PROBLEMS and PROSPECTS of HOMESTAY TOURISM (A Study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City Ward No.-27 Meghauli Chitwan)

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF HOMESTAY TOURISM (A Study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City Ward No.-27 Meghauli Chitwan)

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Rural Development, Saptagandaki Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of the Master of Arts in Rural Development

Submitted By Ganesh Regmi TU, Registration No.:6-1-19-290-2004 Exam Roll No.: 2400016 September 2018

LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that the thesis submitted by Mr. Ganesh Regmi entitled "Problems and Prospects of Homestay Tourism: A Study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City Ward No.-27 Meghauli, Chitwan, has been prepared under my supervision and guidance as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Rural Development. Therefore, this is recommended for the final evaluation and approval.

………………………. Ram Prasad Tiwari (Thesis Supervisor)

APPROVAL LETTER

We certify that this thesis entitled "Problems and Prospects of Homestay Tourism: A Study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City Ward No.-27 Meghauli, Chitwan District, Submitted by Ganesh Regmi has been examined and found satisfactory in quality and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Rural Development.

Evaluation Committee …………………………….

Head of the Department

Jagadishor Baral

……………………………..

Ram Prasad Tiwari

Supervisor

……………………………..

External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis entitled Problems and Prospects of Homestay Tourism: A Study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City Ward No.-27 Meghauli, Chitwan District, has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of in Rural Development.

I am very pleased to express my dense of gratitude to my thesis supervisor Mr. Ram Prasad Tiwari, lecturer of Rural development, Saptagandaki Multiple Campus for his valuable guidance suggestion and encouragement without which this works would never have completed. I also own my gratitude to all the flack foes of Department of Rural development and non teacher staffs without their direct and indirect help this work would not have completed.

My special thanks go to the all the respondents of study area for their cooperation and tireless response during the field surrey.

Last but not the least my deep tone and respect goes to my parents and family members who always inspire and helped me a lot to build my education career.

Ganesh Regmi

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted "Problems and Prospects of Homestay Tourism: A Study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City Ward No.-27 Meghauli, Chitwan District" to assess the socio-economic status of the respondents, socio- economic impact of homestay tourism in the study area and major problems and issues in the growth of tourism in the study area. The research is basically designed to investigate the impact of homestay tourism in Meghauli, to fulfill the objectives of this study, descriptive and explorative research design has been used. The area has been taken Meghauli which is the habitation of Tharus and other migrants of mountain area.

An important part of the tourism development in Nepal to increase number of tourist arrivals to length their stay to give a good image of Nepal to the visitors so as to attract them for re-visit and to make them spend more on Nepalese goods and services. Most of the local people believe that tourism in Meghauli has a good impact on local residents with the growth of tourism in Meghauli. The land value has increase. The peoples were Meghauli area have been turned and attracted towards tourists trade which has increasingly assisted people uplift the standard of life and strengthen themselves economically. It shows that hotels industry Play a vital role in promoting tourism, industry. The tourism in Meghauli has effect in the economy. Increase in the price of Land, increase in the rental opportunities of a land and buildings increase in opportunities business increase in opportunity of selling local cure to the tourists. The average stay is around 18 days per tourist in Meghauli which is greater than national figure which is around 13 days per tourist. There are two community forests namely Meghauli Madhyabarti community forest and Bardhaya community forest. Nanda Bhauju and Lamital are two lakes of CNP (Chitwan National Park) situated just 200 meter away from the boarder of the village. The lamia is known as lake of the crocodile and Nanda Bhauju talhashigh wetland in terms of biodiversity. The crocodile breading centre elephant breeding centre, culture restaurant and Kasara museum are very near to this area. Wealthier of the Meghauli is suitable for visit in every season. Opinion of tourist on jungle safari, wild life and weather is highly positive. On the other tourism development committee (TDC) are working in favor of tourist from last five years. It is just 15 km away from the Bharatpur airport; the direct bus facility is available from the district headquarter.

More over this area is very rich in indigenes culture and tradition home pattern are major attraction for tourist. The local people are aware on guest and host relationship. Tourist feels safely and secure in Meghauli from socially as well as physically. The costs of tourist products are reliable to the visitors. Abundant of natural respires provide Meghauli VDC is rich in this aspect. Hostility is found to be good in Meghauli where local people are respectful to tourist. The level of tourist satisfaction after visit Meghauli is high .The factors that contribute tourism development are natural resources along with the socio cultural values. Meghauli can be the new tourist destination of Chitwan due to its different characteristics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION II APPROVAL LETTER III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV ABSTRACT V TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS XII CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study 5 1.4 Importance of the Study 5 1.5 Limitations of the study 6 1.6 Organization of the Study 6 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Theoretical Review 7 2.1.1. Concept of Tourism 7 2.1.2 Evolution and Development of the Homestay Tourism Programme 7 2.1.3 Patterns of Homestay Tourism 8 2.1.4 Homestay and Working Procedure in Nepal 9 2.1.5 The Products for Homestay Programmes 10 2.1.6 Tourism Development in Nepal 11 2.1.8 Tourism and Economic Growth in Nepal 15 2.1.9 Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism 16 2.1.10 Tourism Policy Review 16 2.2 Empirical Review 18 CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Rationale of the Selection of the Site 23 3.2 Research Design 23 3.3 Nature and Sources of Data 24 VII

3.4 Universe Sample Size and Sampling Procedure 24 3.5 Data Collection Tools and Techniques 24 3.5.1 Interview Schedule 24 3.5.2 Key Informant Interview 24 3.5.3 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 25 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 26 4.1. General Characteristics of Respondents 26 4.1.1 Distribution of Respondents by Age Group 26 4.1.2 Family Size 27 4.1.3 Religion Composition of the Respondents Religion 28 4.1.4 Occupational status of the respondents 29 4.1.5 Educational Status of the Homestay Respondents 31 4.1.6 Traditional Rites and Rituals 31 4.1.7 Opinion Regarding in Economy 32 4.1.8 Tourists Activities in Meghauli 33 4.1.9 Major Sources of Tourist's Attractions 34 4.2 Impact of Home stay Tourism 35 4.2.1 Socio-Cultural Impact 35 4.2.2. Economic Impact 37 4.3 Problem of Homestay Tourism 38 4.3.1 Lack of Tourism Infrastructure 38 4.3.2 Poor Road Network 38 4.3.3 Poor Electricity Supply 39 4.3.4 Lack of Pure Water Supply 39 4.3.5 Poor Communication 39 4.3.6 Distant Market 39 4.3.7 Misbehavior by the Guests 39 4.3.8 Lack of Capital 40 4.3.9 Lack of Skills & Training 40 4.3.10 Linguistic Problem 41 4.3.11 Lack of awareness 41 4.3.12 Negligence of the Government 41 4.3.13 Lack of publicity and promotion 41 4.3.14 Wildlife, their Habitats and Biodiversity 42 VIII

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43 5.1 Summary 43 5.2 Conclusion 45 5.3 Recommendation 46 REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX 50

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

4.1 Distribution of Respondents by Age Group ...... 26 4.2 Households by Family Size ...... 27 4.3 Distribution of Respondents by Religion ...... 28 4.4 Occupational of the Homestay respondents ...... 30 4.5 Educational Status of the respondents ...... 31 4.6 Changing of traditional Rites and Rituals patterns of local Respondents ...... 32 4.7 Respondents opinion regarding sound and improving economy ...... 33 4.8 Respondents opinion regarding sound and improving economy ...... 34 4.9 Sources of Tourist's Attractions ...... 34

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

4.1 Households by Family Size ...... 27 4.2 Distribution of Respondents by Religion ...... 29 4.3 Occupational of the Homestay respondents ...... 30 4.4 Changing of traditional Rites and Rituals patterns of local Respondents ...... 32

ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank

ADB/N - Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal

BAFIA - Bank and Financial Institution Act

CBS - Central Bureau of Statistics

CDRD - Central Department of Rural Development

DDC - District Development Committee

FY - Fiscal Year

GBB - Grameen Bikash Bank

GTZ - German Technical Services

HA - Hectare

HDR - Human Development Report

HH - Household

IBP - Intensive Banking Program

IDP - Institutional Development Programme

IG - Inter-Group

INGO - International Non-Government Organization

MCPW - Micro Credit Project for Women

MFDB - Micro Finance Development Bank

MFI - Micro Finance Institution

MOF - Ministry of Finance

NRB - Nepal Rastra Bank

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NGO - Non Government Organization

PCRW - Production Credit for Rural Women

PSLP - Priority Sector Lending Programme

RD - Rural Development

RMDC - Rural Micro Finance Development Centre

ROA - Return on Total Assets

RSRF - Rural Self Reliance Fund

RUFIN - Rural Finance in Nepal

SCC - Saving and Credit Co-operative

SFs - Small Farmers

SFCL - Small Farmers Co-operative Limited

SFDP - Small Farmers Development Program

SKBB - Sana Kisan Bikash Bank Limited

SPO - Sub Project Office

UNDP - United Nations Development Program

VDC - Village Development Committee

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Concept of community-based tourism was first coined in the 1970s (Mitchell and Muckosy,2008). Current community-based, home stay tourism is the output of Rio summit of 1992, which gave rise to the concept of sustainable development. In homestay tourism, environment and culture are commoditized; market value is created with the demand of visitor. This provides financial reward to local indigenous community for conservation of environment and their culture, conservation can be added into tourism development project with no cost to funder. Conventional tourism approaches basically focus on economic, culture or environmental impact, usually single factor at a time. Livelihood approach, considered multiple interaction between these different factors, putting interest of local people at centre (Teresa, 2006), under this approach tourism is consider as component of development, give emphasis to explore ways of expanding positive impact of development and reducing negative ones (Ashley, 2000).

Homestay are such stays where a guest instead of being put up in a lodge or guest house or hotel is accommodated to a local house where he/she gets to participate in the activities of the house’(Timlasana,2012). The objective of home stay tourism in rural area is to attract tourist and generate revenue and use the revenue for infrastructure development of destination, conservation of the heritage, culture of local community and protect natural habitat of different animals, birds, flora and fauna (Carnaffan, thesis). Nepal government has introduced a new concept in tourism in the 2007, homestay tourism, though this concept around the world is old, but it is new concept and has important role for the development of rural sector life style in Nepal (Devkota, 2010).In home stay tourism visitors are accepted as a family member by the host family and get a chance to spend time with the family observing their customs, values and culture, which gives them the opportunity to feel the taste of rural life(Devkota, 2010). Cultural, religious and its geographical structure makes Nepal one of the famous destinations for homestay tourism (Kandel, 2011).

Nepal government has passed directive and working procedure of home stay tourism 2010. As per the directive, home stay has been divided into two, private home stay and rural community home stay. In urban areas, private house owned and managed by single person is called private home stay and in rural area a house owned and managed by minimum of five family members is called rural community home stay. In rural community home stay, house for home stay should met some criteria like house should have minimum four room for tourist, a single room should not have more than two beds, house should be in ancient and cultural design, it should have toilet and bathroom. Nepal government has mentioned that the owner of such home stay should conduct cultural dances and show in open space and are free to organize fete and cultural festival. They also take tourist for jungle visit and ecological visit. Committee is responsible to manage the fund collected from rural community home stay. They should spend the fund in the development of local community and advertisement of such rural home stay tourism. By passing such directives and procedure government has claimed that it has regulated the honesty tourism. Also if any rural community is unable to meet the criteria set by Nepal government, their license to run such business will be terminated automatically. Each and every community should renew their license after every five years (Ministry of culture, tourism and civil aviation, Nepal).

Home stay tourism as major equipment for the reduction of rural poverty, it integrates all activities of tourism like trekking, cultural tourism, agro-tourism, health tourism, and ecotourism.

The integration of all these tourism is the most suitable way to develop the rural tourism industry of Nepal (Devkota, 2010). Development of tourism at particular place has both positive and negative impact on livehood of people of that place (Andriotis, 2003). The crisis of middle east during the year of 1981, Gulf war of 1990 have great impact in tourism industry around the glove during 80’s and 90’s, so Nepal cannot escape from theses crisis and has negative impact. During the 90’s there is a sparkling of internal war in Nepal, which is conducted by Maoist, which has affected the crawling tourism industry of Nepal. The great terrorist attack of 9/11 has created fear and anxiety around the glove, this security dilemma has negative impact on the tourism industry around the glove (kandel, 2011). Also the royal Masker which took

2 place during 2002 in Nepal, which has carried the negative message to the other world, after that the dismissal of elected government created the political instability and Maoist insurgency has reach its peak. These entire conditions lead heavy declines in the flow of tourism after 2000 (Kharel, 2002).

Despite of the various negative impacts around the world and within Nepal, the tourism industry has steadily grown until 2000 which has helped new inborn industry to survive during difficult situation. This situation remains until 2006; during 2006 Maoist come into peace agreement which give message to other countries now Nepal is safer to travel. Many countries like USA have issued the warning to its citizen not to visit Nepal during the period of insurgency, after the peace agreement between the Maoist revel and political parties during 2006, all these countries has lifted their warning and announced that now Nepal is safer to visit. All these condition once again made the situation better and give hope to the nation for an excellent future in the tourism industry (Kandel, 2011).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Homestay is an alternative name for village tourism, which means staying in someone's home and providing an opportunity for the visitors to experience a place in an authentic, comfortable and homely setting. In general, homestay provides visitors (i) unique (one of a kind) opportunity to experience the rich and hospitable cultures of the village; (ii) an opportunity to see and experience astonishing objects no one else has seen or done before- especially amazing food; (iii) to meet and really connect with the local people from the host country, and not just see them through a bus window.(iv) become a part of a family, and an important part of a household, that is, a homely environment; (v) learn about environments and cultures through other people's eyes, (vi) contribute directly to the rural economy and people in need and (vii) provide opportunities to support the community in conservation initiatives (Devkota).

Homestay activities are believed to promote tourism at the local level by protecting local culture, tradition and environment as well as empowering the locals by creating income and employment opportunities. Today, most governments, international development agencies, trade associations, academic institutions and non-

3 governmental organizations acknowledge that, without sustainability, there cannot be development that generates benefits to all stakeholders, solves serious and urgent problems such as extreme poverty, and preserves the precious natural and man-made resources on which human prosperity is based (UNEP & WTO, 2004). So far as the homestay system is a concept to co-exist with the nature, its sustainability largely depends on conservation progress. Tourism will be sustainable only if local people benefit from. Its sustainability depends on commitment, cooperation and the efforts coming from its stakeholders viz. homestay households, local community, guests and the committee responsible for its management.

The theme of sustainable tourism is not different from the sustainable development's in Nepal. It is hard to find the exact defined policies of sustainable tourism development in Nepal. Even though tourism industry in Nepal is more demand oriented but it has not clear and specific policy on sustainable tourism development. Some institutions such as International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have been working on developing policies and framework for the sustainable tour-ism development in Mountain areas of Nepal. Ministry of Tourism has been work-ing to establish the policies to regulate tourism in a sustainable manner with capacity development activities by coordinating with the international development organizations, such as, International Labor Organization (ILO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Netherlands Development Organization (SNV). The establishment of Nepal Tourism Board (NTB) helps tourism industry to develop, promote and market of the tourism product.

The government of Nepal tries to support the rural livelihoods by using the country's naturally rich landscape and tremendous cultural for the marketing to promote tourism. Likewise, 'Tourism Policy 2065 BC Nepal' and 'Tourism Vision 2020 Nepal' have also addressed the sustainable tourism development by emphasis on Rural Tourism; Community based Tourism and Homestays.

Homestay is a type of product in accommodation sector which has appeared to address the issue of sustainable tourism development. Likewise it is also considered as a part of eco-tourism and village tourism which aims to build the local communities' capacity by consuming local resource wisely and helps to protect the

4 environment. Thus it is acknowledged by practitioners as a tool of sustainable development in tourism industry. The concept of sustainable tourism development "consist with the tenets of sustainable development" . To understand the sustainable tourism development therefore, it has to be reviewed by the concept where it is come from or born. The principles and objectives of sustainable development can be easily transposed onto most tourism development contexts .Thus, this study has taken an account of sustainable development theory and sustainable tourism development theory, to analyzes and assesses the impact of home stay tourism in Meghauli. This research is based on the following research questions:

1. What is the socio-economic status of the respondents? 2. What is the socio- economic impact of home stay tourism in the study area? 3. What are the major problems and issues in the growth of tourism in the study area? 1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to analyze the impact of home stay tourism in Meghauli. However, the following were the specific objectives:

1. To assess the socio-economic status of the respondents. 2. To analyze the socio- economic impact of homestay tourism in the study area. 3. To identify the major problems and issues in the growth of tourism in the study area. 1.4 Importance of the Study

Tourism being a major and important source of foreign exchange earner has an important role in economic development in least developed country like Nepal. With the development of this sector, employment opportunities will increase and nation can be benefited directly and indirectly. Taking in to account this fact Nepal government has adopted policy of expanding and promotional activities related to tourism in the district. This study will be used to the government as well as local authorities for policies recommendation to strengthen the infrastructure development in tourism sector. This study is also helpful for all who are directly or indirectly concerned to tourism sector.

1.5 Limitations of the study

The present study will be based on and limited to the homestay tourism of Meghauli of Chitwan District. The study will be very specific like that of case studies. So the conclusions drawn from this study will be mere indicative rather than conclusive. The conclusions might not be generalized for the whole area of the country.

1.6 Organization of the Study

This study has been divided into five chapter. First one chapter deal with background of the study, statements of the problems, objectives of the study, limitation of study, importance of the study, and organization of the study. Chapter two contains the review of literature. Chapter three describes research methodology in which relational of the site selection, research design, nature and source of data, universe and sampling procedure, data collection methods, analysis of data are described here. In chapter four, it dealt with the salting of the study area .Finally chapter five is closely related with the major findings, conclusion and recommendations to preserve the culture of the natives of the sustainable development of tourism in the study area.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Review

2.1.1. Concept of Tourism

Tourism is the French word which means movement of human being from one place to another for leisure holiday. Making and for other purposes. This word originated in the early 19th century and became popular in 1939. The 19th century dictionary defines 'tourist' as a person who travel for pleasure of havening out of curiosity and because he has noting better, nothing to do Regarding the term "tourist" the oxford English Dictionary mentions that the term was used as early as the year of 1800. According to the Dictionary universal the 'tourist' is a person who makes a journey for the sake curiosity for the fun of travelling or just to tell others. That he has travelled ( Upadhyay, 2006)

2.1.2 Evolution and Development of the Homestay Tourism Programme

The belief of Nepalese society is 'Guest is God,' people used to welcome their guest or travellers for night stay couple of decade before. The host used to serve them as a god with the warm hospitality without any charges in Nepalese rural communities and it still exists in those villages. However after introducing the Mountains of Nepal in 1950s to the outer world, international tourists started to visit in Nepal and tourist are attracted by those beautiful Mountains through the many historic and beautiful untouched villages of Nepal. Gradually the tourism industry took a step forward but the major issue remains dissatisfactory that the tourism income is not distributed equally in all part of the Nepal. Industry centralized within the central region of the Nepal. Therefore to address those issues and for the poverty alleviation from the rural area, government introduced the village tourism for the first time in 1997. Sirubari (Syangja District, west Nepal) and Ghalegaon (Lamjung District, north central Nepal) were the first two villages to implement the concept of community homestay which was a first effort to develop village tourism by the government of Nepal (Upadhyay,2008).

2.1.3 Patterns of Homestay Tourism

Merriam Webster Dictionary 2013 defines 'Homestay' as "a stay at a residence by a traveler and especially by a visiting foreign student who is hosted by a local family." The same dictionary also reveals that the term was first used in 1956. Traveller or foreign students during their study period visit another place for specific purpose and they can be hosted in local family where they can get the traditional and cultural hospitality with warm acknowledgement. Normally the students who have limited resources i.e. money can enjoy the home stay at lower prices and can access their need. Rivers define home stay as a term that refers to "visitors renting accommodation from a local family in order to learn local culture, lifestyle, or lane.

Homestay is a type of accommodation where visitors or guests pay directly or indirectly to stay in private homes, where interaction takes place to a greater or lesser degree with a host and/or family who usually live upon the premises and with whom public space is shared to a greater or lesser degree. This is one of the major mechanisms of village tourism which tries to bring all tourism activities together in a particular location. In community based tourism, homestay functions as a part of tourism and it creates an opportunity of interaction and to exchange their cultures between the host family and the tourist. These activities raise awareness based on cultural exchange and respect of the host's culture whereby tourist can get proper hospitality with excellent services. Homestay tourism is an evolving branch of the accommodation sector as well as a comprehensive tourism product in tourism industry around the world and especially in developing countries. The use of the term homestay might be different in different countries. It is connected with the culture of the area. For example, in Australia homestay is particularly related with the farmhouse accommodation whereas in the United Kingdom it is often associated with learning the English language. It has a wide range of accommodations which include host families, private houses, farmhouse stay, small hotels and bed & breakfast, boarding houses, guest houses whose terms are sometimes used similar to the homestay but the only objective description does not carry the significant meaning of the homestay. The associations of the homestay such as private homes, host families who becomes public by sharing their culture to the guest, interaction between the host family and the guest are the significant aspects of the homestay which may be enough

8 to distinguish homestay tourism from other forms of accommodation, such as those hotels resorts etc. where the hosts are the professional staffs (Lynch 2003, 1.) "Homestay venues as private home in which unused rooms are rented for the purposes of supplementing income and meeting people” (Lanier & Berman 1993 quoted in Bhuiyan, Siwar, Ismail & Islam 2011, 540-546). Different countries have different patterns of homestay programmes and they describe it with different words, such as second home tourism in Denmark, or paying guest. Similarly, most of the western countries seem practicing homestay studies programmes to foreign students who visit abroad to continue their study in the universities. In a host family students live in their home like a family member and finish their study period. Students experience a family environment even though they are far from their own family (Bhuiyan, Siwar, Ismail & Islam 2011, 540-546.) Likewise, there are also community homestays where real tourists or guests can stay with the host family for a certain period and explore the knowledge on local values culture and local life style. These kinds of homestay programmes provide pure cultural practice and an opportunity to explore environmental recreation for the visitors of the particular place. Homestay facilities are available in the city areas but most of the community homestays are in the countryside.

2.1.4 Homestay and Working Procedure in Nepal

According to 'homestay working procedure 2067' Nepal's government has defined homestay as an accommodation where host provides foods, accommodation and other related services to their guest and operates it individually or in community groups. The procedure further classified homestay in two patterns; one urban homestay as a private homestay, and village community homestay programme. Urban homestay programmes are normally operated by individual hosts and they can accommodate only four guests per day so that there will be not much negative business impact on the regular hotel business of the nation. Regarding the village community homestay programme, it can be operated by different individual in the group where member should be at least 5 host families to operate home stay in particular community. (MCTCA, 2010) In Nepal, mostly community homestays are operating in attractive small villages where the life is spend still in a traditional and simple way, the place which are still untouched from the everyday hassle of city life.

The panoramic landscape, unexplored forests, upland gorges, different indigenous cultures, their unique lifestyle and foods in the villages of Nepal are the greatest interest on the subject and these are the strong foundation of Community Homestay tourism in Nepal. Nepal has great potentiality of Homestay Tourism in most of the villages which are still unexplored. (HTN 2012, 17) After regulating Homestay Tourism Procedure 2010, the government and the Ne-pal Tourism Board (NTB) have been promoting it to the whole nation. The Homestay Management Committee (HMC) has been established to manage, mon-itor and guide the Homestay stakeholders. On the community level the Nepal Tourism Board mobilized the village development communities (VDCs), district development committees (DDCs) and local stakeholders such as Women's Group, community level Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Forest Groups to manage homestay facilities and homestay training to ensure the quality of homestay arrangements in rural areas. (MCTCA 2010) The guidelines of the government direct that the host family should offer the local cultural experience to their guest and serve the local products of foods whatever the host family themselves eat. Homestay operating houses have to ensure a hygienic, clean, safe, peaceful and secure environment with adequate bathroom and toilet facilities. Beside the accommodations facility the community are suggested to welcome the tourist with the full traditional arrangement, entertain the visitors through the local cultural performance, make participation in traditional functions and conserve and develop the other tourism product for the tourist such as community forest for jungle safari, sightseeing, ethnic museum, visit local handicraft center etc. (MCTCA 2010). 2.1.5 The Products for Homestay Programmes

'Homestay' the word is itself a product but in the homestay programme there are more products to be found. Such products are the practices of community and assets of nation. Nepal is a country very rich in nature and the culture which is accepted by whole world. Nepal has a huge potential in wide range of tourism products. Gifted by the beautiful natural and artificial diverse heritages are found across the country. Varieties of cast and ethnic group bring different color in social cultural and traditions. Their festivals feasts and celebrations are unique from each other. Hinduism and Buddhism are followed by the majority where both Mongolian and Aryan cultures are deep-rooted. (Sedai 2006). Even though there are the people

10 with different value and culture but there is a perfect social harmony and tolerance between there cast and ethnic groups. Above mentions facts are the treasures to be enjoyed for tourists taking part in the Homestay Tourism Programme in Nepal. 2.1.6 Tourism Development in Nepal

2.1.6.1 Before Unification Gautam Buddha visited Nepal during the seventh Kirat King of the 6th century Shankar Acharya visited Nepal. Similarly emperor Ashok of India visited Nepal as a pilgrim and married his daughter Charumati with prince Devpal. The visitors like; Huen –Tsang, Luiypino, and Wang Hiuetse visited Nepal during the Lichhavi period and they wrote many historical accounts in Nepal. The famous Nepalese artist, Arniko went to china inthe invitation of the emperor of Mangolian Empire' Kubla Khan' in 13th century and developed the pagoda style arts. During this period various Chinese and Indian people visited having religious propose. The Chinese followers of Buddha did not hesitate to goto Lumbini even if, traveling millions of miles across vast countries was not used. There religious belief persuades people of China and India to make a journey facing dangers and hardships. The people of India used to make journey to pay homage to Lord Pashupatinath, Muktinath, Barahakshetra making efforts which sometimes exceeded the limit of human endurance, (Satyal, 1988). 2.1.6.2. After Unification

King Prithivi Narayan Shah played significant role for unification of the nation. He introduced many reforms in army organization, foreign affairs, cultural activities, social systems, economic conditions, religion and trade-In the period of Bhemsen Thapa, the war started with British East India in 1814 and concluded in 1816 under the Sugulitreaty. After this treaty a British resident was appointed in Kathmandu. Dr. Wallach visited Nepal in 1817 and carried on his botanical research for a year. Even the British resident and his officials were not allowed to visit more than the narrow limits assigned to them. In this period 153 foreigners visited Nepal. Among them, the visit of Abdul Kadir Khan Mr. Dubkon and Karkpetic Mission were important visit for Nepal, (Satyal,1988).

The political interference and war within the country for its existence is one of the reasons why Nepal could not make expenses on tourism sector for its development. Moreover, the leaders like Late King Prithvi Narayan Shah restricted

11 foreign people to come within the country, which was one of the reasons why this sector was lagging behind. 2.1.6.3. During the Rana Period

During the regime of King Rajendra Bir Bikram Shah, Jung Bahadur Rana emerged as the most powerful ruler and laid the foundation of an autocratic regime which leased for104 years. Jung Bahadur visited England on the 15th January 1850 with a large group. At that time, they visited Egypt, Cairo, Alekjander, Malta, England, France and India. Similarly, Jang Bahadur sent a team in China to give gift for the emperor. Gradually the door to Nepal was open for some British personnel's who had to ask for permission from the government before their arrival. Mr. Schlagintweit was permitted to visit the country in 1856 and carried out some of scientific expatiations.

The British were allowed by Rana Prime ministers occasionally to visit the country. From time to time, several distinguished botanists and naturalists including Brain Hodgson and Joseph Hooker, made botanical survey and made collection of Nepal's flora and fauna by traveling different parts of the country. Since 1885, on the period of Bhimsen Thapa, Nepali youth got opportunity to involve in the British army. In 1893, Bir Samser visited India and managed to send the students in Japan for educational visit. Similarly, Chandra Shamser visited India and Britain in 1903 and 1908. Respectively King George visited Nepal for hunting in 1911. Similarly, Prince Wises visited Nepal in 1921 on the invitation of Rana Prime minister. In this way, the relation with British, India, China and other countries increased. However, it was positive point for tourism development in Nepal, (Satyal, 1988).

2.1.6.4. After Rana Period

The revolution of 1950 was a boon/beneficial for tourism in Nepal. The revolution ended the Rana’s family rule. Nepal expanded diplomatic relations with friendly countries and got membership of United Nations Organizations (UNO) in 1955, and other world organization like World Tourism Organization (WTO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO). The conquest of Mt. Everest by Tenzing Norgey and Edmund Hillary (1953) popularized

12 the name of Nepal as the land of Everest, birth place of Lord Buddha and home of Gorkha to each and every corner of the world.

The coronation of King Mahendra (1956) was regarded as the first landmark in the development of tourism and this event attracted many tourists. This was the most colorful and picturesque event of that year. Similarly, a British travel agency named Thomas Cook and Sons took sixty tourists in Kathmandu through the airway in 1955.The Department of Tourism was established in 1966 under the tourism Development Act 1964. Even though, tourism administration machinery had existed since 1956, and Tourism Development Board (TBM) was established in 1957, shortly after two years, Tourist Information Center (TIC) was established in 1959. Nepal further succeeded to get the membership of different international tourism development institutions such as International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO), The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA), South Asian Travel Commission (SATC) and the American Society of Travel Agency (ASTA). Similarly, at first the Royal Nepal Airlines Company (RNAC) now changed into Nepal Airlines Company (NAC) started its flight in 1958 and few good hotels were built at that time.

Systematic tourism in Nepal began since 1966 with the establishment of few good hotels in Kathmandu and Pokhara valley. The tourism industry was further strengthened and established after the formation of tourism master plan, which gave emphasis to market development. Tourism industry in Nepal fully ran up since the Nepal Tourism Master plan (NTMP), which was formulated in 1972 at the national level. NTMP projected programs came up into phases 1972to 1980 for four years and the second from 1976 to 1980 for five years. At that time Hotel Management and Tourism Training Center (HMTTC) was established for the upliftment of tourism training for cooking food, hotel maintenance, tourist guide, trekking guide, rafting public relation and hospitality. Waiter's trainings were given to the Individuals interested in this sector. Similarly, five year economic development plan commenced Nepal in 1956. Adequate emphasize was given to build infrastructure development and organized the various institutions such as NDB, TICMOT, Tourism Department and so on. With the end of Rana Regime, the tourism sector has flourished in Nepal. Many national policies have been developed for enhancing the development of

13 tourism sector. The tourism sector during this period has been considered as one of the necessary aspects for economic growth of the country (Satyal, 1988)..

2.1.7 Contribution of Tourism for the Nepalese Economy

Tourism industry is fastest growing economic sector in Nepal because of its incredible natural beauty, unique traditional cultural and heritage. Its unique geographical position and latitudinal variation have made Nepal the biggest natural museum in the world. The elevation of the country ranges from 60meters above sea level to the highest point on earth, Mt. Everest, at 8,848 meters here; the festivals are more than the days in the yearly calendar. Nepal is the one of the admired tourist destination of the world, so tourism is a major source of foreign exchange earnings since Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgey Sherpa from Nepal climbed the Mount Everest in 1953. Since that Nepal steeped the modern era and the tourism industry has been established as the major means to entirely support the nation towards the national development. Before 1950, the agriculture was only one way of economic activity in Nepal but in recent year tourism sectors has become the lifeblood in the Nepalese economy. (MoF,2015.)

Travel and Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries of the world. Tourism has played vital role for the economic development of Nepal, according to a report published by the World Travel and Tourism Corporation(WTTC), tourism sector is one of the major job provider sector in Nepal. It has provided direct job to 412500 people which is 3.3 percent of the total employment in the country in year 2014and also forecast to rise 2.8 percent for the year 2014. In the year 2014, the total contribution of travel and tourism and its indirectly supported jobs was 7.7 percent of total employment. In year 2014, Nepal received a total of735,965 international visitors and earned revenue worth Rs 28.6 billion. The total contribution of the tourism sector to the GDP was 8.8 Percent of the GDP which is Rs. 119.1 billion. The WTTC report ranked Nepal 34th in terms of travel and tourism direct contribution to employment and 127 in terms of attracting foreign visitors among 181 tourist destinations. There port further projected that the travel trade sector’s contribution to the country’s total employment will rise to 3.7 percent in 2014 (MoF, 2014).

2.1.8 Tourism and Economic Growth in Nepal

Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside; their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes . Over the past several decades international tourism has gained distinct importance around the globe. World tourism recovered strongly in2015 even exceeding the expectations. The tourist's arrivals grew by 6.7% in 2015 against the 4.0% declined in previous year - the year hardest hit by the global economic crisis (UNWTO; 2016). Similarly, tourism receipt remained at US $ 852billion in 2015 (WTO 2015). In Nepal, despite the belated start of formal tourism afterthe restoration of democracy in 1952, it gained remarkable growth over the years. In1962, 6,179 tourists travelled Nepal (MoTCA, 2016). It is estimated to be around one million in 2011 including the arrivals of foreigners by land. Nowadays, Nepal caters more than half million tourists and earns foreign currency equivalent of about NRs.16,825 million. The sector provides employment for about 20% of economically active population and contributes about 3.0 percent on Gross Domestic Product(GDP). Tourism is one of the productive business activities directed for the production of the goods and services. It provides goods and services to the customers(visitors generally foreigners) and employment and income to the locals. With this tourism business, enterprises and the people (related directly or indirectly) generated earnings from the operation of the tourism business activities. Further, tourism as an economic activity produces various direct, indirect and induced impacts in the economy. It ultimately increases the foreign exchange earnings, generates employment opportunity and increases income. Again, the resultant income flows being circulation in the economy, encourages for other economic activities to take place inducing many rounds of income. It also stimulates for the income and employment in other sectors of the economy (UN ESCAP, 2016). Tourism has various economic, social, cultural and environmental effects on tourism destinations and the effect can be both positive and negative. Several studies tried to measure economic impact of tourism and concluded about its significance for the economy. Nowadays, the importance of tourism in economic development of many countries is well documented. However, there is a dearth of literature in Nepal about the economic impact of tourism (NRB, 2015).

2.1.9 Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

Ministry of Tourism compiles monthly estimates of foreign Tourist arrivals (FTAs)and Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) from tourism on the basis of data received from major airports. Following are the important highlights regarding FTAs and FEE from tourism in India during the month of April 2015.Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) during the month of April, 2015 was 4.52 lakh as compared to FTAs of 4.38 lakh during the month of April, 2014 and 3.72 lakh in April, 2013. There has been growth of 3.3% in April 2013 over March 2012. Foreign Tourist arrivals (FTAs) during the period January -April 2016 were 24.34 lakh with a growth of 8.3% as compared to the FTAs of 22.47 lakh with a growth of 12.1% during January-February 2015 over the corresponding period of 2014 (MoTCA,2016).

According to Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), tourism income rose 29.8 percent to Rs. 7.28 billion in the first three months of the fiscal year 2015/16. Tourism receipts amounted to Rs5.61 billion during the same period last year. Appreciation of the US$ against the Nepali rupee and increased hotel tariffs have been cited for the growth in foreign exchange earnings from the tourism sector (NRB,2016). 2.1.10 Tourism Policy Review

2.1.10.1 Tourism Policy 2065/2066

National Tourism policy has been promulgated by Nepal Government in 2065/2066. The policy has especially focused to support the concerned act of the country. According to it, the activity of tourism and cultural sectors, when implemented effectively with prioritization not only contributes to national economy, but also provides benefits to foreign tourists as well as increase the opportunities for income generation and employment. In view to this, the objectives have been set forth in the tourism policy as described below.

Effective promotion of tourism sector is achieving sustainable development by enhancing public participation, thus it is contributing to poverty alleviation by increasing people participation in the conservation of historical, cultural, religious and archaeological heritage and enhance their practical utilization. The major strategies comprise of establishing regional tourist hub center, creating pollution free environment for the tourist, preserving and conserving historical cultural religious

16 heritages; enhancing people’s participation and ensuring air services and airport with necessary infrastructure.

The policy has addressed pertinent issues like rural tourism, eco-tourism, agro- based tourism, adventure tourism, education tourism and health tourism and has prioritized the insurance of tourism entrepreneurs. The policy aims to diversify our tourism products and services and take tourism to new areas. The Prime Minister- headed Tourism Council is regarded as the high-level body for the tourism sector. The government is preparing to operate the Tribhuvan International Airport round the clock keeping in view the Nepal Tourism Year 2011, adding that the government will also encourage more international airlines to fly to Nepal, add more trolleys at the TIA and revise the air service agreement with Qatar and India (MoTCA,2066). 2.1.10.2 The Development of tourism in Chitwan

Tourism has long history and is widespread in the cultures of hum on kind. It is an important social fact in the lives of contemporary peoples. It is one of the major industries of the world and a developmental tool for many third world countries (Nash and smith, 1991). In recent years, tourism is regarded as the world’s biggest and fastest growing industry. It has been playing a pivotal role in the socio- economic sectors of the most of the developed as well as developing countries of the globe (Shrestha 2000). Nature has given plentiful tourism resource to Nepal. The Natural scenery, high mountains, incomparable cultural heritage, art, culture and numerous specialties have made Nepal a well-known destination in world tourism map with a district, image of its own. Almost all word’s climate and ecosystem is available in Nepal, moreover cultural, geographical, and ethnic and bio-diversities of the country attract international visitors to Nepal time and again, which they substantiate the spirit of Nepal tourism brand, “Naturally Nepal once is not enough” Chitwan has it’s unique image in the world tourism destination as nature, wild life and exceptional culture. Chitwan national Park and unique Tharu culture is the centre of attraction of Chitwan district. It’s unique topography from where major ecosystem can be seen from single place. Tropical forest, aquatic eco-system and high attitude alpine ecosystem can be capture is one Single frame from the bitch of Rapti River which is very rare in the world. Chitwan is recognized as farmhouse tourist destination within and outside the country because of one horn Rhino Rinoceronteunicornio indigo

17 which found in Chitwan National Park. Beside and horn rhino many endanger species like Royal Bengal Tiger Pantheral tiger is and crocodiles. The gharial Glavialisgengeticus are the attraction of this destination.

Along with this Chitwan is very famous with two district cultures, Chepang at north hilly region and Tharu at Southern Plain (Subedi K. , 2010: 5). The altitude of Chitwan is ranging 141 to 1945meter high from the sea level. Sirain Chuli, the highest peak of Chitwan, 1945 meter high is introduced as Nagerkot of Chitwan being famous for the view of sun rise. Out of the total area of district, 64% is covered by forest area, a major part of which is the Chitwan national park and wild life conservation area placed in the world heritage , natural properties, such as the last serving example of the natural ecosystems of the Terai region, superlative natural features of exceptional natural beauty in term of it’s scenic attractions of forested hills grass lands, great rivers and views of the distant Himalayans and significant population of several rare and endangered species, specially the one horned Asian Rhinocero and the mugger crocodly us poultries, Gharial Gavialisgangeticus (UNEP/ Wcin, 2006), Cultural diversity is another significant features of Chitwan. Many temples of Hindu and Gumbos of Budhist are located in Chitwan, Devghat Dham, Sita Gupha, Pancha Plandv, Bikram Baba, Balmiki Ashram, Brahma Chauri and lami Narayan Temple, Godak Nath Temple and several holy ponds have religious and historical significance (Banskota, Sharma, Sharma and Rijal, 1996). Meghauli Village Development committee (VDC) is situated at the buffer zone of Chitwan national park and southern border of the VDC is separated by Rapti River. Livelihood of the people used to depend upon agriculture, animal husbandry and forest but the change in socio- economic structure influenced by the process of urbanization and globalization commercial agricultural, service sector (job and service) and tourism activity (Hotel) are the new form of economic transformation of this VDC.

2.2 Empirical Review

World Tourism Organization (2004) has suggested more than 50 different indicators of sustainability to be selected by locations to show the current state of the industry, the stresses on the system, the impact of tourism, the efforts of management and the effect of their actions. WTO does not expect using all of these indicators at a time but suggests to select them as per local priority issues. It has recommended 12

18 key baseline issues of sustainable tourism, related to these indicators, which are local satisfaction with tourism, effects of tourism on communities, sustaining tourist satisfaction, tourism seasonality, economic benefits of tourism, energy management, water availability and conservation, drinking water quality, sewage treatment, solid waste management, development control and controlling use intensity.

United Nations Environment Program and World Tourism Organization (2005) further added that other issues and indicators which could arguably be included in the short list—such as health, security, environmental protection, and employment with their corresponding indicators.

Osman, Hazlina Ahmad, Ariffin Ahmad, Husin, Bakar & Tanwir (2008) studied the women run homestay enterprises in Malaysia with objectives to prepare demographic profiles of those enterprises, to know about the factors that motivate & empower women homestay entrepreneurs and their views on sustainability of homestay operations. Conducting face-to-face survey interviews with 4 hundred 83 women homestay operators sampled from the homestay directory of Malaysia's Ministry of Tourism, they found that majority of these women entrepreneurs were between the age of 41 to 60 years, 89.9 percent of them had completed their lower secondary education, and they fully owned and operated their homestay businesses on part-time basis. They found that the “pull factors” like personal satisfaction, passion and encouragement by friends motivated them more than “push factors” like economic depression, unemployment, retrenchment, and dissatisfaction with former jobs. Additionally, these women were found to have moderately to highly empowered, especially in terms of getting access to training and education services, as well as making decisions on matters related to business. Economic and social benefits were more rewarding to these women entrepreneurs than environmental benefits. Regression analysis revealed that motivation and empowerment of women homestay entrepreneurs were significantly related to both economic and social sustainability and to a lesser extent environmental sustainability.

Bhuiyan, Siwar, Ismail & Islam (2011) studied about the potentialities of homestay for eco-tourism development in East Coast Economic Region (ECER). They used secondary data for the analysis. They found that the homestay operations were creating alternative accommodation opportunities in ECER. With proper

19 planning and implementation, operational regulation and management, appropriate development and financial allocation, they viewed that homestay operations would ensure sustainable eco-tourism development in ECER. Plenty of studies have been conducted on homestay issues in Malaysia, where homestay affairs are growing as major part of Malaysian tourism.

Hamzah & Mohamad (2012) analyzed the performance of Miso Walai Homestay, Malaysia in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah in relation to 3 other community-based tourism projects in the same area. They used qualitative approach combining semi-structured interviews and participant observation to model the critical success factors that ensured the success and sustainability of Miso Walai homestay as it moved up the value chain. The study found that the dynamic leadership and organization, the setting up of a tourism cooperative, the partnerships with government agencies and tourism industry players, and a strong commitment to biodiversity conservation had made Miso Walai Homestay into a model community- based eco-tourism initiative.

Sedai (2011) tried to analyze and interpret the capacity of tourist accommodation enterprises in major tourist areas of Nepal using the inventory data maintained by Nepal Tourism Board as in June, 2010. The study revealed the presence of more than two-and-half times tourist bed capacity than the formally registered tourist accommodation in the country and an overwhelming number of enterprises coming up in tourist areas like Pokhara valley, Annapurna region, Everest region, Langtang region, Rolwaling-Sailung areas and upcoming tourist sites. The study suggested TID/MoTCA, NTB and HAN to develop a standard and uniform format for maintaining the records of tourist accommodation enterprises throughout the country. The study recommended for initiating special campaign to bring all potential tourist accommodation enterprises under the jurisdiction of TID/MoTCA, and also suggested TID/MoTCA, NATHM, NTB and HAN to initiate tourist accommodation enterprise upgrading and strengthening program, particularly in the trekking destinations and upcoming new areas.

Kumar, S. Gill & Kunasekaran (2012) jointly studied about the contribution made by tourism towards poverty eradication in selected rural areas in Selangor, Malaysia. They mentioned poverty as the root cause of many social ills such as

20 illiteracy, crime, drug abuse and high rate of divorce, and tourism was adopted as a strategy for poverty eradication in Selangor. However, they found that it had not been fully exploited by the rural community and those who had, were finding it difficult to sustain. Their study, therefore, aimed to put together a model (or identifying variables) that would ensure the economic sustainability of rural homestay programs in Selangor, Malaysia. They used factor analysis to identify the variables of the communities’ involvement in tourism activities. With its potential to earn foreign exchange, create employment, reduce income and employment disparities, strengthen linkages among economic sectors, control outmigration of the local youth force, help in alleviating poverty, strengthen a sense of ethnic identity, protect land rights, and reduce deforestation,

Lama (2013) tried to analyze and explore the contribution of homestay programs for sustainable tourism development in Nepal. Her study focused on three objectives: first, knowing about implementation of homestay programs in Nepal, second, analyzing three dimensions of sustainable tourism development such as socio- cultural practice of the program, environmental effects and the economic situation of the community, and third, examining the challenges of homestay operations in Nepal. She applied quantitative research technique and used secondary data for analysis. Her study found the homestay programs contributing significantly for economic sustainability and natural sustainability of rural community through preservation of local traditions and cultures. Her study also suggested for well structured government mechanism, basic infrastructure and capacity development of local community to overcome challenges.

Aryal (2016), in his thesis on the topic, "Economic Impact of Tourism in Nepal" states that tourism is a leading sector for making the national economy prosperity. Because tourism sector generates foreign exchange earnings, creates employment opportunities and also diverting people from agriculture to industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop tourism facilities within and outside the country. He further deals that foreign exchange earning dependent on number of inflow of the tourist. If more number of tourists arrives into the country more will be foreign exchange earning means more contribution to the national economy and vice versa.

Baral (2016), in her M.A. thesis of "Tourism and employment from gender perspective "has concludes that Nepalese society is traditional and male dominated. It takes more time to build positive attitude toward the female employment in tourism. If the women were educated, trained and efficient, they would be capable as men. Social freedom, security family support, economic independency, gender equity and attractive wages and better education are the basis requirement to generate more employment opportunities in tourism.

Dhakal (2016) found homestay as a vehicle for economic development. As unwanted culture could be introduced influencing the identity of local areas and resulting in cultural pollution in the village, he suggested to have a broader perspective and better understanding to accept homestay tourism development with both positive and negative effects. He further suggested all of the stakeholders involved in tourism from the community level to the national level need to find a means to work together more proactively to maximize the positive effects of homestay tourism minimizing the negative.

Khadka (2016), in his M.A. thesis of "Tourism and its economic impact in Annapurna Region" has examined the number of tourist arrival in Ghara VDC of Mygdi district and income-expenditure pattern. He used primary and secondary data, adopts the methodology as interview through structure question. He had concluded that political instability, lack of proper communication, lack of infrastructure, begging activities of local people are problem of the tourist though which development of tourism is hindered. People who are involved in tourism business are much more aware in health, education and nutrition food and they have become economically independent. Here commends that there should be establishment of different tourism related information center in village area and should ne maintain political stability in the country throughout village to village.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Rationale of the Selection of the Site

This area has been taken Meghauli which is the habitation of Tharus and other migrants of mountain area. The area is covered by Royal Chitwan National Park, having lots of beauties inside it. This study has conducted at home stay tourism. It is just 25 K.M away from the Bharatpur airport. Meghauli has been selected the main tourist attraction place by government of Nepal. Due to having lots of tourist attraction of factors among them and manmade factors helping to promote this area. It is the main area of Tharu people also well-developed infrastructure, like restaurants, shopping complex, book stalls cultural houses and groceries, mobile shops attractive things for the tourist in the area are natural beauties, wild animals, elephant riding , fishing in Rapti River, Jungle fire camping the grass lands; rive ring forests sale forest, customs and traditions of different communities, more than 450 species of birds and peaceful environment. Besides this the main attraction of the area is the Royal Chitwan National Park, where Rhinos, Gharial and Royal Bengal tiger (which are disappearing from the world) are still available here. The flow of tourists from all over the world to visit Meghauli is increasing day by day. Since this area carries its historic and cultural importance as a heritage site, it has been serving as a tourist destination.

3.2 Research Design

The research is basically designed to investigate the impact of homestay tourism in Meghauli, to fulfill the objectives of this study, descriptive and explorative research design has been used. So, description research design used to find the internal part of research which is quite necessary to find reliable result. Explorative research design has been used to find the actual change due to tourism in the study area. The result was observed after experiment with the help of explorative research design.

3.3 Nature and Sources of Data

The data has been collected both are qualitative and quantitative in Nature. This study was based on the consideration of primary as well as secondary data. Primary data was collected through field survey and interview. Similarly, secondary data has been collected through published and unpublished materials such as research articles, newspaper, related books, CBS and Meghauli Tourism Development center.

3.4 Universe Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

Among 14149 people within 3086 households of Meghauli these all has been taken as the universe of the study. Out of 43 homestay households 30 households has been sampled by lottery method.

3.5 Data Collection Tools and Techniques

3.5.1 Interview Schedule

Pre-structured question was used for getting the real and accurate data from HHs survey of respondents. The researcher collect information about the homestay patterns, food habits, life style, dress, ornaments, household conditions, cattle ownership, language etc. of the study area.

3.5.2 Key Informant Interview

It was applied as a technique to get more relevant and realistic information for the study. This method is especially used to gather the information about home stay and the change of lifestyle of people after the growth of tourism. The respondent of such interviews were authorized persons related to home stay officially, or intellectuals, local leaders and the local people. Schedules were prepared for key informant interviews.

3.5.3 Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The collected data has been analyzed using simple statistical tools. Primary data was analyzed according to its nature. Quantitative data has been analyzed using simple statistical tools like frequency and percentage distribution. Qualitative data was analyzed descriptively and to extend possible with the use of tables and frequency distribution.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1. General Characteristics of Respondents

The information has been collected from the local people of Meghauli and these data are presented under this topic. This topic mainly deals with some important demographic characteristics such as sex and age stricture, family size characteristics such as literacy status, occupation, health hygiene and information regarding growth and impact of tourism.

4.1.1 Distribution of Respondents by Age Group

30 respondents above 15 years were taken in order to gain the required information for the study. The age and sex distribution of the respondents has been shown in the following table. Table No. : 4.1 Distribution of Respondents by Age Group

Age No. of Male Percentage No. of Female Percentage Total 15-25 2 11.76 4 30.76 6 25-35 10 58.52 5 38.46 15 34-45 4 23.52 3 23.07 7 45 above 1 5.88 1 7.69 2 Total 17 100 13 100 30 Source: Field Survey, 2018

The table 4.1 shows that out of total respondents 11.76% male and 30.76 % female belonged to the age group of 15-20 similarly, in the age group of 25-35, 58.52 % male and 38.46 % female were taken and in the same way 23.52% males and 23.7% female has been taken in between the age group of 35-45. Also 45 above age group contains 5.88 % males and 7.69 % females respondents in the study time.

4.1.2 Family Size

The family size has been categorized into four types. The family which contains only 1-4 members is nuclear family. Similarly, having family members 5-8 is joint family and there are researcher found families containing 9-13 family members which are in extended family. There has been found some family having more than 13 family members which is taken as a large family, the information has been shown in the table give below:

Table No. 4.2 Households by Family Size

Family Size No. of Households Percentage 1-4 8 26.66 5-8 14 46.67 9-13 6 20.00 13 Above 2 6.67 Total 30 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018 Figure No. 4.1 Households by Family Size 16

0 4-Jan 8-May 13-Sep 13 Above

Above table shows that out of four types of family size 26.66% households has their family members up to 4. Likewise, there are 46.67% family households having 5-8 members which is 14 households among 30 households. In the same way 6

27 households it means 20% of the total sample households having their family members 9-13 moreover more than 13 family members are in 2 households which is 6.67 % of the total households, were especially Tharu family containing more family members than other hill migrants in this area.

The ratio of family size clearly shows that most of the respondents have practice of nuclear family due to their migration, occupation and employment situation. So that family size of respondents of 13 above is more, less than family size of 1-4.

4.1.3 Religion Composition of the Respondents

Religion is a part of culture. Every community of the world does have its own religious tradition. The religion of every ethnic group is interwoven with their religious processes. Religion and religious beliefs are the foundations of community life in a majority of societies. Religion prescribes ethical guidelines for many aspects of daily life and also navigates belief systems and norms. The cultural manifestos are the outcomes of religious beliefs on deities and goddesses. To this line various shrines, temples have been built in Meghauli that represents their beliefs and practices on Hinduism. Table No. 4.3 : Distribution of Respondents by Religion

Religion Frequency Percentage Hindu 28 93.33 Christian 2 6.67 Total 30 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2018

Figure No. 4.2 : Distribution of Respondents by Religion

100

0 Hindu Christian

Percentage

The above table shows that only two types of religious people are staying in this study area. Out of total respondents 93.33percent respondents were Hindu and 6.67 percent were Christian.

Therefore, the place is dominated by Hinduism; however, the society is directed towards a common platform of religious tolerance. Noteworthy, the cultures and festivals of hindu are dominant and still the festivals like Christmas and New Year day celebration are marked by almost all the religious and ethnic groups of people. It ascribes to the fact that a multi-cultural diversity exist in Meghauli.

4.1.4 Occupational status of the respondents

Occupation is one of the most important means to determine the living standard of life. Many of attitude, thinking and decision making power depend upon their occupational status. Nepalese people adopted many occupations for their livelihoods. Most of the people have been involved in agricultural activities including livestock farming. For the purpose of the study, the occupation of the respondents has been divided into agriculture, business, service, wages labour and housewife etc.

Table No. 4.4: Occupational of the Homestay respondents

Occupation Number Percentage Agriculture 12 40 Government Service 1 3.33 Tourist Guide 1 3.33 Housewife 9 30 Private Business 2 6.67 Foreign Employment 3 10 Teacher 2 6.67 Total 30 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018 Figure No. 4.3: Occupational of the Homestay respondents

0 Agriculture Government Tourist Guide Housewife Private Business Foreign Service Employment

The above table shows that 40 percent respondents were involved in agriculture, 3.33 percent respondents were involved in government service, 3.33 percent respondents were involved in tourist guide, 30 percent respondents were involved in housewife. Similarly, 6.67 percent respondents were involved in private business, 10 percent respondents were involved in foreign employment and6.67 percent respondents were teacher.

4.1.5 Educational Status of the Homestay Respondents

Educational status affects other aspects of socio-economic life of the people. It is the measuring rod of development of people and civilization of a society. Education is the light of human beings. Education can change the world. Education helps to betterment of people. It creates employment and generates income which reduces the poverty. The educational status of the study area is as below shown in below table.

Table No. 4.5 : Educational Status of the respondents

Educational Status Number Percentages Illiterate 12 40 Literate 18 60 Total 30 100 Level of education Number Percentages Primary 9 50 Lower Secondary 3 16.67 Secondary 2 11.11 SLC 3 16.67 Intermediate 1 5.55 Total 18 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018

The table shows that out of 30 respondents 40 percent respondents were illiterate and 60 percent respondents were literate. out of 18 literate respondents ,50 percent respondents were primary level, 16.67 percent respondents were lower secondary level 11.11 percent respondents were secondary level 16.67 percent respondents were SLC level and 5,55 percent respondents were intermediate level.

4.1.6 Traditional Rites and Rituals

Different people have different cultural maintained in different places .By the time they and being amended by the effect of civilization. Such kinds of effect are been in the study area.. There people followed their tradition rites and rituals in past age .But present, they are changing gradually because of the inflow of tourists from different places. In this study different respondents have different views in the study area.

Table No. 4.6 : Changing of traditional Rites and Rituals patterns of local Respondents

Statement Respondent Percentage Changed 9 30 Slightly 17 58.33 Totally changed 4 11.66 Total 30 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018 Figure No. 4.4 : Changing of traditional Rites and Rituals patterns of local Respondents 18

0 Changed Slightly Totally changed

Table indicates that in the context of traditional rites and rituals, 30%, 58.33% 11.66% from the field area are giving their views on unchanged, slightly changed and totally changed respectively. 4.1.7 Opinion Regarding in Economy

The rapid growth of tourists in the Meghauli the economic status of the local people also have been highly affected. Only 30 respondents which were taken as sample households in the study, were asked to choose the options for the sound and improving economy given in the table.

Table No. 4.7 : Respondents opinion regarding sound and improving economy

Particular Frequency Percentage Agriculture 8 26.67 Tourism business 15 50.00 Above both are equal 7 16.67 Above both are not satisfactory 2 6.66 Total 30 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018

This shows the respondents opinion regarding sound and improving economy of the local people. The majority i.e. 50% out of total sample respondents have involved in tourism business to improve economy where as 6.66% of the respondents are viewed that both tourism business and agriculture are not satisfactory. Likewise 26.67 % involved in agriculture and similarly 16.67 of total respondent opined that both the people involved in tourism business and agriculture have similar result.

Tourism business, directly provides more opportunities for the local people rather than agriculture .They started to earn money day by day and external technologies have been used .More profit seen in tourism business than agriculture production .Hence the percentage of people involved in tourism business is rather than percentage of people involved in agriculture .

4.1.8 Tourists Activities in Meghauli

Several activities are providing facilities for the tourists in Meghauli. Along them some of the major activities are elephant riding, bird watching, jungle safari, village tour, jeep safari, cycling etc. The tourists who come in package four already pay money to the agency. But for free individual tourists they have to pay money for extra activities except accommodation and food.

Table No. 4.8 : Respondents opinion regarding sound and improving economy

Particular Cost in Rs/ Men Elephant riding in the park Rs. 1000 (Nepali) Rs. 3500 (Foreigners) Jungle walk half day Rs. 2500 Jungle walk full day Rs. 4000 Jeep Safari four hours Rs. 2500 Jeep Safari full day Rs. 25000 Comping in Buffer Zone community forest Rs. 2500 Bird watching two hours Rs. 1000 Bird watching full day Rs. 5000 Culture four on foot Rs. 400 Stick dance ( Culture dance) Rs. 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018

4.1.9 Major Sources of Tourist's Attractions

The study area of Chitwan is an appropriate bite for domestic tourism. The sources of tourist's attraction like scenic beauty, quiet environment, different temples as religious, jungle safari, medicinal treatment, study, etc. Given following details result based on the survey.

Table No. 4.9 : Sources of Tourist's Attractions

Tourist Attraction No. of Respondents Percentage Pleasure environment 3 10 Natural resources 5 16.67 Wildlife attraction 8 26.66 Cultural attraction 4 13.33 Above all 10 33.33 Total 30 100 Source: Field Survey, 2018

4.2 Impact of Home stay Tourism

Before declaration of the Park and the introduction of tourism in Meghauli, the native people were leading a peaceful environment with their native identity, A flow of him migrants started come into Meghauli, from hill areas of the country with the high expectations of good settlement as well as good opportunity in tourism industry. Tourism has positive as well as negative impacts in Meghauli. In this regard the impacts of tourism have been discussed in this Title.

4.2.1 Socio-Cultural Impact

Socio-cultural change relate to local quality of life and sense of place. Positive change in the quality of life could be follows, personal income increase, helps to improve living standards for those more directly involved in industry .Support the diversity of restaurants and other cultural entertainment, influence the assortment of goods for sale in many local shops that would not be available in the same amount if tourism didn’t exist to support them. Park areas are often improved street furniture and designs criteria introduced greater care and attention placed on overall environmental quality, new opportunities etc.

It is found that the social structure of the natives have changed drastically in recent days, previously, each and every native, Especially Tharus houses were made of cow dung, straw, soil, bamboo etc. there used to be no window in their houses. Besides most hotels and resorts were also built in the traditional Tharu style in Chitwan .Due to growth and it’s impacts of tourism in Chitwan the homes of Tharus and hill migrants have been changed towards modern style.

It is also found that from the field survey that most of the new generation want to stay in the modern type of houses and they never accept the compulsion of staying in the traditional type of houses .The influence modernization and growth of tourism in the family structure of Tharus `will as hill migrants have highly affected, previously, the Tharus as well as other people living this place were living together three or more than three generation. But when most of local people started tourism business as well other jobs then they also started to live separately from the family rather than combined.

Most of the natives the new generations are to be interested to stay in nuclear family instead of joint family because of the members of the local people seem busiy in tourism profession directly or indirectly. So, they can’t give proper attention for agriculture which is the main cause of quarries between the member of family .And it is also easy to settle life in nuclear family on account of financial crisis.

Religions the belief in spiritual beings, where it helps to keep the unity, place and harmony in the society, natives of Meghauli had their own religion and hill migrants as well actually, the local people of Meghauli were not busy in the past, so they spent lot time worshiping their deities but now a days they don’t have more time to spent on all those process because they are busy in their profession as room boy. Gardner, naturalists, hotel owner etc. after the introduce of tourism in Chitwan the forest was declared as park .Urbanization also occurred in Chitwan and consequently several schools as well as modern hospitals and health post were established in different village in Chitwan.

Especially local people had observed PitriAusi, Jitiya, Dashain, Tihar, Sakranti, etc. But now a days, most of Natives also have been started follow the festivals of hill migrants and migrants also celebrates natives festivals .Modernization, globalization also forcing local people to change the style .Of celebrating their religion as well as to follow the cultural style of foreigners by the impact of tourism. The people who were Hindu at first in the locality of Meghauli become christen and have been changed in different religions.

Among the various impact of tourism in Meghauli, social impact of tourism like prostitution, criminal activities, gambling, and drug addiction have been studied during the fieldwork. Some of the respondents informed that there was no crime before introduce tourism in Chitwan. Before starting tourism the native people especially, Tharu people were involved in gambling, but now a days they are involved in tourism profession. They are busy throughout the day during tourist season. Now the youths involved in the tourism spend their leisure time in snooker and pool house instead of spending time by the playing cards.

In most of the tourist destination the young members are seen to be addicted of drugs. In Meghauli there is high demand of ganja because young steers are habituated

36 will all these things after the tourist influx in Meghauli. While walking in jungle they take ganja for relaxation. In the leisure period also most of naturalist as well as informants found there having smoke.

The status of health and education is also getting better doe to the economic up liftmen and consciousness around among local people. People are getting more conscious about health and hygiene now then before tourists began to come here. The construction of toilets in most of the houses is due to public awareness. These efforts have greatly controlled the disease like diarrhea and other disease as well. There was a huge gap between the education status of girls and boys but now a day both has been given equal opportunity on it. In short it can be said that tourism has somehow influenced in educational opportunity improved health care and awareness. No more such adverse effect on social aspects has yet been found in this area.

4.2.2. Economic Impact

As tourism is often considered as a factor bringing in multiplier effect in income it’s economic impact is also seen this area. From the economic aspects job generations by hotels, lodge is a very important impact of tourism in Meghauli. It is obvious that the hotels and lodges are meant for the visitors who don’t have home out there. The entry of visitors obviously requires the home to live in, for food and shelter and consequently local people have to work for it.

There were few souvenir shops few decades ago. But now it has rapidly increased. The major products which tourists buy from this place are Tharu cultural handmade materials; especially gift items related to wild animals like Elephant, Rhino, etc. made by wood or soil are the main source of getting foreign currency in Meghauli. More that 50% people inside Meghauli are busy in their different kinds of business which is completely helping to uplift the life style easily in Meghauli.

Thus tourism has helped in uplifting the economic condition of the local people to some extent and created employment opportunities in the area too. 50% of the respondents opined that people environment in tourism have sound and improving economy which shows that tourism has great potential in this area economic aspect .By the close link of the local people with the tourists of different continents have got chance to entry to their country also. Now a day such types of events also seen in the

37 study area and the economic situation of the locality has been changed drastically in Meghauli.

4.3 Problem of Homestay Tourism

Tourism is most important for the country like Nepal. Tourism is contributing most of the economic and cultural growth in different regions a of Nepal. There are no big industrial areas from where export quality types of goods can be produced .Similarly employment opportunity in industrial areas from where export quality of gods can be produced to earn foreign currency. Similarly employment opportunity in industrial areas is also very low .So tourism industry is the backbone of Nepal for providing employment opportunity and foreign exchange earnings. Being a lot of tourism spots and probability Nepal is not managing it properly. It is managed properly we have no need to going foreign countries for getting employment. Despite such great potential and promising prospects tourism sector has been facing various problems .The main problems o tourism sector in Meghauli are as follows.

4.3.1 Lack of Tourism Infrastructure

There is no doubt that Nepal has a lot of tourism destination that can attract tourist from all over the world easily. But because of inaccessibility communication, accommodation and other factors tourist cannot reach those places. It tourism infrastructure like road communication, accommodation and other facilities those tourist needs to consume and feel can be managed there is a good scope of tourism but even today such tourism infrastructure are not made. Those which were in the past are also gradually decreasing.

4.3.2 Poor Road Network

The road is graveled route which is dusty and suitable only for two-wheeler vehicles. Due to poor road network, guests feel tired after travelling to this place. During the pilot test, all guests simply agreed on the statement that poor road network to this place de-motivates them for revisits.

4.3.3 Poor Electricity Supply

Electricity is not a place-specific problem but a national issue today. The load- shedding has caused guests' stay in Meghauli inconvenient. During summer, guests get irritated when they find the fan, only means of cooling in the room, merely hanging up and not spinning. The only refrigerator that is kept by a fresh house is frequently running off due to poor electricity supply.

4.3.4 Lack of Pure Water Supply

There are tube wells in most of the homestay households as source of drinking water for the households and the staying guests. The households claim about the water from the tube wells being safe to drink stand unguaranteed since they have not lab- tested it. Public water supply is not available in this village. Guests may not like the taste of water from tube wells. Hence, they have to bring mineral waters purchasing from outside markets.

4.3.5 Poor Communication

People generally like to inform their friends and relatives about their locations specially when they visit new places. However, the guests visiting Meghauli may at times experience their cell phones not working properly. Fixed line services are still not expanded to this village.

4.3.6 Distant Market

The nearest market is situated at Meghauli Bazaar, which is 1.5 km away from Homestay. However, this market is not well settled. Hence, the people of this village have to travel 25 km distance to reach Bharatpur for purchasing foods, clothes and other stuffs for guests' convenience.

4.3.7 Misbehavior by the Guests

According to homestay households, the behaviors of some guests have created problems for the households at times. Some guests arrive very late. They even do not order their food in time. Due to this the host family has to stick up for the orders. Some guests drink till midnight particularly in winters, make noise, thereby, disturbing the nights of the neighboring households and even behave rudely with the

39 host families. The households have also experienced some guests coming with sexual intentions. Due to these experiences, the female members do not present themselves while serving drinks to their guests. Guests are rarely managed in those households where male members are absent. Besides, some guests visit with expectation of hotel like beds and attached bathroom, and the result is an experience of inconvenient stays from the very beginning. Guests sometimes insist on purchasing some equipment's, tools, cultural items and vegetables from the households, which they cannot give or sell, and all these put the households in trouble.

4.3.8 Lack of Capital

Some homestay households believe that their houses, resembling a typical own culture, are not convenient to all types of guests. The houses are made of available local resources. These houses have small ventilator-like windows. The water might leak from the grass-roots during winters as said by the households. Toilets are not attached and the bathrooms are open. In the rooms, there are no luxury beds, television, filter and solar lights. Though the concept of homestay is to stay with the host families to experience their cultures and lives, this seems to be good in theory only. The guests' sentiments cannot be overlooked. Households believe that guests do not need to stay inconveniently to experience cultures and traditions. 72.7 percent respondents from homestay households said they have future plans to improve their services and qualities. However, half of these respondents were not financially sound for such improvement.

4.3.9 Lack of Skills & Training

The households said they still lack proper cook and hospitality skills due to which some of their guests get unsatisfied with their service. Some guests are in hurry. They demand foods to be served quickly. Arranging necessary ingredients to make foods for the guests take time for the host families. Those guests have complained about their late service. Households also realize that they need training to enhance their servicing skills. So far, the households have received different trainings relating to cook and hospitality. However, all the households have not received equal access to the training.

4.3.10 Linguistic Problem

The households cannot speak in English language while communicating with the foreign guests. In lack of bilingual guides, they cannot communicate with these guests.

4.3.11 Lack of awareness

Most people in Nepal do not know about the importance of tourism. Tourists come here to visit our life style, culture and hospitality. If we misbehave to them it will go bad message to the remaining world .Hawkers, taxi drivers, hotel agents are making force tourists to buy goods and services from the gate of international airport. They should know that they are coming to their country to raise the economic standard up, either these person should be trained or this type of misbehavior must be stop by concerned level.

4.3.12 Negligence of the Government

It is also another most problematic tourism problem in Meghauli. Instead of exploiting natural and bio-diversity for tourism in this region, the government seems to be over looked about its potentialities. The main focus has been concentrated elsewhere, the tourism has already flourished. And the proper plan has not yet been formulated for the long term rural tourism development. It tourism as is widely accepted, is to be nourished, it has to be diversified to the different region in such a way the fruit of it goes to all equally, but, in Nepalese perspective it is not so, some of tourist destination has already reached to the bloom while others still lag far be find.

4.3.13 Lack of publicity and promotion

It is also major tourism problem of Meghauli due to this problem many foreign tourists even domestic tourists did not know about the paradise of this area. This region is very rich in tourism but lack of publicity and promotion the tourist destination has not yet explored.

4.3.14 Wildlife, their Habitats and Biodiversity

According to local people, local agencies and hotels people, local agencies and hotel owners wild animals, their habitats and breeding grounds in the natural goes areas adjacent to the national park and twenty thousand lake have been adversely affected by increasing urbanization, fence were system on the border of national park, in directly impact the breeding system of wild animals local people are killed mammals by illegal ways inside the national park.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The present study is based on both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected from different publication and development of tourism. The primary data were collected by administering the questionnaire, observation, discussion and survey of other people of Meghauli. The major conclusions of the study are described here under. From the study it is found that out of 30 total household surveyed people about 40 percent illiterates percent people have completed primary school 50 percent people have completed secondary school, 5.5% people have completed intermediate education and about 6 percent people have completed graduate education. Altogether 60 percent of the people are literate which is quite high from survey found that in the traditional rites and rituals, about 30%, 58.33% and 11.66% respondents of field area are giving their views as unchanged, Brightly changed and totally changed respectively the data shows that slightly changing in traditional activities is high due to the tourism activities.

The main tourist activities are jungle safari, bird watching, crocodile watching, natural like and soon. The wastage left by the tourists could not be maintained in proper way. The number of one horn rhino and Royal Bengal are also decreasing due to illegal hunting system .The fence ware create one problem in the border of Chitwan National park which impact the breeding system of wild animals.

This Research has conducted with the purpose of identify and assess the growth of tourism and it’s impacts an social economic, cultural, aspects. The result was based on field work with application of field survey by interview, observation key informants, Exploratory and descriptive. Research designs were employed to get the findings of the study. The major findings are as follows :

 Local people have got chance in economic sector, their mode of employments are as follows; jeep driving, naturalist, machete, city guiding, Gardner, room boy etc.

 Food habits of local people completely change by modern fast foods. First they were used Dal bhat (Nepali Khana) but now a day they often used Bread. Biscuits, chocolates, Noodles etc.  Living standard of local people has been changed. They started wearing modern clothes different kinds of shoes, sandals, ornaments and adopting new technologies.  Large numbers of tourists visiting Meghauli are found from Europe and Asian countries.  Well managed faculties helping to satisfy the tourists.  50% of the people busy in tourism sector such that they spent their time in tourism business no labour are found mostly to agricultural work and due to scarcity of grazing lands they left keeping domestic animals .  Fire wood is replaced by gas cylinder and electric devices.  Host culture is replaced by the western culture and to extent by hill migrant culture.  Nuclear family is seen rather than extended and joint family due to income sources of family members.  Boys and girls have got equal chance in educational sectors. Besides, this girls are allowed to go outside the homes and become independent and free.  Ethnic language, art, culture, music and other traditional culture have been replaced by modern culture one.  Modern agriculture system started to developed agricultural products.  People started to live in modern homes rather than traditional houses.  Female also aware about their rites and day by day becoming independent.  Birthrates and rituals marriages system and death rituals become modernize.  The 40% people have illiterate, 50% people have completed primary schools 11.11% people have completed secondary school, 5.55% people have completed intermediate education.

5.2 Conclusion

The peoples is Meghauli area have been turned and attracted towards tourists trade which has increasingly assisted people uplift the standard of life and strengthen themselves economically. The local people have been benefited from the development of tourism infrastructure such as transportation, communications and electric facilities. There is high degree to significant relationship between the hotels facilities and the tourist arrivals in Meghauli .It shows that hotels industry Play a vital role in promoting tourism, industry .The number of hotels is increasing every year in this local area and yet it has a bright prospects for the well facilitated hotel and lodges.

The tourism in Meghauli has effect in the economy .Economic impact of tourism in Meghauli. Increase in the price of Land, increase in the rental opportunities of a land and buildings increase in opportunities business increase in opportunity of selling local cure to the tourists.

The average stay is around 18 days per tourist in Meghauli which is greater than national figure which is around 13 days per tourist. There are two community forests namely meghauli Madhyabarti community forest and BelSahar community forest. Nanda Bhauju Tal and lamital are two lakes of CNP (Chitwan National Park) situated just 200 meter away from the boarder of the village. The lamia is known as lake of the crocodile and Nanda Bhauju Tal in terms of biodiversity. The crocodile breading centre elephant breeding centre, culture restaurant and Kasara museum are very near to this area. Wealthier of the Meghauli is suitable for visit in every season. Opinion of tourist on jungle safari, wild life and weather is highly positive. On the

45 other tourism development committee (TDC) are working in favor of tourist from last five years. It is just 15 km away from the Bharatpur airport; the direct bus facility is available from the district headquarter. More over this area is very rich in indigenes culture and tradition home pattern are major attraction for tourist. The local people are aware on guest and host relationship. Tourist feels safely and secure in Meghauli from socially as well as physically. The costs of tourist products are reliable to the visitors. Abundant of natural respires provide Meghauli VDC is rich in this aspect. Hostility is found to be good in Meghauli where local people are respectful to tourist. The level of tourist satisfaction after visit Meghauli is high .The factors that contribute tourism development are natural resources along with the socio cultural values. Meghauli can be the new tourist destination of Chitwan due to its different characteristics.

5.3 Recommendation

Due to the highly potentiality of domestic as well as foreign tourists in Meghauli Plays the vital role for the socio- cultural and economic development of earning currency similarly, local people and local owners are also benefited from tourism. To promote further tourism activities Meghauli following recommendation are suggested.

 Tharu culture mainly structure of house in Meghauli is totally replaced by new concrete building which is not good for tourist attraction. Also dress pattern of young generation is changed. They want to copy and wear as foreigners as well as they learn bad activities from tourists.  Transparency should be maintained in any activity. In addition, local people should be effectively involved in planning, decision making and implementation process of any program in Meghauli.  More attention is to be paid by the government and the concerned authorities to the tourism product, development, strengthening of services and facilities and marketing of products and publicity through different communication media bout at national and international level.  Fence were system around the national park and buffer zone are afar the protection of wild life .The were has electricity during the night time helps wild animals can't gonear village but the ware directly impact animals after

46 touching it's body during electricity follow as result it reduce memory power. Sexual power and breeding power of wild animals.

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APPENDIX

ANNEX –I Questionnaire for Household Survey

1. Personal Detail

Name :………………………… Address:…………………………. Age:………….. Sex:……………………….. Occupation:…………..

2. Family profile

Sex/Age 1-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-50 50-60 Above 60 Male Female Total

3. What is the main occupation of your family

Sex/Occupation Farmer Teacher Business Civil Student Others Service Male Female Total 4. How much your family annual income is ? Rs……………………………….. 5. How Much your Annual expenses is ?

Particular Basic Education Health Transportation Other Total Needs Amount Rs.

6. Do you have your own land ? Yes……………….No…………………. 7. If Yes, How much land do you own ?

Land Type Registered Non Registered Amount of Land in Kaththa

8. What is the structure of your house ? a) Stone mud and Tin b) Stone mud and Straw b) Cemented C) Small House like shed e) Others 9. Do you suppose tourism as an source of income ? ………………………………………………………….. 10. Is the tourism supporting in your day to day life ? …………………………………. 11. What are the problems of Torusim in Meghauli ? ………………………………………………………. 12. Do you further prospects of tourism in Meghauli ? …………………………………………………….. 13. What might be the tourist attraction of Meghauli ? ………………………………………………. 14. For What purpose tourist mostly visit your area ? ………………………………………. 15. What is the main opportunity of Homestay Tourism? ………………………………………………… 18. What is the most attractive things that tourist must visit in your area ? ……………………………………………………………. 19. Do you feel any necessity of any kinds of trainings, seminars, awareness programs or any other to promote Homestay tourism in Meghauli ? …………………………………………………………………………. 20. What is the main threat of Homestay tourism in your Area ? 21. Can you suggest any idea to promote tourism in your area ? ……………………………………………….

ANNEX: II Questionnaire for Tourist 1. Name of the respondent ………………………….. 2. Address:…………………………….. 3. Age : 16-25 ( ) 26- 30 ( ) 31- 45 ( ) 46 – 55 9 ) 56 and above ( ) 4. Nationality ………………………………….. 5. Educational Status a. Literate ( ) Illiterate ( ) Primary ( ) Higher Secondary ( ) SLC ( ) IA or Equivalent ( ) BA or Equivalent ( ) MA or Equivalent ( ) MA Above ( ) 6. What is the purpose of your visit? 7. Which Factor influenced you to make your trip here in Meghauli ?

8. How did you know about Meghauli ? 9. What do you like most in Meghauli? 10. How often you visit Meghauli? 11. Who is accompanying you in this visit? 12. What is your level of income? 13. What is your family size/ structure? 14. Is your expectation fulfilled?In this visit duration what problem do you face/feel? 15. Do you have any suggestion for the promotion of Homestay tourism?