A Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula carrying a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica
Babu Ram LAMICHHANE1*, Chiranjibi Prasad POKHERAL1, Ambika Prasad KHATIWADA1, Rama MISHRA2 and Naresh SUBEDI1
Abstract
Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula has a wide geographic distribution, but little is known about its ecology and behaviour. A camera-trap survey in and around Chitwan National Park, Nepal, photographed a solitary Marten carrying a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica. The animal was in a grassland patch amid Sal Shorea robusta forest. It is unclear whether the Marten killed the Civet. Recent camera-trap surveys suggest that Yellow-throated Marten is widespread in Chitwan NP with records from altitudes of 190–675 m; many records are from Sal forest.
Keywords: camera-trap, Chitwan National Park, behaviour, distribution, intra-guild carnivore predation, locality records, Nepal, Sal forest
मऱसाप्रोऱे सानो ननरबिराऱो आहाराको 셁पमा 쥍याईरहेको बौगोलरक वितयणऺेत्र ठू रो बएताऩनन भरसाप्रोको आननफानीको फायेभा थोयैभात्र जानाकायी यहेको छ। मसि셍ष (२०७० सारभा) 啍माभया ट्रमावऩङ प्रविधधको प्रमोग गयी गरयएको सिेऺणको क्रभभा सारिनरे घेरयएको घाॉसे भैदान ऺेत्रभा भरसाप्रोरेए啍रै एउटा िम�क ननयबफयारो 쥍माईयहेको पोटो खिचेको धथमो। पोटोको आधायभा भात्र उ啍त भरसाप्रोरे ननयबफयारो भायेको हो कक होईन एककन गनष सककएन। मसैगयी ऩनछ쥍रा केही ि셍षभा गरयएका 啍माभेया ट्रमावऩङ सिेऺणको क्रभभा धचतिनको धेयैजसो ऺत्रे भा भरसाप्रोरे विचयण गने गयेको य १९० देखि ६७५ लभटय स륍भको उचाईभा ऩाईएको धथमो। भरसाप्रोको पोटो खिधचएका धेयैजसो ठाउॉ सारिन ऺत्रे भा ऩदषछन।्
Introduction riverine and mixed hardwood), 12% grassland, 5% exposed surface and 3% water bodies (Thapa 2011). Chitwan NP is an Yellow-throated Marten Martes. flavigula is widely distrib- important part of the Terai Arc, within the Chitwan Annapur- uted in tropical, subtropical and temperate eastern Asia (Cor- na Landscape which is connected through biological corridors bet 1978, Corbet & Hill 1992). In Nepal it is reported widely such as Barandabhar Corridor Forest. across the Terai (Jnawali et al. 2011), with records up to 4,510 The 109.69 km² Barandabhar Corridor Forest links Chit- m asl (Appel et al. 2014). It is regularly reported in Chitwan wan NP to hill forest contiguous with the mountainous An- National Park (e.g. Suwal & Verheugt 1995, DNPWC 2012). napurna Conservation Area. It extends from the Rapti river Overall, rather little is known about its ecology and behav- in the south, the border with Chitwan NP; Bachhauli, Jutpani iour, particularly in its tropical range. It eats a wide variety of and Padampur Village Development Committee (VDCs) and food (e.g. Pocock 1941, Nandini & Karthik 2007, Parr & Duck- Ratnanagar municipality in the east; Patihani, Gitanagar VDCs worth 2007, Zhou et al. 2008, 2011). This note documents a and Bharatpur municipality to the west; and Mahabharat Yellow-throated Marten carrying a Small Indian Civet Viver- range to the north. The corridor is dominated by Sal forest ricula indica in front of a camera-trap set for monitoring large (71.6%) followed by shrubland (13.1%), grassland (8%), carnivores and their prey (NTNC 2014). It also synthesises water bodies (2.1%) and other (6.2%) (WWF Nepal 2013). Yellow-throated Marten records from multiple seasons of The Bishazar lake complex, a Ramsar site, falls within this camera-trapping in Chitwan National Park. corridor (Ramsar 2014). Regular records of Tiger, Leopard, Greater One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, Gaur Study area Bos gaurus and many other wildlife suggest the functionality of the corridor (MOFSC 2011). Chitwan National Park (Chitwan NP; 932 km²) was Nepal’s Methods south-central lowlands, in the inner Terai (27°16.6′–42.1′N, first83°50.2 national′–84°46.3 park,′E) established and is surrounded in 1973. It by lies a 750in the km² country’s buffer As part of monitoring of Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard P. par- zone declared in 1996, managed by the local communities ac- dus and their potential prey, camera-trapping in Barandabhar cording to ‘Buffer Zone Management Guidelines 1996’ (DN- Corridor Forest during January–February 2014 used a grid of PWC 2012). The park has 80% forest (Sal Shorea robusta, 1 × 1 km. A pair of camera-traps was installed at one station
Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 51: 46–50, December 2014 46 Yellow-throated Marten carrying a Small Indian Civet
(b) (a)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h) Fig. 1. The series of camera-trap images of a Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula carrying a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica, Chitwan National Park, Nepal, 2 February 2014.
47 Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 51, December 2014 Lamichhane et al. in each cell for 15 consecutive nights. In total, 88 camera-trap Yellow-throated Marten and Small Indian Civet are simi- stations were surveyed in two blocks: 1) south of the Khageri lar in body size (Prater 1971). Pocock (1941) mentioned re- canal and 2) north of the Khageri. Camera-traps were installed ports that Yellow-throated Marten kills domestic cats in the after intensive sign survey to select the optimal stations. The Kumaun hills of India. There seems to be no record of Yellow- latitude, longitude and altitude of each station were recorded throated Marten killing or eating other species of Carnivora, by handheld GPS (Garmin eTrex 20) under the WGS 1984 da- although the killing of carnivores by other species of carni- tum. Two types of camera-traps (Reconyx 550 and Reconyx vores is more common than is popularly supposed (e.g. Palo- 450) were used, with no picture delay option. Camera-traps mares & Caro 1999, Donadio & Buskirk 2006). Yellow-throat- were set 45 cm above ground with the two cameras of a pair ed Marten does, however, apparently regularly chase and take 6–10 m apart. Camera-traps were operated day and night ungulates, including those larger than itself (e.g. Heptner et al. without bait or lure. Distribution records of Yellow-throated 1967, Sathyakumar 1999). Marten in Chitwan NP were also obtained from Tiger-focussed camera-trapping surveys in 2013 (DNPWC & DOF 2013) and Distribution of Yellow throated Marten in 2010 (Karki 2012). The 2010 and 2013 surveys covered the Chitwan National Park whole park with a total of 310 and 362 camera-trap stations respectively, with one station per cell in a 2 × 2 km grid. De- In 2014, 1,412 camera-trap-nights spread across 88 camera- tailed methodology can be found in Karki (2012) and in DN- trap stations found Yellow-throated Marten only once. Overall, PWC & DOF (2013). Marten was recorded at only 10 camera-trap stations in Chit- wan NP (including buffer and corridor) from the three differ- A Yellow-throated Marten carrying a carnivore and 2014 (one); only one station recorded the species more At 27°35′21.0″N, 84°27′50.1″E (recorded elevation: 195 m thanent camera-trapping once (Table 1, Fig. years: 2). Marten 2010 (foursightings stations), are very 2013 frequent (five) asl) a series of images taken on 2 February 2014 at 08h57– in Chitwan NP (Bishnu Lama, senior wildlife technician, Na- 08h58 showed a Yellow-throated Marten carrying a carni- tional Trust for Nature Conservation, verbally 2014), so this vore (Fig. 1). The station lay in a grassland patch surrounded camera-trap encounter rate seems low. Selecting stations for by Sal forest, about 200 m from the nearest stream and 600 the survey target species may have biased against the detec- m from the nearest settlement. Eight photographs from the tion of Marten. paired camera-traps (six from one and two from other) were Six of the ten stations recording Marten were in Sal forest, obtained. The Marten was moving (thus most images are two were in dry stream beds amid Sal forest, one in grassland blurred) and carrying an animal. Clear photographs of the at the edge of Sal forest and one in mixed hardwood forest. presumed prey animal show the forequarters (Figs 1c, 1h) Yet out of totals of 310 and 362 camera-trap stations in 2010 - and 2013 respectively, only 34% and 38% were in Sal forest. tion as a Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica of adult size. This suggests a preference for Sal forest by Martens in Chit- Theand tailphotographs (Fig. 1f) clearly do not enough reveal whether to allow theconfident Marten identifica killed the wan NP. Marten records ranged in altitude from 194 to 674 Civet, whether the Civet was already dead, or whether the m. Of the ten stations, one (CNP012, in 2013) was outside the Marten ate the Civet. Small Indian Civet uses various habi- buffer zone and two were within it (Bagai 05 in 2010; CT26 in tats, is active on the ground, and is mostly nocturnal (Prater 2014), all in spots with high human disturbance. The remain- 1971). It occurs widely through Chitwan NP including its ing seven were inside the core area of the park with compara- buffer zone and the Barandabhar Corridor Forest (Karki tively lower disturbance. 2011, Mishra 2013).
Table 1. Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula camera-trap locality records in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, 2010–2014. Date Station Latitude N Longitude E Altitude Habitat type Distance to (m) settlement (km) 21 Feb 2010 Amua 07 27°27′25.6″ 84°34′12.6″ 675 Sal forest 10.06 25 Feb 2010 Bagai 05 27°25′05.6″ 84°28′55.9″ 325 Mixed hardwood 7.62 forest 19 Feb 2010 Bagai 08 27°28′01.6″ 84°30′36.0″ 640 Sal forest 2.02 14 Mar 2010 Bandela 04 27°30′37.3″ 84°38′39.3″ 315 Sal forest 6.87 18 Feb 2013 & CNP269 27°30′40.8″ 84°34′04.7″ 320 Streambed 5.67 3 Mar 2013 1 Apr 2013 CNP306 27°23′03.5″ 84°37′29.1″ 325 Streambed 2.24 24 Apr 2013 CNP012 27°35′45.6″ 83°55′36.4″ 190 Sal forest 2.27 2 Mar 2013 CNP044 27°31′55.2″ 84°01′43.0″ 225 Sal forest 3.06 18 Feb 2013 CNP282 27°27′01.9″ 84°35′11.7″ 635 Sal forest 8.58 28 Apr 2014 CT26 27°35′21.0″ 84°27′50.1″ 195 Sal forest/ 0.60 grassland
Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 51, December 2014 48 Yellow-throated Marten carrying a Small Indian Civet
Fig. 2. Camera-trap localities recording Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, in 2010, 2013 and 2014. Habitat- types are shown for Chitwan National Park, its buffer zone area and the Barandabhar Corridor Forest only.
Acknowledgements killing in Carnivora. American Naturalist 167: 524–536. Donadio,Heptner, V.E. G., & Buskirk,Naumov, S. N. W. P., 2006. Yurgenson, Diet, morphology, P. B., Sludskii, and A. interspecificA., Chirkova, RossitorWe would for like database to acknowledge management. all the Thisfield studytechnicians would of not NTNC-BCC be pos- A. F. & Banninkov, A. G. 1967. [Mammals of the Soviet Union, 2, siblefor their without hard thework support during from the fieldthe USAID-fundeddata collection. Hariyo Thanks Ban to ProJack- part 1. Sea cows and carnivores]. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, Rus- gram. We are very thankful to Department of National Parks and sia. (In Russian.) Wildlife Conservation and Chitwan National Park for their support Jnawali, S. R., Baral, H. S., Lee, S., Acharya, K. P., Upadhyay, G. P., Pandey, to this study. - wada, A. & Amin, R. (comps) 2011. The status of Nepal mammals: References theM., Shrestha,national redR., Joshi,list series D., Lamichhane,. Department B. of R., National Griffiths, Parks J., Khati and Appel, A. & Khatiwada, A. P. 2014. Yellow-throated Martens Martes Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal. flavigula in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal. Small Karki, J. B. 2011. Distribution of some small cats in Chitwan Nation- Carnivore Conservation 50: 14–19. al Park. Pp. 11–15 in Dahal, S. & Thapa, S. (eds) Proceedings of Corbet, G. B. 1978. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonom- Second Seminar on Small Mammals Conservation Issues – 2011. ic review. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell Univer- Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kath- sity Press, London, U.K., and Ithaca, U.S.A. mandu, Nepal. Corbet, G. B. & Hill, J. E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan Karki, J. B. 2012. Occupancy and abundance of Tigers and their prey in region: a systematic review. Natural History Museum Publications the Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal. Forest Research Institute Univer- and Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. sity, Dehradun, India (PhD thesis). [DNPWC] Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Mishra, R. 2013. Conservation status of Fishing Cat in Chitwan Nation- 2012. Management plan (2012–16) Chtiwan National Park and al Park, Nepal. Central Department of Zoology, Tibhuvan Univer- buffer zone. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conser- sity, Kathmandu, Nepal (MSc thesis). vation, Kathmandu, Nepal. [MOFSC] Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation 2011. The man- [DNPWC & DOF] Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conser- agement plan of Barandabhar Protected Forest. MOFSC, Kath- vation & Department of Forests 2013. Summary report status mandu, Nepal. of Tiger and prey-base population in Nepal, 2013. Department Nandini, R. & Karthik, T. 2007. Field observations of Yellow-throat- of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of ed Martens Martes flavigula Forests, Kathmandu, Nepal. North-east India. Small Carnivore Conservation 37: 26–27. feeding on flowers in Meghalaya,
49 Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 51, December 2014 Lamichhane et al.
[NTNC] National Trust for Nature Conservation 2014. Tigers, Leopards Thapa, T. B. 2011. Habitat suitability evaluation for Leopard (Panthera and their preybase monitoring in Barandabhar Corridor Forest – pardus) using remote sensing and GIS in and around Chitwan 2014. NTNC, Biodiversity Conservation Center, Chtiwan, Nepal. National Park, Nepal. Wildlife Institute of India. Dehradun, India - (PhD thesis). lian carnivores. American Naturalist 153: 492–508. WWF Nepal 2013. Biological and socio-economic study in corridors of Palomares,Parr, J. W. K. F. & & Duckworth, Caro, T. M. 1999. J. W. 2007. Interspecific Notes on killing diet, amonghabituation mamma and Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal. WWF Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. sociality of Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula. Small Car- nivore Conservation 36: 27–29. Frugivory and seed dispersal by the Yellow-throated Marten, Pocock, R. I. 1941. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Bur- Zhou,Martes Y. B., flavigulaSlade, E.,, inNewman, a subtropical C., Wang, forest X. of M. China. & Zhang, Journal S. ofY. Tropi2008.- ma, 2nd edn, 2. Taylor and Francis, London, U.K. cal Ecology 24: 219–223. Prater, S. H. 1971. The book of Indian animals, 3rd edn. Bombay Natu- Zhou, Y. B., Newman, C., Buesching, C. D., Zalewski, A., Kaneko, Y., ral History Society and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India (as updated 1993). frugivorous carnivore, Martes flavigula, in subtropical forest. Ramsar 2014. Ramsar sites – Nepal.
Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 51, December 2014 50