2 Chitwan District: Asset Baseline

Home , Ayodhyapuri, Chitwan District, Darechok, Jutpani, Kathmandu District, Khairahani

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013

Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk

Management in Development (Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)

District Baseline Reports: Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) – Urban Watsan Chitwan, Dolakha, and Kathmandu Districts

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban district baselines

TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

CHITWAN DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE (DWSS) – URBAN WATSAN

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 CHITWAN DISTRICT ...... 1 1.1 Chitwan Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 4 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 6 1.3.1 Trends ...... 6 1.3.2 Issues ...... 6 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 7 1.5 Past extremes in the district ...... 10 1.6 Linkages to other sectors ...... 11 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Chitwan District ...... 11 1.7.1 Prioritization process ...... 11 2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 13 2.1 Asset 1: Bharatpur Water Supply System ...... 13 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 14 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 15 2.2 Asset 2: Bharatpur Sewerage System (BSS) ...... 17 2.2.1 Asset Description ...... 18 2.2.2 Adaptation audit ...... 19 ANNEX A: MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT ...... 21 ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR ...... 22 ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ...... 23 ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 24 ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 26 ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY ...... 28 ANNEX G: COMPLETED ADAPTATION AUDIT PRO FORMA ...... 36 ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 45

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

1 CHITWAN DISTRICT

The National and International TA teams have made a visit to Chitwan district between September 30 and October 4, 2013 and met with several government officials of the concerned water & sanitation agencies such as DO/DWSS - Chitwan, Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board BWSMB, Bhaatpu Muiipality, ‘ataaga Muiipality, ‘ataaga Wate Supply Uses Coittee, Pasa Wate Supply ad Saitatio Uses Coittee etc. The TA teams have had an extensive interaction with them, and have collected all the necessary available and relevant information/data from them. Upon successful collection of relevant data, the TA teams then visited several sites that are related to WATSAN assets and performed an in depth study to understand the vulnerability of each asset against different climate change threats.

The current baseline report of Chitwan district is purely based on the information obtained from the respective government agencies during the visits to those offices and the observations made by the TA teamduring the site visits.

1.1 Chitwan Sector Master Plan

Chitwan District

Fig 1: Location ofChitwan District in Map of Nepal

Ratnanagar

Parsa

BharatpurMunicipality

Fig 2: Chitwan district map showingBharatpurMunicipality, Ratnagar Municipality and Parsa

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

Fig 3: View of BharatpurMunicipality from a hill on the opposite bank of Narayani River

Chitwan district one of the seventy five districts in Nepal is located in the inner Tarai areas of Narayani Zone in the Central Development Region. The district takes its name from the Chitwan valley one of Nepal's Inner Tarai Valleys between the Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges, both considered as foothills of the Himalayas. It covers an area of about 2,218 Sq. km and Bharatpur Municipality is its district headquarters. Chitwan district is centrally located in the country and is made of 40 VDCs and two urban centres such as Bharatpur Municipality(BM) and Ratnanagar Municipality(RM). Among the people of the district Tharu community had been the original inhabitants. However,Chitwan experienced a large scale in- migration of people from nearby northern mountain districts in last few decades and the Tharus have been far outnumbered by other newly migrated people now. Other ethnic groups in Chitwan are Brahmins, Chhetris, Newars, Gurungs, Magars,Tamangs, Madhesis, Dalits etc. As per the recent National census of 2012, the population of the district is 579,984 out of which 279,087 are male and 300,897 are female. Nevertheless the temporary floating population in BM has been ignored in the figure. It is the most densely populated district and also one of the most sought for as it is still experiencing a very high in- migration of people from other parts of the country. People are migrating to this district in large number because of various reasons; some of the main reasons are outlined below:  Chitwan district is centrally located in the country and it lies on the East-West Highway and on the cross-road(junction) leading to Kathmandu valley, Pokhara valley and many other districts in the north;  it is made of fertile agricultural flat plains which are yielding abundant production of rice, lintels, vegetables etc.  many people in the area are going for large scale commercial farming like poultry farming, honey bee farming etc.;  it is easily accessible from other districts because of the existing road networks and its appropriate location;  it is a popular tourist destination because of Chitwan National Park;  it is coming out as a potential industrial area as several small and medium scale industries are already located here and more are upcoming, and Narayanghat town located on the bank of Narayani river in Bharatpur Municipality is an old and very busy commercial centre with many business activities.

Bharatpur Municipality being the district head-quarters, has all district level government offices. Also it has large hospitals, many hotels and lodges, two major medical colleges, numerous banks and

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

financial institutions and other different institutions of higher learning etc. in its area and surroundings. It has relatively better infrastructures and other physical facilities. It has an airport and is well connected to Kathmandu by air with several daily flights.

Regarding water supply and sanitation(WATSAN) in Chitwan district, while the rural water supply and sanitation is under the jurisdiction of Department of Water Supply and Sewerage(DWSS), the urban water supply in Bharatpur Municipality and Ratnanagar Municipality are looked after by Bhaatpu Wate Supply Maageet Boad BWSMB ad ‘ataaga Wate Supply Uses Committee(RWSUC) respectively. Among those two water systems, Bharatpur water supply was augmented and Ratnanagar water supply was completely constructed under ADB funded Urban Environment Improvement Program(UEIP) in 2010/11. Earlier, the operation of Bharatpur water supply was being looked after by Nepal Water Supply Corporation(NWSC), a Government corporate body. The rural individual water supply projects in the district under DO/DWSS are operated by loally foed Wate Uses Coittees hih ae autooous odies. Though DO/DWSS at present is not looking after any urban water supply, being the line government agency it is still responsible for urban water supply as well indirectly and gives support in case of need. It is not differentiating between urban and rural water supplies yet. Parsa is another emerging town in Chitwan district and water supply in this town was also built under ADB funded project. It is opeated ad aaged y loally ostituted Pasa Wate Supply Uses CoitteePWSUC. With regards to sanitation, both Bharatpur and Ratnanagar municipalities have water borne sewerage systems in certain parts and they are being gradually extended in other parts finally to cover whole of the urban areas. The existing sewerage systems were constructed under ADB funded Urban Environment Improvement Program(UEIP) in 2010/11. Both the systems have adopted reed bed type sewage treatment technology. The systems are operated and maintained by espetie Muiipality offies though loally ostituted Seeage Uses Coittees.

Chitwan distit does ot hae ay ate supply ad saitatio Maste Pla as suh yet.DO/DWSS- Chitwan has only annual capital programs. The annual programs of DO/DWSSfor FY 2070/2071 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) are as follows:

SN Project Name Budget for FY SN Project Name Budget for FY 2070/71 (FY 2070/71(FY 2013/14 AD) 2013/14 AD) (NRs.x1000) (NRs.x1000) 1 Gunjnagar WSP 5500 13 Ayodhyapuri WSP 400 2 Amritpani WSP 5000 14 Devghatdham WSP 300 3 Pithuwa WSP 7500 15 ChargaunKhaireni WSP 400 4 Jutpani WSP 4000 16 Lamidana 3 Darechok WSP 400 5 Shukranagar WSP 7500 17 Bhandar WSP 400 6 Padampur WSP 2000 18 HariharSanyas Ashram WSP 500 7 Kathar WSP 700 19 Rasauli Ground Water WSP 500 8 Kalyanpur WSP 400 20 PrembastiKalika WSP 500 9 Kabilas WSP 2000 21 Kurintar WSP 500 10 Birendranagar WSP 400 22 Survey Work 200 11 Piple WSP 400 23 O/M of old projects 1171 12 Chainpur-Siddipur 3000 24 -

WSP Total 43671

Water supply projects in Bharatpur and Ratnanagar Municipalities were carried out as per the long term designs under the ADB funded UEIP projects in 2010/11 and thus do not have any significant

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

immediate infrastructure projects. However, BWSMB does have few minor projects and some of them are as follows:

SN Project Name Remarks 1 Pipeline extension in areas not covered yet by the present distribution

network 2 Construction of new distribution network in areas lying east of

Kerungadrain in Wards 11,12 and 9and areas that are not covered yet. 3 Construction of new water system with new pump station and overhead tank for areas around Prembasti, Narayanpur, Gaurigunj with partial financial support of DO/DWSS. 4 Bringing existing small water supply schemes in Thimura, Ramnagar,

Bhojad(Jakhadimai), Naayapu‘ose Gade ude BWSMBs management if possible. 5 Awareness program for effective leak and wastage prevention etc. 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff

Budgeting

The annual budget for water supply and sanitation sector in Chitwan district for FY 2070/2071 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) according to DO/DWSS is NRs.4,3671,000.00. This budget will be spent mostly on rural water supply and sanitation.

The annual budget of Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB) for FY 2070/2071 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) is expected to be around NRs.45-50 million (BWSMB had not finalized the budget at the tie of TA teas isit .

Siilaly the aual udget of ‘ataaga Wate Supply Uses Coittee ‘WSUC fo FY 2070/2071 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) is around NRs.11-12 Million.

Staff

 District Office/Department of Water Supply and Sewerage-Chitwan District(DO/DWSS)

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14 Mr. Bharat Raj Upreti Other support staff 15 Ms.Sabita Poudel Other support staff 16 Ms. Kamala Basnet Other support staff 17 Mr.Lal Bahadur Basnet Other support staff 18 Ms. Surya devi Gaire Other support staff 19 Mr.Purna Bahadur Praja Other support staff 20 Mr.Prakashhari Koirala Other support staff 21 Mr.Hari Prasad Gyawali Other support staff 22 Mr. Mahesh Koirala Other support staff 23 Mr. Dinesh Bhattarai Other support staff 24 Mr.Basudev Neupane Other support staff 25 Ms. Tara KC Other support staff 26 Mr.Iswore Prasad Lamsal Other support staff 27 Mr.Bishwonath Ghimire Other support staff 28 Mr. Yam Prasad Niwre Other support staff 29 Ms.Pramila Adhikari Other support staff 30 Mr.Indra Bahadur Garjamagar Other support staff 31 Mr.Chudamani Bhusal Other support staff 32 Mr.Laxman Bhujel Other support staff 33 Mr. Man Bahadur Gurung Other support staff 34 Mr.Uday Bahadur Khatari Other support staff Total Staff -34

 Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB)

SN Name of Staff Position 1 Er. Salikram Poudel Executive Director 2 Mr.Udayraj Dhakal Administration Assistant(NayabSubba) 3 Mr. Krishna Prasad Bhatta Accountantant 4 Mr.Pramish Podel Administration Assistant(NayabSubba) 5 Mr.Mahesh Koirala Senior Assistant 6 Mr. Deepak Sharma Poudel Senior Meter Reader 7 Ms. Uma Kumari Piya Assistant 8 Ms.Sheela Kunwar Pant Assistant 9 Mr.Harinath Adhikari Senior Meter Reader 10 Ms.Manjana Ojha Assistant 11 Mr.Amrit Achhami Pump Operator 12 Mr.Rajendra Adhikari Meter Technician 13 Mr.Ram Prasad Duwadi Technical Assistant 14 Ms.Sushila Pandit Assistant 15 Mr.Balkrishna Upreti Technical Assistant 1.2.1 Other support staff -25 Different positions 1.2.2 Other support staff on service contract/daily Different positions wage -10

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Total staff - 50 Nos. 1.3 Sector trends and issues

1.3.1 Trends

The following urban water supply sector trends and issues were identified through discussion with the local people and officials of DO/DWSS-Chitwan, BWSMB, BSMC, RWSUC, RM etc.

Planning

Communities that are in need for water supply and sewerage system make requests to the BWSMB office which screens the requests after rapid survey of the areas and make estimates of genuine ones for necessary actions. BWSMB office keeps those requested projects on priority basis for the future years after making tentative budgets for them. As planned, those projects are submitted to BWSMB dietos eetig fo appoal ad udget satio fo the uet fisal yea. BWSMB ay seek necessary assistance from the local government(municipality)and central government or bilateral and multi-lateral donor agencies like ADB, World Bank, JICA, DANIDA etc. through Ministry of Urban Development/Government of Nepal in case of bigger projects.

Survey and Designing

The projects that are approved during the planning stage are surveyed and designed by BWSMB engineers if they are of small-scale. In case they are largeand complex and BWSMB do not have the required manpower and competency levels within the staff, in such case, experienced consultants are hired through an open competitive bidding as per BWSMB financial regulations. In absence of appopiate BWSMBs o fiaial egulatios, they ay adopt Nepal Goeet fiaial regulations. In case of largescale projects, international consultants are hired under the guidance of donor agencies.

Construction

Once the budget is approved and made available fully or partially, the construction of the projects is started through a competitive bidding as per the financial regulations. In case of ADB funded projects upto certain amount(NPR 100 Million or so) the bidding can be done amongst Nepalese contractors and any amount beyond that it has to be international open competitive bidding allowing international contractors to participate as well.

Handover

After satisfactory completion of the project tasks and activities they are taken over from the contractors and handed over to BWSMB for operation/maintenance.

1.3.2 Issues  Due to the rapid urbanization and expansion of Bharatpur city over large area, there are some areas thatare not covered by the existing water supply distribution networks. Residents of those areas meet their daily domestic water needs through shallow hand-pumps and shallow dug wells. Since, the groundwater table is very high, residents can access the water at a very shallow depth.  Many residents within this zone have not realized the reliability and safety of drinking water that is provided through the piped network system; hence, they still rely on handpumps and dug

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

wells. Residents of these areas should be educated through public awareness programs the benefits of, reliability and good quality of water that is supplied through piped network and the dangers of using shallow waters through dug wells and handpumps.  It has been advised by the authorities that the existing pipe network system is old and in some cases the physical losses such as leakages are very high. This has led to a very high Non-Revenue Water value at 35%.  Majority of the residential communities are fitted with septic tanks. In addition to this, the local municipality has provided comprehensive sewerage system within the densely-populated areas of Narayanghat. However, the residents within the sewered area are still relying on septic tanks and the toilets are not connected to the positive sewerage system, There is an immediate need for community awareness programs within these communities to make them aware of the positive implications of connecting their toilets to the existing sewer system. This process promotes more house-holds connected to the sewer system and enhances the operation of current system thus giving an opportunity to use the existing assets. This process also removes any water-borne diseases that outbreak due to the usage of unconventional septic tank system.

1.4 Asset inventory

Existing Water Supply Schemes:

In Chitwan district, as mentioned in previous sections, the existing water supply systems in two municipality towns such as Bharatpur Municipality and Ratnanagar Municipality can be considered as urban water supply system. In addition to this,Parsa water supply system can be considered as urban system even though Parsa does not fall under municipality yet and is only considered as an emerging town. The key urban water supply schemes in the district are as outlined below:

 Bharatpur Water Supply System

Bharatpur Water Supply System is presently made from amalgamation of system looked after by erstwhile Nepal Water Supply Corporation/Bharatpur Branch and water system built in 2010/11 under ADB funded UEIP Project. It is operated by Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board. It mainly serves the residents of Bharatpur Municipality.

-Capacity of the system: 20-25 MLD -Average water Production: 13 MLD -Sources of water: Ground water -No. of Deep tube wells: 18 and of that 16 are in use and 2 are still to be operated. -Average yield of one tube well: 25 lps.; Yield of one existing small tube well: 10 lps. -No. of Reservoirs: 5 (2 Overhead tanks and 3 Ground tanks) -Capacity of OHTs : 400 cu-m and 450 cu-m -Capacity of Ground Tanks: 1200 cu-m, 900 cum and 1000 cu-m -Total length of Pipelines: Approximately360 Km. -Material of Pipes: DI, GI and HDPE -No. of existing household connections: About 15,000 -Average demand of new connections: 1200-1500 per year. -Average water supply duration: 9-10 hours/day -Expected total connections in next 5 years time: 28,000

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Fig-3: Steel Overhead Tank in Bharatpur Water Supply System  Ratna Nagar Water Supply System It was constructed in 2010/11 under ADB funded UEIP project and mainly serves the residentsofRatnanagar municipality which is also popularly known as Tandi.

-Capacity of the system: 9MLD -Sources of water: Ground Water -No. of Deep Tube wells: 4 (Average yield of one tube well = Nearly 27.7 lps) -No. of reservoirs: 2 (both similar overhead tanks) -Capacity of OHTs - 450 cu-m, 450 cu-m -Total length of Pipelines: Around 145 Km (DI- 9 Km, GI- 34 Km and HDPE- 102 Km) -No. of existing connections: 4200 No. of Community Taps: 12 -Average water supply duration: 8 hours/day (4 hrs. in the morning and 4 hrs. in the evening)

Distribution Network Map of Ratnanagar WS

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

Fig-4: RCC Overhead Tank in Ratnanagar Water Supply System

Existing Sanitation Schemes:

 BharatpurSewerageSystem (BSS) The existing sewerage system was built under the ADB funded UEIP project in 2010/11. This system currently covers only Wards 1, 2 and 3 of Bharatpur Municipality (designated as C1, C2, and C3 during the project implementation) which are most densely populated areas in the whole city and lie within Narayanghat town.

During the first phase of the project, it was planned to lay the sewer lines in Wards 1,2,3 and 4, however they have not been able to complete the sewer laying activities in Ward 4 due to various reasons. There are three individual sewage treatment plants located adjacent to each other along the Narayani River bank and they are meant for C1, C2, and C3.. The treatment plants are of reed bed type. The sewage from a project area is collected through the collection system through the existing trunk sewer and conveyed to the sump well under gravity from where the sewage is passed on to the large collection chamber which is on upstream of the sewage treatment plant.

The solid particles are allowed to settle on the bottom of the sump well and the collection chamber where some anaerobic action takes place. The supernatant from the collection chamber is allowed to flow into the reed-bed chambers where the main biological action takes place in a semi-aerobic condition. The effluent from this process is of good quality and finally is discharged into the nearby Narayani River. The current system is designed for 1200 -1300 households however; only 450 households are connected to the system. It is proposed to raise the household connections to 2,800 in next five years.

Reed Bed Chamber of Sewage Treatment Plant in Bharatpur City

Fig-5: One of the Sewage Treatment Plants on the Bank of Narayani River/ Bharatpur Sewerage System

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

(For details refer the case study profiles in the Annexure)

1.5 Past extremes in the district

Event Location Biophysical Sector Impact Adaptive /date description infrastructure -Specify impacts on response of the affected women and men event where relevant -Specify impacts on disadvantaged groups where relevant 2004 JugediKholasource Landslides Intake structure Hugewater scarcity Had to AD Intake and severe and the in Narayanghat distribute flooding transmission pipes town and its water from the source surroundings. In from intake were all general, allmen and other washed out women were sources completely. affected by that like the incident. Especially, deep women were tube affected severely wells. since they need to bring water in to the family for cooking, washing and for other purposes. This means, it led the women to walk for several kilometres in search and fetch for water.The rich communities have spent additional money for alternativewater supplies. The disadvantaged and under-privileged people were also badly affected. The women folk and disadvantaged groups also lost valuable time that

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN-Urban District Baselines

could have been utilized for income generation. 2013 Banks of Narayani Flooding of The water almost None None AD River the banks entered the sewage treatment plants and it could have done an extensive damage to the assets.

1.6 Linkages to other sectors

BWSMB needs to maintain good linkages and relationship with concerned other sector agencies for effective and efficient performance of its duties. At the moment, these linkages with other sectors looked satisfactory.

Currently, BWSMB is closely working with the below mentioned authorities:

 Department of Roads: for regular O&M of pipelines and reinstatement of roads along the open sections.  Traffic Department: for effective traffic management during the pipeline maintenance works in busy roads during peak and off-peak periods

Department of Health: to get better understanding on any sudden epidemics due to water

 quality or similar. In addition to this, to gain records and to understand the trends of diseases in various seasons of the year.  DO/DWSS, DAO, DDC and Bharatpur Municipality for better coordination.

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Chitwan District 1.7.1 Prioritization process The key criteria followed for prioritization are as follows:

 Infrastructure of national strategic importance  Infrastructure of district strategic importance  Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events  Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events  Infrastructure of importance to women (e.g. Reduces workload, increases mobility, suppots oes lielihoods)  Infrastructure of importance to poor or marginalized groups (e.g. Dalit, Ethnic groups)  Infrastructures that use locally available spring water sources and can be operated under gravity to avoid any need of mechanical equipment needing power  Infrastructures that are simple and can be constructed with locally available construction materials and technology.  Infrastructures that are easy and economical to operate and maintain.  Infrastructures that serve more people

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ID Name Infrastructure type Reason/s for inclusion

1 Bharatpur Water Piped water supply It is the largest system among the existing Supply system from ground various urban water supply systems in System(BWSS) water sources with Chitwan district. It serves a large portion of service reservoirs, the urban population in Bharatpur city. Thus private connections, the potable water made available is saving standposts at different people from waterborne diseases, saving places. However, the time for women to utilize it for other income water supply system is generating activities, improved health intermittent at present. condition among general people specially among the children is saving people from unnecessary physical pains and expenses that would have gone on medications.

2 Bharatpur Comprehensive It is one of the functioning sewerage systems Sewerage sewerage system with in the urban areas of Chitwan district and the System(BSS) sewer network and a only system in BM. It is serving quite a larger sewage treatment portions of highly densely populated north – facility. western part of Narayanghat town which make Wards 1,2, and 3 of Bharatpur Municipality(BM). It has helped to improve the sanitation facilities of the residents of that area. Also, it has helped to reduce the pollution of ground water to some extent which was being done by the soak pits of the numerous individual household septic tanks prior to the connection to the sewerage system.

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2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset 1: Bharatpur Water Supply System

Bharatpur Water Supply System(BWSS)is the largest system among the existing variousurban water supply systems in Chitwan district. It serves larger portions of the urban population in Bharatpur Municipality(BM) which is also the distit headuates. The supply systes ai ate soue is the ground water supplies after complete abandonment /failure of the old surface water system from Jugedi Khola due to the flood event in year 2003/4 AD.

The old surface water system from Jugedi Khola located in the northern mountains was constructed in 1976/77. This system was the first piped water system in the town. Then, the Government of Japan extended their technical and financial support to construct two deep tube wells, one treatment plant for the surface water and 2 reservoirs(a 1200 cu-m capacity surface reservoir and a 400 cu-m capacity overhead tank), and new pipelines to augment the damaged system in 1999. Then, in year 2003/4 there was a heavy rainfall and huge floods occurred which completely damaged the system. The intake structures and large sections of the transmission pipeline from the source were completely washed out and the erstwhile operator Nepal Water Supply Corporation could not repair those damages as the scale of damage was very extensive and the rehabilitation works attracted huge funds which was not available at that time..The entire system that consisted of a water treatment plant, a service reservoir and transmission pipelines was completely abandoned.

Bharatpur water supply system is now not relying anymore on any surface water sources. At the moment, it is a combination of the water supply system that was taken over from erstwhile Nepal Water Supply Corporation/Bharatpur Branch and the new water system built in 2010/11 under ADB funded UEIP Project. The system is operated by Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB) which was established in year 2006 under Water Supply Management Board Act 2006. Its area of jurisdiction is the urban areas of Bharatpur Municipality (BM). This means the existing water supply system mainly serves the residents of Bharatpur Municipality

The current Bharatpur water supply system has 18 deep tube wells out of which 16 are in operation and 2 are newly constructed and not in operation at the moment. There are 5 service reservoirs, out of which 2 are overhead tanks(Capacity: 400 cu-m and 450 cu-m) and remaining 3 surface reservoirs(Capacity: 1200 cu-m, 900 cu-m and 1000 cu-m). In total, the present capacity of the system is about 20-25 mld. However, Bharatpur Municipality being very scattered covering a large area, the coverage of the distribution network in the urban areas is still limited at present(over 55%), and the average water production is only around 13 mld. The coverage will increase gradually as the pipelines will be extended to some more new areas as well and hence the production too will increase. The tube wells are very good at production; average yield is around 25 lps. In addition to the large yield tube wells, there is another small tube well with a yield of about 10 lps. The system has about 360 Km of pipelines and the pipes are of DI, GI and HDPE. The current system is serving 15,000 taps which is constantly growing at a rate of about 1200-1500 new connections per year. The expected number of taps in next 5 years is 28,000. The present water supply duration is 9-10 hours per day. The target is to raise it to 15 hours per day within a year or two. Nevertheless, the old pipelines in the system are suffering from severe leakages and this has brought the non- revenue water figure to as high as 35%. The target of the new management is also to bring this figure to 26% within a year or two.

The ground water table in Bharatpur area is at a very high level and the water quality is also good. It is felt that the water aquifer is constantly being recharged by the nearby Narayani River. BWSMB has observed no change in the ground water level since its installation..In a recent discussion with Mr. Ramesh Gautam, the Chief of Chitwan Ground Water Office, it was learnt that there are 17 Test

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Boreholes at different places and they have been monitoring the ground water levels for last 3-4 years from their site office at Parsa/Khairahani and have found no depletion in the level so far. The northern mountains in the district called Chure-Bhavar range are also considered as good recharge area.

BM service area is quite scattered covering a very large area as already mentioned in previous sections of this report, however, there are still some communities that are served by other small ate systes opeated y the espetie loal Wates Uses Committees. They are 7 in total and some of them are using the existing springs as water source while some have small deep tube wells. Nevertheless, there are still many communities that are not covered by any of these systems. The target of BWSMB is to bring all those existing small systems into its jurisdiction and to cover all areas gradually by laying new pipelines in those uncovered areas in coming next few years.

2.1.1 Asset Description  Watershed context

The water source of present Bharatpur water supply system is all ground water with very good aquifer which is being constantly recharged possibly by nearby Narayani River. In addition to this, northern and southern parts of Chitwan district has thickly vegetated forest that also contributes for recharge of groundwater aquifer. Besides all these, Chitwan district also gets its regular share of monsoon rain every year.

 Asset location

The water source of present Bharatpur water supply system is all ground water and the water is being drawn out through deep tube wells located at different places within BSMC jurisdiction. All the assets and other components of the system are within the city area at different places on the flat plains which are not vulnerable to any immediate possible disasters. The pipelines are buried under the streets around 3 feet deep, the reservoirs are located on safe flat land where there is no risk of any land slips or flooding. Overall, the assets are all located in safe locations and are not vulnerable to any climate change impacts.

 Asset condition

The overall condition of the asset looked satisfactory as they are all located at safe locations. Also, the quality of the construction is good. Except for one overhead tank which is made of steel others are all RCC. The pipes are DI,GI and HDPE and are buried under the streets around 3 ft deep so safe from any external damage.

 Asset design

The whole water system had been designed by international and local consultants (both old and new

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

schemes). The TA team after their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. Also, the workmanship of the construction of the asset components looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC or brick masonry works. The pipes are of DI, GI or HDPE material and all buried 3 ft deep along the streets.

 Past extreme events and impacts

No additional extreme events were recorded by BWSS, except the event that occurred in year 2003/4 when the intake structure and larger section of transmission pipelines of the old surface water scheme on Jugedi khola were completely washed out due to flooding after heavy rain fall. The intensity of the event was so severe that it finally led to the complete abandonment of the entire system. The repair and reinstatement of damaged system attracted significant budget and funds, since there were no such funds available at that stage , the entire system had been completely abandoned. Moreover the intake structure and transmission pipes still would be vulnerable as the whole intake area was unstable.

 Past adaptation responses

When the old surface water supply scheme was damaged extensively due to the floods in year 2003/4, then the operator NWSC/Bharatpur branch performed ad-hoc repair works and ran the system for some time temporarily, but that too was washed out by the next subsequent flood. Then, the entire system had been abandoned. The areas that were previously served by the surface water schemes were served with water from existing ground water schemes as an adaptation response. For the remaining new system from ground water, no past adaptation responses details are available. Only minor repairs and maintenance of the system had been done in an ad-hoc manner for occasional small pump break-downs or pipeline breakdowns.

 Design appropriateness

The system has been designed and constructed as per the standard engineering norms and practices and thus most of the asset components seem to be safe.

2.1.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location

The overall condition of the assets looked satisfactory as they are all located at safe locations. Also the quality of the construction is good. One overhead tank is made of steel and the rest are all RCC and all are in a very good condition. The pipes are of DI,GI and HDPE and are buried under the streets at a depth of 3 ft, hence safe from any external damage.

 Adaptation condition

The condition of the assets is satisfactory and acceptable as they are all located insafe places. One overhead tank is made of steel and the rest are all RCC and all are in a very good condition. The pipes are made of DI,GI and HDPE and are buried under the streets at a depth of 3 ft, hence safe from any external damage

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

 Threat description

All the water supply assets such asdeep tube wells, pump stations, reservoirs, distribution system are safe against any extreme climatic events.

 Past extreme events and impacts No additional extreme events were recorded by BWSS, except for the event that occurred in year 2003/4 when the intake structure and large sections of transmission pipelines of the old surface water scheme on Jugedi khola were completely washed out due to flooding after heavy rain fall. The intensity of the event was so severe that it finally led to the complete abandonment of the entire system. The repair and reinstatement of damaged system attracted significant budget and funds, since there were no such funds available at that stage; hence, the entire system had been completely abandoned. Since the current water supply system is provided through ground water system and are all located at safe locations and have not experienced any type of threats from climate change impacts to date.

 Adaptation design

The water is drawn through deep tube wells and the reservoirs are all RCC except one overhead tank that is made of steel and is in very good condition as well. Reservoirs made of RCC are strongly built and constructed in a safe location. The pipes are DI,GI and HDPE and are buried under the streets at a depth of 3 ft and is safe from any external damages. The above demonstrates how well the design, positioning and construction activities took place in view of adaptation against various climatic and natural vulnerabilities.

 Adaptation success

Since the complete abandonment of the old surface water supply scheme due to the floods in year 2003/4, the operator NWSC/Bharatpur branch had performed ad-hoc reinstatement works, however, the assets were washed away by the next subsequent flood. Then the entire system had been abandoned. Due to the abandonment of old system, the residents of the community that are being served by the abandoned system now switched to the ground water schemes as an adaptation responses. This can be considered as a good example of adaptation success.

In addition to the above mentioned adaptation successes, the following can be considered as adaptation measures:

 Installation of deep tube-well in safe locations;  Construction of reservoirs in safe places and with sustainable material such as RCC and Steel;  Buried pipelines at a depth of 3 ft along the streets to minimise any external damages.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

2.2 Asset 2: Bharatpur Sewerage System (BSS)

Bharatpur Sewerage System (BSS): The existing sewerage system was built under the ADB funded UEIP project in 2010/11. This system currently covers only Wards 1, 2 and 3 of Bharatpur Municipality (designated as C1, C2, and C3 during the project implementation) which are most densely populated areas in the whole city and lie within Narayanghat town. During the first phase of the project, it is planned to lay the sewer lines in Wards 1,2,3 and 4, however they have not been able to complete the sewer laying activities in Ward 4 due to various reasons. There are three individual sewage treatment plants located adjacent to each other along the Narayani River bank and they are meant for service areas C1, C2, and C3 respectively. The treatment plants are of reed bed type. The sewage from a project area is collected through the collection system through the existing trunk sewer and conveyed to the sump well under gravity from where the sewage is passed on to the large collection chamber which is upstream of the sewage treatment plant. The solid particles are allowed to settle on the bottom of the sump well and the collection chamber where some anaerobic action takes place. The supernatant from the collection chamber is allowed to flow into the reed-bed chambers where the main biological action takes place in a semi- aerobic condition. The effluent form this process is of good quality and finally is discharged into the nearby Narayani River. The current system is designed for 1200 -1300 households however; only 450 households are connected to the system till date. It is proposed to raise the household connections to 2,800 in next five years.

It is presently operated by the locally constituted Bharatpur Sewerage Users’ CommitteeBSUC. They have a program to extend the sewerage system in similar manner to other parts of Bharatpur city as well.

Although BSS is a comprehensive sewerage system, it is apparent that majority of the residents are still relying on the existing septic tanks and very few of them have connected their toilets to the newly constructed sewerage system. Due to this, BSUC is unable to generate any revenue from tariff or user charges. However, the municipality is supporting the operation and maintenance of the system.

To date BSS has not experienced any extreme events except the recent large flood that occurred in the Narayani River in August, 2013. The water level in the river reached to the peak water level and almost hit the sewage treatment plant. The river water could have done massive damage to the sewage treatment plant and the entire reed bed system could have been washed out in a short time. The asset component structures are all RCC and thus look strong. However, the location of the treatment plants is not strategic and is constructed adjacent to the Narayani river, this means, the sewage treatment plant is vulnerable to any increase in river water level due to climate change. The water level can increase due to the increased intensity of precipitation for prolonged duration.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Bharatpur map showing areas served by BSS

Map showing lay-out of one of the sewage treatment plants in BSS

2.2.1 Asset Description

 Watershed context

Bharatpur Sewerage System covers the highly dense communities that are adjacent to the Narayani river. These make the main part of Narayanghat town and are Wards 1,2 and 3 of BM. The service areas are located at a higher level than the river and hence are safe. The sewer pipes are all laid underground at levels as guided by the engineering design and the treatment plants as mentioned earlier are located at different locations adjacent to the service areas just on the east bank of the river. Hence, the treated sewage effluent is discharged directly into the river by gravity. Due to the natural gradient, the entire sewerage system runs under gravity. The level difference between the highest water level in the river and the bottom level of the treatment plant is not significant, hence,

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

in 2013 floods, the flood water reached the treatment plan boundary but no damage occurred. Hence, it can be considered that these assets are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

 Asset location

As outlined above, the comprehensive sewerage system is provided for densely populated communities of Narayanghat Town that make Wards 1, 2 and 3 of BM. The underground sewers are laid and the treatment plants are constructed on the east bank of the river. The natural gradient within the city promoted for 100% gravity system. The treatment plant was constructed at higher level than the water level in the river; however, the location is not strategic and is highly vulnerable to rise in water levels due to flood waters.

 Asset condition

The overall condition of the assets looks satisfactory. The structures are made of RCC and brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship also looks satisfactory.

 Asset design

The whole sewerage system had been designed by a group of national consultants. The TA team after their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. The workmanship of the construction of the asset components looks satisfactory. The materials used for the construction of the sewerage system are satisfactory. However, the location of the sewage treatment plant is not an ideal location.

 Past extreme events and impacts

Since the comprehensive sewerage system was constructed recently, no past events were recorded and impacted the system. However, the recent flood event that occurred in year 2013 has reached the treatment plant boundary but caused no damage, This has alerted the municipality to strengthen the protective measures for treatment plant for future flood events.

 . Past adaptation responses

Since the comprehensive sewerage system was constructed recently, no past events were recorded and no extreme events have impacted the system so far. Hence, no adaptation responses are recorded yet.  Design appropriateness

The system has been designed and constructed as per the standard engineering norms and practices and most of the asset components seem to be safe. However, the sewage treatment plants were constructed very close to the existing river which might cause flooding threats under severe rainfall conditions that may bring more flood waters.

2.2.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location

. Bharatpur Sewerage System covers the highly dense communities that are adjacent to the Narayani river. These make the main part of Narayanghat town and are Wards 1, 2 and 3 of BM. The service areas are located at a higher level than the river and hence are safe. The sewer pipes are all laid

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

underground at levels as guided by the engineering design and the treatment plants as mentioned earlier are located at different locations adjacent to the service area just on the east bank of the river. Hence, the treated sewage effluent gets discharged directly in to the river by gravity. Due to the natural gradient, the entire sewerage system runs under gravity. The level difference between the highest water level in the river and the bottom level of the treatment plant is not significant, hence, in 2013 floods, the flood waters reached the treatment plan boundary but no damage occurred. Hence, it can be considered that these assets and the locations of these assets are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

 Adaptation condition

In general, the overall design, material used and the construction are acceptable, The assets are of RCC and brick masonry, however, the location of these assets are not strategic.. Hence, there is an immediate need for protection of these assets from predicted climate change threats..

 Threat description

Since the sewage treatment plant is constructed adjacent to the existing river, it is highly likely that any future flood events higher than 2013 flood event will completely wash away the assets and its components. The key threat here is the combination of high intensity and long rainfall that will trigger the increased water level in the river and eventually cause floods and submergenceof valuable assets.

 Past Extreme Events and Impacts

Since the sewage treatment plant was constructed couple of years ago, there are no historic damages recorded due to any extreme events yet. However, in year 2013, due to excessive rainfall, the water levels in the river reached to the peak levels and brought flood waters to the banks of the river. This extreme event caused damages to many assets; however, it caused no damage to the treatment plant at this time. Nevertheless, in future, if similar or higher events occur along the banks of the river, then, it is highly likely that treatment plant might get washed away, hence, adaptation measures are required to protect the assets.

 Adaptation Design

The entire treatment plant had been designed by a group of national consultants. The TA team performed a detailed site visit and also conducted a high-level technical audit on the components as well. Based on the assessment, the design and construction is appropriate and is in line with the national engineering standards and specifications.

 Adaptation Success

There is little or nothing that has been done to date in terms of adaptation to any extreme events. The asset structures are all of RCC material and thus are strong enough to last long and this can be considered as an adaptation success. However, a detailed assessment of assets against climatic events is recommended

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ANNEX A: MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT

ChitwanDistrict

Fig 1: Location of Chitwan District in Map of Nepal

Ratnanagar

Bharatpur Municipality

Parsa

Fig 2: Map of Chitwan District showing Bharatpur Sub-metropolitan City

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ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR

Some of the projects under DO/DWSS- Chitwan for water supply and sanitationsector for FY 2013/14 are as follows:

SN Project Name Budget for FY SN Project Name Budget for FY 2070/71 (FY 2070/71 (FY 2013/14 AD) 2013/14 AD) (NRs.x1000) (NRs.x1000) 1 Gunjnagar WSP 5500 13 Ayodhyapuri WSP 400 2 Amritpani WSP 5000 14 Devghatdham WSP 300 3 Pithuwa WSP 7500 15 ChargaunKhaireni WSP 400 4 Jutpani WSP 4000 16 Lamidana 3 Darechok 400 WSP 5 Shukranagar WSP 7500 17 Bhandar WSP 400 6 Padampur WSP 2000 18 HariharSanyas Ashram 500 WSP 7 Kathar WSP 700 19 Rasauli Ground Water 500 WSP 8 Kalyanpur WSP 400 20 PrembastiKalika WSP 500 9 Kabilas WSP 2000 21 Kurintar WSP 500 10 Birendranagar WSP 400 22 Survey Work 200 11 Piple WSP 400 23 O/M of old projects 1171 12 Chainpur-Siddipur WSP 3000 24 - - Total 43671

Water supply projects in Bharatpur and Ratnanagar Municipalities were done as per the long term designs under the ADB funded UEIP projects in 2010/11 and thus do not have any significant immediate infrastructure projects. However, BWSMB does have few minor projects and some of them are as follows:

SN Project Name Remarks 1 Pipeline extension in areas not covered yet by the present distribution

network 2 Construction of new distribution network in areas lying east of Kerungadrain

in Wards 11,12 and 9 and are not covered yet. 3 Construction of new water system with new pump station and overhead tank

for areas around Prembasti, Narayanpur Gaurigunj with partial financial support of DO/DWSS-Chitwan. 4 Bringing existing small water supply schemes in Thimura, Ramnagar,

BhojadJakhadiai, Naayapu‘ose Gade ude BWSMBs aageet if possible. 5 Awareness program for effective leak and wastage prevention etc.

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ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET

 District Office/Department of Water Supply and Sewerage(DO/DWSS)-Chitwan District The annual budget for water supply and sanitation sector in Chitwan district for FY 2070/2071 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) according to DO/DWSS is NRs. 4,3671,000.00. This budget will be spent mostly on rural water supply and sanitation.  Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB) The annual budget of Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB) for FY 2070/2071 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) is expected to be around NRs.45-50 million (BWSMB has not finalized the budget yet).  Ratnanagar Water Users’ Committee Similarly the annual budget of Ratnanagar Wate Uses Coittee fo FY 7/7 BS(FY 2013/2014 AD) is around NRs.11-12 Million.

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ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

 District Office/Department of Water Supply and Sewerage-Chitwan District(DO/DWSS- Chitwan)

SN Name of Staff Position 1 Er. Badri Prasad Upadhya Sinior Divisional Engineer 2 Er. Gyan PrakashPoudel Engineer 3 Er. Bharatmani Khanal Engineer 4 Er. HariramPoudel Engineer 5 Er. Ram BahadurRimal Engineer 6 Mr.Tol Prasad Sharma Section Officer 7 Mr.RamkrishnaKhanal Chemist 8 Ms.ManamayaNiroula Accountant 9 Mr. Shiva Kumar Poudel Other support staff 10 Ms.SubhadraKumariRegmi Other support staff 11 Mr.RamanathBhattarai Other support staff 12 Mr.BaburarGhaire Other support staff 13 Mr. Rajesh Kumar Shrestha Other support staff 14 Mr. Bharat Raj Upreti Other support staff 15 Ms.SabitaPoudel Other support staff 16 Ms. Kamala Basnet Other support staff 17 Mr.LalBahadurBasnet Other support staff 18 Ms. Surya deviGaire Other support staff 19 Mr.PurnaBahadurPraja Other support staff 20 Mr.PrakashhariKoirala Other support staff 21 Mr.Hari Prasad Gyawali Other support staff 22 Mr. Mahesh Koirala Other support staff 23 Mr. Dinesh Bhattarai Other support staff 24 Mr.BasudevNeupane Other support staff 25 Ms. Tara KC Other support staff 26 Mr.Iswore Prasad Lamsal Other support staff 27 Mr.BishwonathGhimire Other support staff 28 Mr. Yam Prasad Niwre Other support staff 29 Ms.PramilaAdhikari Other support staff 30 Mr.IndraBahadurGarjamagar Other support staff 31 Mr.ChudamaniBhusal Other support staff 32 Mr.LaxmanBhujel Other support staff 33 Mr. Man BahadurGurung Other support staff 34 Mr.UdayBahadurKhatari Other support staff Total Staff -34

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 Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB)

SN Name of Staff Position 1 Er. SalikramPoudel Executive Director 2 Mr.UdayrajDhakal Administration Assistant(NayabSubba) 3 Mr. Krishna Prasad Bhatta Accountantant 4 Mr.PramishPodel Administration Assistant(NayabSubba) 5 Mr.MaheshKoirala Senior Assistant 6 Mr. Deepak Sharma Poudel Senior Meter Reader 7 Ms. Uma KumariPiya Assistant 8 Ms.SheelaKunwar Pant Assistant 9 Mr.HarinathAdhikari Senior Meter Reader 10 Ms.ManjanaOjha Assistant 11 Mr.AmritAchhami Pump Operator 12 Mr.RajendraAdhikari Meter Technician 13 Mr.Ram Prasad Duwadi Technical Assistant 14 Ms.SushilaPandit Assistant 15 Mr.BalkrishnaUpreti Technical Assistant Other support staff -25 Different positions 2.2.3 Other support staff on service contract/daily wage -10 Different positions 2.2.4 Thetotal staff - 50 Nos.

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ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

Event/date Location Biophysical Sector Impact Adaptive description of infrastructure -Specify response the event affected impacts on women and men where relevant -Specify impacts on disadvantaged groups where relevant 2004 AD JugediKhola Landslides and Intake Huge water Had to source severe flooding structure and scarcity in distribute Intake the Narayanghat water transmission town and its from pipes from the surroundings. other source intake In general, all sources were all men and like the washed out women were deep completely. affected by tube that incident. wells. Especially, women were affected severely since they need to bring water in to the family for cooking, washing and for other purposes. This means, it led the women to walk for several kilometres in search and fetch for water. The rich communities have spent additional money for alternative

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

water supplies. The disadvantaged and under- privileged people were also badly affected. The women folk and disadvantaged groups also lost valuable time that could have been utilized for income generation. 2013 AD Banks of Flooding of the The water None None Narayani banks almost River entered the sewage treatment plants and it could have done an extensive damage to the assets.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY

DISTRICT : Chitwan SECTOR : Urban Water Supply and Sanitation DATE : 1-3October, 2013. NAME : Gyanesh Bajracharya

ASSET-1: Bharatpur Water Supply System

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

Bharatpur Water Supply System (BWSS)is the largest system among the existing various urban water supply systems in Chitwan district. It serves larger portions of the urban population in Bhaatpu Muiipality BM hih is also the distit headuates. The supply systes ai ate source is the ground water supplies after complete abandonment /failure of the old surface water system from Jugedi Khola due to the flood event in year 2003/4 AD.

The old surface water system from Jugedi Khola located in the northern mountains was constructed in 1976/77. This system was the first piped water system in the town. Then, the Government of Japan extended their technical and financial support to construct two deep tube wells, one treatment plant for the surface water and 2 reservoirs(a 1200 cu-m capacity surface reservoir and a 400 cu-m capacity overhead tank), and new pipelines to augment the damaged system in 1999. Then, in year 2003/4 there was a heavy rainfall and huge floods occurred which completely damaged the system. The intake structures and large sections of the transmission pipeline from the source were completely washed out and the erstwhile operator Nepal Water Supply Corporation could not repair those damages as the scale of damage was very extensive and the rehabilitation works attracted huge funds which was not available at that time. The entire system that consisted of a water treatment plant, a service reservoir and transmission pipelines was completely abandoned.

Bharatpur water supply system is now not relying on any surface water sources. At the moment, it is a combination of the water supply system that was taken over from erstwhile Nepal Water Supply Corporation/Bharatpur Branch and the new water system built in 2010/11 under ADB funded UEIP Project. The system is operated by Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB) which was established in year 2006 under Water Supply Management Board Act 2006. Its area of jurisdiction is the urban areas of Bharatpur Municipality (BM). This means the existing water supply system mainly serves the residents of Bharatpur Municipality

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

15,000 taps which is constantly growing at a rate of about 1200-1500 new connections per year. The expected number of taps in next 5 years is 28,000. The present water supply duration is 9-10 hours per day. The target is to raise it to 15 hours per day within a year or two. Nevertheless, the old pipelines in the system are suffering from severe leakages and this has brought the non- revenue water figure to as high as 35%. The target of the new management is also to bring this figure to 26% within a year or two.

The ground water table in Bharatpur area is at a very high level and the water quality is good as it is felt that the water aquifer is constantly being recharged by the nearby Narayani River. BWSMB has observed no change in the ground water level since its installation. During the recent visit, from a discussion with Mr. Ramesh Gautam, the Chief of Chitwan Ground Water Office, it was learnt that there are 17 Test Boreholes at different places and they have been monitoring the ground water levels for last 3-4 years from their site office at Parsa/Khairahani and have found no depletion in the level so far. The northern mountains in the district called Chure-Bhavar range are also considered as good recharge area.

BM service area is quite scattered covering a very large area as already mentioned in previous sections of this report, however, there are still some communities that are served by other small ate systes opeated y the espetie loal Wates Uses Coittees. They ae 7 i total ad some of them are using the existing springs as water source while some have small deep tube wells. Nevertheless, there are still many communities that are not covered by any of these systems. The target of BWSMB is to bring all those existing small systems into its jurisdiction and to cover all areas gradually by laying new pipelines in those uncovered areas in coming next few years.

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Map showing Water Supply Distribution Network/Bharatpur Water Supply System

Image 1: Steel Overhead Tank(Capacity-400 cu-m) Image 2: RCC Reservoir(Capacity-1200 cu-m)

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

3. Description of asset location

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

The water source of present Bharatpur water supply system is all ground water and the water is being drawn out through deep tube wells located at different places within BM jurisdiction. All the assets and other components of the system are within the city area at different places on the flat plains which are not vulnerable to any immediate possible disasters. The pipelines are buried under the streets around 3 feet deep, the reservoirs are located on safe flat land where there is no risk of any land slips or flooding. Overall, the assets are all located in safe locations and are not vulnerable to any climate change impacts.

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the asset looked satisfactory as they are all located at safe locations. Also, the quality of the construction is good. Except for one overhead tank which is made of steel others are all RCC. The pipes are DI, GI and HDPE and are buried under the streets around 3 ft deep so safe from any external damage.

b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

A big section of Bharatpur Municipality residents and those in peripheral areas are using the water being supplied by this system and hence they are the people who are depending on this asset. If there is any disruption, those people will be the ones who will be hit hardest. Among them it will be the women who will have to suffer most as there will be no water for cooking, drinking, washing and for other household chores because they are ones who have to manage all these first. Similarly poorer section of the society like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups living in the areas covered by this asset will also suffer as they too are heavily dependent on the public water supply.

5. Describe asset design

The whole water system had been designed by international and local consultants (both old and new schemes). The TA team after their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. Also, the workmanship of the construction of the asset components looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC or brick masonry works. The pipes are of DI, GI or HDPE material and all buried 3 ft deep along the streets.

6. a) Describe past extreme events and impacts

No additional extreme events were recorded by BWSS, except the event that occurred in year 2003/4 when the intake structure and larger section of transmission pipelines of the old surface water scheme on Jugedi khola were completely washed out due to flooding after heavy rainfall. The intensity of the event was so severe that it finally led to the complete abandonment of the entire system. The repair and reinstatement of damaged system attracted significant budget and funds, since there were no such funds available at that stage; hence, the entire system had been completely abandoned. Moreover the intake structure and transmission pipes still would be vulnerable as the whole intake area was unstable.

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6 b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Very big section of the Bharatpur Municipality population that have been getting water from this system are the most vulnerable people. It is the biggest system in Chitwan district urban water supply till now and water from this system covers major parts of the Bharatpur city. Tentative estimate of the population served by this system stands at around 85,870 which does not consider the floating population.

Hence in case of any disruption in the water supply due to damage to any asset component, all men, women, children, dalits, disadvantaged groups get affected. Among those affected people, it will be the women who will get hit hardest as they are ones who have to manage household chores and do the cooking, washing etc. So they will have to take the physical pains of fetching water from distant existing traditional water sources which are less likely to be well protected. In addition to the physical hardship they face they waste lot of their valuable time which otherwise could have been used to make some income. In case the traditional sources are not protected, the situation gets worse as there is risk of health hazards to the consumers. The poor and marginalized communities like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are hit even harder as they have to compromise with other income generating works as more time is being spent for the water collection. Due to shortage of water, the cleanliness and sanitation get compromised and thus there is possibility of health hazard incidents specially among the women and children. Increased incidents of water borne diseases can be detected in such situation among these marginalized groups which ultimately tend to jeopardize their regular livelihoods by working (income making) days being wasted due to sickness and by unnecessary burden of medication expenses. So damage to the assets had made such people very vulnerable.

7. Describe past adaptation responses

For the remaining new system from ground water, no past adaptation responses details are available. Only minor repairs and maintenance of the system had been done in an ad-hoc manner for occasional small pump break-downs or pipeline breakdowns.

8. Provide expert judgment of the design appropriateness

The system has been designed and constructed as per the standard engineering norms and practices and thus most of the asset components seem to be safe.

ASSET-2:Bharatpur Sewerage System (BSS)

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

Bharatpur Sewerage System (BSS): The existing sewerage system was built under the ADB funded UEIP project in 2010/11. This system currently covers only Wards 1, 2 and 3 of Bharatpur Municipality (designated as C1, C2, and C3 during the project implementation) which are most densely populated areas in the whole city and lie within Narayanghat town. During the first phase of the project, it is planned to lay the sewer lines in Wards 1,2, 3 and 4, however they have not been able to complete the sewer laying activities in Ward 4 due to various reasons. There are three individual sewage treatment plants located adjacent to each other along the Narayani River bank and they are meant for service areas C1, C2, and C3 respectively. The treatment plants are of reed bed type. The sewage from a project area is collected through the collection system through the existing trunk sewer and conveyed to the sump well under gravity from where the sewage is passed on to the large collection chamber which is upstream of the sewage treatment plant. The solid particles are allowed to settle on the bottom of the sump well and the collection chamber where some anaerobic action takes place. The supernatant from the collection chamber is allowed to flow into the reed-bed chambers where the main biological action takes place in a semi- aerobic condition. The effluent form this process is of good quality and finally is discharged into the nearby Narayani River. The current system is designed for 1200 -1300 households however; only 450 households are connected to the system till date. It is proposed to raise the household connections to 2,800 in next five years.

It is presently operated by the locally constituted Bharatpur Sewerage Users’ Committee BSUC. They have a program to extend the sewerage system in similar manner to other parts of Bharatpur city as well.

To date BSS has not experienced any extreme events except the recent large flood that occurred in the Narayani River in August, 2013. The water level in the river reached to the peak water level and almost hit the sewage treatment plant. The river water could have done massive damage to the sewage treatment plant and the entire reed bed system could have been washed out in a short time. The asset component structures are all RCC and thus look strong. However ,the location of the treatment plants is not strategic and is constructed adjacent to the Narayani river, this means, the sewage treatment plant is vulnerable to any increase in river water level due to climate change The water level can increase due to the increased intensity of precipitation for prolonged duration.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Images of sewage treatment plants on the bank of Narayani River

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

Bharatpur Sewerage System covers the highly dense communities that are adjacent to the Narayani river. These make the main part of Narayanghat town and are Wards 1,2 and 3 of BM. The service areas are located at a higher level than the river and hence are safe. The sewer pipes are all laid underground at levels as guided by the engineering design and the treatment plants as mentioned earlier are located at different locations adjacent to the service area just on the east bank of the river. Hence, the treated sewage effluent is discharged directly into the river by gravity. Due to the natural gradient, the entire sewerage system runs under gravity. The level difference between the highest water level in the river and the bottom level of the treatment plant is not significant, hence, in 2013 floods, the flood waters reached the treatment plan boundary but no damage occurred. Hence, it can be considered that these assets are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

3. Description of asset location

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the assets looks satisfactory. The structures are made of RCC and brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship also looks satisfactory.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

4. b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

The BSS is serving quite a big section of population in north–western part of Bharatpur Municipality which presently covers Wards 1,2, and 3. This area mainly lies in the old commercial town of Narayanghat which is very densely populated. The sewerage system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility. All people inclusive of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are benefitting from the services rendered by the assets.

5. Describe asset design

6 Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why?Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Any damage to the treatment plants will stop the treatment processes and the sewage will have to flow raw to the river thus increasing the pollution level of Narayani river water creating health hazards to the people on the downstream. Thus all the men, women, dalits, disadvantaged ethnic groups on the downstream are the vulnerable people..

7. Describe past adaptation responses

Since the comprehensive sewerage system was constructed recently, no past events were recorded and no extreme events have impacted the system so far. Hence, no adaptation responses are recorded yet.

8. Provide expert judgment of the design appropriateness

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

ANNEX G: COMPLETED ADAPTATION AUDIT PRO FORMA

DISTRICT : Chitwan SECTOR : Urban Water Supply and Sanitation DATE : 1-3October,2013. Name : Gyanesh N. Bajracharya ASSET-1: Bharatpur Water Supply System 1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

Bharatpur Water Supply System(BWSS)is the largest system among the existing various urban water supply systems in Chitwan district. It serves large portions of the urban population in Bharatpur Municipality(BM) which is also the district headquarters. The supply systes ai ate soue is the ground water supplies after complete abandonment /failure of the old surface water system from Jugedi Khola due to the flood event in year 2003/4 AD.

The old surface water system from Jugedi Khola is located in the northern mountains was constructed in 1976/77. This system was the first piped water system in the town. Then, the Government of Japan extended their technical and financial support to construct two deep tube wells, one treatment plant for the surface water and 2 reservoirs(a 1200 cu-m capacity surface reservoir and a 400 cu-m capacity overhead tank), and new pipelines to augment the damaged system in 1999. Then, in year 2003/4 there was a heavy rainfall and huge floods occurred which completely damaged the system. The intake structures and large sections of the transmission pipeline from the source were completely washed out and the erstwhile operator Nepal Water Supply Corporation could not repair those damages as the scale of damage was very extensive and the rehabilitation works attracted huge funds which was not available at that time. The entire system that consisted of a water treatment plant, a service reservoir and transmission pipelines was completely abandoned.

Bharatpur water supply system is now not relying on any surface water sources. At the moment, it is purely a combination of the water supply system that was taken over from erstwhile Nepal Water Supply Corporation/Bharatpur Branch and the new water system built in 2010/11 under ADB funded UEIP Project. The system is operated by Bharatpur Water Supply Management Board(BWSMB) which was established in year 2006 under Water Supply Management Board Act 2006. Its area of jurisdiction is the urban areas of Bharatpur Municipality (BM). This means the existing water supply system mainly serves the residents of Bharatpur Municipality

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

the large yield tube wells, there is another small tube well with a yield of about 10 lps. The system has about 360 Km of pipelines and the pipes are of DI, GI and HDPE. The current system is serving 15,000 taps which is constantly growing at a rate of about 1200-1500 new connections per year. The expected number of taps in next 5 years is 28,000. The present water supply duration is 9-10 hours per day. The target is to raise it to 15 hours per day within a year or two. Nevertheless, the old pipelines in the system are suffering from severe leakages and this has brought the non- revenue water figure to as high as 35%. The target of the new management is also to bring this figure to 26% within a year or two.

As the ground water table is quite shallow here, water is easily accessible through shallow tube wells(handpumps) and dug wells. Residents of this area are not covered by the present public piped water supply system and are meeting their water demands from shallow tube wells and dug wells. However, there are many cases where the residents still rely on shallow wells for their daily needs even though the public piped water supply is available in their areas. This means, the local residents are not fully aware of the reliability, good water quality and water security that comes with the piped water system. BM service area is quite scattered covering a very large area as already mentioned in previous sections of this report, however, there are still some communities that are seed y othe sall ate systes opeated y the espetie loal Wates Uses Coittees. They are 7 in total and some of them are using the existing springs as water source while some have small deep tube wells. Nevertheless, there are still many communities that are not covered by any of these systems. The target of BWSMB is to bring all those existing small systems into its jurisdiction and to cover all areas gradually by laying new pipelines in those uncovered areas in coming next few years.

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

3. Description of asset location

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

any land slips or flooding. Overall, the assets are all located in safe locations and are not vulnerable to any climate change impacts.

4. a) Description of asset condition

4 b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

5 Description of threat

Most of the assets of this water supply system like water reservoirs, distribution pipelines are safe against any extreme climatic events.

6 a) Describe past extreme events and impacts

No additional extreme events were recorded by BWSS, except the event that occurred in year 2003/4 when the intake structure and larger section of transmission pipelines of the old surface water scheme on Jugedi khola were completely washed out due to flooding after heavy rain fall. The intensity of the event was so severe that it finally led to the complete abandonment of the entire system. The repair and reinstatement of damaged system attracted significant budget and funds, since there were no such funds available at that stage; hence, the entire system had been completely abandoned. Moreover the intake structure and transmission pipes still would be vulnerable as the whole intake area was unstable.

6 b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Hence in case of any disruption in the water supply due to damage to any asset component, all men,

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

women, children, dalits, disadvantaged groups get affected. Among those affected people, it will be the women who will get hit hardest as they are ones who have to manage household chores and do the cooking, washing etc. So they will have to take the physical pains of fetching water from distant existing traditional water sources which are less likely to be well protected. In addition to the physical hardship they face they waste lot of their valuable time which otherwise could have been used to make some income. In case the traditional sources are not protected, the situation gets worse as there is risk of health hazards to the consumers. The poor and marginalized communities like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are hit even harder as they have to compromise with other income generating works as more time is being spent for the water collection. Due to shortage of water, the cleanliness and sanitation get compromised and thus there is possibility of health hazard incidents specially among the women and children. Increased incidents of water borne diseases can be detected in such situation among these marginalized groups which ultimately tend to jeopardize their regular livelihoods by working (income making) days being wasted due to sickness and by unnecessary burden of medication expenses. So damage to the assets had made such people very vulnerable.

6 c) What are the particular impacts of damage to assets (such as watershed, bridges /roads and irrigation system/channels) on women, the indigenous people and Dalit communities ?

The impact of the damage to the assets will lead to the disruption of water supply service to quite a big section of the population in Bharatpur Municipality. Unavailability of public water supply service will affect all those people including women, dalit communities and disadvantaged ethnic groups. Among those affected people, it will be the women who will get hit hardest as they are ones who have to manage household chores and do the cooking, washing etc. So they will have to take the physical pains of fetching water from distant existing traditional water sources which are less likely to be well protected. In addition to the physical hardship they face they waste lot of their valuable time which otherwise could have been used to make some income. In case the traditional sources are not protected, the situation gets worse as there is risk of health hazards to the consumers. The poor and marginalized communities like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are hit even harder as they have to compromise with other income generating works as more time is being spent for the water collection. Due to shortage of water, the cleanliness and sanitation get compromised and thus there is possibility of health hazard incidents specially among the women and children. Increased incidents of water borne diseases can be detected in such situation among these marginalized groups which ultimately tend to jeopardize their regular livelihoods by working (income making) days being wasted due to sickness and by unnecessary burden of medication expenses.

6. d) Who are at risk of injury, illness or loss of income by asset damage or degradation of sources.

Basically the children are more prone to illness due to impact of use of poor quality water and poor sanitation in absence of enough water for cleaning. Other section of population like poor marginalized dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups too are very vulnerable to such situation of no water supply or poor quality drinking water resulting from ineffective function by the water system component assets due to any damage. Incidents of water borne diseases rise in such people as they tend to use any water in absence of public supply. That way by getting sick they suffer physically and also lose money on medication, and also working days meant for making some income. In absence of the water supply facility, poor people and specially the women are affected most as they have to take the physical pain of fetching water for basic uses by which they waste time in doing that which otherwise would have been utilized for some income generating work.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

7. Describe asset design

The whole water system had been designed by international and local consultants(both old and new schemes). The TA team after their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. Also, the workmanship of the construction of the asset components looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC or brick masonry works. The pipes are of DI, GI or HDPE material and all buried 3 ft deep along the streets.

8. Provide expert judgment on the success of the adaptation

In addition to the above mentioned adaptation successes, the following can be considered as adaptation measures:

 Installation of deep tube-well in safe locations;  Construction of reservoirs in safe place and with sustainable material such as RCC and Steel;  Buried pipelines at a depth of 3 ft along the streets to minimise any external damages.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

ASSET-2: Bharatpur Sewerage System(BSS)

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

During the first phase of the project, it is planned to lay the sewer lines in Wards 1,2,3 and 4, however they have not been able to complete the sewer laying activities in Ward 4 due to various reasons. There are three individual sewage treatment plants located adjacent to each other along the Narayani River bank and they are meant for service areas C1, C2, and C3 respectively. The treatment plants are of reed bed type. The sewage from a project area is collected through the collection system through the existing trunk sewer and conveyed to the sump well under gravity from where the sewage is passed on to the large collection chamber which is on upstream of the sewage treatment plant.

The solid particles are allowed to settle on the bottom of the sump well and the collection chamber where some anaerobic action takes place. The supernatant from the collection chamber is allowed to flow into the reed-bed chambers where the main biological action takes place in a semi- aerobic condition. The effluent form this process is of good quality and finally is discharged into the nearby Narayani River. The current system is designed for 1200 -1300 households however; only 450 households are connected to the system till date. It is proposed to raise the household connections to 2,800 in next five years.

It is presently operated by the locally constituted Bharatpur Sewerage Users’ Committee BSUC. They have a program to extend the sewerage system in similar manner to other parts of Bharatpur city as well.

Although BSS is a comprehensive sewerage system it is apparent that majority of the residents are still relying on the existing septic tanks and very few of them have connected their toilets to the newly constructed sewerage system. Due to this, BSUC is unable to generate any revenue from tariff or user charges. However, the municipality is supporting the operation and maintenance of the system.

To date BSS has not experienced any extreme events except the recent large flood that occurred in the Narayani River in August, 2013. The water level in the river reached to the peak water level and almost hit the sewage treatment plant. The river water could have done massive damage to the sewage treatment plant and the entire reed bed system could have been washed out in a short time. The asset component structures are all RCC and thus look strong. However ,the location of the treatment plants is not strategic and is constructed adjacent to the Narayani river, this means, the sewage treatment plant is vulnerable to any increase in river water level due to climate change. The water level can increase due to the increased intensity of precipitation for prolonged duration.

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

Bharatpur Sewerage System covers the highly dense communities that are adjacent to the Narayani river. These make the main part of Narayanghat town and are Wards 1,2 and 3 of BM. The service

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

areas are located at a higher level than the river and hence are safe. The sewer pipes are all laid underground at levels as guided by the engineering design and the treatment plants as mentioned earlier are located at different locations adjacent to the service area just on the east bank of the river. Hence, the treated sewage effluent is discharged directly into the river by gravity. Due to the natural gradient, the entire sewerage system runs under gravity. The level difference between the highest water level in the river and the bottom level of the treatment plant is not significant, hence, in 2013 floods, the flood waters reached the treatment plan boundary but no damage occurred. Hence, it can be considered that these assets are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

3. Description of asset location

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the assets looks satisfactory. The structures are made of RCC and brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship also looks satisfactory.

4. b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

5. Description of threat

6. a)Describe past extreme events and impacts

Include event dates, biophysical description of the events and impacts on the asset

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

treatment plant at this time. Nevertheless, in future, if similar or higher events occur along the banks of the river, then, it is highly likely that treatment

6. b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

6 c) What are the particular impacts of damage to assets (such as watershed, bridges /roads and irrigation system/channels) on women, the indigenous people and Dalit communities ?

The sewerage system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility. All people inclusive of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are benefitting from the services rendered by the assets. So the people being served by the system are the most vulnerable in case the system fails.

Any damage to the treatment plants will stop the sewage treatment processes and the sewage will have to flow raw to the river thus increasing the pollution level of Narayani river water creating health hazards to the people on the downstream. Thus all the men, women, dalits, disadvantaged ethnic groups on the downstream are likely to get affected. Of course the poor women, dalits and disadvantaged groups will be hit harder if there is any outbreak of water borne diseases, as that will bring physical pains, loss of money on medication, loss of valuable working days which is money indirectly which they simply cannot afford like rich people.

6. d) Who are at risk of injury, illness or loss of income by asset damage or degradation of sources.

If the treatment plant does not function or functions very inefficiently because of damage to any of the asset components, the effluent will be bad and thus the river will get more polluted and thus be more danger to public health on the downstream. Those who come in contact with the polluted river water will get sick and will suffer physical pains, lose money on medication during treatment and also lose valuable time which otherwise would have been utilized for income generating work. The people who are most likely to come in contact with the river water are poor people who are living on the banks of the river as squatters, people who are taking bath, washing clothes, irrigating their agricultural land and those people who fish for a livingon the downstream. Also the polluted water in the river will give bad smell, look ugly and pollute the atmospheric air affecting residents on

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

the downstream.

7. Describe asset design The whole sewerage system had been designed by a group of national consultants. The TA team after their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. The workmanship of the construction of the asset components looks satisfactory. The materials used for the construction of the sewerage system are satisfactory. However, the location of the sewage treatment plant is not an ideal location.

8. Provide expert judgment on the success of the adaptation

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS

ASSET 1: BHARATPUR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Image-1: Bharatpur Municipality

Image-2: Steel Overhead Tank (Capacity-400 cum)/BWSS

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Image-3: RCC Reservoir (Capacity-1200 cum)/BWSS

ASSET-2: BHARATPUR SEWERAGE SYSTEM Image-4: Raw sewage inlet in the Treatment Plant

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Image-5: One of the treatment plants with a view of Reed Bed Chamber/BSS

Image-6: Treatment Plant with views of Collection chamber and Reed Bed Chamber

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Image-7: Treated Effluent Outfall Structure 77:EffluentoutfallEffluentClarfiers

Image-8: Clear effluent flowing into Narayani River

Image-9: View of Flooded Narayani River in August, 2013

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Image-9: River Bank with view of Treatment Plant wall

Image 10: Sewage Treatment Plant wall

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | WATSAN – Urban - District Baselines

Image-11: View of Flooded Narayani River in August, 2013

Image-12: View of Flooded Narayani River in August, 2013

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | <> district baselines

TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

DOLAKHA DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE (DWSS) – URBAN WATSAN

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 DOLAKHA DISTRICT ...... 1 1.1 Dolakha District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 3 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 3 1.3.1 Trends ...... 3 1.3.2 Issues ...... 4 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 5 1.4.1 Charikot Township – Ward 10 of Bhimeswor Municipality ...... 5 1.4.2 Dolakha Township – Ward 2 of Bhimeswor Municipality ...... 6 1.5 Past extremes in the district ...... 7 1.6 Linkages to other sectors ...... 8 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ...... 8 1.7.1 Prioritisation process ...... 8 2 DOLAKHA DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 9 2.1 Asset-1: Charikot Water supply Project ...... 9 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 10 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 11 2.2 Asset-2: Old Dolakha Water Supply System ...... 12 2.2.1 Asset Description ...... 12 2.2.1 Adaptation audit ...... 14 ANNEX A – MAP OF DOLAKHA DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR ...... 2 ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ...... 3 ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 4 ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 5 ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY ...... 7 ANNEX G: COMPLETED ADAPTATION AUDIT PRO FORMA ...... 13 ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 20

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

1 DOLAKHA DISTRICT

The National and International TA teams have made a visit to Dolakha district between September 9- 12, 2013 and met several government officials of the concerned water & sanitation agencies such as DO/DWSS, Bhimeswor Municipality, and Dolakha District Committee office, Charikot Water Supply Users’ Coittee, Water Suppl ad Saitatio Users’ Coittee/Dolakha et. The TA tea have had an extensive interaction with them, and have collected all the necessary available and relevant information/data from them. Upon successful collection of relevant data, the TA teams then visited several sites that are related to WATSAN assets and performed an in depth study to understand the vulnerability of each asset against different climate change threats.

Mr. DilBahadurSunuwar, a water and sanitation technician who had been with DO/DWSS (DWSO) for many years and is very knowledgeable about the existing water supply schemes in the district was deputed by DWSO to guide the TA team throughout the stay and field visits in Dolakha district.

The current baseline report for Dolakha district is purely based on the information obtained from the respective government agencies during the field trip and information collected from the concerned agencies that are based in central offices of Kathmandu.

1.1 Dolakha District Sector Master Plan

Fig 1: Location of Dolakha District in Map of Nepal

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Fig 2: Map of Dolakha District showing Charikot and Dolakha Townships

Dolakha district is a mountainous district that lies in Janakpur Zone of Central Development region and is located around132 Km east of Kathmandu. It extends from north to south consisting of 51 VDCs and one mmunicipality called Bhimeswor municipality. It covers an area of about 2,191 km2(214,287 ha) and Charikot town is its district headquarter.

Tamakoshi River which is one of the large rivers in this region originates from this very district. The population of the district as per the 2011 census is - 188,186 of which male is 881,63 and female100,023. Due to its proximity to high mountain ranges like Gaurishanker Himal, it has become a national touristic place with large number of hotels and restaurants located in Charikot. Bhimeswor Municipality in the district was made of four previous VDCs of Charikot, Dolakha, Maikebari and Madi and thus covers a very large area. Except Charikot and Dolakha townships, the rest of the areas can be classified as rural.

Dolakha district has no water supply and sanitation sector master plan. In addition to this, there is no clear demarcation between rural and urban water supply & sanitation. Both rural and urban water supply and sanitation activities are lumped together in their sector program.

Some of the key information for Dolakha water supply and sanitation sector are outlined below:

• 55 water supply projects( WSPs) completed till now – all gravity flow type

• Charikot and Dolakha townships are considered as urban and the rest of the areas are rural. The current water supply schemes are all rural type and are operated by respective local ater ad saitatio users’ oittees. They are all supported by DO/DWSS technically and financially in case of any emergency and need. Among the water supply systems in Bhimeswor municipality, some are partially supported by DO/DWSS and some by Bhimeswor Municipality in both technical and financial matters.

• Dolakha district is identified as one of the most vulnerable and prone to frequent floods and landslide affected district

– High risk : 21 VDCs and 1 municipality

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

– Medium level risk: 23 VDCs are of medium level

– Low level risk: 7 VDCs

– Some 2,400 households and population of 14,500 are affected in the past events 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff

Budgeting

• Dolakha District WATSAN is under the jurisdiction of DO/DWSS led by SDE along with three other Engineers. However, small-scale schemes that are serving population less than 1000 are supervised by the other agencies such as DOLIDAR and RWSSFB as well.

• The budgets for different programs and construction works are usually under the responsibility and aageet of respetie WUCsWater Users’ Committees).

• Usually the annual budgets are dependent on the contributions made by local consumers/users. In addition to the contributions from the users, the WUC contribute the labor component of the project.

• Presently 35 water supply projects are under implementation in Dolakha district.

• The total annual budget for the fiscal year 069/70 is NRs. 35,607,000.00 Staff

Present staffing of the main line agency in Dolakha district-DO/DWSS:

Er. JanakAdhikari : Senior Divisional Engineer, DWSO Chief Ganesh Thapa: Engineer IndraDevMahato : Engineer NakulShrestha : Engineer DilBahadurSunuwar: Water and Sanitation Technician ( WSST) Kamal Bajgain: Water and Sanitation Technician ( WSST) Shiv Prasad Chaulagai: Water and Sanitation Technician ( WSST) UddhavBahadurThapa: Water and Sanitation Technician ( WSST) Women Worker: One Administrative Assistant: One Account officer: One Peons: four

Total number of approved staff-15

O&M of the different water supply schemes are responsibility of the respective WUCs and they are usually manned by few technicians/plumbers and chaukidars.

1.3 Sector trends and issues

1.3.1 Trends Planning

Projects are usually planned on the basis of the requests/demands made by the concerned local

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

communities, DDC officials, local community leaders etc. and based on the availability of the budget. Prior to any decisions on the requested programmes by the communities, DO/DWSS screens them and prioritize them after making rapid site surveys.

Design

Upon approval from DO/DWSS, the projects are given to the local consultants for detailed surveys and designs. If they are very small schemes, in such case the technical personnel in DO/DWSS or the WUC/Municipality may also do the designs and estimates to expedite the whole process.

Construction

The construction ork is doe uder the aageet of the loal Water Users’ Coittees usually through contractors unless they are very small and petty works. Consultants are hired to perform the construction supervision in case of larger projects. Smaller projects are generally supervised by the technical personnel in the DO/DWSS or the Municipality or the WUCs.

Monitoring

The overall project works in the district are monitored by DO/DWSS. Small scale projects are initiated and implemented by DOLIDAR, RWSSFB, NGOs, and DDC. 1.3.2 Issues • Ongoing projects

– Insufficient allocation and distribution of budgets have caused un-necessary delays in the recent projects. This has increased the project costs due to delays and also demotivated the loal users’ epetatios. The delay on the project also delayed the payments to the local labor.

– Majority of the projects are not selected and prioritized as per the defined criteria & in some cases selections of the projects have been made without any technical feasibility studies.

• Coordination

– It is observed that there inadequate co-ordination in many WS projects among the stakeholders.

• Source depletion

– Depletion in the yields of existing water spring sources has been widely observed in Dolakha district and this has led to lower yields than the design discharges in many cases.

– The spring sources kept on shifting downstream because of which intake structures need to be shifted to address the shifting mechanism.

– As per the local people, the source yield depletion is mainly due to construction of large number of local roads connecting rural areas of the district using heavy bulldozers without paying any heed to long term environmental damage. However, there is no such engineering or technical evidence to prove the local communities perception.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

– The local communities have also realised that their atmospheric temperature is rising slowly in the district due to which the water sources are getting weaker gradually.

– Also the local communities in the district have realized the other climate change events such as heavy untimely precipitation.

1.4 Asset inventory

Existing Water Supply Schemes:

The existing water supply schemes in Dolakha district are all small simple gravity type each serving limited number of consumers and have general characteristics of typical rural water supply schemes. However the water supply schemes in Charikot town and Dolakha town are being taken/assumed as urban water supply schemes here as both of them located in Bhimeswor Municipality and thus they are the only urban water supply schemes in Dolakha district at present.

1.4.1 Charikot Township – Ward 10 of Bhimeswor Municipality A. Charikot Water Supply Scheme : Operator: Charikot Water Supply ad Saitatio Users’ Coittee Source- Odare Spring Yield - 5/6 litres per second in dry season and 10/12 litres per second in wet season No. of reservoirs- 4 ------i) 125 cu-m ii) 95 cu-m iii) 200 cu-m and iv) 100 cu-m of stone asor ith ” RCC ore all ad ostruted i differet years. Treatment Plant- i) Sedimentation Tank-one ii) Slow Sand Filters- 3 Beds, two in operation and one in standby Pipeline system- Mostly HDPE pipes.

Total Taps served – Aout all ½” oetio ad ot etered i Wards ad of Bhimeswor Municipality(BM). Water Supply Hour-1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening in dry season

- 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the evening in wet season

B. Purano Bazar WS scheme Operator: Purao Bazar Water Supply Users’ Coittee Source; Small springs Total Taps served: About 100 in Ward 1/BM C. GhairSwarn WS Scheme Operator: Ghair Swar Water Supply Users’ Coittee Source: Small springs Total Taps served: About 100 in Ward 10/BM

D. Sanitation Services in Charikot Township: Though Charikot is quite densely populated but still there is no central sewerage system at present. All individual houses have a septic tank of their own. The septic tanks are not designed properly. They are of one chamber units and have no water tight base. Thus, they are constructed to perform as cesspools and the influent will be absorbed by the

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

surrounding soil. These septic tanks are susceptible to frequent overflows under any storm event and in addition to that these septic tanks are also contributed to the groundwater pollution. Communities have already observed the huge contamination of springs and streams that are located within the community area. The contamination is mainly due to the seepage of sewage and overflows from the septic tanks under storm events. In a recent consultation with the community it was confirmed that majority of the septic tanks were never desludged even though the sludge within the tank have reached the maximum level. The Bhimeswor Municipality has a suction vehicle which empties the septic tanks on regular basis and disposes the sludge from the septic tanks in a sludge pond which is far-off from the communities and is located in an isolated forest area. However, the municipality is finding difficulty in desludging the septic tanks as many of the properties are located in Narrow Street and are not accessible to the suction vehicle. Due to this technical issue, many of the residents dispose their effluent with rich sludge into the surface water drains. In some parts of the community, the residents are allowed to open the septic tank emergency overflow pipe and mix with the rainfall runoff under heavy downpour. The above two practices have a huge impact on the public health and hygiene. The Municipality is fully aware of this environmental and public health issue and are in the process of carrying out a project to address this problem by seeking help from a technical expert and financial support from Town Development Fund (TDF).

1.4.2 Dolakha Township – Ward 2 of Bhimeswor Municipality A. Old Dolakha Water Supply Scheme(constructed in BS 2018-i.e; in around Year 1961 AD) Operator: Water Supply ad Saitatio Users’ Coittee Source: Dharfe Spring and Gautam Tole spring Yield: 1.7 litres per second and dry season yield is about half of that in the wet season Water Supply Hour- About 2 hours per day in the morning in wet season and 1 hour per day in the morning in dry season Total Taps served all ½” oetios ad ot etered—140 (Private) and-- 25 (Public) in mostly Wards 2, 3 and 4 of Bhimeswor Municipality No. of reservoirs - 4 ------i) 90 cu-m/Brick Masonry built in Year 1961 AD ii) 20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD iii) 20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD iv) 50 cu-m/RCC built in Year 2009 AD Pipe line system - During the construction of the project in 1961, all the pipelines ere GI pipes ad those” dia. GI pipes laid durig the construction have become too old and weak due to rusting and are leaking badly. Those pipes are slowly being replaced with HDPE pipes. Distribution Pipeline-----Mostly old GI pipes and HDPE pipes Water Tariff: General Household------Rs.100/- per month

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Hotels, Restaurants and Industries------Rs.250/- per month Government offices and schools etc.-----Rs.100/- per month This scheme gets regular necessary financial and technical supports from Government agencies specially DO-DWSS.

B. Dolakha Water Supply Scheme(newly constructed) Operator: Dolakha Water Supply Users’ Coittee Source: Springs Total Taps served - 96 all ½” connections) No. of Reservoirs -2 ------i) 20 cu-m (Ferro cement) ii) 40 cu-m (RCC)

This scheme gets necessary supports from the Bhimeswor Municipality.

(For details refer the case study profiles in the Annexure)

1.5 Past extremes in the district

Event/date Location Biophysical Sector Impact Adaptive description of infrastructure response the event affected -Specify impacts on women and men where relevant

-Specify impacts on disadvantaged groups where relevant

Heavy rainfall in No 42 people Financial the VDC with information died of the support from In 2042 B.S. Jhyku VDC landslides flood and the DDC and (1985 AD.) landslides and other social more than organization 7th of Bhadra attle’s to the victim were killed. families. Some houses were also gutted.

2051 BS Boch VDC Observed a big Caused death land slide of 5 persons ( 1994 AD) and loss of agricultural cultivated

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

lands

2069 BS in the South A heavy rainfall The intake Caused month of Eastern VDC (rainfall was one was damage of Ashad Bhirkot of the highest in completely water supply recent times) damaged & schemes, (2012 AD) large portion schools and of the some houses transmission and distribution pipe line was swept off.

Lamabagar One VDC suspension 2069 Shrawan LapcheKhola in bridge was (2012 AD) High flood completely damaged

Gaurishanker To heavy rainfall One A mother and VDC and land slide suspension child lost their 06-07 bridge was lives Shrawan2069 swept off (2012 AD)

1.6 Linkages to other sectors

Linkage of the Water supply and Sanitation sector with other sectors is assured by the existence and functioning of the District Water Supply, Hygiene and Sanitation Coordination Committee (DWASHCC) under the chairmanship of the Local Development Officer (LDO).The chief of DWSO Dolakha is the member secretary of the committee in which representatives from the government offices like education, health, and women development are the members. Likewise, other members include representatives of leading NGOs working in the district.

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District 1.7.1 Prioritisation process The key criteria for prioritisation adopted are as follows:  Infrastructure of national strategic importance  Infrastructure of district strategic importance  Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events  Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events  Infrastructure of importance to women (e.g. Reduces workload, increases mobility, supports oe’s lielihoods

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

 Infrastructure of importance to poor or marginalized groups (e.g. Dalit, Ethnic groups)  Infrastructures that use locally available spring water sources and can be operated under gravity to avoid any need of mechanical equipment needing power  Infrastructures that are simple and can be constructed with locally available construction materials and technology.  Infrastructures that is easy and economical to operate and maintain.  Infrastructures that serve more people.

So the water supply schemes in the district are found to have mainly following features and components:

. No ground water pumping system existence in the district

. The design of the infrastructure is standardized by DWSS.

– Spring Intakes of different types

– Transmission Pipes: Mainly HDPE pipes with GI/DI pipes in some places

– Distribution Reservoirs mainly Random Rubble( RR) Masonry or Ferro Cement Typeor RCC

– The Reservoirs are mostly semi - underground with CGI roofing.

– Break Pressure tanks: They are made of RR masonry

– Distribution Pipes: mainly HDPE pipes

– Public stand Posts: RR masonry types

2 DOLAKHA DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset-1: Charikot Water supply Project

This Charikot water supply scheme is the biggest scheme in Charikot town and serves majority of the population in Ward 1 and Ward 10 of Bhimeswor Municipality, the only municipality in Dolakha district and has their district headquarter in Charikot. Bhimeswor Municipality is almost centrally located in Dolakha district. The source of the system is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDCaround 3-4 kilometres away from Charikot town.

The operator of this supply system is the locally formed Charikot Water Supply and Sanitation Users’ Coittee. The system has one water treatment plant which consists of a sedimentation tank and three slow sand filter beds. Of the three filter beds, two are usually in use and the third one remains in standby for operation and maintenance purposes.

There are four service reservoirs in the system with capacities 125 cu-m, 95 cu-m, 200 cu-m and 100 cu-m respectively. They are all made of stone masonry with RCC core walls and were constructed in various phases of the supply-demand in different years. The transmission and distribution pipeline are of HDPE pipes.

The uer of taps sered this shee at preset is all ½” onnections) and water supply duration is 1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening in dry season. Similarly, the supply

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

duration is 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the evening in wet season.

2.1.1 Asset Description

 Watershed context

Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The intake is located up in a thick jungle area quite far from any human settlement. Its source is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC around 3-4 kilometres from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas including through some agricultural lands. The assets are subjected to extraordinary events of high flood at different timelines of the year but they are not subjected to any externalities. The entire catchment area that is leading to the intake point of the system makes the watershed and catchment basin of Tamakoshi River.

 Asset location

As outlined above, Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The human settlements are mostly on the ridges and along the highway. The intake is located in a dense forest area far up from any human settlement. . The source is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC around 3-4 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas including through some agricultural lands. The assets are subjected to extraordinary events of high flood at different timelines of the year but they are not subjected to any externalities.

 Asset condition

The condition of the water system is in an acceptable level at the moment. The intake structure, the water treatment plant, the reservoirs, the transmission mains from the source to the treatment plants are all in safe condition against any landslide or flooding. The pipelines are mostly made of HDPE pipes which are buried in the ground. However, during the time of site visit in Dolakha district by the TA team, massive road widening work was going on in Charikot town and due to this many pipes were exposed to direct environment at several places along the streets and the WUC confirmed that all these exposed pipes will be properly buried once the road widening works are completed. The assets have not experienced any major damage so for except for very minor leaks that were repaired on ad-hoc basis.

 Asset design

The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of stone masonry with a RCC slab cover. Since the source is fed by different springs, the final leg of the flow is like a small stream that enters the intake. The pipes used in the system are of HDPE and the distribution reservoirs are made of stone masonry with RCC core walls. The roofing of the reservoirs in general is made of CGI sheets. The structures within the treatment plant are all of RCC. Stand posts are made of stone masonry and plastered. The system seems to have been designed as per the engineering norms and practices.

 Past extreme events and impacts

As per the discussions with WUC official, the water supply system has not experienced any major

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

damage to its component by any external eventualities to date.

 Past adaptation responses

No as-built engineering drawings were available except a distribution map. The intake is located at higher altitude in the dense forest area which is far-off from any human settlement. This means, the intake is very well protected from any human related pollution. One of the adaptations which are quite evident was the reduced supply hours. Since the water that arrives at the intake point during the dry season is reduced, this means, there is little water at the storage reservoirs; this in turn affects the supply to the consumers. The WUC in Dolakha have reduced the supply hours to meet both demand issues and the storage at the reservoirs.

 Design appropriateness

The system design is in line with the engineering standards and codes. The intake structure is properly located however there is ample room for improvements. The pipes in the distribution system are exposed at many places and those need to be buried well to save from external damages.

2.1.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location As discussed in the above sections, the intake asset is located in a dense forest far-off from all human settlements. The transmission pipelines run through different land-uses and sloped areas. The reservoirs and water treatment plant are located in a safe area which are least affected by any extreme climatic events.

 Adaptation condition  The condition of the assets is acceptable. However, there are several road widening works in place across Charikot Town at present. In those areas, the water supply pipelines are exposed to the ope eiroet. The loal WUC’s are orkig hard to fix damages that are caused by vehicular movement or vandalism.  Threat description

The entire water supply system component including the transmission pipelines, water treatment plant, reservoirs, distribution system are safe against any extreme climatic events. However, the intake structure is exposed to natural external pollution during extreme rainfall and flood events. In addition to the above mentioned threat, there are several temporary threats to the water supply distribution system that were created by road widening works.

 Past extreme events and impacts

No extreme events have been observed in the project area.

 Adaptation design The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of stone masonry with a RCC slab cover. Since the source is fed by different springs, the final leg of the flow is like a small stream that enters the intake. The pipes used in the system are of HDPE and the distribution reservoirs are made of stone masonry with RCC core walls. The roofing of the reservoirs in general is made of CGI sheets. The structures within the treatment plant are all of RCC. Stand posts are made of stone masonry and plastered. The system seems to have been designed as per the engineering norms and practices.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

 Adaptation success

No as built engineering drawings were available except a distribution map. The intake is located at higher altitude in the dense forest area which is far-off from any human settlement. This means, the intake is very well protected from any human related pollution. One of the adaptations which are quite evident was the reduced supply hours. Since the water that arrives at the intake point during the dry season is reduced, this means, there is little water at the storage reservoirs; this in turn affects the supply to the consumers. The WUC in Dolakha have reduced the supply hours to meet both demand issues and the storage at the reservoirs.

2.2 Asset-2: Old Dolakha Water Supply System This Old Dolakha water supply scheme is the biggest scheme in Dolakha town and it serves majority of people in Wards 2, 3 and 4 of Bhimeswor Municipality, the only municipality in Dolakha district and the district headquarter as well. Bhimeswor Municipality is almost centrally located in Dolakha district. The sources of the system are Dharfe spring located some 2-3 kilometres away from Dolakha town and nearby Gautam Tole spring. The total yield of the sources is 1.7 litres per second in dry season which gets doubled in the wet season.

The operator of this sste is the loall fored Water Suppl ad Saitatio Users’ Coittee/ Dolakha.

ii) 20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD

iii) 20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD

iv) 50 cu-m/RCC built in Year 2009 AD respectively.

They are all made of stone masonry with RCC core walls. Pipelines in system are mostly of HDPE pipes.

The number of taps served this shee at preset is all ½” oetios) private and 20 public. The water supply duration is 1 hour in the morning in dry season. Similarly the supply duration is 2 hours in the morning in wet season.

Source of Information: Mr. IndraShrestha/Administrative Office Assistant-WUC

2.2.1 Asset Description  Watershed context

Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The intake is located up in a thick jungle area quite far from any human settlement. Its main source is Dharfe spring which is located up 2-3 kilometres away from Dolakha town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas. Except in some extra ordinary conditions of high precipitation, the structures are not affected by any externality. The whole area surrounding the system makes the water shed and catchment basin of Tamakoshi River.

 Asset location

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

As outlined above, Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The human settlements are mostly on the ridges and along the highway. The intake is located in a dense forest area far up from any human settlement. . The source is Dharfe spring which is located around 2-3 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas including through some agricultural lands. The assets are subjected to extraordinary events of high flood at different timelines of the year but they are not subjected to any externalities.

 Asset condition

The condition of the water system is in an acceptable level at the moment. However, the intake structure is open to external pollution during the rainy season due to huge inflow of dirt and dead leaves from the surrounding area. The system is not equipped with any water treatment plant. This means, the water from the intake flows directly in to the reservoirs at Tilinchok that triggers frequent cleaning, reduced reservoir capacity and in many cases the turbid water reaches the end- user. Similarly, transmission main from Dharfe spring source to the reservoirs at Tilinchok is also very vulnerable as it is passing through a historic landslide area. The pipelines are made of old GI pipes which were laid in 1961 and in several places leakages were identified; this might lead to increased non-revenue water. The WUC is gradually replacing those damaged GI pipes with HDPE pipes. The pipes are mostly buried in the ground, and the assets have not experienced any major damage to date except minor leaks that are repaired on ad-hoc basis.

 Asset design

The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of stone masonry work with a RCC slab cover. Since the source is fed by different springs, the final leg of the flow is like a small stream that enters the intake. The intake point is not protected by any screening facility that can intercept any dirt, solids and dead leaves that arrive at the uncontrolled intake site during severe storm conditions. In addition to this, there is no treatment plant in place to protect the end user from any pollution due to organic matter and solids that are brought during heavy rainfall event. The pipe system is very old and dated to 1961. There are several leakages identified along its path and the local authorities will fix them on ad-hoc basis. The existing reservoirs are of good construction and design. However, if we look at the water supply system as one package, then it is worth mentioning here that the components are not very well designed to address the pollution from rainfall events and the transmission line lay along the historic landslide site.

 Past extreme events and impacts

As per the discussions with WUC official, the water supply system has not experienced any major damage to its component by any external eventualities to date.

 Past adaptation responses

No as-built engineering drawings were available except a distribution map. The intake is located at higher altitude in the dense forest area which is far-off from any human settlement. However, the intake is not provided with any screens that can intercept the solids and other organic matter during storm events. This means, the intake is still subjected to frequent pollution and that is pass- forwarded to the reservoirs and then on to the end-user. One of the adaptations which are quite evident was the reduced supply hours. Since the water that arrives at the intake point during the dry season is reduced, this means, there is little water at the storage reservoirs; this in turn affects the supply to the consumers. The WUC in Dolakha have reduced the supply hours to meet both demand issues and the storage at the reservoirs.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

 Design appropriateness

The system design is in line with the engineering standards and codes. However, the intake structure needs to be protected from huge sediments that arrive under storm conditions. One section of the transmission pipeline is hanging and is along the historic landslide area which needs to realigned or protected. The transmission pipelines shall be buried to protect them from extreme rainfall events. There is an immediate need for water treatment plant that can relieve the current pollutants that are going to the end-user.

2.2.1 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location

As outlined above, Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The human settlements are mostly on the ridges and along the highway. The intake is located in a dense forest area far up from any human settlement. The source is Dharfe spring which is located around 2-3 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas including through some agricultural lands. The assets are subjected to extraordinary events of high flood at different timelines of the year but they are not subjected to any externalities.

 Adaptation condition

The condition of the water system is in an acceptable level at the moment. . However, the intake structure is open to external pollution during the rainy season due to huge inflow of dirt and dead leaves from the surrounding area. The system is not equipped with any water treatment plant. This means, the water from the intake flows directly in to the reservoirs at Tilinchok that triggers frequent cleaning, reduced reservoir capacity and in many cases the turbid water reaches the end- user. Similarly, transmission main from Dharfe spring source to the reservoirs at Tilinchok is also very vulnerable as it is passing through a historic landslide area. The pipelines are made of old GI pipes which were laid in 1961 and in several places leakages were identified; this might lead to increased non-revenue water. The WUC is gradually replacing those damaged GI pipes with HDPE pipes. The pipes are mostly buried in the ground, and the assets have not experienced any major damage to date except minor leaks that are repaired on ad-hoc basis.

 Threat description

The major threats that can be foreseen for the system are increased rainfall that may bring more sediment to the intake and also cause more landslides along the historic landslide area where the current transmission pipeline is laid. In addition to this, there is a huge O&M risk to the existing reservoirs that might end-up taking huge sediment loads under storm events, this reduces efficacy of operation and reduces the storage capacity in long-run.

 Past Extreme Events and impacts

No extreme events have been observed in the project area.

 Adaptation Design

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

addition to this, there is no treatment plant in place to protect the end user from any pollution due to organic matter and solids that are brought during heavy rainfall event. The pipe system is very old and dated to 1961. There are several leakages identified along its path and the local authorities will fix them on ad-hoc basis. The existing reservoirs are of good construction and design. However, if we look at the water supply system as one package, then it is worth mentioning here that the components are not very well designed to address the pollution from rainfall events and the transmission line lay along the historic landslide site.

 Adaptation Success

There is little or nothing has been done to date in terms of adaptation to any extreme events that may affect the operation of the water supply system. Some of the components such as intake point, some sections of transmission pipeline and need for water treatment plant are the key assets that require immediate attention for redesign or adapt to address the climatic extreme events.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX A – MAP OF DOLAKHA DISTRICT

Fig 1: Location of Dolakha District in Map of Nepal

Fig 2: Map of Dolakha District showing Charikot and Dolakha Townships

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR

• Presently 35 water supply projects are under implementation in Dolakha district.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | Dolakha district baselines

ANNEXC: ANNUAL BUDGET

• The total annual budget for the fiscal year 069/70 is NRs. 35,607,000.00

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | Dolakha district baselines

ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

Present staffing of the main line agency in Dolakha district-DO/DWSS:

Err. Janak Adhikari : Senior Divisional Engineer, DWSO Chief Ganesh Thapa: Engineer Indra Dev Mahato : Engineer NakulShrestha : Engineer DilBahadurSunuwar: Water and Sanitation Technician (WSST) Kamal Bajgain: Water and Sanitation Technician ( WSST) Shiv Prasad Chaulagai: Water and Sanitation Technician (WSST) UddhavBahadurThapa: Water and Sanitation Technician (WSST) Women Worker: One Administrative Assistant: One Account officer: One Peons: four Total number of approved staff-15

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

Event/date Location Biophysical Sector Impact Adaptive description of infrastructure response the event affected -Specify impacts on women and men where relevant

-Specify impacts on disadvantaged groups where relevant

Heavy rainfall in No 42 people Financial the VDC with information died of the support from In 2042 B.S. JhykuVDC landslides flood and the DDC and (1985 AD.) landslides and other social more than organization 7th of Bhadra attle’s to the victim were killed. families. Some houses were also gutted.

2051 BS Boch VDC Observed a big Caused death land slide of 5 persons ( 1994 AD) and loss of agricultural cultivated lands

LamabagarV One suspension

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

2069 Shrawan DC LapcheKhola in bridge was (2012 AD) High flood completely damaged

Gaurishanker To heavy rainfall One A mother and VDC and land slide suspension child lost their 06-07 bridge was lives Shrawan2069 swept off (2012 AD)

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY

DISTRICT: Dolakha SECTOR: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation DATE: 10September, 2013. NAME: Gyanesh Bajracharya

ASSET-1: Charikot Water Supply System

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

This Charikot water supply scheme is the largest scheme in Charikot town and serves majority of people in Ward 1 and Ward 10 of Bhimeswor Municipality, the only municipality in Dolakha district and has thedistrict headquarter in Charikot.Bhimeswor Municipality is almost centrally located in Dolakha district. The source of the system is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC some3-4 kilometres away from Charikot town.

The operator of this sste is the loall fored Charikot Water Suppl ad Saitatio Users’ Committee

The system has one water treatment plant which consists of a sedimentation tank and three slow sand filter beds. Of the three filter beds, two are usually in use and the third one remains in standby.

There are four service reservoirs in the system with capacities 125 cu-m, 95 cu-m, 200 cu-m and 100 cu-m respectively. They are all made of stone masonry with RCC core walls and were constructed in different years. Pipeline in system is mostly HDPE pipes.

The uer of taps sered this shee at preset is all ½” oections) and water supply duration is 1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening in dry season. Similarly the supply duration is 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the evening in wet season.

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The intake is located up in a thick jungle area quite far from any human settlement. Its source is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC some3-4 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas and some agricultural lands. Except in some extra ordinary conditions of high precipitation, the structures are not affected by any externality. The whole area surrounding the system makes the water shed and catchment of Tamakoshi river. 3. Description of asset location

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

assets are subjected to extraordinary events of high flood at different timelines of the year but they are not subjected to any externalities.

4. a) Description of asset condition

4 b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

As Charikot town is located on the mountain ridge, the residents of the town are fully dependent on this water system. Some of the existing old springs that are adjacent to the densely populated communities are subjected to frequent pollution caused from overflow from septic tanks under rainfall events. The water from the system is utilized for all domestic purposes including drinking by most people. Even though the Charikot town has an urban characteristic, but the water supply system is still has direct impact on women. Usually the women are responsible for all kind of domestic works including fetching water, cooking, washing etc. So any disruption to the water supply will have a huge impact on their day to day lives. Their time saving, comfort, health and earning by other income generating activities highly depend on the water service level. In case of disruption in the water supply system, the women may have to walk a long distance to fetch water from the traditional sources. In absence of traditional sources like kunwa and pandhere (water spouts) in and around nearby areas, the lives of womenfolk get very miserable. The dalits and indigenous people as they are poor are affected more. Purchasing water from the market will be expensive which will be difficult for the poor to afford.

5 Describe asset design

6 a) Describe past extreme events and impacts

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

As per the discussions with WUC official, the water supply system has not experienced any major damage to its component by any external eventualities to date.

6 b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Water supply is basic need of all men, women and children. However, the impact of any disruption to the water supply facility has direct impacts on women. In Nepali culture, the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching of water, cooking, washing etc. So it can be concluded that the women and children are the most vulnerable to any disruption of water supply facility. Especially oe’s tie saig, ofort level, health and earning by other income generating activities are highly dependent on the water service level. The dalits and indigenous people who make the poorer section of the society are equally dependent on the water system. Since there are very few other reliable traditional source sparing Rajhiti in that area, the poor and marginalised people are the most vulnerable people to any disruption in the public water system as they cannot afford to buy water in the market like other rich people.

7 Describe past adaptation responses

8 Provide expert judgment of the design appropriateness

ASSET-2 : Old DolakhaWater Supply System(

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

district. The sources of the system are Dharfe spring located some 2-3 kilometres away from Dolakha town and nearby Gautam Tole spring. The total yield of the sources is 1.7 litres per second in dry season which gets doubled in the wet season.

The operator of this sste is the loall fored Water Suppl ad Saitatio Users’ Coittee/ Dolakha.

ii)20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD

iii)20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD

iv) 50 cu-m/RCC built in Year 2009 AD respectively.

They are all made of stone masonry with RCC core walls. Pipelines in system are mostly of HDPE pipes.

The uer of taps sered this shee at preset is all ½” oetios) private and 20 public. The water supply duration is 1 hour in the morning in dry season. Similarly the supply duration is 2 hours in the morning in wet season.

Source of Information: Mr. IndraShrestha/Administrative Office Assistant-WUC

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

3. Description of asset location

As outlined above, Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The human settlements are mostly on the ridges and along the highway. The intake is located in a dense forest area far up from any human settlement. . The source is Dharfe spring which is located around 2-3 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas including through some agricultural lands. The assets are subjected to extraordinary events of high flood at different timelines of the year but they are not subjected to any externalities.

4. a) Description of asset condition

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

frequent cleaning, reduced reservoir capacity and in many cases the turbid water reaches the end- user. Similarly, transmission main from Dharfe spring source to the reservoirs at Tilinchok is also very vulnerable as it is passing through a historic landslide area. The pipelines are made of old GI pipes which were laid in 1961 and in several places leakages were identified; this might lead to increased non-revenue water. The WUC is gradually replacing those damaged GI pipes with HDPE pipes. The pipes are mostly buried in the ground, and the assets have not experienced any major damage to date except minor leaks that are repaired on ad-hoc basis.

4. b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

 As Dolakha town is located on the mountain ridge and steep slopes the people of the town is very dependent on this water system. Few existing old spring sources in the populated areas are fast getting vulnerable to contamination due to external pollution in the upper areas. Nevertheless the water from the system is utilized for all domestic purposes including drinking by most people.  Dolakha town has not got a fully urban characteristic and water supply is still the sector which has

direct impact on women. Usually the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching water, cooking, washing etc. So any interruption in water supply will badly affect their day to day lives. Their time saving, comfort, health and earning by other income generating activities highly depend on the water service level. In case of disruption in the water supply system, the women may have to walk a long distance to fetch water from the traditional sources. However presence of traditional sources like Rajhiti ,kunwa and pandhere (water spouts) in and around nearby areas may help partly to ease the lives of womenfolk from getting very miserable. The dalits and indigenous people as they are poor are affected more. Purchasing water from the market will cost very high which poor cannot afford.   5. Describe asset design   The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of stone masonry work with a RCC slab cover. Since  the source is fed by different springs, the final leg of the flow is like a small stream that enters the intake. The intake point is not protected by any screening facility that can intercept any dirt, solids and dead leaves that arrive at the uncontrolled intake site during severe storm conditions. In addition to this, there is no treatment plant in place to protect the end user from any pollution due to organic matter and solids that are brought during heavy rainfall event. The pipe system is very old and dated to 1961. There are several leakages identified along its path and the local authorities will fix them on ad- hoc basis. The existing reservoirs are of good construction and design. However, if we look at the water supply system as one package, then it is worth mentioning here that the components are not very well designed to address the pollution from rainfall events and the transmission line laid along the historic landslide site.

6 Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Water supply is basic need of all men, women, and children. However impact of any disruption in the water supply facility has higher direct impacts on women. In our Nepali set up the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching of water, cooking, washing etc. So it can

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

be concluded that the women and children are the most vulnerable to any disruption of water supply facility. Especially oe’s tie saig, ofort leel, health ad earig other ioe generating activities are highly dependent on the water service level. The dalits and indigenous people who make the poorer section of the society are equally dependent on the water system. As there are very few other reliable traditional sources sparing Rajhiti in that area, they are all the more vulnerable to any disruption in the public water system as they cannot afford to buy water in the market like other rich people.

7. Describe past adaptation responses

8. Provide expert judgment of the design appropriateness

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX G: COMPLETED ADAPTATION AUDIT PRO FORMA

DISTRICT: Dolakha SECTOR: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation DATE: 10 September, 2013. NAME: Gyanesh N. Bajracharya

ASSET-1: Charikot Water supply Project

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

This Charikot water supply scheme is the biggest scheme in Charikot town and serves majority of people in Ward 1 and Ward 10 of Bhimeswor Municipality, the only municipality in Dolakha district and the district headquarter as well. Bhimeswor Municipality is almost centrally located in Dolakha district. The source of the system is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC some3- 4 kilometres away from Charikot town.

The operator of this system is the locally formed Charikot Water Supply ad Saitatio Users’ Committee

The system has one water treatment plant which consists of a sedimentation tank and three slow sand filter beds. Of the three filter beds, two are usually in use and the third one remains in standby.

There are four service reservoirs in the system with capacities 125 cu-m, 95 cu-m, 200 cu-m and 100 cu- m respectively. They are all made of stone masonry with RCC core walls and were constructed in different years. Pipeline in system is mostly HDPE pipes.

The number of taps served by this scheme at present is all ½” oetios ad ater suppl duration is 1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening in dry season. Similarly the supply duration is 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the evening in wet season.

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The intake is located up in a thick jungle area quite far from any human settlement. Its source is Odare spring which is located in Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC some3-4 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas and some agricultural lands. Except in some extra ordinary conditions of high precipitation, the structures are not affected by any externality. The whole area surrounding the system makes the water shed and catchment of Tamakoshi river. 3. Description of asset location

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Ward 9 of adjoining Sustasemabati VDC some3-4 kilometres away from Charikot town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas and some agricultural lands. Except in some extra ordinary conditions of high precipitation, the structures are not affected by any externalities.

4. a) Description of asset condition

The condition of the water system is alright at present. The pipelines are mostly of HDPE pipes which are buried in the ground. During the time of site visit in Dolakha district by the TA team, massive road widening work was going on in Charikot town and because of this many pipes were exposed at several places along the roads and the WUC was saying those all will be properly buried once the road widening work is completed. The assets have not experienced any major damage so for except for very minor leaks that were repaired immediately.

4 b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

As Charikot town is located on the mountain ridge the people of the town is fully dependent on this water system. Few existing old spring sources in the densely populated areas are all contaminated due to the construction of so called septic tanks by every household. The water from the system is utilized for all domestic purposes including drinking by most people. In spite that Charikot town has an urban characteristic, water supply is still the sector which has direct impact on women. Usually the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching water, cooking, washing etc. So any interruption in water supply will badly affect their day to day lives. Their time saving, comfort, health and earning by other income generating activities highly depend on the water service level. In case of disruption in the water supply system, the women may have to walk a long distance to fetch water from the traditional sources. In absence of traditional sources like kunwa and pandhere (water spouts) in and around nearby areas, the lives of womenfolk get very miserable. The dalits and indigenous people as they are poor, are affected more. Purchasing water from the market will be expensive which will be difficult for the poor to afford.

5 Description of threat

As such this water system is very safe against any threat except that the intake is open to external pollution during heavy rain in wet season. The source is actually a spring fed stream- it is a small stream which is fed by a number of small springs around that jungle area. So during heavy precipitation the water gets turbid due to inflow of dirt and dead leaves from the upstream along with the rain water which gives extra load to the treatment plant on the downstream. The treatment plant consisting of a sedimentation tank and three slow sand filter beds is the adaptation step that has ee ell take. The pipelies are all uried, hoeer durig the tie of TA Tea’s isit to the area the pipelines were exposed at many places along the roads due to road widening work which was being carried out by the Bhimeswor Municipal authority. Nevertheless the WUC officer assured the TA team that those pipes will be soon buried after the road widening job is fully completed.

6 a) Describe past extreme events and impacts

No extreme events have been observed in the project area so far.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

6 b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, chidren, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

The whole population in Charikot town is vulnerable to any adverse incidents in the water supply system as water is used by everyone. Water supply is basic need of all men, women, and children. However impact of any disruption in the water supply facility has higher direct impacts on women. In our Nepali social set up the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching of water, cooking, washing etc. So it can be concluded that the women and children are the most vulnerable to any disruption of water supply facility. Especially oe’s tie saig, ofort leel, health and earning by other income generating activities are highly dependent on the water service level. The dalits and indigenous people who make the poorer section of the society are equally dependent on the water system. As there are very few other reliable traditional sources in that area, they are all the more vulnerable to any disruption in the public water system as they cannot afford to buy water in the market like other rich people.

6 c) What are the particular impacts of damage to assets (such as watershed, bridges /roads and irrigation system/channels) on women, the indigenous people and Dalit communities ?

The impact of heavy precipitation and high flows in the intake area will have impact on the intake structure and the poor quality of water will add to the load of the treatment plant on the downstream. The overloaded treatment plant will have difficulties performing effectively. The sedimentation tank will need more frequent cleanings and also the filter beds will get clogged more easily needing washing of the filter beds more frequently. These all will raise the O/M cost. Ineffective treatment will lead to poor quality of water for distribution causing health hazards to whole population inclusive of women, children, dalits and other disadvantaged groups using the system water.

6. d) Who are at risk of injury, illness or loss of income by asset damage or degradation of sources.

Basically the children are more prone to illness due to impact of use of poor quality water. Other section of population too is very vulnerable to poor quality drinking water resulting from ineffective function by the water system component assets due to any damage. In absence of the water supply facility, women and thus the affected families face challenges in income generation due to loss of time because of the additional job of water fetching from other distant traditional sources.

7. Describe asset design

 The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of stone masonry with a RCC slab cover. Though the source is fed by different springs, it looks like a small stream before it enters the intake. The pipes used in the system are HDPE. And the distribution reservoirs are made of stone masonry with RCC core walls. The roofing of the reservoirs except for one is CGI sheets only. The structures in the treatment plant are all RCC. Stand posts are made of stone masonry and plastered. The system

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

seems to have been designed as per engineering norms and practices.

8. Provide expert judgment on the success of the adaptation

No engineering drawings were available except a distribution map. The intake is located at higher altitude in the thick jungle far away from any human settlement. This saves the water from any big external pollution at the intake. There is one treatment plant with a sedimentation tank and three filter beds that helps to improve the quality of water. The pipes in the system are all HDPE which are buried in the ground to protect them from external damage. So these all are some of the adaptation measures which are being taken and have been successful so far. Nevertheless the pipes were exposed and open to external damage at many places along the roads at the time of visit by the TA team because of road widening programme of the Municipality authority at that time. However the WUC official confided TA team that they would soon bury those exposed pipes properly once the road widening work of the municipality is over. As one of the adaptation measures the water supply hours are also being made different in dry season( 1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening) and wet season(2-3 hours in the morning and 2-3 in the evening).

ASSET-2: Old Dolakha Water supply Project

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

This Old Dolakha water supply scheme is the biggest scheme in Dolakha town and it serves majority of people in Wards 2, 3 and 4 of Bhimeswor Municipality, the only municipality in Dolakha district and the district headquarter as well. Bhimeswor Municipality is almost centrally located in Dolakha district. The sources of the system are Dharfe spring located some 2-3 kilometres away from Dolakha town and nearby Gautam Tole spring. The total yield of the sources is 1.7 litres per second in dry season which gets doubled in the wet season.

The operator of this system is the locally formed Water Suppl ad Saitatio Users’ Coittee/ Dolakha.

The transmission main from Dharfe spring to the existing reservoirs is 63 mm dia. HDPE pipe. The system has no water treatment plant yet. There are four service reservoirs in the system which were constructed in different years and have capacities --i) 90 cu-m/Brick Masonry built in Year 19 ii)20 cu- m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD iii)20 cu-m/Ferro cement built in Year 2008 AD iv) 50 cu-m/RCC built in Year 2009 AD respectively.

They are all made of stone masonry with RCC core walls. Pipelines in system are mostly of old GI pipes and HDPE pipes.

Source of Information: Mr. IndraShrestha/Administrative Office Assistant-WUC

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

3. Description of asset location

As already mentioned earlier, Dolakha district is rich in dense forest and greenery. The human settlements in the areas are mostly on the ridges and along the highway. The intake is located in a thick jungle area far up from any human settlement. . Its source is Dharfe spring which is located some 2-3 kilometres away from Dolakha town. The transmission pipe line passes through the forest and steep sloped areas. Except in some extra ordinary conditions of high precipitation and landslides, the structures are not expected to be affected by any externalities.

4. a) Description of asset condition

The condition of the water system is alright at present. However intake structure is open to external pollution during the rainy season due to inflow of dirt and dead leaves from the surrounding area and there is no treatment plant yet. This has led to the necessity of cleaning the reservoirs at Tilinchok frequently and also has degraded the quality of water. Similarly transmission main from Dharfe spring source to the reservoirs at Tilinchok is also very vulnerable as it is passing through a land slide prone area. The pipelines are mostly of old GI pipes which were laid in 1961 during the first construction time and these are leaking badly at several places. The WUC is gradually replacing those GI pipes with HDPE pipes. The pipes are mostly buried in the ground, and the assets have not experienced any major damage so for except for very minor leaks that are repaired immediately.

4. B) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

As Dolakha town is located on the mountain ridge and steep slopes the people of the town is very dependent on this water system. Few existing old spring sources in the populated areas are fast getting vulnerable to contamination due to external pollution in the upper areas. Nevertheless the water from the system is utilized for all domestic purposes including drinking by most people. Dolakha town has not got a fully urban characteristic and water supply is still the sector which has direct impact on women. Usually the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching water, cooking, washing etc. So any interruption in water supply will badly affect their day to day lives. Their time saving, comfort, health and earning by other income generating activities highly depend on the water service level. In case of disruption in the water supply system, the women may have to walk a long distance to fetch water from the traditional sources. However presence of traditional sources like Rajhiti, kunwa and pandhere (water spouts) in and around nearby areas may help partly to ease the lives of womenfolk from getting very miserable. The dalits and indigenous people as they are poor are affected more. Purchasing water from the market will cost very high which poor cannot afford.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

5. Description of threat

The condition of the water system is alright at present. However intake structure is open to external pollution during the rainy season due to inflow of dirt and dead leaves from the surrounding area and there is no treatment plant yet. This has led to the necessity of cleaning the reservoirs at Tilinchok frequently and also has degraded the quality of water. Similarly transmission main from Dharfe spring source to the reservoirs at Tilinchok very vulnerable as it is passing through a land slide prone area. The pipelines are mostly of old GI pipes which were laid in 1961 during the first construction time and these are leaking badly at several places. The WUC is gradually replacing those GI pipes with HDPE pipes. The pipes are mostly buried in the ground, and the assets have not experienced any major damage so for except for very minor leaks that are repaired immediately.

6. a)Describe past extreme events and impacts

No extreme events have been observed in the project area so far.

6. b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

As Dolakha town is located on the mountain ridge and steep slopes the people of the town is very dependent on this water system and hence these are the people inclusive of men, women, children, dalits and other disadvantaged groups who are vulnerable to any disruption of water supply service. The water from the system is utilized for all domestic purposes including drinking by most people. Dolakha town has not got a fully urban characteristic and water supply is still the sector which has direct impact on women. Usually the women are responsible for all kind domestic works including fetching water, cooking, washing etc. So any interruption in water supply will affect their day to day lives more than those of others. Their time saving, comfort, health and earning by other income generating activities highly depend on the water service level. In case of disruption in the water supply system, the women may have to walk a long distance to fetch water from the traditional sources. However presence of traditional sources like Rajhiti, kunwa and pandhere (water spouts) in and around nearby areas may help partly to ease the lives of womenfolk from getting very miserable. The dalits and indigenous people as they are poor, are affected more. Purchasing water from the market will cost very high which poor cannot afford.

6 c) What are the particular impacts of damage to assets (such as watershed, bridges /roads and irrigation system/channels) on women, the indigenous people and Dalit communities?

The impact of heavy precipitation and high flows in the intake area will have impact on the intake structure and the poor quality of water will require more frequent cleaning of the service reservoirs as there is no treatment plant on the downstream. The damage to the transmission main from the Dharfe spring source due to land slide (which is very likely) will completely disrupt the water supply. There will be no water to the whole community till the pipe is repaired. Disruption of water supply will cause inconvenience to all men, women, and children. The women will be more affected as they do most of the household chores needing water. They will have to take the physical pains to fetch water from distant traditional water sources; this will cause wastage of time that will be loss of

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

income indirectly. Water shortage can lead to use of easily available contaminated water causing health hazards to whole population inclusive of women, children, dalits and other disadvantaged groups using the system water.

6. d) Who are at risk of injury, illness or loss of income by asset damage or degradation of sources.

Basically the children are more prone to illness due to impact of use of poor quality water. Other sections of population too are very vulnerable to poor quality drinking water resulting from ineffective function by the water system component assets due to any damage. In absence of the water supply facility, women and all others will face extreme difficulties causing physical pains, loss of income generating time, and even health problems.

7. Describe asset design

The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of stone masonry work with a RCC slab cover. Though the source is fed by different springs, it looks like a small stream before it enters the intake and hence intake structure is open to external pollution during the rainy season due to inflow of dirt and dead leaves from the surrounding area, and there is no treatment plant yet. The pipes used in the system are old GI and HDPE pipes. The old GI pipes are ones that were laid during the initial construction time in 1963. The distribution reservoirs are of different makes. One that is old is made of stone masonry with RCC core walls, and among the new ones, one is RCC and two are of Ferro cement. Stand posts are made of stone masonry and plastered. The system to have been designed as per engineering norms and practices.

8. Provide expert judgment on the success of the adaptation

The system design seems to have been done as per engineering norms and practices. The intake structure is properly located however there is ample room for improvements to save water from external pollution during rainy season. The transmission main from the spring source that is passing through land slide prone area should be realigned to make it safe from possible damage due to landslide during heavy rain/precipitation. A treatment plant needs to be provided before the water gets straight to the service reservoirs. The pipes in the distribution system are exposed at many places and those need to be buried well to save from external damage.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS

ASSET 1: CHARIKOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Views of Charikot Town

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Views of Odare Spring Source and Intake Structure/Charikot WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Views of Water Treatment Plant(Sedimentation Tank and Filter Beds)/Charikot WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Views of Service Reservoirs/Charikot WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Views of Exposed Distribution Pipelines due to Road widening work in Charikot/Charikot WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Views of Typical Chambers from where House connections are given in Charikot/Charikot WSP

ASSET-2: OLD DOLAKHA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

View of Dolakha Town from Charikot

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Transmission Main from Dharfe Spring passing through Landslide prone area/Old Dolakha WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Transmission Main from Dharfe Spring passing through Landslide prone area/Old Dolakha WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS- Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Views of Service Reservoirs at Tilinchok/Old Dolakha WSP

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban WATSAN district baselines

TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

KATHMANDU DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE (DWSS) – URBAN WATSAN

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 KATHMANDU DISTRICT ...... 1 1.1 Kathmandu District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 7 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 10 1.3.1 Trends ...... 10 1.3.2 Issues ...... 11 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 11 1.5 Past extremes in the district ...... 12 1.6 Linkages to other sectors ...... 13 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Kathmandu District ...... 14 1.7.1 Prioritisation process ...... 14 2 KATHMANDU DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 16 2.1 Asset 1: Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System ...... 16 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 17 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 19 2.2 Asset 2: Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant (GSTP) ...... 21 2.2.1 Asset Description ...... 22 2.2.2 Adaptation audit ...... 23 ANNEX A: MAP OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR ...... 2 ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ...... 3 ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 4 ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 6 ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY ...... 7 ANNEX G: COMPLETED ADAPTATION AUDIT PRO FORMA ...... 15 ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 24

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

1 KATHMANDU DISTRICT

Between 17th and 19th September, 2013, both National and International TA consultants have made their field visits to various water supply and sanitation assets in Kathmandu district. The WATSAN teams have also met with several government officials that are connected with water & sanitation related agencies such as DO/DWSS, Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC) etc. The TA teams have had extensive interactions with them and have collected all the available and relevant information/data. Upon successful collection of relevant data and information, the TA team performed an in depth study of the WATSAN assets to understand the vulnerability of each asset against different climate change threats.

The current baseline report for Kathmandu district is purely based on the information obtained from the respective government agencies during the visits to those offices and the observations made by the TA team after the site visits.

1.1 Kathmandu District Sector Master Plan

Fig 1: Location of Kathmandu District in Map of Nepal

Fig 2: Kathmandu valley map showing Kathmandu district and Kathmandu Metropolitan city

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Bagmati Stream

Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant

Fig 3: Kathmandu District Map showing Kathmandu city, Sundarijal, Bagmati Stream and Guheswori STP.

Kathmandu district is the largest of the three districts Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur located in the Kathmandu valley which is located in Bagmati Zone and in the Central Development Region of Nepal. It covers an area of about 41,361 ha (395 Sq. km). Kathmandu Metropolitan city is its district headuates. It is oud ithi E to E Latitude ad '"N to '"N Logitude. Kathmandu Metropolitan City is the capital of Nepal. Kathmandu district is centrally located in the country and is made of 57 VDCs and two urban centers which are Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) and Kirtipur Municipality.

KMC is largely populated with Newar community as the largest ethnic group and others are Brahmins, Chhetris, Tamangs, Gurungs, Magars, Madhesis, Dalits etc. As per the recent 2012 national census, the population of the district is 1,744, 240 out of which 913,001 are male and 831,239 are female. Nevertheless the temporary floating population in KMC has not been taken into account. It is the most densely populated district and also in the recent years it is experiencing aggressive migration of people into the district from other parts of the country. The key reasons for migration in to the district are opportunities for work and education and better living standards within the Kathmandu city

Kathmandu city being the capital of the country, has all the government departmental offices, ministries, embassies, INGO offices, UN offices, sophisticated large hospitals, multi-star hotels, technically capable engineering colleges, advanced medical colleges, universities, and other various popular institutions of higher learning within the vicinity of the city. It has relatively better infrastructure and other physical facilities that are attracting people to migrate.

In addition to the above, Kathmandu is popularly known as a city of temples with numerous old Hindu and Buddhist temples and stupas of which several are recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage sites/monuments. The only International Airport in the country is also located in Kathmandu itself and it is well connected to all districts by road and by air.

Besides all the above mentioned facilities and infrastructure, the city is surrounded by fertile land that contributes food security and it has many small-scale industries in and around the city that

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline provides employment to the locals. The city has a safe tourist culture that brings more revenue in to the country and has many commercial centers to support the international tourists.

Due to availability of opportunities for education, employment, medical and other infrastructure facilities, Kathmandu has experienced a heavy in-migration of people in recent years and the trend is still ongoing. In a recent survey, approximately 59% of the populations in the urban areas within the valley do not have houses of their own and they live on rent.

With regards to water supply and sanitation (WATSAN) in Kathmandu district, the urban water supply and sanitation in Kathmandu district is looked after by Kathmadu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) a public company established in year 2006 under public private partnership philosophy, while the rural water supply and sanitation is under the jurisdiction of Department of Wate Suppl ad Seeage DWSS. KUKLs seie aea i the distit eteds to to uiipalit towns of Kathmandu and Kirtipur and their peripheral settlements in the adjoining villages.

The urban water supply and sanitation system in Kathmandu valley is rather complex to understand in the sense that there are several organizations involved in it. The operation and maintenance is being done by the operating agency KUKL. Previously the operation and maintenance was carried by Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC), a Government corporate body. Responsibilities of Nepal Water supply Corporation in the Kathmandu valley were distributed among three newly constituted organizations namely - Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB) as the asset owner and policy making body, Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission (WSTFC) as the service regulator and Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) as the service operator/provider. Though the sewerage system in majority of the urban areas is performed and operated by KUKL, some north-eastern part of Kathmandu city is served by a sewerage network laid by High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC), an independent separate age hih as ostituted i ea . HPCIDBC is also ko as High Poeed Bagati Aea Seeage Pojet hih is also opeatig a seage teatet plat o the aks of Bagati ‘ie opposite to the famous Guheswori Temple and upstream of the holy Pashupatinath temple. The rural individual water supply projects are under DWSS and are operated by locally formed Water Uses Coittees hih ae autooous odies.

Similarly, for water supply, Melamchi Water Supply Project is an on-going project for several years and is the main source of water for Kathmandu valley urban water supply system. Kathmandu valley urban water supply mainly covers the five existing municipality towns of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Sub-metropolitan City, Bhaktapur Municipality, Madheypur-Thimi Municipality, Kirtipur Municipality and their adjacent settlements in the peripheral VDCs of the three districts of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur in the valley. Under this project, a total of 510 MLD water will be brought to the Kathmandu valley in different phases from the tributaries of a snow fed river Indrawati located at Melamchi Village in the nearby district of Sindupalchok and is conveyed through a 27 kilometre long tunnel. As part of this project, additional water treatment works, reservoirs, transmission mains, distribution pipelines will be constructed within the Kathmandu valley in various phases to absorb the additional water to be brought into the valley. Many of those structures are already under construction and many of them are to near completion.

The project is implemented by one agency Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (MWSDB) under a single project name. Previously it has been divided into 2 Sub- projects.

 Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 1 under MWSDB and now is responsible for bringing water into Kathmandu valley from the sources by constructing a tunnel and intake structures, and treating the raw water by constructing a treatment plant at Sundarijal.  Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 2 presently looked after by Project Implementation Directorate of KUKL(PID/KUKL) and has the responsibility of constructing the transmission

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

mains, service reservoirs at different places, distribution pipelines, deep tubewells at different places and other secondary works to bring the water to the door steps of the consumers.

A Capital Iestet ad Asset Maageet Poga CIAMP) report was prepared in 2010 under ADB TA 4893-NEP for future development of Kathmandu Valley urban water supply. This document can be treated as a Master Plan for the valley urban water supply.

As defined in the CIAMP report under ADB TA 4893-NEP, water system improvements to be implemented under Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 2 are presently being implemented by Project Implementation Directorate (PID)/KUKL that are fall under the following several broad categories:

 Bulk Distribution System (BDS) Improvements (Total 89 km in various phases)  Service Reservoirs (Total 86,000 cu-m capacity in various phases)  Distribution Network Improvements (DNI) (Total 4,494 Km in various phases)  Water Production Improvements  Rehabilitation of Existing: Surface Water Sources, Transmission Mains, Pumping Stations - Water Treatment Plants, Service Reservoirs

Some of the major projects under Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 2 that are presently being implemented by PID/KUKL are as follows:

S.No. Name of Projects Status

Bulk Distribution System(BDS) Improvements

1 BDS (Sundarijal –Gokarna-Mahankalchour Section) On-going

(Construction/Laying of Big Transmission Mains)

Distribution Network Improvements(DNIs)

2. Demonstration Scheme Package in Buddhanagar Area/Kathmandu On-going

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines)

3. Demonstration Scheme Package in Kusunti Area/Lalitpur On-going

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines)

4. DNI Pilot Program in Kalo Pool Area/Kathmandu On-going

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines)

5. Immediate works for removal of cluster connections in trunk main On-going along Sundarjal- Mahankalchour

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines in Gokarna area)

6. DNI Package – 1 On-going

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines in different parts of Kathmandu and Lalitpur cities)

7. DNI Package -2 On-going

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipes in different parts of Kathmandu and Lalitpur cities)

8. DNI Package -3 On-going

(Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines in different parts of Kathmandu and Lalitpur cities)

Water Production Improvements

9. 15 New Deep Tube wells at different places On-going

(Construction of new deep tube wells for additional water in the urban areas)

10. Rehabilitation, Improvement/shifting of existing water intakes at On-going Nakhu

(Construction of new intake structure and laying of new pipelines at Nakhu Khola)

11. 20 New Deep Tube Wells at different places On-going

(Construction of new deep tube wells for additional water in the urban areas)

KUKL continues to serve their customers with the existing sources and infrastructure. Upon successful completion of all the above mentioned schemes, KUKL will be able to enhance the service reliability and larger coverage.

With regards to the sanitation, majority of urban areas in the Kathmandu valley are being served by both conventional septic tank system and also connected through collection system that is connected to the sewage treatment plant for further treatment and disposal. However, out of few existing sewage treatment plants, the only working sewage treatment plant is located in Guheswori area. The other sewage treatment plants are not in operation or in some cases they are partially functioning. HPCIDBC was earlier called as High Powered Bagmati Area Sewerage Project. Other sewage treatment plants that are not in full operation are all under jurisdiction of KUKL. They are simple stabilization pond type and are not functioning because they have not been maintained well for many years and some are not receiving any sewage at all. The reasons for not getting any sewage or very little sewage are that the trunk mains, collector sewers/interceptor mains of major sewerage systems are broken down and clogged at many places, pumping main is broken and pumps in the main pumping station are not working. Due to these, most of the raw sewage is flowing straight into the nearest water bodies and finally into the Bagmati river. Instead of any single agency being made responsible, sewer laying has been done and still being done in the Kathmandu valley urban areas (since many years) by several different agencies like KUKL (NWSC in early days), the Municipalities,

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Roads Departments, Kathmandu Valley Development Authority, HPCIDBC, and different locally foed Uses Coittees/Clus/NGOs et. without any mutual co-ordination. Master Plans were prepared many times but none were enforced strictly. Laying of sewers in Kathmandu valley is not as per the international standards. There are no strict standards and specifications that can be enforced during the construction process. Due to this, majority of the sewers are getting clogged frequently and overflow from manholes can be seen regularly.

HPCIDBC has a very broad mandate and sewer construction is only a part of its many activities. Other activities including making track roads on both banks of Bagmati rivers, making green belts by planting trees along the two banks, improving the catchment area and watershed area of Bagmati river etc. However, it has a future plan of laying large interceptor mains/sewers on both the sides of Bagmati River to tap all the raw sewage outfalls that are polluting the river. They are planning to lay such interceptors all the way down to Chovar gorge to completely remove the pollution to the Bagmati River. Under the 3rd phase of its program, 1 km of interceptor sewer lines on both banks are planned and work is on-going.

Fig 4: BDS Pipelines to be laid under Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 2 in Phase I.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Fig 5: BDS Pipelines to be laid under Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 2 in Phase II.

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff

Budgeting

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL)

As mentioned earlier KUKL central office is only doing the operation and maintenance of the existing systems while all the other large construction works under the Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project- 2 are being looked after by PID/KUKL. The annual budget of KUKL central office for fiscal year 2013/14(FY 2070/71 BS) is NRs. 896,779,000/-.

High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC)

The annual budget of HPCIDBC for fiscal year 2013/14 (2070/71 BS) is NRs.290 Million.

Staff

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL)

SN Name of Staff Position

1 Mr. Kalyan Singh Thapa Act. General Manager

2 Er. Chandra Lal Nakarmi Manager(Engineer)

3 Er. Tilak Mohan Bhandari Manager(Engineer)

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

4 Er. Bijay Man Shrestha Manager(Engineer)

5 Er. Sunil Dhoj Joshi Manager(Engineer)

6 Er. Sanjeev Bikram Rana Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

7 Er. Ramesh Man Pradhan Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

8 Er. Milan Kumar Shakya Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

9 Er. Bhagawan Subba Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

10 Er.Subhod Man Singh Pradhan Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

11 Er. Chitra Prakash Maskey Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

12 Er. Himeshananda Vaidya Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

13 Er. Rajiv Joshi Dypt.Manager(Engineer)

14 Mr. Suresh Acharya Dypt.Manager(Admin.-Procurement)

15 Mr. Jyanendra Bahadur Karki Dypt.Manager(Water Quality)

16 Mr. Govinda Prasad Shrestha Dypt.Manager(Admin.-General)

17 Mr. Muman Singh Karki Dypt.Manager(Finance)

18 Mr. Bijay Timilsina Dypt.Manager(Internal Audit)

19 Er. Kishore Man Pradhan Asst. Manager(Engineer)

20 Er.Satish Kumar Dutta Asst. Manager(Engineer)

21 Er.Dipak Kant Mainali Asst. Manager(Engineer)

22 Er. Bishwo Raj Joshi Asst. Manager(Engineer)

23 Er. Arjun Babu Dhakal Asst. Manager(Engineer)

24 Er. Dol Prasad Chapagain Asst. Manager(Engineer)

25 Er. Ramesh KC Asst. Manager(Engineer)

26 Er.Umesh Babu Marahattha Asst. Manager(Engineer)

27 Mr.Sundar Babu Aryal Asst. Manager(Admin-Human Resource)

28 Mr. Sushil Sundar Karmacharya Asst. Manager(Finance-Budget)

29 Mr. Laxman Basnet Asst. Manager(Finance-Projects)

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

30 Other officers -33 Engineers, Admin. Officers, Finance officers Nos.

31 Asst. Officers - 55 Technical, Admin., Account etc. Nos.

Total Permanent Staff 690

Total Contractual Staff 190

Total Daily Wage staff 272

Grand Total 1152

High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization(HPCIDBC)

SN Name of Staff Position

1 Mr. Narayan Prasad Regmi Chair Person

2 Er. Gajendra Kumar Thakur Project Manager

3 Er. Bharat Bahadur KC Dypt. Project Manager

4 Er. Ram Kumar Shrestha Engineer

5 Er. Rabindra Kumar Raya Engineer

6 Er. Mohan Bahadur Kunwar Engineer

7 Er. Rameswore Ghimire Engineer

8 Er. Utsav Kant Mainali Engineer

9 Er. Kishore Panthi Engineer

10 Er.Dharma Maharjan Engineer

11 Er. Ramesh Pradhanang Engineer

12 Mr. Jung Bahadur Thapa Sub- Engineer

13 Mr. Bhim Nepal Sub- Engineer

14 Mr. Ghanshyam Nepal Account Officer

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

15 Mr. Binod Gautam Admin. Officer

Other support staff - 70 Nos. Different positions

Total staff 85 Nos.

1.3 Sector trends and issues 1.3.1 Trends

The following sector trends and issues were identified through discussion with the local people and officials of KUKL, DWSO, HPCIDBC and DDC, DAO.

Planning

Communities that are on move are in need of better water supply and sewerage system. These communities lodge requests to the respective local KUKL branch office. KUKL then screens the requests after rapid survey of the areas and recommends the immediate need with rough cost estimates for necessary actions to the central office. KUKL central office keeps those requested projects on priority basis for the future investment programs and will make required provisions for tentative budgets for them. As planned these projects are forwarded with necessary estimated budget to KVWSMB for approval and budget release for the current fiscal year. KVWSMB reviews those projects and approves them as per the availability of budget and releases the budget in phases. KVWSMB may seek necessary assistance from bilateral and multi-lateral donor agencies like ADB, World Bank, JICA, DANIDA etc. through Ministry of Urban Development/Government of Nepal in case of larger projects.

HPCIDBC has a fixed long-term program of its own and thus they are planning their projects as per that. They hire consultants to do long-term planning for them.

Survey and Designing

The projects that are approved are surveyed and designed by KUKL engineers if they are small- medium scale. In case they are large and complex, experienced consultants are hired through open competitive bidding as per KUKL financial regulations. In case of large scale projects, international consultants are hired under the guidance of donor agencies.

HPCIDBC also hires consultants to do survey and design of their projects.

Construction

Once the budget is approved and made available fully or partially the construction of the projects will be started through competitive bidding as per the financial regulations. In case of ADB funded projects up to certain amount (NPR 100 Million) the bidding can be done amongst Nepalese contractors and beyond that it has to be international open competitive bidding allowing international contractors to participate as well.

HPCIDBC also gets its projects implemented through competitive bidding among qualified contractors and takes service of consultants to supervise the construction works.

Handover

After satisfactory and successful completion of the projects, the schemes are taken over from the contractors and handed over to the concerned branch office of KUKL for operation/use. In case of

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline larger projects carried out through PID/KUKL like ADB funded projects, PID/KUKL hands over to the respective KUKL Branch for regular operation/use.

HPCIDBC is operating and maintaining the completed mega projects by itself while small ones are eig haded oe to the loall foed Uses Coittees.

1.3.2 Issues

 There is a huge gap between water demand and supply in urban areas of Kathmandu district. KUKL struggling to cope with such huge deficit and suffers from chronic shortage of water. This has a huge impact on the water supply reliability and resulted in water rationing by supplying an area once in 4-5 days, in some areas even once in 7 days for duration of 1-2 hours. Hence, there is an urgent need to add more water to the system. Unfortunately, the ongoing Melamchi water supply project which is supposed to bring good quantity of additional water is getting delayed due to various reasons.  Due to the rapid urbanization and population growth in the water source located areas, large quantities of water from the sources are consumed by those settlements leaving very little or none for the main city core population on the downstream part. In many cases, very little or virtually no water reaches the service reservoirs due to excessive consumption from the transmission mains by the population located within the source areas.  Due to erratic trend of rainfall in terms of intensity and duration, the water springs are not getting recharged properly and thus the stream sources fed by them are discharging lesser quantity of water.  Due to excessive pumping of water from existing deep tube wells to meet the growing water demand, the ground water table is depleting at rapid speed. This has led to reduction in the yields of the tube wells, has created a condition needing to lower the pumps further down by adding delivery pipes to balance the heavy draw down. In some areas, it has been observed that some tube wells dried up and is difficult to obtain any water of it.  Due to frequent erratic heavy precipitation/rainfall the water from surface sources experiencing turbidity issues and thus adding excessive loads to the treatment plants eventually affecting the quality of the resulting treated water itself. Also, on several occasions the heavy precipitation brings flash floods damaging the intake works or transmission mains.  The old existing pipe networks are all leaking badly raising the NRW figure as high as 40 %.  Existing sewers in many parts of the urban area are not functioning properly due to breakage or under-sizing, and storm water getting into sanitary sewers (storm water sewers being connected); due to clogging (in many cases people use manholes for dumping unwanted solid refuse like vehicle tyres, dead animal carcasses, mattresses etc).  Collector sewers/ interceptor sewers/trunk sewers are severely damaged at many places.  Most of the sewage treatment plants are not functioning.  Running mechanical equipment in the treatment plants experiencing difficulties due to frequent power outage/load shedding.

1.4 Asset inventory

Existing Water Supply Schemes:

In Kathmandu district, KUKL is serving two municipality towns namely Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality, and their peripheral areas in the surrounding VDCs. Some of the main

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

existing water supply schemes serving those areas are as follows:

 Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System Rainy season yield-52mld, Dry season yield -26mld

Sources of water – i) Bagmati stream at Sundarijal and

ii) 2 tubewells in Gokarn wellfield, 3 in Mulpani, 2 in Dhobikhoola and 8Dugwells at the bank of Bagmati River near Gokarna

 Bansbari/Maharajgunj Water Supply System Rainy season yield-26mld, Dry season yield-6mld

Sources of water – i) Bishnumati at Shivapuri,

ii) and 12 tubewells in Gongabun wellfield with 6 in running condition

 Balaju Water Supply System Rainy season yield-13mld, Dry season yield-2mld

Sources of water – i) Ale, Boude, Bhandare, Panchamane, Chhahare-all spring fed streams,

ii) and 8 deep tubewells with 4 in running condition

Existing Sanitation Schemes:

 Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant(GSTP)  Asset located adjacent to Bagmati River opposite to Guheswori Temple on the upstream of Holy Pashupatinath Temple.  The only working STP in Kathmandu, - Present Capacity: 190 L/s (PE: 275,000 @ 60L/h/d consumption) which is planned to be raised to 300 L/s in the 2nd phase  The system consists of about 17 Km of sewers of sizes 1200 mm dia. to 400 mm dia. laid in some 537 Hectares of urban areas on the upstream of Guheswori and Pashupati Temples and 257 m long horse-shoe shaped tunnel sewer of 2 m dia. for bypassing the GSTP excess sewage to Tilganga area at downstream of Pashupatinath Temple.  Mechanical oxidation process with primary and secondary level treatment  Efficiency is only 60% (source: STP staff)  STP receives combined flows (sewage + storm)  Flows above capacity are discharged to Bagmati River d/s of Pashupati Temple  Present capacity is inadequate for the existing flow load  STP is suffering from intermittent power supply  14 drying beds available – none in operation

(For details refer the case study profiles in the Annexure)

1.5 Past extremes in the district

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Event/date Location Biophysical Sector Impact Adaptive description of infrastructure response the event affected -Specify impacts on women and men where relevant

-Specify impacts on disadvantaged groups where relevant

1999 AD Matatirtha Landslides None source site

1999/2000 AD Sundarijal Landslides in the Intake pond Water supply Debris source area upstream and of hydro- scheme closed cleaned intake of hydro- power for 1-2 days promptly

power project scheme filled bringing filled with debris with debris suffering to men due to torrential choking the and women in rain intake the affected areas. People from disadvantaged groups were also hard hit due to non -supply of water for 1-2 days.

2012 AD Sundarijal Landslides Intake Pipe Not significant Immediate source area vulnerable protection measures

carried out to avoid any mishap.

1.6 Linkages to other sectors

KUKL has excellent linkages with concerned other sector agencies for effective and efficient performance of its duties and those linkages with other sectors look satisfactory. In course of carrying out its responsibilities, KUKL has been taking cooperation of several agencies. KUKL has to get good co-operation from Department of Roads for its regular pipeline maintenance as it has to dig road pavements to repair leaks. Similarly it has to get cooperation from the Traffic Police for effective traffic management as the road digging during leak repairs disturbs the vehicle traffic as

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline well. KUKL has to work closely with the Department of Health (DOH). DOH informs KUKL timely if they find sudden rise in the cases of water borne diseases within the urban areas. They keep the records of the patients coming to their different hospitals. Also, KUKL needs to have good cooperation of Shivapuri Watershed Management Committee/Department of Forest for the safety and preservation of its surface water sources as most of them located in their protected forest area. Other agencies from which KUKL needs cooperation are DAO, DDC, Kathmandu and Kirtipur municipalities etc.

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Kathmandu District

1.7.1 Prioritisation process

The key criteria for prioritisation adopted are as follows:

 Infrastructure of national strategic importance

 Infrastructure of district strategic importance

 Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events

 Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events

 Infrastructure of importance to women (e,g. Reduces workload, increases mobility, suppots oes lielihoods

 Infrastructure of importance to poor or marginalized groups (eg. Dalit, Ethnic groups)

 Infrastructures that use locally available spring water sources and can be operated under gravity to avoid any need of mechanical equipment needing power

 Infrastructures that are simple and can be constructed with locally available construction materials and technology.

 Infrastructures those are easy and economical to operate and maintain.

 Infrastructures that serve more people

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ID Name Infrastructure type Reason/s for inclusion

1 Sundarijal/ Piped water supply It is the largest system among the existing system from spring fed different systems in the Kathmandu urban Mahankalchaur stream water sources water supply. It serves a big section of the Water Supply with a full-fledged urban population. Thus the potable water System treatment plant, service made available is saving time for women to reservoirs, private utilize it for other income generating activities, connections, stand posts is reducing the cases of water borne diseases at different places. among general people specially among the However the supply children which is saving people from system is intermittent unnecessary physical pains and expenses that only. would have gone on medications.

2 Guheswori Sewage Waterborne sewerage It is the only functioning reasonable sized Treatment system with sewer sewage treatment plant in the urban areas of Plant(GSTP) network, a full-fledged Kathmandu district. It is serving quite a big sewage treatment plant. section of north–eastern part of Kathmandu city. It has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pasupathinath temple relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

2 KATHMANDU DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset 1: Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System

Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System is the largest system among the existing various water supply systems in the Kathmandu urban water supply. It serves a large section of the urban population both inside and outside the ring road. Sparing some deep tube wells, it has its main surface sources at Sundarijal which is around 10 kilometer away in the north at the foothills of Shivapuri Water Shed Area in Sundarijal VDC of Kathmandu district. The source is Bagmati stream which is spring fed and is originating from the Shivapuri mountains. Later on the downstream in the flat area it gets bigger with other tributaries and is known as Bagmati River.

This system is fed by two existing surface water supply schemes, old one constructed in 1966 with Indian Government assistance and the new one constructed with assistance from Japan Government through JICA in 1993.

The first/ old scheme has a full-fledged treatment plant constructed in 1966 at Sundarijal itself and the treated water is brought to the service reservoirs at Mahankalchour in the city through a 500 mm diameter CI transmission pipe. Its intake is the tailrace water channel of the old historical Sundarijal Hydro-power Plant which is one of the oldest hydro-power plants in Nepal. It is still in use and generating 500 Kilowatt power. Thus the old scheme takes the tailrace water coming out of the turbines through a channel to its huge collection tanks. The water is then aerated over a cascade aerator and sent for treatment through different processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination. Then the treated water is sent straight to the service reservoirs at Mahankalchaur some 10 kilometers away in the south in the city by gravity. The elevated intake works at the Bagmati stream and the dam work, penstock pipes are all taken care by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). KUKL has no authority over them and need not spend any money for their maintenance. However, KUKL has to request NEA to run the power station continuously so as to get the water without any break daily for its water supply scheme. The capacity of the scheme is 19.6 mld.

The second and new scheme was constructed in 1993, as mentioned earlier with the assistance of JICA/Japan Government. The intake structure of this scheme is on the Bagmati stream about 200 metres away in the north from the existing treatment plant complex at Sundarijal. As the intake is located on the upstream, the water from the intake is brought by simple gravity to a collection tank through a 500 mm dia. DI pipe and then the raw water is again transmitted to the treatment plant at Mahankalchaur through a 500 mm Dia. PVC pipe. The raw water is treated and chlorinated here and stored in a service reservoir for distribution. The treatment plant has process components like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. The capacity of this scheme is 26.5 mld.

The intakes of both the schemes are on Bagmati Stream which is spring fed, and the discharge falls down drastically low in the dry season when the stream dries down significantly. The dry season lasts for almost 5 months and yield of both the schemes combined during this period comes down to as low as 20-26 mld.

As the water supply systems run by KUKL are interlinked in the service area, it is very hard to say what population is exactly being served by any one scheme. However it can be assumed that a significant portion of the urban population is being served by this system as it is the largest. Water from this system covers major parts of the Kathmandu city. Tentative estimate of the population served by this system stands at around 600,000 which do not consider the floating population.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Except for the event in year 1999/2000 when the intake pond of the hydro-power plant was filled with debris brought by high flood from upstream due to heavy precipitation and the plant was closed for 1-2 days, no extreme events have been observed in the project area. The pond was immediately cleaned up and the plant was run again. There have been small landslips here and there but those have not affected the scheme assets so far as immediate remedial steps were taken to prevent any mishap from happening. The asset component structures are all well designed and construction materials used are also good. They are mostly RCC and stone masonry structures.

Nevertheless the second scheme does have some assets which are vulnerable to climate change impacts and those need to be corrected timely for proper adaptation. Especially the intake and the transmission pipe from the intake are vulnerable.

Sundarijal/ Mahankalchaur Water Supply System

2.1.1 Asset Description

 Watershed context

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

The water source Bagmati stream is originating from Shivapuri watershed area which is preserved by the Government and contains thick green forest and vegetation. Bagmati stream is spring fed and is a perennial source. During the wet season the discharge gets very high, however it dries considerably during the dry season.

Nevertheless the second scheme does have some assets which are vulnerable to possible climate change impacts and those need to be corrected timely for proper adaptation. Specially the intake and the transmission pipe from the intake are vulnerable.

 Asset location

The main surface water sources are located at Sundarijal which is around 10 kilometers away in the north at the foothills of Shivapuri Mountains in Sundarijal VDC. The intake structure of this scheme is on the Bagmati stream about 200 metres away in the north from the existing treatment plant complex at Sundarijal. These assets are located in the government protected Shivapuri watershed area which has green forest and lot of vegetation on the upstream. As the intake is on the upstream, the water from the intake is brought by simple gravity to a collection tank through a 500 mm diameter DI pipe. The transmission pipe has been laid along the right bank of the stream with stone masonry supports and this section of about 100 metres length is very near to flowing water and is vulnerable to large floods. Also the intake structure and the ponded water is very near to human settlements and thus very easily accessible to those people coming for picnics who do not mind to do a bit of swimming in the ponded water.

 Asset condition

The overall condition of the asset looked all right. The structures are of either RCC or stone masonry and the workmanship looks satisfactory. Some stone masonry supports of the transmission line in the stretch along the bank of the Bagmati stream are damaged and need immediate repairs, otherwise other asset components look satisfactory.

 Asset design

The whole water system had been designed by international consultants (both old and new schemes) as both the schemes in the system were constructed with foreign assistance. The observations from the site visit of TA team have confirmed that the assets were properly designed as

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline per standard engineering norms. Also the workmanship of the construction of the asset components looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC, stone masonry or brick masonry works. The pipes are either DI pipes or PVC pipes. In spite of these the intake structure and transmission pipelines are being very near to the stream water flow are vulnerable to the climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

 Past extreme events and impacts

During that short period of disruption, the water supply from that disturbed old scheme could not be supplied, so there was shortage of water in the whole system and some section of Kathmandu city had little water or dry taps for a day or two. They were compensated by distributing water through tanker service. Nevertheless, the population were served by the old scheme. Nayapati, Gokarna areas were hit hardest as no water flowed in their pipe system during those two days. They had to manage water from other existing traditional sources or manage from the reserve in the underground tanks they have.

 Past adaptation responses

No past adaptation responses details are available. Only minor repairs and maintenance of the system had been done on an ad-hoc manner for occasional small landslips. When the intake pond of the hydro-power plant was filled with debris in 1999/2000 event due to excessive flooding due to heavy rain, the debris was removed promptly.

 Design appropriateness

The system had been designed and constructed as per the standard engineering norms and practices and thus most of the asset components seem to be safe. However the intake and the transmission pipe passing nearby the river run -off along the bank of the stream are vulnerable to possible impacts of climate change and they need some adaptation measures.

2.1.2 Adaptation audit

 Adaptation location

The main surface water sources are located at Sundarijal at the foothills of Shivapuri Mountains in Sundarijal VDC. The intake structure of this scheme is on the Bagmati stream about 200 metres away from the existing treatment plant complex at Sundarijal. All these assets are located in the

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline government protected Shivapuri watershed area which has green forest and lot of vegetation on the upstream. As the intake is on the upstream, the water from the intake is brought by simple gravity system to a collection tank through a 500 mm diameter DI pipe. The transmission pipe had been laid along the right bank of the stream with stone masonry supports to prevent it from getting washed out during floods. Other assets are all RCC and thus strong.

 Adaptation condition

The condition of the assets is mostly satisfactory and acceptable. The intake is on the upstream, and the transmission pipe (a 500 mm dia. DI pipe) has been laid along the right bank of the stream with stone masonry supports to protect it from floods.

 Threat description

Most of the assets of the water supply system such as water treatment plant, reservoirs, distribution system are safe against any extreme climatic events. However, the intake structure and some stretch of transmission pipelines that are very near to the river run-off are exposed to flooding and vulnerable to damage during extreme rainfall and high flood events.

 Past extreme events and impacts

 Adaptation design

The intake structure is a very simple chamber built of RCC. Since the source is fed by different springs, the final leg of the flow is like a small stream that enters the intake. The pipes used in the transmission main are DI and the distribution reservoirs are made of RCC. The structures within the treatment plant are all of RCC. The system seems to have been designed as per the engineering norms and practices.

 Adaptation success

One of the adaptation successes is that the protection work of the transmission main has saved the asset/structure so far against the floods. Also the water rationing being practiced in the Kathmandu city by reducing supply hours is a kind of adaptation against drying water sources.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

2.2 Asset 2: Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant (GSTP)

Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant (GSTP) is the only functioning sewage treatment plant in the urban areas of Kathmandu district. It is located adjacent to Bagmati River opposite to Guheswori Temple on the upstream of Holy Pashupatinath Temple and is located within the Kathmandu Metropolitan city. Beside the STP, the system consists of about 17 Km of sewers of sizes ranging from 400 mm dia. to 1200 mm dia. laid in some 537 hectares of urban areas on the upstream of Guheswori and Pashupati Temples and 257 m long horse-shoe shaped tunnel sewer of 2 m dia. for bypassing GSTP the excess sewage to Tilganga area at downstream of Pasupathinath Temple. Capacity of GSTP at present is 190 lps of sewage but the load goes as high as 300 lps on many occasions. As per initial plan, the capacity is to be raised to 300 lps in the second phase. The GSTP is of mechanical oxidation ditch type with primary and secondary level treatments and is presently running at an efficiency of 60% only. The excess sewage is let to pass through the tunnel sewer. The sewage it receives is of combined flow type with a mix of sanitary sewage and storm water. The GSTP has main components like grit chamber, oval shaped oxidation ditches with mechanical aerators, primary sedimentation tanks and secondary sedimentation tanks and sludge drying beds (not in operation at present).

The GSTP is serving quite a large portion of population in north–eastern part of Kathmandu city which is covering Gokarn, Bouddha, Jorpati, Chabahil, Tusal, Mitra Park, Gaurighat, Maijubahal areas that are proximate to Bagmati River and are on the upstream of holy temples of Guheswori and Pasupathinath. The population being covered by the GSTP at present is estimated at about 275,000. It has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pasupathinath temple relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility. All inhabitants including women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are equally benefitting from the services rendered by these assets.

The GSTP operation has few problems like inadequate budget allocation for operation and maintenance and the revenue collected from the served households is being collected by different agency KUKL. Also the operation is suffering from intermittent power supply and alternative power supply such as diesel generators comes very expensive.

To date, GSTP has experienced no extreme events. The asset component structures are all RCC and thus look strong. However as the location of GSTP is adjacent to the Bagmati river and at only little higher level than the river flow, it is vulnerable to the possible impacts of climate change like increased intensity of precipitation for longer duration when the river will be badly flooded.

Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant Guheswori Temple

Pashupatinath Temple World Heritage Area Bagmati21 River

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

2.2.1 Asset Description

 Watershed context

GSTP is located on a flat land adjacent to the Bagmati River opposite to the Guheswori temple. It can be taken that land had been the right bank of the river long time ago. The level difference of the land against the top level of flowing water is very small. As the asset itself was constructed some 10/11 years back, it has not experienced any extreme events so far. However it is quite vulnerable to possible climate impacts in the future. The whole asset may get flooded during very high and long duration precipitation. The sewage may overflow from manholes and some of the low lying structures.

 Asset location

As mentioned before, GSTP is located on a flat land adjacent to the Bagmati River opposite to the Guheswori temple. That land had been the right bank of the river long time ago. The level difference between the lands against the top level of flowing water is very small. All the surrounding land was simple flat agricultural land till few years back and now slowly houses are being built. As the asset itself was constructed some 10/11 years back, it has not experienced any extreme events so far. However it is quite vulnerable to possible climate impacts in the future. The whole asset may get flooded during very high and long duration precipitation. The sewage may overflow from manholes and some of the low lying structures.

 Asset condition

The overall condition of the asset looked all right. The structures are of RCC and brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship looks satisfactory. The sludge drying beds are not in use for

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline quite some time. The mechanical components like pumps and aerators are getting old and worn out and need repairs and replacements. Otherwise other asset components look satisfactory.

 Asset design

The whole treatment plant had been designed by a joint group of international and national consultants. The workmanship of the construction of the asset components too looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC and brick masonry works. The sewer pipes are all RCC hume pipes. In spite of these the asset/GSTP being very near to the river water flow with very little level difference, is vulnerable to the possible climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

 Past extreme events and impacts

The assets were constructed 10/11 years ago and have never experienced any extreme events so far.

 . Past adaptation responses

No past adaptatio esposes details ae aailale. Pups ad othe ehaial euipets like aerators are getting old and have occasional breakdowns and they are repaired on as soon as possible basis.

 Design appropriateness

The system has been designed and constructed as per the standard engineering norms and practices and most of the asset components seem to be safe. However the treatment plant itself being too near to river water seems vulnerable to possible climate change impacts like flooding due to extreme precipitation and they need some adaptation measures. 2.2.2 Adaptation audit

 Adaptation location

 Adaptation condition

The overall condition of the asset look all right. The structures are of either RCC or brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship looks satisfactory. The sludge drying beds are not in use for

 Threat description

As already mentioned earlier GSTP is located on a flat land adjacent to the Bagmati river opposite to the Guheswori temple. That land had been the right bank of the river long time ago. The level difference of the land against the top level of flowing water is very small. All the surrounding land was simple flat agricultural land till few years back and now slowly houses are being built. As the asset itself was constructed some 10/11 years back only, it has not experienced any extreme events so far. However it is quite vulnerable to possible climate impacts in the future. The whole asset may get flooded during very high and long precipitation. The sewage may overflow from manholes and some of the low lying structures.

 Past Extreme Events and impacts

The assets being constructed only 10/11 years back, has not experienced any extreme events so far.

 Adaptation Design

The whole treatment plant had been designed by a joint group of international and national consultants. The TA team after from their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. The workmanship of the construction of the asset components too look satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC, or brick masonry works. The sewer pipes are all RCC hume pipes. Inspite of these the asset/GSTP being very near to the river water flow with very little level difference, is vulnerable to the possible climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

 Adaptation Success

There is little or nothing has been done to date in terms of adaptation to any extreme events. The asset structures are all RCC make and thus are strong enough to last long. However the construction of bypass big tunnel sewer on the downstream to divert the excess raw sewage from reaching Aryaghat the holy bank in front of Pashupatinath Temple incase of overloading or incidental closure of the treatment plant can be taken as an adaptation success.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX A: MAP OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT

Fig 1: Location of Dolakha District in Map of Nepal

Fig 2: Map of Kathmandu District showing Kathmandu Metropolitan City

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR

Some of the major projects under Melamchi Water Supply Sub-project 2 presently being implemented by PID/KUKL for Kathmandu valley urban water supply are as follows:

Sr.No. Name of Projects Status Bulk Distribution System Improvements 1 BDS (Sundarijal –Gokarna-Mahankalchour Section) On-going (Construction/Laying of Big Transmission Mains) Distribution Network Improvements 2. Demonstration Scheme Package in Buddhanagar Area/Kathmandu On-going (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines) 3. Demonstration Scheme Package in Kusunti Area/Lalitpur On-going (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines) 4. DNI Pilot Program in Kalo Pool Area/Kathmandu On-going (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines) 5. Immediate works for removal of cluster connections in trunk main On-going along Sundarjal- Mahankalchour (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines in Gokarna area) 6. DNI Package – 1 On-going (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines in different parts of Kathmandu and Lalitpur cities) 7. DNI Package -2 On-going (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipes in different parts of Kathmandu and Lalitpur cities) 8. DNI Package -3 On-going (Construction/Laying of New Distribution Pipelines in different parts of Kathmandu and Lalitpur cities) Water Production Improvements 9. 15 New Deep Tube wells at different places On-going (Construction of new deep tube wells for additional water in the urban areas) 10. Rehabilitation, Improvement/shifting of existing water intakes at On-going Nakhu (Construction of new intake structure and laying of new pipelines at Nakhu Khola) 11. 20 New Deep Tube Wells at different places On-going (Construction of new deep tube wells for additional water in the urban areas)

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | Dolakha district baselines

ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET

 Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited(KUKL)

As mentioned earlier KUKL central office is only doing the operation and maintenance of the existing systems while all the big construction works under the Melamchi Water Supply Sub- project-2 are being looked after by PID/KUKL. The annual budget of KUKL central office for fiscal year 2013/14(FY 2070/71 BS) is NRs. 896,779,000/-.

 High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization(HPCIDBC)

The annual budget of HPCIDBC for fiscal year 2013/14 (2070/71 BS) is NRs.290 Million.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | Dolakha district baselines

ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

 Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited(KUKL)

SN Name of Staff Position 1 Mr. Kalyan Singh Thapa Act. General Manager 2 Er. Chandra Lal Nakarmi Manager(Engineer) 3 Er. Tilak Mohan Bhandari Manager(Engineer) 4 Er. Bijay Man Shrestha Manager(Engineer) 5 Er. Sunil Dhoj Joshi Manager(Engineer) 6 Er. Sanjeev Bikram Rana Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 7 Er. Ramesh Man Pradhan Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 8 Er. Milan Kumar Shakya Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 9 Er. Bhagawan Subba Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 10 Er.Subhod Man Singh Pradhan Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 11 Er. Chitra Prakash Maskey Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 12 Er. Himeshananda Vaidya Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 13 Er. Rajiv Joshi Dypt.Manager(Engineer) 14 Mr. Suresh Acharya Dypt.Manager(Admin.-Procurement) 15 Mr. Jyanendra Bahadur Karki Dypt.Manager(Water Quality) 16 Mr. Govinda Prasad Shrestha Dypt.Manager(Admin.-General) 17 Mr. Muman Singh Karki Dypt.Manager(Finance) 18 Mr. Bijay Timilsina Dypt.Manager(Internal Audit) 19 Er. Kishore Man Pradhan Asst. Manager(Engineer) 20 Er.Satish Kumar Dutta Asst. Manager(Engineer) 21 Er.Dipak Kant Mainali Asst. Manager(Engineer) 22 Er. Bishwo Raj Joshi Asst. Manager(Engineer) 23 Er. Arjun Babu Dhakal Asst. Manager(Engineer) 24 Er. Dol Prasad Chapagain Asst. Manager(Engineer) 25 Er. Ramesh KC Asst. Manager(Engineer) 26 Er.Umesh Babu Marahattha Asst. Manager(Engineer) 27 Mr.Sundar Babu Aryal Asst. Manager(Admin-Human Resource) 28 Mr. Sushil Sundar Karmacharya Asst. Manager(Finance-Budget) 29 Mr. Laxman Basnet Asst. Manager(Finance-Projects) 30 Other officers -33 Nos. Engineers, Admin. Officers, Finance officers 31 Asst. Officers - 55 Nos. Technical, Admin., Account etc.

Total Permanent Staff -690 Total Contractual Staff -190 Total Daily Wage staff - 272 Grand Total - 1152

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

 High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization(HPCIDBC)

SN Name of Staff Position 1 Mr. Narayan Prasad Regmi Chair Person 2 Er. Gajendra Kumar Thakur Project Manager 3 Er. Bharat Bahadur KC Dypt. Project Manager 4 Er. Ram Kumar Shrestha Engineer 5 Er. Rabindra Kumar Raya Engineer 6 Er. Mohan Bahadur Kunwar Engineer 7 Er. Rameswore Ghimire Engineer 8 Er. Utsav Kant Mainali Engineer 9 Er. Kishore Panthi Engineer 10 Er.Dharma Maharjan Engineer 11 Er. Ramesh Pradhanang Engineer 12 Mr. Jung Bahadur Thapa Sub- Engineer 13 Mr. Bhim Nepal Sub- Engineer 14 Mr. Ghanshyam Nepal Account Officer 15 Mr. Binod Gautam Admin. Officer Other support staff - 70 Nos. Different positions Altogether total staff - 85 Nos.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

Event/date Location Biophysical Sector Impact Adaptive description of infrastructure response the event affected -Specify impacts on women and men where relevant

-Specify impacts on disadvantaged groups where relevant

1999 AD Matatirtha Landslides None source site

1999/2000 AD Sundarijal Landslides in the Intake pond Water supply Debris source area upstream and of hydro- scheme closed cleaned intake of hydro- power for 1-2 days promptly power project scheme filled bringing filled with debris with debris suffering to men due to torrential choking the and women in rain intake the affected areas. People from disadvantaged groups were also hard hit due to non supply of water for 1-2 days.

2012 AD Sundarijal Landslides Intake Pipe Not significant Immediate source area vulnerable Protection measures carried out to avoid any mishap.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY

DISTRICT: Kathmandu SECTOR: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation DATE: 17 September, 2013. NAME: Gyanesh Bajracharya

ASSET-1: Sundarijal/Mahankachaur Water Supply System

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System is the largest system among the existing various water supply systems in the Kathmandu urban water supply. It serves larger portion of the urban population both inside and outside the ring road. Sparing some deep tube wells, it has its main surface sources at Sunarijal which is located at the foothills of Shivapuri Water Shed Area in Sundarijal VDC. The source is Bagmati stream which is spring fed and is originating from the Shivapuri mountains. As it flows further downstream in the flat area it gets bigger with other tributaries and is known as Bagmati River.

This system is fed by two existing surface water supply schemes, old one constructed in 1966 with Indian Government assistance and the new one is constructed with assistance from Japan Government through JICA in 1993.

The first/ old scheme has a full-fledged treatment plant constructed in 1966 at Sundarijal and the treated water is brought to the service reservoirs at Mahankalchour in the city through a 500 mm dia. CI transmission pipe. The intake is the tailrace water channel of the old historical Sundarijal Hydro-power Plant which is one of the oldest hydro-power plants in Nepal. It is still in use and generating 500 Kilowatt power. Thus the old scheme takes the tailrace water coming out of the turbines through a channel to its huge collection tanks. The water is then aerated over a cascade aerator and sent for treatment through different processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination. Then the treated water is sent straight to the service reservoirs at Mahankalchaur to the city by gravity. The elevated intake works at the Bagmati stream and the dam work, penstock pipes are all taken care by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). KUKL has no authority over them and need not spend any money for their maintenance. However, KUKL has to request NEA to run the power station for continuous provision of water without any break for its daily water supply scheme. The capacity of the scheme is 19.6 mld.

The second and new scheme was constructed in 1993 with the assistance of JICA/Japan Government. The intake structure of this scheme is on the Bagmati stream about 200 metres away from the existing treatment plant complex at Sundarijal. As the intake is on the upstream, the water from the intake is brought by simple gravity system to a collection tank through a 500 mm diameter DI pipe and then the raw water is again transmitted to the treatment plant at Mahankalchaur through a 500 mm diameter PVC pipe. The raw water is treated and chlorinated here and stored in a service reservoir for distribution. The treatment plant has process components like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. The capacity of this scheme is 26.5 mld.

The intakes of both the schemes are on Bagmati Stream which is spring fed, and the discharge falls

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

down drastically low in the dry season when the stream dries down significantly. The dry season lasts for almost 5 months and yield of both the schemes combined during this period comes down to as low as 20-26 mld.

As the water supply systems run by KUKL are interlinked in the service area, it is very hard to say what population is exactly being served by any one scheme. However it can be assumed that a larger portion of the urban population is being served by this system as it is the largest. Water from this system covers major parts of the Kathmandu city. Tentative estimate of the population served by this system stands at around 600,000 which do not consider the floating population.

Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Nevertheless the second scheme does have some assets which are vulnerable to possible climate change impacts and those need to be corrected timely for proper adaptation. Especially the intake and the transmission pipe from the intake are vulnerable.

3. Description of asset location

The main surface water sources are located at Sundarijal at the foothills of Shivapuri mountains in Sundarijal VDC. The intake structure of this scheme is on the Bagmati stream about 200 metres away from the existing treatment plant complex at Sundarijal. All these assets are located in the government protected Shivapuri watershed area which has green forest and lot of vegetation on the upstream. As the intake is on the upstream, the water from the intake is brought by simple gravity system to a collection tank through a 500 mm dia. DI pipe. The transmission pipe has been laid along the right bank of the stream with stone masonry supports and this section of about 100 metres length is very near to flowing water and is vulnerable to larger floods. Also the intake structure and the ponded water is very near to human settlements and thus very easily accessible to those people coming for picnics who do not mind to do a bit of swimming in the ponded water.

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the asset looked all right. The structures are of made of RCC and stone masonry and the workmanship looks satisfactory. Some of the stone masonry supports of the transmission line in the stretch along the bank of the Bagmati stream are damaged and need immediate repairs, otherwise other asset components looked satisfactory.

4 b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

A larger portion of Kathmandu Metropolitan city residents and those in peripheral areas of adjoining VDCs are using the water that is being supplied by this system and hence they are the people who are depending on this asset. If there is any disruption, those people will be the ones who will be hit hardest. Among them it will be the women who will have to suffer most as there will be no water for cooking, drinking, washing and for other household chores because they are the ones who have to manage all these. Similarly poorer section of the society like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups living in the areas covered by this asset will also suffer as they too are also heavily dependent on the

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

public water supply.

5 Describe asset design

 The whole water system had been designed by international consultants (both old and new schemes) as both the schemes in the system were constructed with foreign assistance. The assets were properly designed as per standard engineering norms. Also the workmanship of the construction of the asset components looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC, stone masonry or brick masonry works. The pipes are either DI pipes or PVC pipes. In spite of these the intake structure and transmission pipeline being very near to the stream water flow are vulnerable to the climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

6 a) Describe past extreme events and impacts

During that short period of disruption, the water supply from that disturbed old scheme could not be supplied, so there was shortage of water in the whole system and some section of Kathmandu city had little water or dry taps for a day or two. They were compensated by distributing water through tanker service. Nayapati and Gokarna areas were hit hardest as no water flowed in their pipe system during those two days. They had to manage water from other existing traditional sources or manage from the reserve in the underground tanks they have.

6 b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Larger portions of the Kathmandu city population that have been receiving water from this system are the most vulnerable people. It is the largest system in Kathmandu urban water supply to date and water from this system covers major parts of the Kathmandu city. Tentative estimate of the population served by this system stands at around 600,000 which do not consider the floating population.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

used to make some income. In case the traditional sources are not protected, the situation gets worse as there is risk of health hazards to the consumers. The poor and marginalized communities like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are hit even harder as they have to compromise with other income generating works as more time is being spent for the water collection. Due to shortage of water, the cleanliness and sanitation get compromised and thus there is possibility of health hazard incidents especially among the women and children. Increased incidents of water borne diseases can be detected in such situation among these marginalized groups which ultimately tend to jeopardize their regular livelihoods by working (income making) days being wasted due to sickness and by unnecessary burden of medication expenses. So damage to the assets had made such people very vulnerable.

7 Describe past adaptation responses

No past adaptation responses details are available. Only minor repairs and maintenance of the system had been done in an ad-hoc manner for occasional small landslips. When the intake pond of the hydro-power plant was filled with debris in 1999/2000 due to flooding because of heavy rain, the debris was removed promptly,

8 Provide expert judgment of the design appropriateness

The system has been designed and constructed as per the standard engineering norms and practices and thus most of the asset components seem to be safe. However the intake and the transmission pipe passing nearby the river run -off along the bank of the stream are vulnerable to possible impacts of climate change and they need some adaptation measures.

ASSET-2 : Guheshwori Sewage Treatment Plant(GSTP)

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

 Guheshwori Sewage Treatment Plant (GSTP) is the only functioning sewage treatment plant in the urban areas of Kathmandu district. It is located adjacent to Bagmati River opposite to Guheshwori Temple on the upstream of Holy Pasupathinath Temple and located in the Kathmandu Metropolitan city. Beside the STP, the system consists of about 17 Km of sewers of sizes ranging from 400 mm dia. to 1200 mm dia. laid in some 537 Hectares of urban areas on the upstream of Guheshwori and Pashupati Temples and 257 m long horse-shoe shaped tunnel sewer of 2 m dia. for bypassing GSTP the excess sewage to Tilganga area at downstream of Pasupathinath Temple. Capacity of GSTP at present is 190 lps of sewage but the load goes as high as 300 lps on many occasions. So as per initial plan, the capacity is to be raised to 300 lps in the second phase. The GSTP is of mechanical oxidation ditch type with primary and secondary level treatments and is presently running at an efficiency of 60% only. The excess sewage is let to pass through the tunnel sewer. The sewage it receives is of combined flow type with a mix of sanitary sewage and storm water. The GSTP has main components like Grit Chamber, oval shaped oxidation ditches with mechanical aerators, primary sedimentation tanks and secondary sedimentation tanks and sludge drying beds(not in operation at present).

The GSTP is serving large portions of population in north–eastern part of Kathmandu city which is

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

covering Gokarn, Bouddha, Jorpati, Chabahil, Tusal, Mitra Park, Gaurighat, Maijubahal areas that are proximate to Bagmati river and are on the upstream of holy temples of Guheswori and Pasupathinath. The population being covered by the GSTP at present is estimated at about 275,000. It has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pasupathinath temple relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility.

All inhabitants inclusive of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are equally benefitting from the services rendered by these assets.

 The GSTP operation has few problems like inadequate budget allocation for operation and maintenance and the revenue collected from the served households is being collected by different agency KUKL. Also the operation is suffering from intermittent power supply and using power by running generators comes very expensive.

Till now the GSTP has experienced no extreme events. The asset component structures are all RCC and thus look strong. However as the location of GSTP is adjacent to the Bagmati river and at only little higher level than the river flow, it is vulnerable to the possible impacts of climate change like increased intensity of precipitation for longer duration when the river will be badly flooded.

Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant

Guheswori Temple

Pashupatinath Temple World Heritage Area Bagmati River

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

GSTP is located on a flat land adjacent to the Bagmati river opposite to the Guheshwori temple. It can be taken that land had been the right bank of the river long time ago. The level difference of the land against the top level of flowing water is very small. As the asset itself was constructed some 10/11 years back only, it has not experienced any extreme events so far. However it is quite vulnerable to possible climate impacts in the future. The whole asset may get flooded during very high and long precipitation. The sewage may overflow from manholes and some of the low lying structures.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

3. Description of asset location

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the asset looked all right. The structures are of either RCC or brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship looks satisfactory. The sludge drying beds are not in use for quite some time. The mechanical components like pumps and aerators are getting old and worn out and need repairs and replacements. Otherwise other asset components look satisfactory.

4. b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

The GSTP is serving quite a big section of population in north–eastern part of Kathmandu city which is covering Gokarn, Bouddha, Jorpati, Chabahil, Tusal, Mitra Park, Gaurighat, Maijubahal areas that are proximate to Bagmati river and are on the upstream of holy temples of Guheswori and Pashupatinath. The population being covered by the GSTP at present is estimated at about 275,000. It has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pashupatinath temple relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility. All people inclusive of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are equally benefitting from the Describeservices rendered whether by Dalit, the assets.indigenous Also the depend pilgrims on thatthis touchasset theand relatively for what cleaner purpose river water at the Aryaghat are getting the benefits from the GSTP. So these people can be taken as the dependents of the assets.

5. Describe asset design

 The whole treatment plant had been designed by a joint group of international and national consultants. The TA team after from their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. The workmanship of the construction of the asset components too look satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC, or brick masonry works. The sewer pipes are all RCC hume pipes. Inspite of these the asset/GSTP being very near to the river water flow with very little level difference, is vulnerable to the possible climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

6 Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

The GSTP is serving quite a big section of population in north–eastern part of Kathmandu city which is covering Gokarn, Bouddha, Jorpati, Chabahil, Tusal, Mitra Park, Gaurighat, Maijubahal areas that are proximate to Bagmati river and are on the upstream of holy temples of Guheswori and Pashupatinath. The population being covered by the GSTP at present is estimated at about 275,000. It has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pashupatinath temple to Aryaghat relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility. So damage to the assets will stop the treatment processes and the sewage will have to let flow raw to the river thus increasing the pollution level of Bagmati river water creating health hazards to the people on the downstream including the pilgrims touching river water at Aryaghat. Thus all the men, women, dalits, disadvantaged ethnic groups on the downstream are the vulnerable people..

7. Describe past adaptation responses

No past adaptatio esposes details ae aailale. Pups ad othe ehaial euipets like aerators are getting old and have occasional breakdowns and they are repaired as soon as possible.

8. Provide expert judgment of the design appropriateness

No past adaptatio esposes details ae aailale. Pups ad othe ehaial euipets like aerators are getting old and have occasional breakdowns and they are repaired as soon as possible.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX G: COMPLETED ADAPTATION AUDIT PRO FORMA

DISTRICT: Kathmandu SECTOR: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation DATE: 17 September, 2013. Name: Gyanesh N. Bajracharya

ASSET-1 : Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System Project

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

Sundarijal/Mahankalchaur Water Supply System is the biggest system among the existing different water supply systems in the Kathmandu urban water supply. It serves a big section of the urban population both inside and outside the ring road. Sparing some deep tube wells, it has its main surface sources at Sunarijal some 10 kilometer away in the north at the foothills of Shivapuri Water Shed Area in Sundarijal VDC of Kathmandu District. The source is Bagmati stream which is spring fed and is originating from the Shivapuri mountains. Later on the downstream in the flat area it gets bigger with other tributaries and is known as Bagmati river.

This system is fed by two existing surface water supply schemes, old one constructed in 1966 with Indian Government assistance and another new one constructed with assistance from Japan Government through JICA in 1993.

The first/ old scheme has a full-fledged treatment plant constructed in 1966 at Sundarijal itself and the treated water is brought to the service reservoirs at Mahankalchour in the city through a 500 mm dia. CI transmission pipe. Its intake is the tailrace water channel of the old historical Sundarijal Hydro-power Plant which is one of the oldest hydro-power plants in Nepal. It is still in use and generating 500 Kilowatt power. Thus the old scheme takes the tailrace water coming out of the turbines through a channel to its big collection tanks. The water is then aerated over a cascade aerator and sent for treatment through different processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination. Then the treated water is sent straightway to the service reservoirs at Mahankalchaur some 10 kilometers away in the south in the city by gravity. The high up intake works at the Bagmati stream and the dam work, penstock pipes are all taken care by the Nepal Electricity Authority(NEA) and KUKL has no authority over them and need not spend any money for their maintenance. However KUKL has to request NEA to run the power station continuously so as to get water without any break daily for its water supply scheme. The capacity of the scheme is 19.6 mld.

The second and new scheme was constructed in 1993, as mentioned earlier with the assistance of JICA/Japan Government. The intake structure of this scheme is on the Bagmati stream about 200 metres away in the north from the existing treatment plant complex at Sundarijal. As the intake is on the upstream, the water from the intake is brought by simple gravity to a collection tank through a 500 mm dia. DI pipe and then the raw water is again transmitted to the treatment plant at Mahankalchaur through a 500 mm Dia. PVC pipe. The raw water is treated and chlorinated here and

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

stored in a service reservoir for distribution. The treatment plant has process components like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. The capacity of this scheme is 26.5 mld.

As the water supply systems run by KUKL are interlinked in the service area, it is very hard to say what population is exactly being served by any one scheme. However it can be assumed that a big section of the urban population is being served by this system as it is the biggest. Water from this system covers major parts of the Kathmandu city. Tentative estimate of the population served by this system stands at around 600,000 which does not consider the floating population.

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

The water source Bagmati stream is originating from Shivapuri watershed area which is preserved by the Government and contains lot of green forest and vegetation. Bagmati stream is spring fed and is a perennial source. During the wet season the discharge gets very high, however it dries considerably during the dry season.

3. Description of asset location

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

there but those have not affected the scheme assets so far as immediate remedial steps were taken to prevent any mishap from happening. The asset component structures are all well designed and construction materials used are also good. They are mostly RCC and stone masonry structures.

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the asset look all right. The structures are of either RCC or stone masonry and the workmanship looks satisfactory. Some stone masonry supports of the transmission line in the stretch along the bank of the Bagmati stream are damaged and need immediate repairs, otherwise other asset components look satisfactory.

4 b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

A big section of Kathmandu Metropolitan city residents and those in peripheral areas of adjoining VDCs are using the water being supplied by this system and hence they are the people who are depending on this asset. If there is any disruption, those people will be the ones who will be hit hardest. Among them it will be the women who will have to suffer most as there will be no water for cooking, drinking, washing and for other household chores because they are ones who have to manage all these first. Similarly poorer section of the society like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups living in the areas covered by this asset will also suffer as they too are also heavily dependent on the public water supply.

5 Description of threat

Most of the assets of the water supply system like water treatment plant, reservoirs, distribution system are safe against any extreme climatic events. However, the intake structure and some stretch of transmission pipelines that are very near to the river run-off are exposed to flooding and vulnerable to damage during extreme rainfall and high flood events.

6 a) Describe past extreme events and impacts

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

During that short period of disruption, the water supply from that disturbed old scheme could not be supplied, so there was shortage of water in the whole system and some section of Kathmandu city had little water or dry taps for a day or two. They were compensated by distributing water through tanker service. Nevertheless the population being served solely by the old scheme like those people in the areas on the route of the transmission main like Nayapati, Gokarna areas were hit hardest as no water flowed in their pipe system during those two days. They had to manage water from other existing traditional sources or manage from the reserve in the underground tanks they have.

6 b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, children, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

Very big section of the Kathmandu city population that have been getting water from this system are the most vulnerable people. It is the biggest system in Kathmandu urban water supply till now and water from this system covers major parts of the Kathmandu city. Tentative estimate of the population served by this system stands at around 600,000 which does not consider the floating population.

The poor and marginalized communities like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are hit even harder as they have to compromise with other income generating works as more time is being spent for the water collection. Due to shortage of water, the cleanliness and sanitation get compromised and thus there is possibility of health hazard incidents specially among the women and children. Increased incidents of water borne diseases can be detected in such situation among these marginalized groups which ultimately tend to jeopardize their regular livelihoods by working(income making) days being wasted due to sickness and by unnecessary burden of medication expenses. So damage to the assets had made such people very vulnerable.

6 c) What are the particular impacts of damage to assets (such as watershed, bridges /roads and irrigation system/channels) on women, the indigenous people and Dalit communities ?

The impact of the damage to the assets will lead to the disruption of water supply service to quite a big section of the population in the Kathmandu city. Unavailability of public water supply service will affect all those people including women, dalit communities and disadvantaged ethnic groups. Among those affected people, it will be the women who will get hit hardest as they are ones who have to manage household chores and do the cooking, washing etc. So they will have to take the physical pains of fetching water from distant existing traditional water sources which are less likely to be well protected. In addition to the physical hardship they face they waste lot of their valuable

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

time which otherwise could have been used to make some income. In case the traditional sources are not protected, the situation gets worse as there is risk of health hazards to the consumers. The poor and marginalized communities like dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are hit even harder as they have to compromise with other income generating works as more time is being spent for the water collection. Due to shortage of water, the cleanliness and sanitation get compromised and thus there is possibility of health hazard incidents specially among the women and children. Increased incidents of water borne diseases can be detected in such situation among these marginalized groups which ultimately tend to jeopardize their regular livelihoods by working(income making) days being wasted due to sickness and by unnecessary burden of medication expenses.

6. d) Who are at risk of injury, illness or loss of income by asset damage or degradation of sources.

7. Describe asset design

 The whole water system had been designed by international consultants (both old and new schemes)as both the schemes in the system were constructed with foreign assistance. The TA team after from their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. Also the workmanship of the construction of the asset components looked satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC, stone masonry or brick masonry works. The pipes are either DI pipes or PVC pipes. In spite of these the intake structure and transmission pipeline being very near to the stream water flow are vulnerable to the climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

8. Provide expert judgment on the success of the adaptation

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ASSET-2 : Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant(GSTP)

1. Provide short description of the asset and its location in the district

  Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant(GSTP) is the only functioning big sewage treatment plant in the urban areas of Kathamandu district. It is located adjacent to Bagmati River opposite to Guheswori Temple on the upstream of Holy Pashupatinath Temple and lies in the Kathmandu Metropolitan city. Beside the STP, the system consists of about 17 Km of sewers of sizes ranging from 400 mm dia. to 1200 mm dia. laid in some 537 Hectares of urban areas on the upstream of Guheswori and Pashupati Temples and 257 m long horse-shoe shaped tunnel sewer of 2 m dia. for bypassing GSTP the excess sewage to Tilganga area at downstream of Pashupatinath Temple. Capacity of GSTP at present is 190 lps of sewage but the load goes as high as 300 lps on many occasions. So as per initial plan, the capacity is to be raised to 300 lps in the second phase. The GSTP is of mechanical oxidation ditch type with primary and secondary level treatments and is presently running at an efficiency of 60% only. The excess sewage is let to pass through the tunnel sewer. The sewage it receives is of combined flow type with a mix of sanitary sewage and storm water. The GSTP has main components like Grit Chamber, oval shaped oxidation ditches with mechanical aerators, primary sedimentation tanks and secondary sedimentation tanks and sludge drying beds(not in operation at present).

All people inclusive of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are equally benefitting from the services rendered by these assets.

 The GSTP operation has few problems like inadequate budgets allocation for operation and maintenance and the revenue collected from the served households is being collected by different agency KUKL. Also the operation is suffering from intermittent power supply and using power by running generators comes very expensive.

Till now the GSTP has experienced no extreme events. The asset component structures are all RCC and thus look strong. However as the location of GSTP itself is adjacent to the Bagmati river and at only little higher level than the river flow, it is vulnerable to the possible impacts of climate change like increased intensity of precipitation for longer duration when the river will be badly flooded.

2. Describe the watershed context of the asset

GSTP is located on a flat land adjacent to the Bagmati river opposite to the Guheswori temple. It can be taken that land had been the right bank of the river long time ago. The level difference of the land against the top level of flowing water is very small. As the asset itself was constructed some 10/11 years back only, it has not experienced any extreme events so far. However it is quite vulnerable to possible climate impacts in the future. The whole asset may get flooded during very high and long

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

precipitation. The sewage may overflow from manholes amd some of the low lying structures.

3. Description of asset location

4. a) Description of asset condition

The overall condition of the asset look all right. The structures are of either RCC or brick masonry in cement mortar and the workmanship looks satisfactory. The sludge drying beds are not in use for quite some time. The mechanical components like pumps and aerators are getting old and worn out and need repairs and replacements. Otherwise other asset components look satisfactory.

4.b) Describe who depends on this asset and how?

All people inclusive of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups are equally benefitting from the services rendered by the assets. Also the pilgrims that touch the relatively cleaner river water at the Aryaghat are getting the benefits from the GSTP. So all these people can be taken as the dependents of the assets.

5.Description of threat

As already mentioned earlier GSTP is located on a flat land adjacent to the Bagmati river opposite to the Guheswori temple. That land had been the right bank of the river long time ago. The level difference of the land against the top level of flowing water is very small. All the surrounding land was simple flat agricultural land till few years back and now slowly houses are being built. As the asset itself was constructed some 10/11 years back only, it has not experienced any extreme events so far. However it is quite vulnerable to possible climate change impacts in the future. The whole asset may get flooded during very high and long precipitation. The sewage may overflow from manholes and some of the low lying structures.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

6.a)Describe past extreme events and impacts

Include event dates, biophysical description of the events and impacts on the asset

The assets being constructed only 10/11 years back, has not experienced any extreme events so far.

6. b) Define who are the most vulnerable people (women, men, chidren, disadvantaged groups) and why? Did asset damage increase their vulnerability and how?

The GSTP is serving quite a big section of population in north–eastern part of Kathmandu city which is covering Gokarn, Bouddha, Jorpati, Chabahil, Tusal, Mitra Park, Gaurighat, Maijubahal areas that are proximate to Bagmati river and are on the upstream of holy temples of Guheswori and Pashupatinath. The population being covered by the GSTP at present is estimated at about 275,000. It has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pashupatinath temple to Aryaghat relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health through better sanitation facility. So damage to the assets will stop the treatment processes and the sewage will have to let flow raw to the river thus increasing the pollution level of Bagmati river water creating health hazards to the people on the downstream including the pilgrims touching river water at Aryaghat. Thus all the men, women, dalits, disadvantaged ethnic groups on the downstream are the vulnerable people.

6 c) What are the particular impacts of damage to assets (such as watershed, bridges /roads and irrigation system/channels) on women, the indigenous people and Dalit communities ?

GSTP has helped to keep the river section upstream of Pashupatinath temple to Aryaghat relatively clean. Also the system has helped the served population to improve their health condition through better sanitation facility. So damage to the assets will stop the treatment processes and the sewage will have to let flow raw to the river thus increasing the pollution level of Bagmati river water creating health hazards to the people on the downstream including the pilgrims touching river water at Aryaghat. Women, dalit communities and disadvantaged ethnic groups on the downstream are equally impacted just as other general people

6. d) Who are at risk of injury, illness or loss of income by asset damage or degradation of sources.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

living on the banks of the river as squatters and specially those people who are illegally mining sand from the polluted Bagmati river on the downstream. Also the polluted water in the river will give bad smell, look ugly and pollute the atmospheric air affecting whole city residents.

7. Describe asset design

  The whole treatment plant had been designed by a joint group of international and national consultants. The TA team after from their site observation have found those to be properly designed as per standard engineering norms. The workmanship of the construction of the asset components too looks satisfactory. The asset components are of RCC, or brick masonry works. The sewer pipes are all RCC hume pipes. Inspite of these the asset/GSTP being very near to the river water run-off with very little level difference, is vulnerable to the possible climate change impacts like high flooding due to excessive high intense precipitation.

8. Provide expert judgment on the success of the adaptation

Very little or nothing has been done to date in terms of adaptation to any extreme events. The asset structures are all RCC make and thus are strong enough to last long. However the construction of bypass big tunnel sewer on the downstream to divert the excess raw sewage from reaching Aryaghat the holy bank in front of Pashupatinath Temple in case of overloading or incidental closure of the treatment plant can be taken as an adaptation success.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS

ASSET 1: SUNDARIJAL/MAHANKALCHOUR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Image-1: Shivapuri Watershed Area upstream of Intake

Image-2: Water in Bagmati Stream

Water Inlet

Image-3: Intake with water inlet at the stream bed

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Intake Chamber

Image-4: Intake as seen from the downstream

Transmission Main

Image-5: Transmission Main from the Intake

Image-6: Transmission Main with stonemasonry support pillars

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Image-7: Height of Footbridge raised to save it from high flood

Image-8: Raw water collection tank at Sundarijal

Image-9: Water Treatment Plant at Mahankalchour

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Image-10: Service Reservoirs at Mahankalchour

ASSET-2: GUHESWORI SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Image-11: Sewage Intake Sump Well

Image 12: Oxidation Ditches seen with Mechanical Aerators

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Image-13: Oxidation Ditches

Image-14: Clarifier/Sedimentation Tank

Image-15: Clarfiers

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DWSS-Urban-WATSAN District Baseline

Image-16: Treated Sewage coming out of Clarifier