route • Daily the distribution system inspection will be • Training to the staff on done to detect any water quality leakage from pipe assessment line 16. Health hazard due to • Proper handling and • Use of safety Construction Weekly WUSC Included in cost unmanaged use of storage of chlorine to be measures And site estimate chlorine set up Training • Guidelines for using chlorine to be provided Operation of Drain 17. Blockage of drain • Periodic flushing and • Stackgent of water • Drainage site • Monthly Contractor Included in the especially during dry cleaning of the drain lines in the drain and Contract cost season by solid waste • Public awareness discharge at outfall disposal and of the drain accumulation of silt

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 61 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring

229. The EIA/ IEE Report Review Committee under MOUD have the overall responsibility and will monitor all activities from planning to construction and operational phases of the project, mainly for impact and compliance monitoring.

230. The SSTWSSSP/PMC under DWSS has a Project Management Office in Kathmandu. For base line monitoring, a committee should be formed at local level consisting of representatives from DWSO, VDC, civil societies and local user community. District Engineer of DWSO should act as member secretary of the Monitoring Committee. This committee should be assigned following duties and responsibilities.

• The committee should meet at least twice a month; • The committee should collect all complaints from the local people concerning distribution, pipeline etc and should discuss in the meeting for the final decisions. • The monitoring committee should identify the mistakes and deficiency regarding the project and should discuss in the meeting for the purpose of correction; • Any negligence regarding the water quality should be considered and take necessary action. • The committee should also supervise and issue necessary instruction.

231. Examine monitoring reports periodically and take necessary actions if required etc

8.3.3 Modality of Operation

• Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project. • Analysis of alternatives of proposed project sites. • Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate adverse impacts and enhancement of beneficial impacts. • Identification of institutional needs to implement IEE recommended mitigation/ enhancement measures. • Development of monitoring plan. • Inter-agency coordination and public/ NGO participation 8.3.4 Environmental Procedures and Institutions

232. The main institutions to be involved for environmental management of the proposed project are presented in the Table 8.3.

Table 8.2: Environmental management roles and responsibilities of different parties SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule I MOUD Monitoring of the project design, construction, and At least once in a year during operation and post operation activities against approved construction and operation and IEE and EMAP measures and National Environmental once in two years in post Standards. operation phase.

2 DWSS Monitoring of project design, construction and operation At least three times a year during activities against approved IEE and EMAP measures and construction and operation and National Environmental Standards. once in a year during post operation phase. 3 PMO, Ensure that the IEE and EMAP measures are incorporated Prior to contract award

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 62 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule SSTWSSSP in the final project design.

Acquire necessary permits and approval for project Before construction construction and operation

Ensure that the project construction, operation and post During construction, operation and operation activities are in accordance with EMAP and other post operation phase GON legislative requirements.

Monitoring and record keeping regarding environmental During construction, operation and measures and impacts, post operation phase.

Ensure public participation and involvement in all phases During construction, operation and on project implementation and post operation of the project. post operation phase.

Ensure implementation of environmental enhancement programs with involvement of local bodies and communities During construction and operation phase. 4 Consultant Incorporate environmental mitigation measures as per IEE During final design in the final design.

5 Construction Supervision and compliance monitoring of construction Daily & Operation contractor’s activities and project operation activities with Phase regard to environmental mitigation measures as per IEE Supervisor report and EMAP.

Environmental audits of construction contractors and Once in a year operator’s activities and audit reports. During construction and operation Ensure public participation and involvement in project phase. construction. 6 Construction Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during construction phase Contractor Monitoring and record keeping of environmental mitigation Regularly during construction measures implemented. phase. 7 Other Monitor that the environmental mitigation measures and Project period. Stakeholders enhancement measures are implemented in all stages of (VDC, DDC) the project.

Ensure that the public participation and Project period. involvement in the project implementation and operation phase is maximized by the project proponent

8.3.5 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures

233. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims to provide water supply and sanitation facilities to the community of Meghauli VDC. The training and awareness program in health and sanitation activities will be launched in the community. The occupational, health and safety activities, usage of water and their importance will be explained in the training program. Technical trainings need to be provided to supervision staffs for the successful operation of the water supply and sanitation system. The sufficient staffs will be mobilize to monitor the system. The local people will be employed as local staff as much as possible. The degradation site will be restored by plantation and protection of sites. Hence, the project is expected to bring a significant improvement condition and enhance the quality of life.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 63 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

8.3.6 Documentation and Reporting

234. For an effective implementation of mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan, it is necessary to have a mechanism in place to report the entire mitigation operation plus the reports on progress and status of each mitigation conducted.

235. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor should develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC.

236. The DSC then has the responsibility of ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes the mitigation measures are followed. DSC has the responsibility to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and field verify whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as decided in the EMEP or not.

237. DSC then has the responsibility to prepare and environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report of the contractor. DSC has to report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO for its review. PMO should then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC. 10 copies of the reports should be submitted to PMO every month, which should be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the DSC should then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly.

238. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP should be produced on a regular basis. The report should contain information of all the activities conducted within the given time including the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism of reporting should be conducted and based on the results of monitoring; the Environmental Management Plan should be adjusted accordingly.

8.3.7 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates

8.3.7.1 Mitigation Cost

239. In order to address the issues and mitigate the impacts on environment during implementation and post implementation and maintenance phase, the following cost is estimated. The mitigation cost for construction phase has been included in the cost estimation of the project.

Table 8.3: Mitigation Cost Estimated Cost SN Activities (Rs) Training for WUSC staff on Water Quality Testing and Chlorine 1 150,000.00 Handling and Management Provision of first aid medicine and safety equipments (hand 125,000.00 2 gloves, hard cover helmets and boots etc)

3 Environmental Awareness Campaigns 225,000.00 Orientation training on Environmental and social safe guard 4 50,000.00 practices to WUSC, Labours

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 64 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Cost for trees plantation around the boundary of Overhead 5 150,000.00 Reservoir site Total: (NRs) 700,000.00

8.3.7.2 Monitoring Cost

240. The cost required for the environmental monitoring has been provided in Table 8.2.

Table 8.4: Environmental Monitoring Cost SN Particulars Estimated Amount Remarks 1 Environmental management Specialist 100,000.00 2 Monitoring Cost (expenses for expert and 400,000.00 For 2 years supporting staff for observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases) 3 Transportation Cost 100,000.00 4 Miscellaneous 100,000.00 Sub-total 700,000.00 Contingency @ 20% 140,000.00 Total 840,000.00

8.3.7.3 Cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities

241. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in the Table 8.3 and Table 8.4. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.

Table 8.5: Cost for EMP SN Item Cost 1 Cost for Environmental Mitigation Measures 700,000.00 2 Cost for Enhancement Measures Nil Cost Other Social Support Programs and Corporate Social 3 Nil Responsibility (CRS) 4 Cost for Environmental Monitoring 840,000.00 Total Environmental Cost 1,540,000.00

8.3.7.4 Work Plan

242. Before operation, PMO/DSC, with the help of its Environmental Specialists will develop detailed work plans for implementing mitigation measure and monitoring plans based on EMP. These plans will be incorporated into the project contracts.

243. Before construction, PMO will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in construction contracts.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 65 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

Chapter IX: CONCLUSION

244. On reviewing the existing environmental conditions and the characteristics of the proposed project, it can be concluded that the proposed Meghauli Water Supply and Sanitation Project has minimal adverse impacts on the socio-economic, physical and biological aspects of the project area and the impacts can be easily mitigated. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims at providing adequate and safe drinking water to the community of Meghauli VDC. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the people, household and community hygiene practice and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health

245. The proposed water supply project do not exceed any of the prescribed thresholds by EPA, 1997 EPR, 1997 (First amendment, 1999) and other relevant Acts and Regulations. Thus, an IEE is sufficient and EIA study for the proposed project is not required.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 66 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli WSSP IEE Report

REFERENCES

1. Detailed Project Report of Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2012, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal

2. ‘’Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054’’ with amended, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu

3. ‘’Terms of References’’ of Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2012, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal

4. Neupane R. and Shrestha S.D, Hydrological assessment and Ground water reserve evaluation in north western part of Dun valley aquifers of Chitwan Inner terai, Bulletin of Department of Geology, Vol 12, 2009, TU, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2009

5. District Profile of Nepal 2007/08, Intensive Study and Reserch Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal

6. Due Deligence Report (Environment and Social Safeguards), Meghauli Town Subproject, Chitwan District, ADB, 2012

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 67

WATER SUPPLY Page 1 of 5

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Chitwan, Nepal

Sector Division: SSTWSSSP, DWSS

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project Sitting

Is the project area… Densely populated? The HHs are attached each other in main project area. The project area consist of 25 settlement and is not ⌧ densely populated.

Heavy with development activities? Only small development activities like building construction, gravelling of ⌧ road are going on. Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

• Cultural heritage site No any cultural heritage site within or ⌧ adjacent and nearby the project area. Project area lies under buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, but Chitwan Protected Area • National Park has given permission for

⌧ the implementation of proposed project. (Refer Annex IV) No wetland area within or adjacent and • Wetland nearby the project area. But bank of ⌧ Narayani and Rapti river lies within buffer zone of Chitwan National Park • Mangrove No mangrove area within or adjacent ⌧ and nearby the project area. • Estuarine NO Estuarine area within or adjacent ⌧ and nearby the project area WATER SUPPLY Page 2 of 5

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS Project area lies under buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, but Chitwan Buffer zone of protected area • National Park has given permission for

⌧ the implementation of proposed project. (Refer Annex IV) Project area lies under buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, but Chitwan Special area for protecting biodiversity • National Park has given permission for

⌧ the implementation of proposed project. (Refer Annex IV) • Bay No any bay within or adjacent and ⌧ nearby the project area. B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause… pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater Since the system is ground water discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and system, the possibility of pollution of soil erosion runoff? raw water supply in not here. Communities have their own latrine ⌧ with septic tank and the outlets from the septic tank are not connected to the drain. There are no big industries within the project area. impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and All pipes will pass through road side loss/damage to these sites? hence no any impairment of historical/cultural monuments and no ⌧ damages to these site during the implementation of project. hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground Only required water will be pumped water pumping? and collected in reservoir, hence no ⌧ hazard of land subsidence will exist. social conflicts arising from displacement of communities? ⌧ The communities will not be displaced. conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with Raw water is pumped from ground and other beneficial water uses for surface and ground the possibility of conflict with other waters? ⌧ beneficiaries is not there.

unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens The raw water quality in the area or mineral constituents)? meets the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. Only disinfection ⌧ process will be required before distribution. delivery of unsafe water to distribution system? Treated water will be supplied which ⌧ will meet NDWQS. inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to The subproject includes fencing and pollution of water supply? other protection works of water intakes to prevent pollution of water supply and will be accessible only to ⌧ authorized persons. The water will also be regularly monitored to ensure only treated water is distributed. over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and Only sustainable amount of ground ground subsidence? water will be extracted, so no ground ⌧ subsidence and salinization occurs. excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? Storage reservoirs are only for treated water. The water will be chlorinated ⌧ and the reservoirs will be covered and periodically cleaned. WATER SUPPLY Page 3 of 5

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of Only manageable amount of sludge community facilities? will be generated ⌧ inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment Water quality from existing tube well is plants? under NDWQS. Very negligible amount of sludge will be generated ⌧ and will be managed within plant compound. inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment Adequate amount of buffer zone along plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and with boundary wall and plantation has protect facilities? been designed around reservoir site. Submersible pumps and noiseless ⌧ generator will be used. The distance of nearest household from the reservoir site is 500m. impairments associated with transmission lines and Expected during pipe laying but access roads? impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Good construction practices to mitigate transmission line ⌧ impairments and has been specified in the EMP. A section wise approach will also limit impairments to traffic and business during construction. health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities Except Chlorine, other hazardous for receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine and other chemical will not be used. Trained hazardous chemicals. manpower will be used to received, ⌧ store and handling of chlorine. Chlorine injection device is used. health and safety hazards to workers from handling and Personal protective equipment will be management of chlorine used for disinfection, other provided to workers. Regular training contaminants, and biological and physical hazards during will also be conducted to ensure that project construction and operation? workers are aware of the health ⌧ hazards of chemicals. O & M manual will be developed which will specifically deal with the handling and storage of chlorine and emergency response. dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? No any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people is required for ⌧ the project. disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and The subproject will not affect children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? indigenous peoples or other vulnerable groups. It will be beneficial to women and children as water will no more be ⌧ a problem. The contractor will be encouraged to hire local workers from local labor force and child labor will be prohibited. noise and dust from construction activities? Expected during the construction works but impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Good ⌧ construction practice to mitigate noise and dust has been specified in the EMP. increased road traffic due to interference of construction Expected during the construction activities? works but impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Traffic ⌧ management plan to form part of the EMP. WATER SUPPLY Page 4 of 5

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction Good construction practice to mitigate operations? soil erosion and silt runoff from ⌧ construction operations has been specified in the EMP. delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment Regular monitoring of plant operation processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and will be carried out. Trained man power inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate will be deployed from the users monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems? committee for the operation and maintenance of the project. Beside this ⌧ one well equipped water lab will be established at the reservoir site to conduct water quality test on regular basis to comply distributed water with the NDWQS and addressed in EMP. delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive The O & M manual will include due to inadequate attention to feeding of corrosive maintenance schedules and chemicals? ⌧ monitoring program.

accidental leakage of chlorine gas? Not applicable as calcium hypochlorite will be used in the chlorination process ⌧ and chlorine gas will not be used. excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream Only required water is pumped from water users? ground water source, ⌧ competing uses of water? No such possibility exists. All the users will have their private tap and system ⌧ is continuous. increased sewage flow due to increased water supply Most of them have their own toilet with septic tank. Seepage flow will be ⌧ increased but within normal range increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking Volume of sullage and sludge will be and washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant increased but within normal range ⌧ large population influx during project construction and Priority in employment will be given to operation that causes increased burden on social local residents. Construction infrastructure and services (such as water supply and contractors will be required to provide sanitation systems)? ⌧ a worker's camp, if required, with basis facilities. social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries Priority in employment will be given to are hired? local residents and orientation will be ⌧ given to outsiders. risks to community health and safety due to the transport, Construction will not involve use of storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives and chemicals. explosives, fuel and other chemicals during operation and construction? ⌧

community safety risks due to both accidental and natural Construction areas will be clearly hazards, especially where the structural elements or demarcated and access controlled. components of the project are accessible to members of Only workers and project staff will be the affected community or where their failure could result allowed to visit operation sites. in injury to the community throughout project construction, ⌧ operation and decommissioning?

WATER SUPPLY Page 5 of 5

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help Yes No Remarks identify potential climate and disaster risks.

• Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, The proposed area is not likely to floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, subject to hazards such as tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see landslides, tropical cyclone winds, Appendix I)? storm surges, tsunami or volcanic ⌧ eruption. But hazards like earthquakes, floods and consequences of climate change may occur. Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme Since the proposed project is based events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or on ground water and project area is financial sustainability (e.g., changes in rainfall patterns rich in ground water resources disrupt reliability of water supply; sea level rise creates hence, changes in temperature, salinity intrusion into proposed water supply source)? ⌧ precipitation or extreme events patterns will not affect the lifespan, technical and financial sustainability of the proposed project. Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of Such problem will not exist in the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g. high proposed project area. incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? ⌧

Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster Such problem will not exist in vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by using water proposed project area. from a vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? ⌧

* Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

Governent of Nepal Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

Singhdurbar, Nepal

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Chitwan District Batch II (Package III) (ADB Grant-0157 (NEP)

TERMS OF REFERENCE

October 2012

Submitted by: Proponent: Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu

SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Seal Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EDC : Engineering Design Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Liter per capita per day lps : Litre per second MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Office Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organisation WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

i SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I TABLE OF CONTENTS III

CHAPTER I NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARNG THE PROJECT ...... 3 CHAPTER II BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ROJECT ...... 4

2.1 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT ...... 4 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING ...... 4 2.3 BACKGROUD AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 5 2.3 BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT ...... 10 2.3.1 Water Supply System...... 10 2.3.2 Sanitation System ...... 10 2.3.3 Solid Waste Management System ...... 10 CHAPTER III PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 11

3.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 11 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 12 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT ...... 12 CHAPTER IV POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, AND DIRECTIVES ...... 13 CHAPTER V TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 14 5.1 TIME ...... 14 5.2 ESTIMATED BUDGET ...... 14 5.3 SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 14 CHAPTER VI ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENT ...... 15

6.1 PHYSICAL IMPACTS ...... 15 6.2 BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS...... 15 6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS ...... 16 CHAPTER VII ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 17 CHAPTER VIII MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 18 CHAPTER IX MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 19

9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 19 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 19 9.3 INFORATION DISCLOSURE, PUBLC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 20 9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 21 CHAPTER X REPORT ...... 22 CHAPTER XI RELEVANT INFORMATION ...... 23

ii SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER I NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARNG THE PROJECT

The Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a ToR for an IEE is required.

This ToR is prepared to carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Chitwan District. The project proponent, STWSSSP of Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.

Name of Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent: Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np

3 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER II B ACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ROJECT

2.1 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT

The Environmental Protection Act (1996) and The Environmental Protection Rules (1997) as amended, 1998), recommend/ mandate EIA, IEE studies depending upon the nature of the water supply schemes (EPR, 1997, Rule 3 and Annex 1 and 2). The revised environmental rules published on 20th September 2007 are also used to determine the criteria required for the IEE or EIA of the project.

The proposed Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project supplies water to more than 5000 but less than 50,000 populations by extracting ground water source with pumping from one tube well with less than 25 lps discharge. The project requires IEE studies as per the GoN/ EPR provisions (revised on 20 Sept. 2007).

As per the provision of the EPR, IEE study is enough for the scheme implementation. The ToR for IEE and report shall be prepared after feasibility study prior to detail design. Hence, IEE study, as per EPR, 1997 along with revised criteria will be initiated

The project is proposed to serve a present population of 16,747 nos. The project shall be using ground water sources. The treatment capacity of the unit for new sources is 35.57 lps. Two tube well of 15.20 lps of each capacity is kept in project scope and another tube of test boring will be used. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works is not required. The following table compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING

Check on the formal requirements stipulated in the EPR 2054 (revised on 2064) results following:

For Proposed water Description supply project 1) Collection of rain- water not more than 200 hectares, and use of water Not applicable sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area. 2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 cubic ft. Safe yield and Not applicable supply of not more than 50 percent of the water during the dry season IEE Require (capacity 3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 liters per second. of processing system is 37.57 lps) 4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the total aquifer for the development of Not applicable underground water source. 5) Construction of not more than one kilometer long tunnels for carrying Not applicable water 6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons for operating a water Not applicable supply scheme. 7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on the upper reaches of Not applicable

4 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

water sources Within the limits 8) Supply of drinking water to population ranging between 5000 and (Design Population is 50000 16,747) 9) Supply of drinking water to a population ranging between 10000 and Not applicable 100000 and connection of new sources 10) Installation of more than 20 kilometers long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water and consumption of more than Not applicable one mw of electricity. 11) River training and diversion activities over an area of more than one Not applicable kilometer. Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.

2.3 BACKGROUD AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

The service area of Meghauli town project lies in Meghauli VDC, which is situated in Chitwan district of Narayani Zone in the Central Development Region of Nepal. Geographically the project area lies in 270 39’ to 270 28’ N latitude and 830 57’ to 840-41’ E longitude and ranges from 274m to 283m altitude from mean sea level (msl). It is surrounded by Dibyanagar VDC to the North, Rapti River to the South, Sukranagar to the East and Narayani River to the West. The project area is about 20 km far from the district headquarter Bharatpur. It is connected at Baaiskothi at the Mahendra Highway. The location of project area is shown in Annex- A (DRG No.-SSTWSSSP/MG/01)

The climate of Chitwan district is subtropical. Average maximum and minimum temperatures (1995 to 2006) recorded in the meteorological station at Rampur are 34.91oC in June and 8.08oC in January, respectively. The mean annual rainfall during (Station no.0902). More than 80% of the total annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from June to September (DHM 2006).

The service area of Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project covers settlemet of ward No. 1 to 9 of Meghauli VDC. The WUSC has identified and specified service area together with DSC. The major tole and villages of Meghauli VDC included in the service area of town are as follows:

Ward 1 : Andrauli, Andrauli Sukumbasi Tole, Pass Tole, laukhari and Gola Ghat Ward 2 : Jogi Tole, Laukhari, Parsa Bazar, Majuwa Tar, Sisabas and Chhabaiya Ward 3 : Salbas, Parjama, Jeetpur Bazar, Naure Chowk and Pahadi Jeetpur Ward 4 : Bhaga, Sajhapur, Darai Tole and Serua Ward 5 : Telauli Bazar, Telauli Thulo Gaon, Meghauli Gaon, Sidhdhanagar, New patiyani, gautam Nagar Ward 6 : Dadrani, Pipara, Baluwa and Jhaune Tadi Ward 7 : Bankatta, Bhagadi, Maghani Tole, Gautam nagar Tharu Gaon Ward 8 : Parsa Dhap, Dhabauli, gaucharan (Dhabauli), Janakpur, Parsa Dhap Tharu Gaon, Gau Charan Ward 9 : Dharampur and Budhdha Nagar

The present population in the proposed service area is 16,769 (including 16,747 permanent and 22 rental) in 2,947 HHs. The projected permanent population at the end of design year 2029 from this survey year 2012 (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 27,048.

5 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

The Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been formulated to supply required quantity of water to service area of Meghauli VDC’s bazaar and rural settlements which is an emerging town and rapidly being urbanized town of the Chitwan District.

The project shall comprise with two major components. The first and the most important component is water supply services which include development of new water supply project, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. The second component is sanitation services, which include public toilets, sludge drying bed for septic tank and sludge disposal is to be provided in the town through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The solid waste management activities, construction of drainage system in the town core area and provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service receivers are also included in the town project.

The first component water supply services and second component includes some length of surface drain. Moreover, conceptual design and master plan preparation of sewer and its treatment works and storm drainage system has to be explored into the community.

Since, the proposed Meghauli Water Supply & Sanitation Project lies under Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park (Annex – B).. It is mandatory to take prior permission from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation to conduct any construction work within the buffer zone. The Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, National Park and Wildlife Conservation Department, Chitwan National Park Office has given consent letter for the implementation of proposed project (Annex – C). As per EPR (1997), EIA is mandatory to launch any project in Buffer Zone. In this regards the representatives of ADB has conducted field visit of Meghauli. In their visit, they have expressed IEE is sufficient for the implementation of proposed project. Hence, PMO/SSTWSSSP has to take consent from ministry level to carry out the IEE study.

6 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

SALIENT FEATURES

1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

2. Scheme Name: Meghauli Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Chitwan

3. Service Area: The service area lies in Meghauli VDC. The settlements are:

Ward 1: Andrauli, Andrauli Sukumbasi Tole, Pass Tole, laukhari and Gola Ghat Ward 2: Jogi Tole, Laukhari, Parsa Bazar, Majuwa Tar, Sisabas and Chhabaiya Ward 3: Salbas, Parjama, Jeetpur Bazar, Naure Chowk and Pahadi Jeetpur Ward 4: Bhaga, Sajhapur, Darai Tole and Serua Ward 5: Telauli Bazar, Telauli Thulo Gaon, Meghauli Gaon, Sidhdhanagar, New patiyani, gautam Nagar Ward 6: Dadrani, Pipara, Baluwa and Jhaune Tadi Ward 7: Bankatta, Bhagadi, Maghani Tole, Gautam nagar Tharu Gaon Ward 8: Parsa Dhap, Dhabauli, gaucharan (Dhabauli), Janakpur, Parsa Dhap Tharu Gaon, Gau Charan Ward 9: Dharampur and Budhdha Nagar

4. Scheme Type: Pumping system

5. Designed Flow (lps): Alt.1: (20 hr. pumping per day from each tube well having 15.2lps): 45.60lps Alt.2: (24 hr. pumping per day from each sump well by rotation of two pumps): 37.60lps Designed flow for distribution system: 37.37 lps

6. Source Discharge Measurement

Proposed Sources Measured Discharge Safe Yield Tapped Flow lps. lps. lps.

Tube well 1 - - 15.20 Tube well 2 - - 15.20 Tube well 3 - - 15.20

7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).

8. Household No. - Survey Year: 2,947

9. Growth Rate: 2.86% per annum.

7 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

10. Permanent Population: Survey Year 2012 Base Year 2015 Design Year 2029

16,747 18,225 27,048

11. Water Demand at design year (lpd) Domestic: 2,704,755 Non-domestic demand (adopt 8 % of domestic demand, which includes demand for rental population, Institutional, Industrial/ Commercial, fire demand etc.) 216,380 Leakage and wastage (10% of total demand): 324,571 Total: 3,245,705 12. Structures required Intake Type Deep Tube Well (no) 3 Borehole plate form (no) 3 Generator house (no) 1 Transformer (no) 1 Gravel aerator (set) 1 Pipe length (m) Transmission main (m) 906 Distribution main (m) 91,087

Pipe Size Transmission Main GI/DI (mm) 100-150 150/200 Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50 – 225 50 - 225

DI (M) (mm) 250 – 300 250 - 300 Ground storage (No/ cum cap. cum) 1no of 400 cum 2nos each 400cum OH Reservoir (No/ cum capacity cum) 1no of 250 cum 1no of 250 cum Control Valve Chamber (No.) 10 10 Pipe valve box (No.) 94 94 HH fully plumb and yard connection (survey year) 2,820 2,820 Community connection (No.) 32 32 (1 community connection for each 4HH) Institutional connection 15 15 WUSC / Lab building (No.) 1 1

12. Sanitation Component: Storm drainage (m) 5,605 5,605

13. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2068-2069: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT):

332,316,923.20

8 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

Cost breakdown

GoN (50%) 166,158,461.60 TDF loan (45%) 149,542,615.40 Community up front cash contribution (5%): 16,615,846.16

Per capita cost (Nrs.)

Base year: 18,234.12 Design year: 12,286.19

14. Financial Analysis: AIFC (Nrs/m3): 36.54 AIEC (Nrs/m3): 46.80 FIRR (%): 4.46 EIRR (%): 22.75

15. Estimated monthly water tariff per HH connection (Nrs./month/tap)

Piped minimum 145.50 Fully plumbed 595.42 Yard connection 302.15 Community taps 150.83 Institutional 2,591.71

16. Estimated project cost for sanitation component agreed by WUSC (Nrs.) as per district rate 2068- 2069:

Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT):24,269,442.20 Cost breakdown

GoN (85%): Nrs. 20,714,025.87 Contribution from Local bodies/ users (15%): Nrs. 3,655,416.33

17 Overall Sanitation Component Cost after Conceptual Design as per district rate 2068-2069:

Sewer system: Nrs. 501,517,503.25 Surface Drainage: Nrs. 758,064,688.76

9 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

2.3 BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT

2.3.1 Water Supply System

There is no improved piped drinking water supply system built within the project area. The source of water supply for the population is ground water. They are fetching water through community dug well (50 to 60 ft depth) and shallow tube well of 18 ft to 26 ft depth where the aquifer tapped is easily susceptible to pollution and contamination. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps/sources. Most of these dug wells and hand pumps are installed by villagers themselves. A few of them were constructed by concerned VDC. Local NGO Clinic Nepal has implemented shallow tube well program in ward no 3 and 4. The condition of these tube wells seems good and proper sanitation protection has to be provided.

2.3.2 Sanitation System

The sanitation practice is directly related with quantity as well as quality of supplied water. This is also dependent on climatic condition, living standard, culture and awareness of the people in the health and sanitation activities. There is no sewerage system in the proposed service area.

The sanitary situation of project area is found good. Of the total population, more than 90% of households have their private latrine facilities with septic tank and these latrines are maintained properly. The common diseases caused due to water in the service area are diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery and typhoid.

There is no surface drainage and sewer facility within the project area. Though the project area is situated at flat terrain with gently slope toward south and west, no water logging in rainy season as there is ample space and has sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally..

2.3.3 Solid Waste Management System

There is not any system to manage solid waste generated in the service area. Since quantity of solid waste from the individual household is not large, it is managed by community themselves. The wastage is used for fertilizer in kitchen garden.

10 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER III

P ROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT

3.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY

The IEE approach, methodology and procedure should generally follow the provisions of the EPA & EPR and related national and sectoral guidelines. The approach /methodology to be used for conducting the IEE include review of literature, simple survey/ inspections/ observations making simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team judgment.

a. Literature review: published and unpublished readily available relevant information should be reviewed. The potential sources of information include, but not limited to; topographical maps, publications of DDC, District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agriculture Office, District Irrigation Office, District Water Supply Office, District Livestock Services Office, and NGOs. Moreover, the reports related to scheme (e.g. Feasibility Study Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) should be considered in preparing IEE report.

b. Walk-through survey: The IEE team will walk-through the service area, scheme component sites and visit the significant environmental features in the probable influence area, and make necessary measurements, inspect/ observe and discuss it with the local stakeholders.

c. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The team conduct shall consult with the local communities and other stakeholders, and organize FGD with them.

The project proponent shall adopt the methodology in following sequence of activities to accomplish the assignment.

• Complete the Rapid Assessment Checklist for each subproject. It should cover water supply, sewerage, solid waste and urban development sub-projects. • Prepare a comprehensive database on the corridor of influence on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. • Secondary data will have to be collected from published and unpublished reports, maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, etc. from different Governmental and non-governmental organisations. • Questionnaires/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data will be prepared for both the physical, biological and socio-economic assessments. • The Consultant will provide a description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photos where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment and alternatives, design standards, pre-construction activities, construction activities, post-construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services. • Information on mitigation costs associated with construction activities (during design, construction and operation and maintenance activities) should also be included.

11 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The IEE should consider the likely environmental consequences that may arise as a result of the proposed upgrading/ improvement during the construction as well as operation periods. The existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area have to be studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of NGOs and International Organization's (IOs) supported projects and researches.

The Consultant will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information:

(a) Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate and meteorology, geology, surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality

(b) Biological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious trees and sensitive habitats (including parks or reserves)

The Consultant will develop all necessary documents for field visit and collect data with the help of the survey team. It is suggested that the IEE team go to the field and work as a team and not dispersed at different times.

3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT

Socio-economic and cultural assessment of the projects shall be carried out to determine the implications (issues) in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design, construction and operation. Since preparation and actual implementation of the construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the communities in the area, these impacts have to be duly considered.

Primary data should be obtained through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with communities along the pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data should be collected from the various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, community groups etc.) through whose territory the respective pipe alignments pass.

12 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER IV

POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, AND DIRECTIVES

Since the proposed project has to comply with the national legislation besides other relevant legislations, the Consultant shall describe the pertinent regulations and standards that govern environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species etc. at international, regional, district, VDC and Ward levels.

Nepal is a signatory to many international conventions, including those concerning habitat, bio- diversity and cultural heritage protection. These issues should be considered during the IEE and their avoidance/ mitigation measures should be identified.

The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following GoN Acts, Regulations and Guidelines:

Law • The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.)

Policies • Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.) • Three year Interim Plan 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) • Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) • ADB’s ‘’Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)’’ 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

Acts and Regulations • Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1978 A.D.) • Solid Waste Management and Resources Mobilization Acts 2044 B.S. (1987 A.D.) • Solid Waste (Management and Resources Mobilization) Rules, 2047 B.S. (1990 A.D.) • Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Water Tax Act 2023 B.S. (1966 A.D.) • Water Resources Regulations 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.) • Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Forest Regulations, 2050 B.S. (1993A.D.) • Environment Protection Act, 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) • Environment Protection Regulations, 2054 B.S. (1997 A.D.) • Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) • Local Self Governance Regulation 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.) • Drinking Water Regulation 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.) • Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.) • Town Development Act 2045 B.S. (1988 A.D.)

Standard and Guidelines • National EIA Guidelines, 2050 (1993) 13 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

• National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S. ( 2005 A.D.) • Water Resources Strategy 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

C HAPTER V T IME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED

5.1 TIME

After the approval of the ToR, it is expected that the approximate time needed to complete the final IEE report will be 6 weeks as follows:

ACTIVITY DURATION

1. Desk-top study 1 week

2. Field study 2 weeks

3. Data compilation 1 week

4. Draft IEE Report 1 week

5. Final IEE Report 1 week

5.2 ESTIMATED BUDGET

A budget of approximately Rs. 300,000.00 will be required to complete the IEE for the Project.

5.3 SPECIALISTS REQUIRED

The IEE study requires a multidisciplinary team of specialists/experts for the bio-physical and socio- economic and cultural assessments. The following team is proposed:

• Environmental Specialist • Geologist • Botanist/Forester • Sociologist • Water Supply and Sanitary Engineer

Three to four enumerators will also be required to help the team. The IEE team will also benefit from the inputs provided by the design team.

14 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER VI A NTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENT

The impacts shall be identified mainly for the two activities i.e. project construction and post construction (O&M) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic resources. A distinction will have to be made between potentially significant positive & adverse impacts, direct & indirect impacts. The impacts shall be characterized as i) low, high & medium in terms of magnitude, ii) long term, short term & medium term in terms of duration and iii) site specific, local & regional/national in terms of extent. As a part of the study, enhancement of the positive impacts shall also be carried out. The potential physical, biological and socio-economic impacts should be considered as follows:

6.1 PHYSICAL IMPACTS

a. Land: The study shall consider the possible changes in the land use pattern of the area in relation to landslide, erosion, and environmental aesthetics degradation. Moreover, the study shall also consider compensation for the acquired land if any.

b. Water: The study shall consider the possibility of negative impacts on surface water, ground water, wastewater problems and obstruction to natural drainage. Apart from this, the study shall also focus on the source dispute and water use conflicts if any.

c. Air & Noise: The potential deterioration in ambient air quality and noise & vibration disturbance during the construction and operation phases shall be considered to recommend the mitigation measures.

d. Soil & Geology: The IEE study should consider the degradation in the soils and geological status of the project area due to the project and its associated activities. The consequences of the erosion and landslides due to the project shall also be studied.

e. Hydrology: The IEE study shall cover changes in river hydrology as a result of project implementation along with the consequences (adverse or positive) resulted from the project. In addition, the effects on ground water table will be studied in accordance with the requirements.

f. Others: The study also consider other applicable parameters, such as: quarry site impact, spoil disposal impact, waste materials disposal impact etc., identified during the study. In addition to this, cumulative impacts shall also be considered during the identification of the impacts of the project on the natural settings of the environment.

6.2 BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS

a. Flora (Forest & Terrestrial Vegetation): The study shall consider the possible changes in forest cover/forest clearance, extinction of rare and endangered species of floral species, timber exploitation, firewood extraction etc. due to the project activities in order to assess the losses to the vegetation and to suggest suitable mitigation measures.

b. Wildlife and Terrestrial Fauna: The study also consider the change in the terrestrial wildlife, avi-fauna and aquatic life including fish, extinction of rare and endangered species, loss of habitat, sensitive habitat, migratory routes, construction disturbances, hunting and poaching by

15 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

workforce, destruction of spawning and rearing of ground of fish, impact on fishermen etc. due to the project.

c. Others: Other applicable parameters, if any, such as permanent disturbances to the vegetation coverage, local wildlife, fish migration, fish entrainment, and riparian release etc. identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report along with their cumulative effects on the environment.

6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS

The socio-economic and cultural impacts can be wide ranging in their nature. So the study shall incorporate the factors like; livelihood, infrastructure & access, cultural sites, sanitation & wastes, occupational health and safety impact, land acquisition and compensation impact, Impact on women and vulnerable, impact on local economy, migration problem, resettlement & rehabilitation problems, slum creation hazard, impact on education, law and order problem, generation of employment, impacts due to influx of workers and resulting cultural differences hazards.

16 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER VII A NALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT

The alternative analysis of the project shall be conducted during the study to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts. Alternative measures to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives will have to be described in following aspects:

• Project Location (setting) • Design • Technology choice • Construction techniques • Operation and Maintenance.

Alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements should be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative should be quantified (wherever possible); incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures. The no project option is always open.

17 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER VIII M ITIGATION MEASURES

The mitigation measures for adverse potential impacts due to location, design, construction and post-construction will have to be proposed during the preparation of IEE report for all the perceived impacts to minimize the environmental impacts of project implementation after the prediction of extent, magnitude and duration of the impacts. Mitigation measures will have to be incorporated from the planning stage onwards. In general the following area shall be covered while preparing mitigation measures:

a. Project Design phase

b. Project construction phase

c. Project operation and maintenance phase

Concerned agencies like STWSSSP, DWSS, WUSC and local agencies, Local administration, police office shall be consulted during the implementation of mitigation measures. The proponent is required to prepare Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and these measures should be outlined in the EMP in order to implement the proposed measures during the project implementation.

18 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER IX M ATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT

9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The project proponent has to develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to systematically manage all the perceived environmental impacts of the project. It shall be therefore based on the mitigation measures for the project induced impacts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor’s work during project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following completion of the works, and compares these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal. The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and for planning of other projects.

The EMP shall include the responsibilities of different stakeholders based on preliminary plans and schedules. This program shall include measures required during the project design, construction and operational phases and shall include recommendations on allocation of components of the EMP to the various parties involved. Feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts should be recommended in an Environmental Management Plan. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures will have to be detailed. The EMP will include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements and other support services to implement the mitigating measures.

9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

The project will develop Environmental Monitoring Program for the pre-construction, construction and post construction activities of the project. The program will evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations and the (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.

The environmental monitoring of the project includes field supervision and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with the EMP. A monitoring system will be developed involving i) front line monitoring ii) monitoring by the government line agencies or independent monitors and iii) auditing through the involvement of government agencies, donor agencies and independent auditors.

The EDC will prepare progress reports on EMP implementation and submits to relevant agencies on regular basis. The Division Office will oversee the environmental monitoring activities undertaken by EDC.

The construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigating measures will mainly consider the following impacts due to:

1. Construction Phase: Soil erosion, sedimentation and slope stabilization; spoil-tip protection and management; stock taking of species of urban vegetation during vegetation clearance 19 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

along pipeline alignments and re-plantation; change in hydrology and morphology of streams and rivers; water, air and noise (vibration) pollution; solid waste; land intake and compensation; reinstatement of damaged structures and services; crime and community stress; health, safety and sanitation of the work force and camps; archaeological and cultural sites and chance finds; and traffic management.

2. Operation Phase: Discharge of industrial wastes to wastewater treatment systems; wastewater treatment operations; sludge disposal; quality of drinking water supplies; pipe flushing and wastewater release to receiving waters.

9.3 INFORATION DISCLOSURE, PUBLC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

Public consultation is the process of exchanging information with those persons and organisations with a legitimate interest in a project and/or who are likely to be affected by the project (stakeholders). It is a two-way process that informs and involves the community in developing a project, and informs the proponent about issues and concerns, which can then be addressed in project design. Information disclosure involves stakeholders in monitoring the development and implementation of a project and fosters openness in decision-making by presenting documents and other project materials for public scrutiny.

The consultation and disclosure involves consultation with stakeholders at an early stage of project preparation, and throughout project implementation. As a minimum, stakeholders will be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the project and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE report is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.

Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely.

Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people.

Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc., to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.

20 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

The Grievance Redress Mechanism as proposed in the Resettlement Plan is also relevant here. The Division Office will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The Division Office shall ask the Environment Specialist of the EDC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.

The affected person / community will submit grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO). The WSSDO will try to solve the grievance at the project level. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Director General (DG)’s Office at Kathmandu.

21 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER X REPORT

The IEE report shall be prepared as per this ToR. The IEE report, whenever applicable, shall contain maps, graphs, photographs, tables and matrix. The format of report will be in accordance with be in accordance with Schedule 5 of EPR. However, the IEE report should include the following:

1. Executive summary (in English and Nepali) 2. Table of contents 3. List of tables 4. List of figures/photographs 5. Appendices 6. List of Abbreviations 7. Acknowledgement 8. Introduction 9. Name and address of the institution preparing the report o Summary of the proposed and objective and relevancy 10. Description of project 11. Description of the environment 12. Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures (construction and operation stage) 13. Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations 14. Matters to be monitored while implementing the project: o Information disclosure, consultation, and participation o Grievance and redress mechanism o Environmental management and monitoring plan 15. Other necessary matters: Review of policies, laws, rules, directives and guidelines 16. Findings and recommendations 17. References 18. Annexes

22 SSTWSSSP: Meghauli Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE

C HAPTER XI R ELEVANT INFORMATION

The project will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the proposed alignment and its corridor of influence, including the following information:

• General socio-economic conditions, • Population and demography, • Land use pattern of the project area, • Planned development activities, • Community structure, • Government services, • Employment, • Distribution of income and source of livelihood, • Goods and services produced, • Water supply, • Public health, • Education, • Extension services, • Religious, cultural sites and heritage, • Tribal people, • Customs, • Aspirations and attitudes, • Expected water users and those benefiting from it, • Different needs and demands of VDCs, • Social infrastructures including industries and commercial establishments, • Occupational health and safety (OHS), • Resettlement and rehabilitation and • The present Quality of Life (QoL) etc.

23

Annex – A PROJECT LOCATION MAP

Annex –B BUFFER ZONE MAP

Annex –C

CONSENT LETTER OF MINISTRY OF FOREST AND SOIL CONSERVATION

Office of Chitwan National Park

v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( Note: The driving cycle adopted by the vehicle manufacturing countries in accordance with the principles of EURO III driving cycle will be g]kfn / fh kq accepted.

g]kfn ; / s f/åf/f k|sflz t ! =@ bf]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — s fa{g df]gf]cS; fO8 lgis fz g b]xfo adf]lh d v 08 ^@_ s f7df8f}+ c ; f]h @( ut ], @) ^( ; fn ; +Vof @( x'g]5 M –

e fu % Limit values with catalytic converter  At idle speed =0.3% by volume Carbon Monoxide j ft fj / 0f, lj 1 fg t y f k|lj lw d Gqfn os f] ; "rgf  At increased idle speed(>2000 rpm) =0.2% by volume; and λ=1±0.03 g]kfn ; /s f/n] j ft fj /0f ; +/If0f lgodfj nL, @)%$ s f] lgod ! % n] lbPs f] c lws f/ k|of]u u/L g]kfndf c foft x'g] 6«ofS6/, kfj / 6«Ln/, ! =# t ]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz gs f] 8f]h/, qm]g, /f]n/, P:s fe]6/ afx]ss f ; j f/L ; fwgs f ; DaGwdf b]xfo h fFr M s 'g} k lg qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz g j f adf]lh d g]kfn ; j f/ L k|b"if0f dfkb08, @)^( t f]s]sf] 5 . p T; h {g x'g' x'Fb}g .

g]kfn ; j f/ L k|b"if0f d fkb08 , @) ^( ! =$ r f}yf] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — j fliks lgis fz gs f] lgwf{/0f M j fliks lgis fz gs f] d fqf k|lt k/ LIf0f @ u|fd e Gbf s d x'g' kg]{5 . (Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard, 2069) ! =% kfr f}+ k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — k|b"if0f lgoGq0f p ks / 0fx?s f] l6s fp kgf M of] -s _ k]6«f]naf6 r Ng] ; j f/ L ; fwgx? (Positive Ignition Engines) s f] k/LIf0fn] ; 8s cyj f Rofl; ; 8fOgfdf]ld6/df r nfpFbf * ) ,) ) ) k|sf/ c g'df]bg (Type Approval) / p Tkfbgs f] t fbfTDot f (Conformity ls nf]ld6/; Dd l6Sg ; Sg] j f % j if{; Dd l6Sg] dWo] h 'g klxn f c fpF5, of Production) s f] c lws t d ; Ldfx? To:t f] k/LIf0fnfO{ h gfpF5 / o; s f] j }slNks k/ LIf0f u/ L k|fKt u/ ]sf] Deterioration Factor n fO{ d fGot f lbg] ; DaGwL Joj : y f JofVofTds != 5 j 6f; Dd l; 6 t yf s 'n j hg @=% 6g eGbf s d ePs f ; j f/L l6Kk0fLsf] k|s/ 0f % df p Nn]v u/ ] ad f]lh d x'g]5 . ; fwgx? -ofq'j fxs s f/x?_ s f] nflu M

! =! klxn f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — Verifying exhaust emissions b]xfo ad f]lh d ! =^ 5 }7f}+ k|sf/ s f] kl/ I f0f — "Low temperature test" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5 M – x'g]5 M – Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer Type of vehicle Mass of Carbon Mass of Hydrocarbon monoxide (CO) (HC)

Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer M1 and N1 C1 I < or = 2.5 T 15 1.8 GVW and or < or = 6 seats Mass of Carbon Mass of Hydrocarbon Mass of Nitrogen Type of vehicle monoxide (CO) (HC) Oxide (NOx) t / ef}uf]ln s lj ifdt fs f] s f/ 0fn] pNn]lv t k/LIf0f gx'g]

Passenger Cars 2.3 0.2 0.15 b]zdf pTkflbt ; j f/L ; fwgs f] xs df of] k/LIf0f nfu" x'g] 5}g .

- ( _ - ! ) _ v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( @= xn's f / s 'n j h g @=% 6geGbf j 9L ePs f Jofkfl/s ; j f/L ; fwgx?s f] To:t f] k/ LIf0fn fO{ h gfp F5 / o; s f] j }slNks k/ LIf0f u/ L k|fKt u/ ]sf] n flu M Deterioration Factor n fO{ d fGot f lbg] ; DaGwL Joj : y f JofVofTds

@=! klxnf] k|sf/s f] k/LIf0f – "Verifying exhaust emissions" b]xfo l6Kk0fLsf] k|s/ 0f % df p Nn]v u/ ] ad f]lh d x'g]5 . ad f]lh d x'g]5 M – @=^ 5 }7f}+ k|sf/ s f] kl/ I f0f Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer "Low temperature test" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5 M –

Mass of Carbon Mass of Mass of Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer Type of vehicle monoxide (CO) Hydrocarbon Nitrogen Oxide Type of vehicle Mass of Carbon Mass of Hydrocarbon (HC) (NOx) monoxide(CO) (HC) LCV (RM = or <1305 Kg) 2.3 0.20 0.15 N1 C1 II, M1> 6 Seats 24 2.7 LCV (1305>RM< or =1760 Kg) 4.17 0.25 0.18 2.5 T 1760 Kg) 5.22 0.29 0.21 N1 C1 IIIGVW < or = 3.5 T 30 3.2 Note:  The driving cycle adopted by the vehicle manufacturing countries in accordance with the principles of EURO III driving cycle will be accepted. t / ef}uf]lns lj ifdt fs f] s f/0fn] pNn]lv t k/LIf0f gx'g] b]zdf

 RM signifies reference mass that represents unloaded vehicles with no pTkflbt ; j f/L ; fwgs f] xs df of] k/LIf0f nfu" x'g] 5}g . driver and passengers but having full tank fuel with tools and spare tire adding another extra 100 Kg weight or relative weight. #= k]6«f]naf6 r Ng] b'O{ kfFu|] t y f t Lg kfFu|] ; j f/ L ; fwgx?s f n flu M

@=@ bf]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — "Carbon Monoxide Emission" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5 M – #=! klxn f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — "Verifying exhaust emissions" b]xfo ad f]lh d Limit values with catalytic converter x'g]5 M – At idle speed =0.3% by volume Carbon Monoxide   At increased idle speed(>2000 rpm) =0.2% by volume; and λ=1±0.03 For two wheelers Class Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer @=#= t ]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz gs f] Mass of Mass of Mass of Carbon Hydrocarbon Nitrogen h fFr M s 'g} klg qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz g j f monoxide (CO) (HC) Oxide p T; h {g x'g' x'Fb}g . (NOx) Class I (displacement 2.0 0.8 0.15 <150cc) @=$ r f}yf] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — j fliks lgis fz gs f] lgwf{/0f M j fliks lgis fz gs f] Class II (displacement 2.0 0.3 0.15 d fqf k|lt k/ LIf0f @ u|fd e Gbf s d x'g' kg]{5 . > or =150cc)

@=% kfFrf} k|sf/s f] k/LIf0f – k|b'if0f lgoGq0f pks / 0fx?s f] l6s fpkgf M of] k/LIf0fn] ; 8s c yj f Rofl; ; 8fOgfdf]dl6/df r nfpFbf * ) ,) ) ) ls n f]ld 6/ ; Dd l6Sg ; Sg] j f % j if{; Dd l6Sg] dWo] h 'g klxn f c fpF5,

- ! ! _ - ! @ _ v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( Alternatively, in case of combined mass of Hydrocarbon (HC) and Nitrogen Oxide Deterioration Factor n fO{ d fGot f lbg] ; DaGwL Joj : y f JofVofTds (HC+NOx) limit, the following limit values shall be accepted. l6Kk0fLsf] k|s/ 0f % df p Nn]v u/ ] ad f]lh d x'g]5 . Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer Type of vehicle Mass of Carbon Combined Mass of hydro t / o'/f] # ; dfg:t /s f dfkb08 nfu" eP t fklg pNn]lv t #=! monoxide (CO) carbons and Nitrogen Oxides (HC + NOx) b]lv #=% ; Dds f ; a} k/ LIf0f n fu" gx'g] b]zd f p Tkfbg e } c foft x'g] Two Wheelers 1.00 1.00 ; j f/L ; fwgs f] xs df h'g h'g k/LIf0f nfu" ePs f 5g\ t t \tt \ (Gasoline) k/ LIf0f dfq n fu" x'g]5 . For three wheelers Class Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer -v _ l8h ]naf6 r Ng] ; j f/ L ; fwgx? Mass of Mass of Hydrocarbon Mass of Nitrogen (Compression Ignition Engines) Carbon (HC) Oxide (NOx) s f] k|sf/ c g'df]bg (Type Approval) / pTkfbgs f] t fbfTDot f monoxide (CO) Gasoline only 1.0 0.15 0.65 (Conformity of Production) s f] c lws t d ; Ldfx?

Note: The driving cycle adopted by the vehicle manufacturing countries in accordance with the principles of EURO III driving cycle will be accepted. != 5 l; 6; Dd / s 'n j hg @=% 6g eGbf s d ePs f ofq'j fxs s f/x?s f

#=@ bf]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — lg is fd u lt (Idling speed) d f s fa{g d f]gf]S; fO8 n flu M lg is fz g M klxn f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0fs f] n flu pko'Qm kl/ l:ylt d f OlGhg !=! klxnf] k|sf/sf] k/LIf0f — "Verifying exhaust emissions" b]xfo lgis fd ult d f / xFbf lg: s ]sf] w'j fFhGo UofF;d f s fa{g d f]gf]cS; fO8s f] ad f]lh d x'g]5 M – kl/df0f c fot gs f] c fwf/df (by volume) #=% Ü g f£g' x'b}g . Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer Type of Carbon Hydrocarbon Nitrogen PM #=# t ]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz gs f] vehicle monoxide (HC) and Oxide (CO) Nitrogen Oxide NOx h fFr M s 'g} klg qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz g j f (HC+NOx) p T; h {g x'g' x'Fb}g . Passenger Car 0.64 0.56 0.50 0.05 Note: The driving cycle adopted by the vehicle manufacturing countries in accordance #=$ r f}yf] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — j fliks lgis fz gs f] lgwf{/0f M j fliks lgis fz gs f] with the principles of EURO III driving cycle will be accepted. d fqf k|lt k/ LIf0f @ u|fd e Gbf s d x'g' kg]{5 . ! =@ bf]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f—"Smoke Opacity Test" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5 M–

#=% kfFrf} k|sf/s f] k/LIf0f – k|b"if0f lgoGq0f p ks / 0fx?s f] l6s fp kgf M Smoke F ree acceleration from idling to cut offspeed. ; 8s cyj f Rofl; ; 8fOgfdf]dl6/df r nfpFbf #) ,) ) ) ls nf]ld6/ Opacity Test  If Naturally aspirated : < or = 2.5 per meter If turbo charged: < or = 3.0 per meter ; Dd l6Sg ; Sg] j f kfFr j if{; Dd l6Sg] d Wo] h 'g klxn f c fp +F5, To:t f]  k/LIf0fnfO{ hgfpF5 / o; s f] j }slNks k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt u/]sf] ! =# t ]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz gs f] h fFr M s 'g} klg qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz g j f p T; h {g x'g' x'Fb}g .

- ! # _ - ! $ _ v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@(

!=$ r f}yf] k|sf/sf] k/LIf0f — j fliks lgis fz gs f] lgwf{/0f M j fliks @=@ bf]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — "Smoke Opacity Test" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5M– lgis fz gs f] dfqf k|lt k/ LIf0f @ u|fd eGbf s d x'g' kg]{5 . Smoke Opacity Free acceleration from idling to cut off speed: Test for diesel  If Naturally aspirated : < or = 2.5 per meter vehicle  If turbo charged : < or = 3.0 per meter !=% kfFrf} k|sf/s f] k/LIf0f – k|b"if0f lgoGq0f p ks / 0fx?s f] l6s fp kgf M of] k/LIf0fn] ; 8s c yj f Rofl; ; 8fOgfdf]ld6/df r nfpFbf * ) ,) ) ) @=# t ]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz gs f] h fFr M s 'g} klg qmf+ss ]; UofF;x?s f] lgis fz g j f ls nf]ld6/; Dd l6Sg ; Sg] j f kfFr j if{; Dd l6Sg] dWo] h'g klxnf (Crankcase) p T; h {g x'g' x'Fb}g . c fp +F5, To: t f] k/ LIf0fn fO{ h gfp F5 / o; s f] j }slNks k/ LIf0f u/ L k|fKt @=$ r f}yf] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f – j fliks lgis fz gs f] lgwf{/0fM j fliks lgis fz gs f] u / ]sf] Deterioration Factor n fO{ d fGot f lbg] ; DaGwL Joj : y f JofVofTds d fqf k|lt k/ LIf0f @ u|fd e Gbf s d x'g' kg]{5 . l6Kk0fLsf] k|s/ 0f % df p Nn]v u/ ] ad f]lh d x'g]5 . @=% kfFrf} k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f – k|b"if0f lgoGq0f p ks / 0fx?s f] l6s fp kgf M of] k/LIf0fn] ; 8s cyj f Rofl; ; 8fOgfdf]ld6/df r nfpFbf * ) ,) ) ) t / o'/f] # ; dfg:t /s f dfkb08 nfu" eP t fklg pNn]lv t ls nf]ld6/; Dd l6Sg ; Sg] j f kfFr j if{; Dd l6Sg] dWo] h 'g klxnf ! =! b]lv ! =% ; Dds f ; a} kl/ I f0f n fu" gx'g] b]zdf pTkfbg e} c foft c fp+F5, To:t f] k/ LIf0fn fO{ h gfpF5 / o; s f] j }slNks k/ LIf0f u/ L x'g] ; j f/L ; fwgs f] xs df h'g h'g k/LIf0f nfu" ePs f 5g\ t t \tt \ k |fKt u / ]sf] Deterioration Factor n fO{ d fGot f lbg] ; DaGwL Joj : y f k/ LIf0f dfq n fu" x'g]5 . JofVofTds l6Kk0fLsf] k|s/ 0f % d f p Nn]v u/ ] ad f]lh d x'g]5 . @= s 'n t f}n @=% 6g eGbf j 9Lsf] xn's f Jofkfl/s ; j f/L ; fwgs f nflu M t / o'/f] # ; dfg:t /s f dfkb08 nfu" eP t fklg pNn]lv t @=! b]lv @=% ; Dds f ; a} kl/If0f nfu" gx'g] b]zdf pTkfbg e} @=! klxn f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f — "Verifying exhaust emissions" b]xfo c foft x'g] ; j f/L ; fwgs f] xs df h'g h'g k/LIf0f nfu" ePs f 5g\ ad f]lh d x'g]5 M – t t \t t \ k/LIf0f dfq nfu" x'g]5 . Limit Values, Grams per Kilometer Type of vehicle Mass of Combined Mass Mass of Mass of #= s 'n t f}n #=% 6g eGbf j 9Lsf] ef/L ; j f/L ; fwgs f nflu M Carbon of Hydrocarbon Nitroge Particulate monoxide (HC) and n Oxide Matters #=! klxnf] k|sf/s f] k/LIf0f - "Verifying exhaust emissions after a (CO) Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) (PM) cold start" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5 M – (HC+NOx) LCV (RM= or <1305 Kg) 0.64 0.56 0.50 0.05 Limit Values, Grams per Kilowatt hour per LCV (1305>RM< or = 1760 Kg) 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.07 LCV (RM>1760 Kg) 0.95 0.86 0.78 0.10 meter Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of Note: Carbon Hydrocarbon Nitrogen Oxide Particulate Smoke monoxide(CO) (HC) (NOx) Matters (PM)  The driving cycle adopted by the vehicle manufacturing countries in accordance with the principles of EURO III driving cycle will be accepted. 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10/0.13** 0.80 RM signifies reference mass that represents unloaded vehicles with no driver  Note: The driving cycle adopted by the vehicle manufacturing countries in accordance and passengers but having full tank fuel with tools and spare tire adding with the principles of EURO III driving cycle will be accepted. another extra 100 Kg weight or relative weight. **If the volume swept by the engine is lesser than 0.75 liter per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3,000 RPM, then the maximum m PM emission level is 0.13g/khz.

- ! % _ - ! ^ _ v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@(

#=@bf]; |f] k|sf/ s f k/ LIf0f — "Smoke Opacity Test" b]xfo ad f]lh d x'g]5M– nflu dfq c fj Zos dflgG5 . c d]l/s L lgod c g'; f/ ; j f/L ; fwgx?n] o:t f k|b"if0f dfkb08x? lgdf{0f :k]l; lkms]; g c g'; f/ dd{t ; Def/ ul/ Smoke opacity Free acceleration from idling to cut off speed test for diesel  If Naturally aspirated: < or = 2.5 per meter Ps f] c j :yfdf lt gLx?s f] ; ~r fn g c j lwe/ kfng ug'{ kb{5 . k|df0fLs/ vehicle If turbo charged: < or = 3.0 per meter  0f j f k|sf/ c g'df]bgn] ; d"xut pTkfbg (mass production) x'g' k "j { g} ; j f/ L ; fwgx?s f] l8h fOgn fO{ k|eflj t t 'NofpF5 . lgd f{tfx?n ] oyfy{df #=# t ]; |f] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f – qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz gs f] pTkfbg z '? x'g' c ufj } ; d:ofx? klxr fg ug{ / ; 'Nemfpg ; Sg] x'gfn ] h fFr M s 'g} klg qmf+ss ]; (Crankcase) UofF;x?s f] lgis fz g j f of] a9L n fut –k|efj L x'G5 . p T; h {g x'g' x'Fb}g . (cost effective)

#=$ r f}yf] k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f – j fliks lgis fz gs f] lgwf{/0f M j fliks lgis fz gs f] @= ; j f/L ; fwgs f] c g'df]bg (Approval of a Vehicle) M ; j f/ L ; fwg d fqf k|lt k/ LIf0f @ u|fd e Gbf s d x'g' kg]{5 . lgdft f{x?n ] w'j fF lgis fz g, j fliks lgis fz g / k|b'if0f lgoGq0f pks / 0fx?s f] l6s fpkgf; +u ; DalGwt k/LIf0f ug{] lh Dd]j f/ lgs fo ; dIf #=% kfFrf} k|sf/s f] k/LIf0f – k|b"if0f lgoGq0f p ks / 0fx?s f] l6s fp kgf M ; j f/L ; fwgs f] k|sf/ c g'df]bgs f] nflu c fj b]g lbG5g\ . c g'df]bgs f] of] k/LIf0fn] ; 8s c yj f Rofl; ; 8fOgfdf]ld6/df r nfpFbf * ) ,) ) ) n flu k|:t 't c fj ]bg kqd f OlGhgs f] ; a} Joxf]/f, h n g s I f ls nf]ld6/; Dd l6Sg ; Sg] j f kfFr j if{; Dd l6Sg] dWo] h'g klxnf (combustion / lk:6gs f] gS; f ; lxt s f] lj j /0f, j fliks lgoGq0f k|0ffnL c fp+F5, To: t f] k/ LIf0fn fO{ h gfp F5 / o; s f] j }slNks k/ LIf0f u/ L k|fKt chamber) s f] lj j /0f, ; j f/L ; fwgs f] Joxf]/f, u / ]sf] Deterioration Factor n fO{ d fGot f lbg] ; DaGwL Joj : y f JofVofTds (Evaporative Control System) k|b"if0f lgoGq0f pks /0fx?s f] lj j /0f c flb lj ifox? lj :t [t ?kdf ; dflj i6 l6Kk0fLsf] k|s/ 0f % df p Nn]v u/ ] ad f]lh d x'g]5 . x'G5g\ . c g'df]bgs f] nflu k]z x'g c fPs f] ; j f/L ; fwgs f] k|sf/n] t / o'/f] # ; dfg:t /s f dfkb08 nfu" ePt fklg pNn]lv t plNnlv t lj leGg ls l; ds f k/LIf0fs f z t {x? k"/f u/]df dfq} To:t f] #=! b]lv #=% ; Dds f ; a} kl/ I f0f n fu" gx'g] b]zd f p Tkfbg e } c foft ; fwgn fO{ c g'dlt k|bfg ul/G5 . x'g] ; j f/L ; fwgs f] xs df h'g h'g k/LIf0f nfu" ePs f 5g\ t t \tt \ #= p Tkfbgs f] t fbfTDot f (Conformity of Production) M pTkfbgs f] t fbfTDot f k/ LIf0f dfq n fu" x'g]5 . e g]sf] h 8fg / ]vf k/ LIf0f k|0ffn L (assembly line testing system) xf] . JofVofTds l6Kk0fL h 8fg /]vf k/LIf0fs f p2]Zox? lgodg ug]{ c lws f/Lx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/L pTkfbg ul/Ps f t / -lt gs f] xs df nfu" x'g]_ lgis fz g dfkb08 ! = k|sf/ c g'df]bg (Type Approval) M w]/}h; f] d'n's x?n] ; j f/L ; fwg k"/f gu/]sf ; j f/L ; fwgx?s f] klxr fg ug{ ; Ifd t 'Nofpg', ; d:of lgdf{t faf6 laqmL ul/ Ps f] gofF ; j f/ L ; fwg p ko'Qm k|b"if0f d fkb08x? ; 'Nemfpgs f] nflu pkr f/fTds pkfox? c j nDj g ug{' -h :t } k|df0fLs/0f k"/f ug{ ; I fd 5 eGg] s '/f bz f{pg k|df0fLs/ 0f j f k|sf/ s f] c g'df]bg /2 ug{' t yf ; j f/L ; fwgx?nfO{ k|TofXj fg ug{'_ / dfkb08 kfngf gug{] r fxG5g\ . ; fdfGot M k|sf/ c g'df]bgdf of]hgfa4 9+uaf6 pTkflbt ; j f/ L ; fwgx?s f] lgd f{0fn fO{ lg?T; flxt ug{' x'g\ . ; j f/ L ; fwgx?dWo]af6 k|lt lglwTj x'g] u/ L gd"gf (prototype) ; j f/ L ; fwgx?s f] k|b"if0f lgis fz gs f] k/ LIf0f ul/ G5 . o"/f]lkog ; d'bfo t yf of] k/LIf0fn] a[xt \ kl/df0fdf pTkflbt ; j f/L ; fwgx?n] hfkfgL lgod cg'; f/ o; s f] kfngf s ]an gofF ; j f/L ; fwgx?s f] k|df0fLs/0fdf lglZr t l8hfOgx? pTkfbgs f] c j :yfdf ; Gtf]ifhgs

- ! % _ - ! * _ v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( v 08 ^@ ; +Vof @( g]kfn /fhkq efu % ld lt @) ^( .^.@( 9+un] ?kfGtl/t ePs f 5g\ eGg] lj ifodf yk ; 'lglZr t t f k|bfg %= k fr“ f} k|sf/ s f] k/ LIf0f M dfly pNn]lv t ; a} k|sf/s f ; j f/L ; fwgs f] ub{5 . ; fy} pTkfbg kZr ft \ k|of]udf c fpg] ; j f/L ; fwgx? pTkfbgs f] kfFrf} k|sf/s f] kl/If0fdf pTkfbs n] b]xfo adf]lh d j }slNks k/LIf0f k|lqmofdf l8hfOg c g'; f/ lgwf{l/t u'0f:t / c g'?k g} h8fg /]vfdf u/ L k|fKt u/ ]sf] Deterioration Factor n fO{ ; d]t dfGot f lbOg]5 . pTkfbg ePs f] klg ; 'lglZr t t f k|bfg ub{5 . k|sf/ s f] c g'df]bg gd"gf Deterioration Factor (DF) SN Vehicle Mass of Mass of Combined Mass of Mass of ; j f/L ; fwg j f ; j f/L ; fwgs f] l8hfOgdf c fwfl/t x'G5 t / pTkfbgs f] Category Carbon Hydrocar Mass of hydro Nitrogen Particulate M and N monoxide bon (HC) carbons and Oxide Matters t fbfTDot fn] oyfy{df pTkfbg e}; s ]sf ; j f/L ; fwgx?af6 lgis flz t with GVW (CO) Nitrogen (NOx) (PM) not Oxides k|b"if0f dfkg ub{5 . o"/f]lkog o'lgogåf/ f lgwf{l/ t z t {x? c g'; f/ dfly Exceeding (HC + NOx) 3.5 T plNnlv t ; j } ls l; ds f k/LIf0fx? k"/f u/L k|sf/ c g'df]bgs f] lr Gx 1 Positive 1.2 1.2 Not Applicable 1.2 Not Ignition Applicable Gasoline k|fKt u/L l; nl; n]j f/ ?kdf pTkflbt ; j f/L ; fwgx?s f] kof{Kt ; +Vofdf Vehicles 2 Two 1.2 Not 1.2 Not Not 5 8\s] h fFr ul/ G5 . Wheelers Applicable Applicable Applicable and Three $= ; j f/L ; fwgx?s f] j ufL{s/0f M o'/f]lkog o'lgogn] c kgfPs f] ; j f/L Wheelers Gasoline 3 Compressi 1.1 Not 1.0 1.0 1.2 ; fwgs f] j uL{s/ 0f b]xfo ad f]lh d /x]s]f 5 M– on Ignition Applicable Diesel Vehicles

Number Sub- Category Description of Mass Limit Category o; dfkb08df c Goq h 'g; 's } s '/f n]lv Ps f] eP t fklg o'/f] – # Persons ; dfg:t /s f c f–c fˆgf b]zdf k|r lnt Go"gt d k/LIf0f lj lw k"/f u/L c foft

Carriage of Up to 9 M1 GVW=3500kg* x'g] h 'g; 's } d'n's df pTkflbt ; j f/L ; fwgnfO{ ; d]t o; dfkb08 adf]lh d Passengers persons M minimum 4 M2 Over 9 GVW=5000kg c foft ug{ afwf k/ ]sf] dflgg]5}g . wheels M3 persons 5000 kg

* Until EURO 4, M1 two sub groups, M1 with GVW d•2500kg; M1 with

2500kg < GVWd• 3500kg c f1 fn ], s [i0f 1 j fnL g]kfn ; /s f/s f] ; lr j

- ! ( _ - @) _

Comments and Responses S.N Comments Responses 1 The executive summary, both in Nepal and English, Restructured Should summarize each chapter of the IEE reports. 2 Particularly in view of the location of the entire Project Please refer to Page 9, Table 1.1, inside the buffer zone of Chitwan National park, a clear S.No. - 7 statement for the rational of conducting an IEE instead of an EIA for the project should be provided (e.g. indication of the specific legal provision of the EPR, 2054). 3 The project description should also clearly indicate \ Please refer to page 19 - 22 describe all construction \ operation activities of project implementation. 4 A clear project layout map showing all the key Please refer to Annex - III infrastructures to be constructed \ installed along with designated construction materials stockpiling sites, quarry sites spoil disposal sites, work camps etc., laid over topographic map should be included under chapter II. 5 It's not clear how many laborers will be employed during Please refer to page 15, construction phase of the projects and hence the paragraph 63 anticipated size of the project and hence the anticipated size of the labor camps is also unknown. 6 Description of adverse impacts of wastes generated from Please refer to page 38, labor camps and construction activities along with paragraphs 160-162 management strategy for disposing of or discharging such wastes in an Environmentally safe manner is completely missing in the report. 7 Complete ban on open burning of solid wastes generated Please refer to page 38, particularly from construction activities should be ensured paragraphs 160-162 as an air pollution control measure. 8 The National ambient Air Quality Standards and N V M Replaced with upgraded standard E S annexed to the report are old ones and hence need to Please refer to annex - VII be replaced with nearly upgraded standards. 9 Ensuring the use of vehicles complying with N V M E S, Please refer to page 38, 2069 BS during projects constructions could be on paragraphs 162 effective mitigation measure related to avoiding \ minimizing impact on air quality. 10 The basis for delineating direct and indirect impact zones is not clear. 11 The impacts of construction activities on natural water Please refer to page 38, bodies located within direct \indirect impact zones paragraphs 158 - 159 (potentially due to leakage of oil, grease & other chemicals and run – off of spoil with rain) and respective mitigation measures are completely missing. 12 No specific measures to avoid \ minimize the loss of top Please refer to page 37, soil and strategies to reuse it have been identified. paragraphs 154 - 155 13 Types and nature of wastes \ sludge to be generated from Please refer to page 38, water treatment plant and requirement of its treatment, if paragraphs 164 any, before final disposal into natural environment should be clearly mentioned.

Comments and Responses

14 Buffer zone df /x]sf]n] EIA ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 (EPA sf] / ;/+lIft If]q Please refer to Page 9, Table 1.1, ;DaGwL lgtL, lgod cg';f/ _ S.No. - 7 15 Cover page df Draft cfjZos g/x]sf] Cover page has been restructured 16 ADB/EPR cg';f/ s'g threshold, criteria sf] cfwf/df, s'g Rule, Please refer to Page 8, paragraph 37 Schedule, Article, Clauses, Sub-section sf] cfwf/df IEE ug'{ k/]sf] - 39 Briefly :ki6 pNn]v ug]{ 17 Page 9 df environmental protection guideline elgPsf] correction ug]{ Please refer to Page 8, paragraph 39 18 DIA/IIA k|i6 pNn]v ug]{ -;fy} gS;fdf marking u/L b]vfpg] Please refer to Annex III 19 Land use pattern pNn]v ug]{ Please refer to Page 31-32, paragraph 121-122 and page 37, paragraph 153 20 Loss of top soil s;/L conserve ug]{ af/] pNn]v ug]{ Please refer to page 37, paragraphs 154 - 155 21 Loss of agriculture land/standing crops s] . slt xf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v Please refer to page 41-42, ug]{ paragraphs 181 - 184 22 VDC – Recommendation ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvPg Included, Please refer to Annex IV

23 25 LPS eGbf al9 extraction & Treatment ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf EIA ug'{ Please refer to page 8, Table 1.1 kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf]df IEE lsg ul/Psf] S.No. 5 24 Surface source eGbf Ground Water g} pko"St 7x/fpg] cfwf/ Please refer to page 18, paragraphs 67 - 68 25 Existing shallow wells / Surface water sf] quality sf] cfwf/ df Please refer to page 18, Aerator ;lxtsf] Treatment Plant lgdf{0f ug{ proposed ug'{ pko"St xf]nf. paragraphs 69,