CRETAN ELEMENTS in APOLLO-CULTS Which Seem to Have Be En Cre Ta N in Cha Racter O R to Have Rea Ched E Ll E O a a T Th Ir Fu Develo Pm Ent in Cr Te

Cr e t a n Ele m e n t s in t he Cult s a n d

Rit ua l o f Apo llo

a Etssert at ton

PRESENTED TO TH E FACULTY OF BRYN M AWR COLLEGE I N PARTIAL FULFILM ENT OF TH E REQ U IREM ENTS FOR TH E DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PH ILOSOPH Y

MARY HAMILTO N S WINDLER

BRYN MA R PENNSYLVANIA W ,

MARCH, 1913 I T 1913 BY BRYN MAWR C LLEGE. COPYR GH , , O

Qiﬁc £ or b Q a ftimou (pus s

su mm o ns , um , U. s. A. CONTENTS .

I I . NTRODU CTION — ( a ) Cr et a n bo a st Cr e t e t he H o m e o f Religio n an d o f t he Go ds

1 Ke n . r e o f Tr u h l t . ( a ) Di r ec t c o n t ribut io n s fr o m Cr et e Wo r ship o f t he Mo t he r o f t he Go ds O rphic Re i i o n 0m ha i r M r ri l g op g a ; Sac ed a age . b n dir e c t c o n t r ibut io n s : Cr t e t h st e in ( ) I e , e pp g s n f n in n s t o e o c o t e t .

r m E t M s i s sir -Z r o t er e O is eus. F gyp , y ; ag F o Asia Min o r Dio n so s-Za r eus Wo r r m , y g , ship o f So n ( Phrygia ) ; Hitt it e elem en t s ; S em it ic e m n t A i e e s ma . l ( ss n, Ph l c Gr a tin an d a ssim i a t io n o f deit ie s n d ut s ( ) f g l a c l , Z u A l e s, po l o (b) The Apo llo Q ue st io n 1 Ho m r i h . e ; O gin a l c a r ac t e r ; An c ien t views in r ega r d t o his o r i in—Ho m er Dio do r us M de rn vi e s o n g , ; o w t he s b ec Gr e k be o n n ll u t : e i t o a st o cks E. j , l g g , Me e r No rt hern n am e in ex ic ab e Fa m e ll y ; , pl l , ;

‘ Nam e Io c Gr u e fr o m Bab o n N l o ni , pp ; yl , i ss n ; Thrac ian To m a sc hek Rid e a Mur ra Ha i , , g w y, y, rr so n Pr e-H e en ic Go d o f Asia Mi o a n d I la d ; ll n r s n s, L c ian Wilam o wit z Via Cr et e if r o m L c ia ( y ) , ; , f y , but n o t o ld in Cr et e t he r e o r n t e r n Al , f e o Ea st , y ; Cr t Fr hin ham A A 1 1 1 e e , o t g , . J . . 9 . 2 O r i in an d r i in al ha r a t r i do u . g o g c c e n bt , but very im po rt an t Cr et an e lem e nt s t aken o ve r int o his wo r ship

Pyt hio s Delphin io s Sm in t heus Amyklaio s- Hyakin tho s Agyie us Ta r rhaio s Min o r Cult s an d Asso c iatio n s 4 CONTENTS

( 3 ) Gro up Dan c e-Hypo rc hem e (b) No m o s ( c ) Pae an M A V. SU M RY : CONCLU SION IBLI VI . B OGRAPH Y ST F I LI O ABBREVIAT ONS .

The fo llowin g a bbr evia tion s have been used A — i . A . Am er c a n o urna l o f Arc haeo o J J l gy. — A . P . . Am e r ica n o u n al o f i o o J J r Ph l l gy.

- A r c h . An z Ar c héi l nz i r . o o gisc her A e ge . Ar c h f Re l —Ar i i n i . h o s s . . c v fﬁ r Re i s s en c a l g w h ft. A Mi h — h n i h n t h . tt A e s h ilu n 1 . t c e Mit t e ge . B H -Bu t i r r n d n . i C. . e n d C s o a c é n u ll e o e p e He ll q e .

- ' B . r W. B r h i P . e in e r hi o o isc e Wo c h en sc l P l l g h ft. B A — n n S . A u l r h h h . . a f t he B it is Sc o o a t A en s o l t . — - - B lli z B c h l n r i h ia kt n sc hr i t n . C. . Co t e t e am m u de r G ec isc n e e l, S g h e D l I f — I . r n r . u I um r r um C G . sc i t i c a Co p s p o n G ae . R — l s i i . . a c al R v e C C s e w . — n r i t i n I G. sc ra ce . o e s G I p . H — u u i S . o rn l f en i d s . a He t e . J . J o ll c S n n — i M A . M n n i i h . t um An o 1 o e t t c .

M T n P — n n Tr n Pil u d . C Eva s M e a a e a lar . . C a . c e e d . n , y lt P W - ul - Wi so wa . . Pa y s . P i1 — hi l h . u P lo o g s. Rh M —Rh inis u eum . . e c hes M s .

I . D INTRO UCTION .

Re cent exca vatio ns in Crete ha ve pla ced in the fo refro nt o f He llenic study the pro blem o f determ ining what in ﬂue nc e s sur vive d o m l fr the o d Aegea n re ligio n in Hellenic wo rship . This de bt which Gre e ce o we d t o Crete is o n e that the ancient s the m c o z o who m o selves re gni ed . Alth ugh the writers enti n this po int did n o t have as an a id the m o num ental evide nce which we o e m o o a m t an d a p ss ss , their testi ny pr ves th t y hs tr di tio ns survived in their tim e which reca lled Creta n in ﬂu

e e o n o a o a an d a rt . nce in r ligi n less th n in instituti ns , l ws , Dio d o ro s Sic ulus reco rds the bo a st o f the Cretan s tha t m o st o f t he go ds wo rshipped am o ng m e n went fro m Crete t o o ther a s a a m o d r m l nd , citing in p rticul r, Zeus , De eter, Aphr ite , A te is 1 a n d Apo llo he no tes also the claim that the m ysteries had the ir o rigin am o ng them an d were co m m unicated t o Gre ece ’ o u thr gh their a gency . The Cretans undo ubtedly o versta ted the c a se e e t he e od ar e o r I o , even wh r Gr ek g s c nce ned . t is , h wever, unde nia ble tha t a certa in elem ent o f truth lurks behind m a ny o f e se a o th tr diti ns .

I ﬁ r st a c a n o a c o n the pl ce, it be sh wn th t Crete ntributed t o Gre ece the wo rship o f ce rta in deitie s an d the use o f c erta in rites

1 11 02712111 01 17111 63 7011 wh ic r ov vflol o oiim 01 r wK B io d Sic V 64, 2 ; ; p y a pé mv ' ’ na r o 1 1coi1vr e;] 1rap é avr oi; 7811 60001 7011; 610 1 0; 1101 110; w epyea ia ; 11 11 £W 0; 000 116 11 1 11 d 03 171» 100 1 1 013 wh ia r ov i n K f 'f V , ; ; }; 6 flé vr 0 , 4 y p 4 m; pn ppu ; é 1r1é v0 1 wal l a 11q n }; oixovpé vrm eé epyer oiivr a ; r d yé w] 1 61» 0110p ’ ’ Afi/mr pa v 6 A¢po Jir m1 11100671 1; dé r ow pé v t h ior ov ’ ' ‘ é vo v 0v v01 m i A l ov 110 2 Avxia v 110 2Ae o if 1 11 d A r e 1 1 v 1r 2 xp ¢ fi p fi M r , 0 p ; ep r rjv ' - ' B eam1 2r 11 6111 011 51 1 63 r » He ida 2r . 1 ¢ 110 bv , ? po x0 fiv Rpm » d 61 rep ( mt) r 121v 1 61m » ’ ‘ 1) wpa f ewv r aw 1ra p exda r m; o w r ei wflem mv r ov 11 311 Afil mv x0 2 Abmo v 11 0 1 11 60101 1 ’ ’ ’ ’ 6110 1 0 9 000 1 r vd E ea 1 a v 110 1 K r m a v é n 153 Ta v o n é l o v x0 1 He o ia v a or e wv 1 6 , fi ¢ p z p p , yo p ’ cv Km 7878117111 6v 3 - - B i i r d 63 na 110 1 011010 110 1 1 0 11 8 1 1 1 0 w r m ek ‘ra o d S c , V, 77, 3 ; rg ; ; ; 1 p é p r ; ’ £ 11 K f 11v0 d11ro11 wa a dedé oflm l o r e r o r o 1 1 p rm; p ; p , é y v g b 11611011011 , ’ ’ ’ 0101170 1 péywr ov r expé pwv 14111 r e yap n a p A071 v0 1 01 ; w Eh w w1 711 1011 6 q ' r el e r v 110 2 r v i v 0 x . wa a didoa fla t 110 m dé r K fi , b pqy p , fiv pfimv i v K uo 1 16 1 1 1 11 0 a i1.1v elva 1 uya 121 f a r zl r a f a a m ?r did m p 1 1 0 if px ¢ p ; ; e ; br ; i d : a pa oafla t , ’ 11 0 1 m 1 r0 a 1 i v é zro 1ra 0 61 66 eva wa 0131 01 1 1 6 11 m ' p 01 ; ppé fl p p p , p ; [ 76 0 xpfi ew ' r aw 6001 0 1 611 0 1: r d r o10irr0 111610113 1 11 1 1 7 . St r a bo , 481 fi . 8 CRETAN ELEMENTS IN APOLLO-CULTS which seem to have be en Cre ta n in cha racter o r to have rea ched e ll e o a a t th ir fu develo pm ent in Cr te . Cl sely sso ci ted wi h the ritual an d wo rship o f o ther deities a n d so m etim e s inextrica bly o ve m a r e m o t o o r h a w n with the , ele ents which p int Egypt P rygi a n d re vea l Cre te a s the m edium thro ugh which So uthern an d

e in ﬂ e n e n I tio n a s u c e was a o o . o e E t rn p ss d t Greece n this c nn c , it m ay be said tha t Crete do ubtle ss receive d an d transm itted m t o m a o full o f ele en s fr the Hittites in Asi Min r, but the extent ‘ n a this in ﬂue c e ca nno t as yet be determ ined . Crete w s thus the

s o t o e o m a n d t he m a a fo r stepping t ne Gr ece, fr Egypt inl nd , a i e e t a o religio n as well a s fo r civilis t o n in g nera l . In y n ther

m a a e as a o f e o in sense Crete y be reg rd d the cr dle Gre k religi n , that Greec e gra fted m a ny Gre e k go ds an d rites o n the Aegea n

o e a m f is the o d religio n . A n t wo rthy ex ple o this prac tice g

o m o e e e e m t a n d Zeus, wh the N rth rners r pr sented in th ir y h ‘ al a s o f h e e - s he ritu bo rn t e Cr tan mo th r go dde s in r cave .

o a o f m a e a o m H wever, in the h ndling t ri l c ncerned with pri i

o an d e o s e a a a m e x e r tive w rship r ligi u rit s , cert in c re ust be c ised n o t t o a t o o n e o m w c o m ttribute rigin , ele ents hich were m n a a F a m o t o m eo . o r m c o n ny e rly p ples ex ple, we ust re k with the view that go dde s s- wo rship wa s a n abo riginal Arya n he ritage an d tha t m an y go ddesse s with ﬁ x e d cha ra cter m ay

a a o m a he e e m a o o h ve cc p nied t H ll nic igr ti ns fro m the N rth . o wa s n o t a o m o f e e Crete , theref re , necess rily the h e the H ll nic

a t - e f m is o o a . O u o e a e r h g dd sses l ter ti es the th r h nd , it very pro bable tha t the re is m uch that is Cretan in the re ligio n o f

a m t o c a o deﬁ n it e l he m e a l ter ti es whi h we c nn t y give t na e Cr t n . In the rena scence o f civilisa tio n which resulted a fter the m igra

‘ D. G. Ho a rt I 01110 a n d the Eas t 1 0 0 6 68 1 01 Al hi g h, , 9 9, 3 , 3 , , ; y, P l . 1 1 2 62 a r n s t a t hr ia n e vide n c e in r et e m u t u d ir u 9 , 4 , w h P yg C s be se c c m c t 1 spe y. The r e c o n c ilia t io n o f t he o lde r str at um o f r eligio n wit h t he O lym pic is m ir r o r e d in m a n y m yt h s 1 Birt f Z i r t . h o e us n C e e .

2. Co n t e st bet e en Tit a n s a n d O m ia n s w ly p . ’

. A o o s c o m a in t o f Cht o n ia n o e r s Eur I T 3 p ll pl h p w ( . , . Ts b 4. p c o f Z e us a n d He r a (B io d. Sic . V, INTRODUCTION 9

o o m o a o f a o a a o m h ti ns , fr the c nt ct b rigin ls with lien pe ples , uc that wa s latent an d pre- He llenic ca m e t o the surfa ce an d determined in n o sm a ll m ea sure the re ligi o us a n d po litica l idea s “ o f Greece . It m ust further be bo rne in m ind tha t by Creta n elem ents we understand tho se Minoa n an d Myc ena ean cults an d ritua listic a cco m panim ents o f cult which had their o rigin o r develo pm ent o ed an d am o ng the Aegean peo ples . These pe ples settl in Crete o n the m a inla nd be fo re the co m ing o f the Greeks ; we sha ll o h ha ve o c ca si n later t o no tice w o they were . The grea te st co ntributio n fro m Crete t o Greece was the - e a r e in wo rship o f the great m o ther go dd ss . Whether we c lin e d t o a he r a a s a o i a e t wo r reg rd , with Ev ns , the b rig n l d i y shipped in the Aegea n an d all later Hellenic go ddesses as m ere

a a o m o f her o r o Fa m e ll a was v ri nt f r s , h ld with th t she but ” o o o f o e o f o he r in ﬂu the pr t type the Hellenic M th r the G ds , ence o n the c ults o f Gree ce m ust be co nsidered vita l in its sig n iﬁ an c He r o m o a a c e . w rship see s t o have be en rgi stic in ch r a an o e m f ea cter d c nc rned with the ysteries o life a n d d th . The re ligio n o f Orpheus appea rs t o have bee n a no ther im po rta nt

o o o m e a t o a a e his c ntributi n fr Cr te . Orpheus is s id h ve le rn d ’ ritua l in Egypt an d unquestio nably his fo llo wers were Ope n t o Egyptia n in ﬂuen c e fro m an ea rly da te a n d m ight bo rro w ‘ e m Th le ents fro m Egypt if they cho se . e Orphic Myste ries o o a eac he e o m in h wever, pr b bly r d their full dev l p ent Crete in co nnectio n with t he o rgia stic wo rship o f the m o ther- god dess ’ an n T e e s d her so . hence th y pa ssed t o Gr ece by the i land

o . T o a a m a a fo r r ute hey c nt ined cert in ele ents essenti lly Cret n , am Omo ha ia o r ea s o f ra w ﬂ o h ex ple, the p g , f t esh, thr ugh whic o m m o o o ha s a c uni n with the deity was br ught ab ut . It lso be en

Ho a rt g h, op. c . , 39 . Fa m e Ca lts o the r e e k S to tes 2 f R de t C bé bé G . C . a ll , f , III 97 , y , B r dea ux 1 0 o n t h i en t iﬁ c t i n f t - o , 9 9, e d a o o he se ea rt h go dde sse s. Di d Si 2 o c . . IV, 5 . F m 1 1 a ell, o p. c . , V 7 . F r n e 1 1 n e Ha r r i o n P r le m e r e e a o c . V a s o o n a t k ll, , 7; J , g o G e li io 1 6 R g n , 459, 5 7. I O CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS po inted o ut that De m e ter an d her Mystic Ma rriage pro ba bly

‘ a m e c e from Ct t e . Ea rly interco urse be tween Phrygi a an d Crete bro ught fro m a o o - e m o o f Asi Min r in prehist ric , pre H llenic ti es the w rship t he Thr ako - a o o s a n d a o ba a c o u Phrygi n Di nys , this f ct pr bly c nts fo r t he pro m inent po sitio n o f the So n be side the Ea rth 1 1 o e an d o f a r m o r m M ther . The leg nd rites Z g eus (the ystery f ” o f o so o al a o t Di ny s) were c nsidered essenti ly Cret n , but b h

Phrygi an a n d Egyptian in ﬂuen c e m ay be tra ced in his cult . In m a ny respects Zagreus reca lls Osiris ; like him he is to r n m om m a t he m e an d li b fr li b, his he rt is hid in ystic ch st he is h a n am n o la ter bro ught t o life a ga in . T at Osiris d Isis c e i t Cre te an d Attica in the prehisto ric e r a an d we re assim ila ted with Dio nyso s an d Dem e ter is the plausible co nclusio n o f a n ” o ar t a a o a a a t o investigatio n by F uc . Exc v ti ns t Eleusis ppe r stre ngthe n the theo ry tha t the Eleusinia were an Egyptian m o t a o a e o a - wa i p r ti n re ching Gr ece thr ugh Crete , the h lf y a o st ti n . Me ntio n ha s a lready been m a de o f t he gra fting o f the n a t he o a a - o o wo rship o f Zeus o th t o f Min n e rth g ddess . An ther Olym pian who ea rly a ppro pri a ted Creta n c ults an d elem e nts R e n o t o wo was o o . e a has t his rship, Ap ll se rch in Cr te yet sho wn ho w the change fro m Mino an t o Hellenic civilisatio n a ff o f a o r ho w A o e o ected the cults the isl nd , the p llin w rship n a wa s gra fted o n that o f the Mino a divinitie s . Until the Cret n ha s e e o ur o e o f o a e o script been d cipher d , kn wl dge Min n r ligi n s m o f r m u t ne cessarily be inco plete . In the present state o u e e a o o o o f a a o fo r e a o f evid nc , bs lute pr f Cret n rigin c rt in these m a o a a be t he e o f ele ents c nn t lw ys given , but tr nd the evidence

a n a e The a o a n d a s c e e m c be indic t d . v ri us cults ritu li ti l ents

n 1 6 H m eri H m d er 1 2 1 1 2 r r i o 0 c . o c n 0 0 11 3 3 Ha s . . . , 1 , 5 4, y C 3 ; 3 V, 5 ; r Id 0 The 6 The o . e s. o c . . H , 9 9 ; , III , 5 1 1 6—1 Fa r n e o . 1: V . l p , 7

Dio d. Sic . V, 75 , 4. l e i i u em n P Fo uc a rt Le Cu t de n s s e u A t t e M . A a d de I . , D o y o q , c . s sc r . 1 0 Cum o n t O r ie n ta l Re li io ns in Ro m a n Pa a nism 1 1 1 XXXVII ( 9 4) , g g , 9 , 77 1 1 r ’ m . A ° 1 08 1 20 PI » PX , , . VI INTRODUCTION I I

ta ken o ver fro m Crete a n d fused into t he wo rship o f Apo llo m a o a o m a a . o y, h wever, be tr ced with s e ssur nce The purp se o f this investigat io n is t o indicate the im po rtant pa rt played by Crete in the ea rly deve lo pm ent o f the wo rship o f Apo llo a go d who se nam e is wo ven into a grea t num ber o f Creta n m yths a n d who se Cre tan a sso cia tio n s ar e m o re num ero us tha n o o f a n o m a t . th se y ther Oly pi n, Zeus excep ed The o rigin o f Apo llo wo rship is still a m o o ted questio n an d o n e tha t ca nno t well be so lved a cco rding t o a n y existing evi o o a dence . Dio d rus m enti ns the fa ct tha t the Cretans cl im ed “ th o d e e g . In Hom r he bea rs the epithet which a e fo w s e a o r . o o a r int rpr ted , Lyci n b n M dern sch l rs the m o a a a o o f a e o a m a s st p rt rgue in f v r Gr ek rigin , in s uch he a o mm l f o w s o t o a l e o . e a a o o c n Gre k st cks S ver l uth rities n te , o O o Wila m wi n d . o t z a u a h wever, pp se this view expl ins his c lt nam e a s belo nging t o Asia Mino r He o bser ves tha t o m o o o o o t o s a in H er, Ap ll is thr ugh ut h stile the Greek , gre tly as o o him a am o f his m o o c o n they h n r ; th t the n e ther Let , is “ ” ’ n ec t e d a lad a o m a a n d m with the Lyci n , w n, he hi self is

a e e a s 1 1 1 1 0 13 71 o o a o m o f al ddr ss d 7 1 , f ll wing the Lyci n cust c ling ’ ” h a m o m e a the children by t e m o ther s n e . Ap llo thus be co s - e o d o f a i o an d a o a a pre H llenic g Asi M n r the isl nds , wh se cqu int a e m a a o o m e a o nce the Gr eks de in Asi Min r, wh th y d pted unde r his n o n - Greek nam e a n d who se cult they develo ped

h o at e . o m De wo wa s t r ugh centuries D lphi Fr lphi , his rship ’ ea o a Wilam o wit z s o a e spr d by the D ri ns . the ry is cc pted by o who e m a a at o am t o Nilss n , r rks th t the gre religi ns c e Greece o m o an d a o f o o was n o fr with ut th t the religi n o Ap ll o excepti n . H e wo uld de rive t he go d ultim ate ly fro m Ba bylo n a s a In ni

o a t m a a o a a o r e t o s l r divini y, king Asi Min r st ge in the j u n y

i H 1 1 1 01 1 1 B o d V 8. o m . . . . , 77. , IV, , 9 i m it z He r m es 8 n d r ee k His t r i a l r i i W la o w , , 3 575 . a G o c W t ng a n d A li r d 1 08 100 1 11 n d ese ll ha t de r r ie he n ul ur po o , O x fo , 9 ; S G sc f G c , K t m r un r der r 11 der e e n a r 1 Ho m e d e . e k G o . e G w t G . G s . , g , II, IV, , 33 ; l , g r a l n r ie n M P Ni o n r F e te n r e li i se r Be de utun de te O t . . ss G . s va ; l , g é g, “ Le i i 1 6 1 0 - Ar f Re 2 Die Attes te r Z eit 0 c . l . pz g, 9 , 4 5 ; h . . 4 3 ; G r e c hm m A llo 11 der r ien t g, bo . O . 1 ‘ Hdt I 1 Ra m sa Cities a n d Bisho r ics o P hr m 1 8 . , 73 . y, p f yg , 95 , 94. 1 2 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

t . A L o t am has a a o e . . Greece M r recently, Fr hingh st ted th the o r o f t he wa s t o be o e is igin cult f und in Cret , but it difﬁ c ult t o understan d fro m the pa ssage in que stio n where he ’ o a z t a Wilam o wit z s o o at wo uld l c li e i . St rting with c nclusi n th ’o o o had o c a Al o the o s Ap ll his rigin in Ly i , y devel ps hyp thesi a o o was o a m a a s via e e th t if Ap ll b rn in Lyci , he ust h ve p s ed Cr t t o Gree ce be ca use o f t he pro xim ity a n d ea rly rela tio ns o f t he H e e as o c o n isla nd with Greece . e co nclud s tha t Cr te h n thing n ec t e d o o a o f r a a r e with Ap ll which is re lly g e t ntiquity, but c e iv o m o m The a o i o f ed its w rship ainly fr Delphi . E stern rig n he a a d t o o o . cult is thus left in gre t d ubt, in his pini n Edu r ’1 Meye r take s issue with Wilam o wit z o n the fo reign o rigin o f the nam e Apo llo an d co nside rs the go d a Gre ek deity co m m o n t all e - o m a o f m he n e o sto cks . Ev n in the cult f r ul s Ho er is o o f the principa l Gre ek go ds ; he is a tribal go d o f the Do ria ns in ﬂ lo e a who a uen c ed a o . So were le st by Asi Min r c s , in f ct,

r o a a n d o o a K . a e a o e a O . rel ti ns b tween the D ri n r ce Ap ll , th t ” Miille r declared him a god o f the Do ria ns a n d ga ve the m igra tio ns o f the Gre ek tribes be fo re the Do rians n o pa rt in h o e a i e t e a o f . a spre d his w rship As evidenc , the f ct is c t d th t a a wa s o a a a Arc di , which undisturbed by the D ri ns, is pr ctic lly ” Pa a o o . o t o l cking in independent Ap ll cults Acc rding rnell , ‘ H o o a o am a . e Ap ll is Ary n in rigin , but his n e is inexplic ble m m a ca e into Gre e ce with inva ders fro m the No rth . His cult y ha ve em e rged whe n t he Greeks were in Th ra ce o r m a y ha ve e o a t h a a a n o r o b l nged equ lly o T r ci ns d Greeks . Acc ding t ’

To m a schek s e o a wa s o a o m e . th ry , Thr ce his rigin l h This ” w a s o m e a t a a o h a s view f r rly ccep ed by J ne H rris n , but

L Fr hin ha m A J A ﬁ M e du A l A . . o . . . . sa o lo t g , XV 349 , , p M ” a n d the Gr ea t o ther . 3° D r e i he A llo n kult L i i 1 0 o Al er K t sc o e 8. W lf y, , pz g. 9 2’ ’ Edua r d Me e r esc hic hte es Alte r tum s Be r in I 2 6 E y , G , l , , 39 . l r Die o r i r 1 8 0 I 228 A a in t he vie t h K M l e . s O . ii e a . , D , 3 , g t w t ’ i n c f l m it E r H r I 2 r d i a o z u . e . 6 a s o r i in a a o a o . w Apo llo w g lly D g , W , , , 5 . 2’ ll f A o o . Fa r n o 1: i . e . ll , p IV, 99 ( p ) 2‘ i hr e ie n 1 8 Sit zbe r hi His K D Alt e n T a k r . . . l To m a sc hek e W . , , , 93, P l t ” r r n r l 1 06 6 f t he a m e a ut ho r in The mis 1 1 2 Ha iso , P o eg. 9 , 4 3 ; c . s , 9 , “ 6 Tr a dit io n o in e d o n t he o n e ha n d t o t he c o m in o f A o o 43 , p t g p ll ”

r o m Cr e e o n t he o e r r o m e o s. f t , th f D l INTRODUCTION 1 3 a ppa rently been abando ned by he r in he r latest disc ussio n o f a h a the subject. Gilbert Murr y c o nsiders t e god cha r cteristic a o an d a o ha s a m a a o a lly N rthern , lth ugh he cquired ny b rigin l a a e em a o n e o f t he t wo a o o f ch r ct ristics , he r ins cle rest g ds ” t he o e e m . a a o f od Io a N rth rn rs Th t the n e the g is nic , but th t t he o rigina l m eaning o f the nam e an d the o rigi nal cha ra cter o f ’7

o d a re r a co o a e . the g unce t in , is the nclusi n re ched by Grupp Cro iset em pha sizes the difference betw e en the Io nia n re ligio n o f o o at e o an d o a a t a a a Ap ll D l s the D ri n Delphi, fter st ting th t o o f o o a e o i e e m t o a e e the religi n Ap ll , wh t ver its rig n , s s h v p ne ” t ra t e c e m n ff t d Gree fro the No rth a d Ea st at o nce . The di eren fea tures o f cult t o be no te d in the re ligio n o f t he t wo cente rs h ” a s a o o e V a . a o n a ls been devel p d by err ll Fin lly, e scho l r, c o ha s iden t iﬁ ed o d S h ne , the g with The theo ries in rega rd t o the nam e o f the go d a r e as num ero us as tho se co nce rned with his o rigi n but no ne c an be

ﬁ n it o n a a a s a id t o give us de e light his o rigin l ch r cter . Ah a ttem pt t o nam e the tribe in which the Apo llo c ult had its

h fo r begi nning ca n scarcely m eet with success . T e rea so ns this o o a o m a a a om ar e a ppa rent . Alth ugh Apo ll is c p r tively l te c er o he a o ut o m a m o o int Greece , st nds in H er, l st in his full devel p m H a m a m a o o o t a a a e . e a r ent, with c s p li n ch r ct r is essenti lly ig u

o o m t o o n e o o f r a o a . t ry g d , which see s be s urce his g e t p pul rity While he so jo urned in the va rio us lands t o which he wa s in ” vit ed to o o o o a o an d o a l , he k ver int his cult the l c l g ds r c es , i H e a m o a o a n d a cquired new ep thets . is t ho e in D ri n Pyth an d Io nian Delo s ; he ha s his place in alm o st a ll o f the o ra cles

° Gi be r Mur r a R1 se o the Gr e e k E ic 1 1 1 88 fo r a a t e r vie l t , f p , 9 , ; l w, ° .

i F o ur S ta e: a Gr e e k Re h i o n 1 1 2 6 . c . g g , 9 , 9 ° ° O Gr u e r 1 e h1 sc he M tho lo 1 e . pp , G c y g

1 224. ” ° r i i 1 L1 1 r c et H1s t o r e de 0 1 e . M . C o s . G . I ” A e r r H S 1 - 2 The H m n t o A o o . W. a J . . . . V ll, XIV 4, y p ll hé n : r P r so n e n n a m e n l e li i o n s es h u ll D c e . e a : R c . e e ii S G g g Q , s 1 s el o r f, 906. “ E m r e d r 0 1 - f e e i ll t n u e a t by G uppe , 1 . c ., 5 ; c . sp1 c a y U se n e , ’ t t m m n 0 fi Aﬂ '0-1ré 7t 0 v l La t e ller 1 71 8311 0 G o e a e , 3 4 q j c ( g . . p e ) 3 00 1 ‘ ’ 1 11 3 -1 0 11 , i. e . t he Aver te r . ' i M o d l in m i m n h H r e n t c Ci h s L c a a o t e o bo a s e . . el y , g yp , I 4 CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

o n an d o o a o f s a o an d the western s uthern c st A i Min r, is a i an n him an d n o especially bo und t o Lyci . The sl ds k o w rth ern Greece in pa rticular bea rs witness t o his wo rship . It is this pa ndem ic cha ract er o f Apo llo an d this tendency t o a ppro pr iat e fo reign elem ents t o his cult which render diﬁ ic ult the a a a o i n o f pro blem o f determ ining his o rigin l ch r cter . The rig his cult an d the earliest elem ents co ntribut ed t o it m ust fo r this m rea so n rem ain pro blem atic. Leaving a side the uch discussed questio n o f his ho m e an d the pro blem whether he was a go d o f ﬂo cks o r o f sea faring when he m a de his a ppeara nce in c a a t o a o a Gree e , we sh ll p ss the v ri us Cret n cults which he o hi s o o e at the a a n d fused int w rship, c nsid ring l er c th rtic a m m usica l ele ents .

Fa r n e o . c 1 2 . ll, p IV, 3 1 1 1 22 r 0 . 1 G uppe , 1 c . , , 5 . II . CULTS FROM CRETE .

PYTH IOS .

It ha s be en ge ne rally a ccepted that the Pythian cults in va rio us pa rts o f the Gre ek wo rld had their o rigi n in De lphi an d tha t the Cre tan wo rships be lo ng t o the prehisto ric perio d o f 1 ’ e m a o I a o t he o f Wilam o wit z Hell nic igr ti n . f we d pt view , the Do rians m ust have transpla nted the go d to Crete im m e iat l a t o ha s e d e y f er their a rrival in De lphi . The the ry rec ntly a a e o a a e o f a been dv nc d , h wever, th t the prev l nce the Cret n wo rship wa s sim ply a ca se o f return wave in histo ric tim es tha t the prim itive Apo llo -cult o f pre-De lphic ages centered in o o an d t a a o wa s n o t ro m Kn ss s , h t the Cret n w rship derived f the ’ a m a be a r e e a m o a e . o D lphic H wever th t y , there s ver l i p rt nt po ints t o be no ted in co nnectio n with the c ult o f Apo llo Pythio s I ﬁ r s d wa s an a at P o a t e . t a o D lphi n the pl ce , the g inv der yth o a wa s o al o o o f a a the a the r cle rigin ly the p ssessi n G i , e rth ‘ o o a a n d wa s g ddess . The Pyt h n which gu rded the shrine m e o f a o o wa s h o a o . m o sl in by Ap ll , her c th ni n sy b l The th d a io wa s c a a e m a a o t o divin t n e st tic , typ which y h ve bel nged o o but m e t o so a ra a o Ap ll , see s l ss suited his ber ch cter th n ther m o m o a o f o wa s a a etho ds fo und in H er . The rg n pr phecy lw ys a om a who o m ar a o fo r a e a w n perf r ed in prep ti n her t sk, c rt in rites which co nsisted o f chewing leaves o f laurel an d drinking i h o m an o . a w o ha s o o n fr undergr und spr ng F rnell , t uched o m o ha s a was c a a the p ints enti ned , suggested th t it espe i lly lien t o t he cha ra cter o f Apo llo t o dra w inspiratio n fro m an under

° P 2 2 De l hm H vo n Ga r t r in e n o n t he n a m e 11110 . W. s . v. . IV, 5 7, p ( g ) , o ‘ ’ 11 16 6 f e r o rie r 11 A r Abk r m r M is e . c héie o a c e o e n ui ( . d . f pl q y ; —t , D , 79 a hs e hil Hi 1 06 Hfm o in r t e K M ll S c . G s P . s t . XL, 9 ) c C e . O . ii e r , D o r ier Tr I h 2 1 d 2 e e m s t o o n side r t he n a m e bo r i n . C . a n s c a i a ( ) , , § , g l ; F m e ll 21 22 a c . 8 , , IV, , 3 . ’ Wila m o wit z H e r a kles Be r in 1 8 I 1 - 1 6 H er m es , , l , 95 , , 4 ; , XXXVIII

580. A L Fr hm h m A A E . o t a . J . . . . g , XV, 349

A c Eu 1 E r I T 1 2 A o llo d . B1 l I e s m if u X u . . . b h ., ., Pa s. , 5 , 5 ; , 59 ; p , . , 11 1 66 De P th r Suida v u 2 ut . O A X . . . s . a s 4 ; , ; P . , 4, 7; Pl , y , 397 1 6 CRETAN ELEM ENTS IN APOLLO-CULTS

wo rld so urce an d tha t this practice had bee n inherited fro m t he o m o at e Fo r a o aso lder syste which he f und D lphi . v ri us re ns it a ppears that the divina tio n was a lso chtho nian an d belo nged t o o o t o a a ra e f the lder st ratum o f re ligi n . The ch h ni n ch ct r o Pytho in general is very striking a n d is pe culia rly fo reign t o If e o o f o o f o o . ac ra the w rship Ap ll , th n , we cept the t diti n a o e o o o f the o a a o s ntiquity c nc rning the p ssessi n r cle, sever l p int m a t o t o t a re in be no ed in c nnec io n with the o rigin l o wner . The suggestio n has a lre a dy been m ade that the Ge o f De lphi “ - an d the Cretan ea rth go ddess a re clo sely rela ted . Very ea rly rela tio ns between De lphi a n d Crete a r e c o n ﬁ rm e d by traces o f °l t h o a e a Mino an settlem ent at Py o . If the Min ns were pres nt

t m a a e e m an d t he there , hey ust h ve t k n their deiti s with the , excava tio ns in fact revea l the presence o f Mino a n religio us ’ m m o f e o o a e o e ble s . It is inter st t n te th t the leg nds c nnected

o f o a e e m t o e a a oa am with the f unding o the r cl s e b r Min n st p . It is sa id tha t go a ts pa sturing o n the hillside at De lphi wer e o ve rco m e by fum es issuing fro m a cha sm nea rby a n d be ga n t o

a o a n d a o . e no skip b ut utter str nge s unds The sheph rd , ticing H t e a o a o a e o . e a o was o c o m h ir beh vi ur, ppr ch d the sp t ls ver e ‘ a an d in his enthusiasm beg n t o utter pro phecies . Acco rding

Ha e s 011 1 11 10 The Cr e a n o dde ss is un do ubt e d t he sa m w , 6 , 53, t g ly e ” a s t he Ge who wa s t he e a r liest divin ity a t Delphi (Willia m s) Fa r 1 1 1 8 1 . n e 0 . c . ll, 1 , , “ ' ‘ d e l h r i ﬁ r i t F o m lles e D es a s V . Ka r M. Pe d r ze , p , P , 3 ; o , ’ 1 1 1 2 - 0 The n e io n s sn o ut r o m Ar h I n s . st o e hr b 6 . t h a . c i J . , 9 , 49 7 l f D lp ’ Kn i n o un din fo r t he e ic s r in e in t his r it e r at te st s a o ss a f g D lph h , w s

S 1 1 2 28 . f E n H . . o pin io n . C . va s, J . 9 , 5 7 1 8 6 1 086 B H 1 P . . B . . C f . b e x e . . C do u l a , W 9 , ; XVIII 95 ; - ° r r z et N 22 D1 e H a u ter e bn isse der Pe d i . J . , XXI 33 , p g bu e e l hi gr a n g n D p . ° 1 B i 26 26 1 1 01 d 1 0 11 0310101 02 0; c11 m 1 0 a w eio v . io d . S c , XVI , 7 y p 7 p p 011 31 011 1 11 11 01 101 0 xpua mp10€0111 01 pé xp1 1 011 11 1111 02A820“ 6111 0; ’ 1 1 01 1 01 1 11 1111 1 011 le ai) 1 0 1101 06 1 81 011 0611 1 011 110 2m 2 1 0131 0 £ 1 1 011 1 11 1 1 611 9 , 11 00 5 p 1 , p evo é vwv 0 261 11 610 1 0 110 1 0011 20001 1 00 Ae 00 03 21 1 00 1 0 1 1 1 1 11 1r 00 1 y p 7 ; M ; , 6 3 1 7 p 01300 11 11 0 2 1 11 00021 60001 0111 1; 011 1111 011 00 1111001 171; 1111 2 11 0011 000 1 1510p ° 1 1 0 20011 1 0001 1 011 0 1 060 f] 1rp01 1 p01 1 8201081 005 780001 . 1 01 02; 25 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 0 1 11 00e 1 0 2 0 2111 1102 11 p001 2061 1 0 1 131 3 0011 01 1 110 2 1101 1 661 0 0261 11 811 01 11 0 ; 5 . 1 11 81110 ; r e yap 611 01 0 11 01 1 211 1 02; 110 2 1 061 011 wpo Myew 1 0 pé hl o w a ' 1 61 0 1 0 1 0 660 011 11 011 1 0 11 011 011 81 u é 110 11 082 «2 016 0v1 0 y1 1 1 0001 60 p £ , p p , 0 C ; ’ 1 61 021 10 000 1 0001 11 0 1 r e 1 0 1 0 111 3 2011 110 2110 1 001 1101 1 1 P1 1121101 1100001 0 61 1 1 . 0; ; 1 7 1 0 7 7; 7;

xpno r ﬁpwv.

1 8 CRETAN ELEMENTS IN APOLLO-CULTS

a a wh wa s a a ha d m o a o a P siph e , o Cret n divinity, i p rt nt r cles , an d Aristo tle hands do wn the tra ditio n tha t O n o m akrit o s t he - o r a ea o f Tha le ta s 11 0 1 0 r é v L c i n, the t cher , visited in Crete , p q - 1 0 1 1 a a i 1 1 1 071 . M ny co nnecting links in the a nalo gy a re l ck ng an d m a t a o The a a the si il ri y c nn t be pressed . p rt pl yed by the sacred tree is neverthe less stro ngly suggestive o f a co nnectio n e wo o a i n o n a be tw en the t religi us centers . S v g i suggests th t the o n a i o m ha o o m a c o n scene r ng fr P ist s, described bel w , y be

e a o an d m o s o o a o o c rned with divin ti n, enti n D d n in c nnecti n " h e a o e m a e with t e repr sent ti n o f the do ve . Furth r evidence y b ho ped fo r t o suppo rt the theo ry that the Ge wo rshipped a t e a o o e o f o o a an d t he a e a D lphi , the sh d wy Di n D d n Cret n rth a r an o e a e o go ddess e deities akin d w rshipp d by kindred p ple . Tha t the re were enthusia stic rites bo th a t Crete a n d De lphi in h Di the o o f t e e a o e a a e . o do r us w rship rth g dd ss , is pp r nt ex pressly sta tes that t he o ra cle at De lphi wa s c o nsidere d t o be a po ssessio n o f Ge because o f the enthusias tic pro phec y o f tho se h m e h a m a e w o ca e n a r t e ch s . We h ve evid nce that the wo rship ’ ” o e b a n e r d ca a o a an d a f Zeus in Cret eg p pr p , the se ls fre quently depict o rgia stic scenes ; we lea rn fro m inscriptio ns t ha t in their e cstasy the vo taries o f the Magn a Mater at Pha isto s m ight

e o o f o a e o f o o in a o pro ph sy . M st the r cl s Ap ll whic h divin ti n

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 110 2 610 1 0 11 001 0 1 1111 1 0 1 11111 820 11 001 001 11 000 0 81 5000 1 . Plut . , 9 3 . 0 1 , 0 p y p r n A n 6 ic D Di I t e a De . C In a r a T t u i . C e . v Plu . S t . . . ( p , ll , 4 ; , , 43 , u r h ec in t he se r vic e o f t h e Gr e a Mo t he r a t ha ist C r e O p o p y t P o s, t e , ' ’ K ' t da t é w t t 671 5 K f o Fa rn e c . 2 . Ci . ho t ius A r i ll, , III , 97 P , p fl fl c pfl flc s e P 11 1 1 2 a 2 fl t o t l , 0 . 74 , 5 . u A i fi 0 A h r f h M o n t i . t o t e c e n e . . . t e . s a XIV 5 77 , g 5 , n ude o m a n sha ke s a sa c r e d t r e e in t h e c e n t e r a m a n kn e e s be o r w ; , l f e ic t o n e a t t he l is a n a t a r a n d a do ve fl in t o t he 1 Ri a ba et s . n yl ; l y g . ( g f v M T n d P 1 2 1 m h i E an s . 6 fi r a o s a so . a C. . o s . C . . f P t ) , l , , 7 , g 5 ; 77, Ri r m h a n d M e n a e Eva n e r r e fi g. 5 3 ( n gs f o Va p io yc , n s i t p t s t h e sc e n e a s a r e pr e sen t a t io n o f t h e pa rt a kin g o f t h e fr uit o f t he sa c r e d r hic h c n t it ut e d a n a c t o f divin e c o m m un io n c f t he he in t e e o s . c , w ( w g h e hi f t he a ur e t e r ie st ss a t e . Luc Bis Ac c I Sa b . . vi n n o . . o i l l y p D lp ( ) g , M u A n l 8 i Ka r o Ar c h Re l 1 0 1 c t in C r a o . t , . c . , 5 5 C . , . f . . 9 4, 34, i g a a p n o s, 1 8 8 1 Do d n e a s Rum r i 00 . It n t ha o i se e s , Pa s, 7 , , 4 is o c n c e t ha t in o do n a Z e us Né io is de si n a t e d b a do ub e a x e io n e b t he do ve D c g y l , D y , t a t h e e ie n Kn s Th e t o c en t e r s e r e o se c jus s d it s i o sso . w w c l ly o n n e c t e d n d he ir d m a be in t im t e c iat e d F r n e a t o s a a sso . a c I g y ly ll, . , ,

39 . 1 ° St r a bo , 468. CULTS FROM CRETE 1 9

wa s a c o m a a a io o m wa c p nied by ecst tic inspir t n, were in s e y ”

o an a o d . a o a c nnected with e rth g dess Fin lly, the g ts which ’ o o a a n o t o o a disc vered the r cle t Delphi were Ap ll s , but design te a n d o an o . a a a chth ni p wer They were peculi rly s cred , were m e ntio ned by Dio do r us a s the favo rite victim used in his tim e a al when the o r cle wa s co nsulted . They were never in a speci

a m a a o o a s wa s o fo r sense the ni l ttribute o f Ap ll the w lf,

am k i o wa wo r L e o s. a o d s ex ple, in the cult y In N x s , the g shipped a s Tpdr t o c: but the cult m a y ea sily have been a loc al ’0 o a o him No r oe a a ha o fﬁ c e w rship t ken ver by . d s it ppe r t t his o f go a t-herd o r go d o f shepherds wo uld ha ve necessa rily ca used this a nim al t o beco m e clo sely asso ciat ed with the Delphic n o ra c le S o im a a a did o a a a at . po rt nt p rt the g t pl y in the ritu l Delphi that the priestess did n o t descend into the ca vern unless

o m o m a o wa s a o a e the en derived fr its cti n f v r bl . The priestess ’ wa s accusto m ed t o po ur co ld wa ter o n the an im a l s hea d an d if

o o m was o t he an d it sh k in every li b it p ssessed by deity, the

o m e m t o o m a o en p r itted her perf r her t sk . We have n ted a bo ve the pa rt pl ayed by go ats in the legends co ncerned with t he

o o a m fo undati n o f the o racle . The g t ga ve its na e t o the

‘ m a o wa s a 0 1 1 0 1 01: Delphic O ph l s , which c lled the 1 9 The ”

n t ir se o f t he o at e wa s o a s A7 . Pyth n D lphi kn wn 5 Further, the re wa s a rive r a n d a pla in ne a r Delphi bo th o f which bo re

E 1 6 r h r 11 8 1 21 1 211 1 0 211 11 e Pr a e 11 . o 1 Ci . Eus b . , p. V, (P p y y, 1 7 7 1 i 1 2 0 1 11 11 11 1 0 11 01 ya ﬂ; 11 0 1 1 6 0 0011 1 1 0 1 011 111 11 1170 1 1 1 110 20000 11 0 1 0 61 1101 11 1 0 ’ ’ 11 01111 111 6 111 1 1111 00 1 0111 0p01 111 1 2061 500 1 11 011 131 11 611 1 0 11 1 101 01 M1111 01 2011 01101 011 116 1 7 ; 0 1111 , ’ 11 11012111 0; 1 0110 11 é §011 H0p11 001011 110 2x a va K1 0 11 1 1 v 01 6 1 0 01 060 011 1 p b p 1, p 1x 1 0 0 ; 1 079 B H 1 2 1 At Ar go s, . C . 903 , 7 . 2° ' h B z s 1 T a t a . Ste p . y . . 1 . p y ’ 21 26 O A o r e h d . c d io n s S e n i B io it e a bo ve . n o s a t o o a a XVI , , p ll l t g t , t p , 1 E Co m te Re n du 1 86 1 00 Pa rn e 0 . c . I 6 . p , 9, ; ll, 1 , , 9 ’ o 1 a 1 0 A20 . 1 1 1 21 0 1 11 121 1 1 1 1 01 0 1 011 Ai a iov. 1 1110 c h s . 1 1 1 H e sy , 1 , 1 p ; 7 ; ( 1 ; 7 1 1 y ; 63 wa d 1 6 1 Ai a io v 1 f B C H XX V 2 he r e p 1 1 y 1 71 C . . . I 54, w Ja n e Ha r r iso n set s fo rt h t he the o ry tha t t he O m pha lo s wa s c o ve r e d - - t h a t sk n The o a t skin wa s o r n b so o sa e r s. wi a go i . g w y th y 3 " ua s t r 1 2 Plu e . t . , Q G . , . 20 CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

h a m Ai a i n Th o ff o f o a t o t e n e g o . e ering a g t sent by Eleusis ” e o o f D lphi pro bably preser ves a n ancie nt tra ditio n . The pe ple Kleo n a i ar e kn o wn t o ha ve se nt a bro n z e goat as a m a rk o f ” a t a a co a gr itude fo r their deliver nce fro m a pl gue . The in ge o f Delphi in later tim es do ubtless co nta ined a re m iniscence o f the im po rtant pa rt played by this anima l in the e arly histo ry ’ o f t he o a a s t he oa a a ea o n o o m a r cle, g t s he d pp rs c ins in c bin " o ti n with a do lphin . Co m pa ring the evidence a t De lphi with wha t we ﬁ n d in m a o o o R a o f a . o a Crete, we disc ver ny p ints c nt ct he c nce led ” n t Ai a io n a at o M . w s Zeus his birth g , where he nurtured by ” the oa m a a a o o f o t o e g t A lthei , g ddess fertility bel nging Cr te , represented under bo th the likeness o f a go dde ss an d tha t o f m a I f a n a n a . o r e a ni l n return his nurture , Zeus ssig ed sp ci l

' o o t o m a a an d o o o m he r a l zo o h n rs A lthei t k fr the epithet r x c .

he e a an d o m am e o e Fro m her, receiv d his gis fr the s s urc o a e a o ha s o a t Apollo pr b bly rec ived his , lth ugh he l st this ttribu e

o f m e a o m c a e . a 0 1 o f Epic ti s fter the H eri g L stly, the pe p e Elyro s in Crete se nt t o De lphi a sta tue o f a bro nze goa t suck ling the t wo children o f Apollo by the Creta n nym ph Aka ka l " I m a m a h d . a o a a o a lis n f ct, the i p rt nce which this ni l in Min n cults is t o be seen fro m the num e ro us sea ls o n whic h a priestess "1 a o a oa a so is represented ho lding g t by the neck . The g t l n o a o f appea rs o the c in ge Crete . When t o this we add the fact that there wa s a Ko ryc ian hill in

' 1 1 z s v Ai 0. 501 1 x0 2Ai a iov 71 1 0101 0111 011 1 011 Ki x (I1 H0io do Steph . By , , , y y bﬁq ; ; 1 0 1 1 0 1 1ra 0 Ai dv e é evov 011 0 m 2 1 0 “001011 6 o v (Fr , 42) 7 p y ¢ p p p p ; ’ 0 m l 1 0m dfov Ai a iov. E h n P 1 2. 0 y ust a t . o n Dio ys. e r . 3 3“” ’ ’ E 1 . A . la r a é vo v A11 01 1 0 v1 [ 1 1 01 1 01 . 4 px 1 895 , 99, p 9 5 1 1 Pa us. X, , 5 . ” -2 r 8 1 1 1 0 Svo o n s B . H . He a d H . N. 9 , 34 o , C. , Pl . — , ; XX XXV XXX . 8 He s. , The o 4 4. 0

E Neust a t De J ove Cr e tt c o 1 06 Dio d . V 0 II. 22 . , , 9 ; , 7 ; XV, 9

h II 1 . The o dde ss is a sib in a e r im e s. Sc o . l , . XXI , 94 ( g yl l t t ) 6 a . X 1 . P n s , , 5 22 em r m h Reic e V. G. 1 8 . Fi . 20 s o Va io . h l, 97, 59 g , , 3 (g f ) r un n fa r n um be r s i n Dikt e a n d a t akr o S ea ls with go a ts we e fo d i ge . 1 2 1 02 PI - Sv r o n Nu A 1 J . H . S . o o s h B S . . . Ho ga rt , . VI , 9 , VI IX ; , e n n e 1 8 0 misma tique de to Cr é t e a n a . 9 . CULTS FROM CRETE 21

r an d a c a f t a nam at e on Mt . a a C ete, ve o h t e D lphi P rn ssus , tha t there wa s a Kn o ssi an plain o f the Om pha lo s which c an s a ar a o m e m a o c rcely be sep ted fr the D lphic O ph l s , it is evident that these asso cia tio ns in their entirety fo rm a very stro ng bo nd ” b t e a o ut o f a o m o e ween the t wo c nters . We h ve left cc unt in r as o ia o a s a ha o c h o o s c ti ns , such the f ct t t the st ne whi Kr n s “ a o a o f wa s a set u sw ll wed in pl ce Zeus l ter p in Delphi , thus co nnect ing the Creta n legend o f the birth o f Zeus direc tly wit h n m a De lphi . Further the Om phalo s itself is t ho ught t o be a i it “ f a o f he s o m tio n o Creta n cult f rm . The building o t ec nd te ple at e wa s a t o Pt e r as the o m o o o f D lphi ssigned , ep ny us her Creta n Apte ra a n d it wa s also sa id that the Cretans se t up in Delphi a stat ue o f a nico nic type which was the wo rk o f the " I e a D dal I was t o o a for Cr t n ae us. t Crete tha t Apo ll rep ired r iﬁ a To pu c tio n a fter sla ying the snake which gua rded Pyt ho . "

the f H obo re an o . Crete , legends o t he yp Agyieus p int This wea lth o f cro ss references c o nnec ting Crete with De lphi

n o t o si n iﬁ c n c al o m a a is with ut g a e . Sever co nclusi ns y be dr wn o m a o Th ﬁ r a a a n d fr the evidence cited b ve . e st is th t the l urel go a ts were co nnected with the o racle befo re Apo llo assum ed “ the o f o n B o wnership o this religi us ce t er. o th were p ssessio ns o f a o an d o t o a the e rth g ddess , were c nnec ed with her chth ni n

o a . o m a o a w e a r cle Fr her ls , the Pythi n priestess dre her cst tic ra io a inspi t n . It will thus be seen th t Apo llo at his advent into “ e a a a o d o f a io a o a t o wo r D lphi , lre dy g divin t n , ppr pri ted his sh a ho a o a a o r o r in ﬂuen d ip cht ni n r cle, Cret n in igin , c e by Cre a a a m a a a a t ns t re ote d te . We sh ll no tice later th t the cath rtic

” S e B KU fIW 2 m H m n in 0 B z 1 0 8 G i . 1 d . . 2 . a 1 . i t ph y P , 4 , ; ll , y 2 45 ; o . V 70 n X 2 6 He T e a a s. . h . P , 4, ; s , g 499 . r 1 I 1 G uppe . 01 . c . , , 03 .

an s. X 1 0 P , 5 , . P h Pin d . , yt . V, 39 E. 7 ‘ X 2 8—1 1 a n s. X . P , 7, ; , 5 , ” M B O e A P 28 E La ur e l in An cien t J . . . . gl , . XXXI 7 . ” li i d F r R e g o n a n 01k Lo e . ' f K n Th a 1 01 1 10 n A 1 Mit th X 2 C . o r 0 e i e ss i Ae i h . p ly ; 7101 01 9. o l s, . , 73 ; H 2 622 B . C. . X 93 Stra bo , . 22 CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APO LLO-CULTS e lem ents which entered in to the Delphic cult m ay be tra ced t o

an d a t he o f o o De l hin io s a a a s Crete , th t cult Ap ll p t Kris w a a m derived fro m this isl nd . The Pythi n cult was thus en eshe d

e a ra o far o m a a e in Cr t n t diti ns , which , fr being ccident l leg nds ,

o r e o o f a o o a o ra c e inv nti ns Greek uth rs , pr ve th t the l in its a s o m a a o o o essence w derived fr Crete . The f ct th t Ap ll br ught fro m Crete the pr iests who inte rpreted his o racle supplies h ano ther link in the c a in o f evidence .

H a m H m n d A 1 . y 0 1 . 388.

DELPH I NIOS .

Since t he etym o lo gical de rivati o n o f the wo rd Delphin io s

a o o a a t he o a is disputed questi n , it sh uld be st ted t utset th t we a ccept the et ym o lo gica l explana tio n o f the wo rd which c o n ” ” n e ct s o o Ael a m a o o o r a it with the r t q e ning h ll w , c vity ,

' ’ - - ﬁ sh f 1 e an d ultim ate ly with Asl qa zc: belly (c . E 60 1 ; 1 wo an d e o o f at a a o m e ) , rej ct the suggesti n Aly th it is p tr ny ic o m o m e o a a o e o m o a o o f t he f r fr D lph s, sh d wy p ny us ncest r

’ Ael oo c o t o e m o o c a eta o q . Acc rding the ty l gi l interpr ti n which

a a o f o o d am we ccept, the cult is th t the d lphin g ; the n e Delphi w e o m o e o m Del hin io s hich supers ded H eric Pyth , is d rived fr p ’ by a pro ce ss o f sho rtening. The o rigi n o f the cult o f Apo llo De lphin io s has been dis i ‘ ute d . o m m e n o t a a a p M s c nsidered Ch lcidi n , view held

A a c 1 8 6 f 1381 11 61 0 i n r n . c C e e a d S a r a ly, , . ( . 4 ; t p t ) . K m d 1 1 h. 1 21 f r e sc e r esc . 3 3 r t h , G 6 1 4 . C . Cu t ius, 479 ; " it 1 1 0 M I 1 28 2 M i r e L. e e r 6 e s e r P llw z , ; y , ; III , 5 ( t , 81 Plac e n a m e d fr o m 0 000 The n a m e o f De lphi it self 1 s c o m pa r a tive ly la te but it is n o t n e c essa r y f o r this r e aso n t o c o n side r t he in tr o duc tio n f t h in - H m e r ic o e do lph go d po st o . M m m o r o o z 1 o sen e t l e . , H g , CULTS FROM CRETE 23

‘ o al ilam o wit z at a a ho w rigin ly by W , but l er retr cted ; ccepted , “ ‘ o d o m e a a n d . ver , by M ss Preller Gruppe derives the g fr t he a e m a ai wa s Philistine l nd in the Ori nt , which he int ns the

He ho m e o f m o st o f the gods o f t he o ld Cretan culture . ide n t iﬁ e s him with the god Dago n a n d brings him westwa rd

a o o n i rt r in n o a a by w y f Crete . Hiller v G ge h lds th t the Cret n Do rians bro ught the go d a lo ng with Pyt hio s fro m the No rt h a n d e o him has a o e dev l ped in Crete . Delphi ls be n suggested " a s a a n o n m o the st rting pl ce o f the cult . O e thing st writers a : o m o f t he o d wa s n o t a n a o mm gree the h e g inl nd c unity, but a o a r a n e lit r l o isla nd lo c lity . O the strength o f the evid nce

o m o m m t o o o o o f derived fr the H eric Hy n Ap ll , the rigin the 1 ° ha s a o cult ls be en a ssigned t o Crete .

The e a o o f a e a o i o o t vidence in f v r Cr t n rig n is tw f ld . Firs a n d fo rem o st is the pro o f fro m the lo ca lities in which Apo llo

D l hin io e o a e ha d e p s was wo rshipp d . We kn w th t in Cr te he a n im po rtant cult at Kno sso s an d tha t valuable stat e reco rds

e o a e o f o d a c o r were d p sited in the c r the g in his s cred pre inct,

4 1 1 1 161 01 m ai n c o f o a 9 . The re ing ults Crete were pr b bly sub o in a m o a t o t a o f o o . I Dr e ro s an o a rdin te i p rt nce h t Kn ss s n , th

wa s a 3 1 1 01 t o m a t o n o o s an d t ken by the 9 75 re in true K ss , the n o d o o De l hin i m l g s inv ked included Apo ll p o s . The o nth De

Wila m o wit z H er m es 1 er m es , XXI , 9 H XXXVIII 5 75 . 5 E M r i ' - . a a ss G e sw. P r o . 1 886 1 6 H er m es 1 , f g 7, ; XXIII , 7 . r e e r r M h I 2 G . t . . P ll , y , 5 7, 4 Gr u r M h 11 Re li io n e c h 1 228 e G . t . s s pp , y . g g . II , . P 2 2 D l h i n . . s . v e o H v Gi rt r n n W . o i e , IV, 54 , p ( . g ) . Sc ham a n n O use I c f P 1 1 A o ll n rn ke . . . . i W s. o e v. W c , p , 343 ; , 47, p , ( ) f o r c u i ie lt lo c a l t s. r e r Ber d S a hs e I 1 0 n e . . c . G s. v Fa r e 1 6 Al Klio P ll , , 4 ; ll, 4 . y, , 1 1 1 2 9 , 5 E. “ I 2 C. . . 8 B C H 1 20 t 1 2 G . C . . 0 a n e r e e c t . 1 II , 554, 9 ; 9 5 , 5 ; , D II , , C. B 1 = u M . I sef 0 11 6 8 f 5 55 9 . 7, (dec r e e o r t wo Magn e sia n a m ba ssa do r s ’ 1 — t o be get u 01 1 1 1 la 1 121 A1ré 1 1 1.111 0 1 121 1381 10110 p) 2 mp ; 0 (Da te 200 B . c u Ke rn ) B 6 C. . 01 20 C B 1 . . 0 C B 1 1 2 r i r t i n Kn 5 , ; 5 5 , 45 ; . . 5 49 , . a b t a o o f o sso s i n a dis u e be e e n La o s a n d 010 3 d 1 02 H m lle B C H a e o . . p t tw t ( t , , o , . V II C B ” C. B . 2 a 2 1 o o e d b i M u I t l 6 C 1 t o s s . 495 (f ll w y Py h ) ; a . III , 59 3 ; i Rh M 1 8 6 c . . . 5 , 393 . 24 CRETAN ELEMENTS IN APOLLO-CULTS

” 1 s o d phin io s is m en tio ned in o n e o f the decrees o f 0 11 . The g is indirectly pro ve n fo r o ther lo ca lities an d seem s t o have n a o o m had a n im po rt a nt cult i the isla nd . A cit ti n fr the Antho lo gy tha t Rhia n o s the Creta n called o n De lphin io s a lso

h o m a o a m o e a s s e be ring here , th ugh the pl ces enti n d by

a as o m o f Rhian o s c a n a n o si niﬁ c a n c e Steph nus the h e , h ve g h fo r the sprea ding o f t he wo rship o f t e god .

O f o a a m o a the cults utside Crete, cert in nu ber sh w Cret n

a Mile t o s a a t o a e co nnectio ns . The cult t ppe rs h ve b en " e t as o fo und d by Cretans . This ci y h been th ught t o be Delphic

a o o m a m a o Cret n in rigin , which w uld i ply very e rly igr ti ns ” has e e fro m Delphi ea stwa rd . The suppo rting evidence b n derived fro m a pa ssage in Co no n in which this writer m a kes

Br an h s m Br an c hidai an c o e o o o o f a . , the p ny us her the , Delphi

a o an d Va r o a o o him o o f o o Str b r h ve f ll wed , but the versi n C n n pro bably date s fro m a tim e whe n an e ﬁ o rt was m ade t o co nnec t a ll im po r ta nt religio us cente rs with Delphi beca use o f its pre

m n f e e a d t o e o a e . a e o e inenc , is heref r little v lu We h v , h wev r, ha d o c ca sio n t o no tice the prese nce o f Creta ns at De lphi at a ve ry ea rly perio d a n d it is po ssible tha t in ﬂuen c e fro m De lphi wa s felt o n the co ast o f Asia Mino r befo re an d during t he

e o f Io m a o o o p riod the nic igr ti n . Such a supp sitio n w uld acco unt fo r the Delphic-Cre tan fo undatio n o f cities an d shrine s

B 1 22 T m f — C . e o h i o . ( e o b s e r e . C. B . 1 0 t h C B 5 49, pl P th ) 5 5 4 . .

H 2 22. C. . III , 93 , — l 0 1 c . 1 1 6 Cf . A y. 1 . , 5 . “ ’ An th P l 2 8 F i A1ré M wm . a . . r C S e B z 1 6 VI, 7 , 3 ( . . t ph . y . 7, 5 , AeMwip .

1 ° ‘ ’ 001 7 E a iov Md d w “M i l an“ 8 t . La e r T 2 A 1 vi Dio . a e s I ¢ g t ( h l ) , 9 ; 71 § ﬂ ﬁ c ¢ p

1 71 é t d f eiov. Sita b d Ber l Aka d 1 2 C v . . . 0 6 1 0 0 B p , , 9 4, 3 9 5 , 54 . 5495 . 1 1 ’ “ St r o St r 6 ( o i 6 1 1 70 nbr ov xr io a eiva t K r r uc v a b . 5 73 ; abo , 34 ; M m m p p r é , 15 011 1 61 77 r er u w é vov 61r 0v vim r m ila t Mil f r é o a p 7; x p , ) / g é n , E pwndé vo g é ; ' ' ' M t l ﬁr ov Kpm l m}; dya yé vf oc o ixﬁ f opa g 1111 2Oma é vov r mwopa r ip 11 6313 1 m c £ 11 82 1571 1 : m r 1r 1 ' ' 41 e é vn m 6 e o v Ael é uv r bv 1 61rov. Hdt I 1 v x p p y . , 5 7 Pa n s. ’ ‘ 2 To 153 ie bv r b é v 131 1513 1 01 r ov A1r6221 .rvo m 2 r b a w sié v VII , . 4 : p 1 ; c p é o r w ’ hp a t é r e ov b m r d 71 11 I é1 v1.w é ao im o w Pa n s 1 r x p 7 y ; . VII , 3 , , C e ta n s fo un d K lo h n o p o . 1 ’ K . O Mu . e r o . c . I 22 I 2 2 6 R h r B o sc e s . v r ll , p , 4 ( , , , ) . . a n c hos We n siic k r , ( e ) . 1 ° Ko n o n Nar r a t S r 21 , . 33 ; t a bo , 4 .

26 CRETAN ELEMENTS IN APOLLO-CULTS

e m a r m but o c o a o t cern d with iti e interests , the c nne ti n c nn be ” abso lutely pro ved . I e o o f r a t n Gr ece pr per the d lphin go d is vo uched o Athens ,

a o o e an d a a . At Ch lcis , Or p s , D lphi Sp rt Athens the cult is intim ately co nnected with Theseus an d ha s o ther m a rked Io n ic a o a o o ho w o an d a o ss ci ti ns , sh wing cl sely Athens Crete were ss " i o c at e d at this pe ri d .

Fr o m. Athens it is pro bable tha t the cult o f the go d passed t o e a H o e a a a a a o the sh res o f Th ss ly . e p ss ssed s nctu ry t Ch l ” ” a n a am t a at At a a is d g ve his n e o the h rbo r Oro po s . Sp rt was a De l hidio s o o n o t m o there cult p , but Ap ll is enti ned in o e n him c o . a was a a a o t o this nn cti n Fin lly, there lt r bel nging o n he o o f a e wa s o a s D l in i e h . t sh re Kris , wh r he w rshipped e p o s Our ear liest a ut ho rity fo r the cult in this lo ca lity is the writer o f o m m n who a e a o o f a n om the H eric Hy , rel t s st ry Cret s fr ” o o fo r a o Kn ss s bo und s ndy Pyl s with their ships . These m en

o o e o as a o Ap ll intercept d in their c urse , d lphin guided them t o o o f a a em an a a fo the sh re Kris , b de th build there lt r r him an d o o e l ho no r him as the d lphin g d . Th nce he e d them t o Pytho m o f o a a m t o beco e interpreters his r cle . Sever l o re le gends ar e

An Fur t a n l r A i M n . PIut De 3 011. . w e e n a u c e n 1 6 q XXXVI ; g , g , h , 90 S Z " z 1 Th 1 2 f ib 1 8 C I A am 15 1 211 1 u e . c . . 8 n I t . s . . . . 1 Pa s. , 9, ; Pl ; 3 , 3 m 7 ; ’ Ae t vt t O n o D l hin i i C I A . c ur e 2 . . o n a n s I 8 1 M p C . 3 , 939 t p , P . , , 0. Har

° po c r 3 7} A82¢ivw1 u “3 in 1 6 e bin io n F m . ut la . Pl . , (D lp ) ’ 1.m b m 2 6 is a y na ilovm 71 i 0 Q b A8 v10v. B St r a bo , XI , 4 3 , p g p g ¢ C - r 1 62 h r a Le Ba s Fo uc a t . 4465 , Spa t ; , 8° d A H m n c . Ho m . , y ’ m i r é r e f1; m m 01111 011 é¢p6§e°ro Q o ifi oc A1r671M v ' o i}; r wa g a v énrw g opyio vag° eio a ydyon 'o 1 02Gepa m bo ovr m IIvOo Z£ 1 1 wef pflé a o y. ” ’ m in 611 0 611/1 0 1v é vé na é 1r 2ol vo m 1r6vr 1p ’ 1 6 d e a a w e TE 11 0 2 1 1711 Gofi v. i v dv p c é v ol é g ’ a 1r vo o am? Mwwto v 02 é r a va xn Kpfi r eg b K , p iepd r e 11 5601101 m i é yyé l ilovm Hépca r a c a é ov bru xe u sin 001311 11 xpw p , g ’ 1 6 1 o o i xpezwv 1511 66m ; 711 211 1 Ha ovfl o . 01 1121) {m i 7rp17£ 1v xa l xpfipa r a vat 11 5 1 11 i ’ E; 11 6201: fipa fi é evm Hvl o cyevé a g r duflpé movg 1 a br dp 6 r oZm ovvfi vr er o 00130; 1 11 62311 11 . ’ é v 11 611 11 1 15 511 61101108 1581 41111 1 501 11 121; i 1 2 eir o «fl a 1 5 0 r e 1581 11 611 r e m 00 } m x p [ 7 . CULTS FROM CRETE 27

a a o n o m m ext nt, pro b bly dependent the H eric Hy n , which 81 a Fro m derive fro m Crete t he do lphin go d a t Kris . the The ﬁ r s al o m a a . t evidence cited , sever deducti ns y be dr wn is , tha t a t least a s early a s the seventh century De lphi wa s bring

t he o f 0110 6 e 171 ve o m an d a ing priests Ap , pr < , fr Crete , we see th t t a o a o am a his tr diti n is in keeping with l ter rec rds , n ely th t the

80 1 0 1 at e i a r e am e as o o f D lph , who se duties the s th se the o deduc a d e cbye o f a o a . Cret n pr q, were b rigin l descent The sec nd o a n o f o a o f o ti n is , th t the writer k ew the Kn ssi n cult the d lphin

o d an d o f a o a o o g Delphic ss ci ti ns with Crete in religi n , espe ll n t o c ia y in the case o f the a lt a r o the sho re o f Krisa . As the

a o f at o o a . o sa a d te the cult Delphi , pini ns v ry Aly w uld y th t t he o a o at a at e o a m a s f und ti n Kris is l in rigin , in s uch it is ba sed o n the late an d false etym o lo gica l explanatio n which ” n i o o d a a u a c o nect s t with the d lphin g . F rnell rg es th t the m be o - o m a o m o m o cult ust p st H eric, bec use H er n where enti ns ” ﬁ d n e f e am t o . He n s o a o D lphi , but uses the n e Py h tr c the

sa o f t he o a a a e an d o credness d lphin in the Mycen e n g , c nsiders m ma m a a o e a o m . a the cult l ter devel p nt e n ting fr Crete We y,

a o f a a t a despite the bsence cert in evidence , infer th t the cul d tes

a o o a m Di n n b t . o w o m a a kt a ck Min n ti es We kn fr Plut rch th t y ,

t he a se a - o an d De l hin io s who o o Cret n g ddess , p , is n ne ther “ a n t o o a a o . th her cul br ther , were cl sely ss ci ted Further, the cult o f Delphin io s m ay have existed at Pytho fo r a lo ng tim e

o a am a I Al bef re it g ve its n e t o the pl ce . ndeed y believes that

De l hin io s wa s an o ld So n de r o tt o f o ta so p g the Ete cre ns , nam ed by Hellenic im m igrants ; tha t he traveled t o Delphi an d

a was e t a o o I th t his cult ther fused wi h th t o f Ap ll . f we accept

o s a o o d m a a this view , it is p s ible th t the d lphin g y h ve preceded

" f E 8 — M . r C . t . a et n e n r u g 3 5 , 5 7 C a s sa v d a d b o ght t o At t ic a by A o o in t he o rm o f a o in 1 1 l h d . Cf . a u X 0 Ph t u s . a a n s p ll f lph P , 3 , ( ) . M a r r t ut . . 8 a a io n a i e d a c c o un t o f t he Ho m e r i H m n S e r v Pl , 9 4, l z c y . . 2 Ik dio Aen . a s. III , 33 , ” A o 2 n ly, c 4 , . 4. ” 1 o 1 86 F e c . . m . a , p , IV, “ o il An De . I c D n S . . . kt n u m n i f D u . i n a t he c a o e l Pl t , , ; y , c lt o p o hin io s i a s o c ia e d o n c o in s it t he h s s ﬁ s . p , t w h 28 CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

a m a n m a n o oo Apo llo by co nsiderable rgi o f ti e . We h ve pr f o f a e o f o o a e a t o the s credn ss the d lphin in Min n Cret , l h ugh the co inage o f Cre te in later tim es do ubtless preserves so m e reco rd o a m al f o f the cult a sso cia ti ns o f this ni . It is o interest in this co nnectio n t o co nsider the passage in the Ho m eric Hym n which “ o m o f a describe s the a rriva l o f the go d in Krisa . In the f r o has u a t o o o f d lphin, he been g iding the Cret n ship the sh res a a o d a o m Kris . When they rrive there , the g le ps fr the vessel , ' é o ﬁ r e ﬂ e t Th d a r e c e za e y an d a o f a sh ec o . e p p q, sp rks in very dir i n passage is sa id t o be an im ita tio n o f t he descen t o f Athena

m I A. o a m a om a . fr Oly pus , in li d Even if we sh uld d it th t f si n iﬁ n t a e m a a o o c a . this is the c s , the nifest ti n light is g

’ 311 0 6p 8 re ¢ 1 6ra 60 k 0 1 6 0 001 601 11 0: r d 6 11 51 0 ' 11 6 0 0 11 66 K t m v 1 6 1 1 6 11 0 61 0 p y 1 9 .

The sha ft s o f ﬁ r e beto ken a go d o f light with luniso la r c o n i n ec t n s. o u s t o r u u o s o The descripti n s ggest G ppe, Ze s Asteri “ k n n o f t he o ld a . o a Di t a u Cret n culture We kn w th t y , the c lt co m an o o f Del hin io s was a m o o o e t e and p i n p , n g ddess in Cr a o o Del hin io s a s al th t Ap ll p w frequently lied with Helio s . We see fro m the evidence prese nted that t he cult o f Del phin io s po ints t o Cret e a s its o rigina l ho m e ; the cult loc al ities o utside o f Crete present Cretan co nnectio ns an d the writer o f t he Ho m eric Hym n vo uches fo r the Cretan o rigin o f the cult

” A ) 8 fl H m H m n . a . y . 1 . 43 ’ ’ 6110 611 11 17119 61101101 11 6va f é ndepyog A1 r61 1 1 0v ’ ' 1 601 ép1 816611 1 1 09 11 6091 611 0 1 1 . 6 611 6 1 1 01 1 0 1 ’ ' ‘ a 1r1 v00 161 ° 11 101 121111 0 061 0 6 1 1 ° o11 0 1 p 1 , 1 1 p v11v 11 1 1 . ’ i 6 66111 011 11 01 661101: 61 6 1 11 11 661011 13 111 1 1 f 1 1 11 011 . ’ ’ 61 10 6p 6 71: ¢1 6ya 60 28 1r1¢a w x6pevog 1 6 6 11171 0 ’ 1 1 611011 63 Kpia rrv 11 61 1 1 811 11 61 0 9 01 6 61 61 1150 11 ' Kp1 a a 1 10v 61 01 01 11 01 1 15101101 1 1 0670171 1 ; 1rd m r é a 6 6 6 i fig, p y y p 60; 61 601 11 . Cf A e n a n d Sike s a m er ic H m n s 1 1 n o n 2 . ll , H y , 9, . 44 . ’ II A 01011 6 601 6 10 11 1 K 6vov 6 11 01 0 1 1 1 0 , , 75 1 6 p 7 1 6 ‘ 1 1 0 1 01 r é a 1 0 7 71 i 1 } 6 11 p g 0 70 1 eé pé 1 0 1211 , 1 1 1 011 1 1 1161 . 66 1 1: 11 111 1 01 611 6 av fipeg 181 1 01 ’ 1 211112 625811 611 23061111 2406110 ’ ’ ’ 110 6 6 é Oop é g ué o o ov.

Gr u e r M th I 1 01 Ci . ir i Cir is 0 f o r i n n a pp , G . y . , . V g l, , 3 5 , D c ty h m t e o o n . CULTS FROM CRETE 29

a i o t Kr isa . At what per o d the cult o f the do lphin go d ro se t s c m a a i a am t im m e rno r ia l o u h i po rt nce th t t g ve its n e o Pyth , w n o a ai a is n o t e ca n t s y with cert nty . The f ct tha t Delphi m en tio ne d by Ho m er do e s n o t preclude t he po ssibility o f the e o f o — om e m xistence the d lphin go d there in pre H ric ti es .

I H E SM NT US .

The c o f o o the m o e o d wa s c o n ﬁ n e d a m o ult Ap ll , us g , l st e t o t he o as o f a o an d t he a I m ntirely c t Asi Min r isl nds . t see s n ever t o have ga ined an im po rta nt stro ngho ld o n the m ain

a t o a a a o o t he oa l nd but h ve tt ined n tew rthy prestige in Tr d, i whe re it was o f great a nt quity . We m ay believe the tra di tio n han ded do wn by the Scho liast o n Lyco phro n who in

2 1 11 00 1 wa s a o o fo rm s a s t hat 1 1 the Cret n w rd f r m ice . Re cent

t a o o rm a o 4 1 00 t t he a inves ig ti ns int the te in ti n , ; streng hen tr di ’

o n . c o t o a t o o f m ti Ac rding the u h rity Kretsch er, this ending is n o t Indo -Euro pea n but belo ngs t o an ea rlie r stra tum o f

at m Th a o n po pul io n ; it ca e into Greece fro m Caria . e civilis ti o f Ca ri a is generally a dm it te d t o belo ng t o the sub - Aegea n

e o a s o a has o m o mm o t o an d p ri d ; H g rth sh wn , ele ents c n Crete Caria m a ke their appea rance in Crete ages be fo re we discern

1 He s vc h v Lyc 1 303 2311 111001 ydp 1 1 011 6 Kp1702v 01 0' 1 1 1 1 g r 1 r n Et , The o d 8 a a e eo c r et a n f 1 1 w pp tly ; c . E ru r smin hin a l S m in tiu ismin thin a l I E f a so sc an o ds t s C. . t . l t w , , , , 3737, 8 201 S Z ur esc h La i na m n i u e . t E e e . C e k . c G . . c e 373 , 5 h lz , g , 473 D o , E r F r h z n 2 F r u t . o s . u tud e e k E r o s h L i c S c e t . c a . o . a e s P l , II , 4 ; D , IV, 53 ; tt , n in i 1 1 1 2 Re d . L c e 026 1 f . C , II , , III , 5 , ’ Ka nn n ie s e r Klio 1 1 1 26 A ciisc he e o n d r Kr e i c h a m n e z s , , 9 , g , b s e s t s e N e bet den Etr us ker n . ‘ Kr t m r Ein l d r S r 1 8 6 08 f r hr s e . . 0 a e c h , . G p . 9 , 3 , 4 4 ; c . M . Maye , J colz 1 d 1 1 R H l H 20 H. . a l S VII 9 ; , 1 . . . XXV 3 ; ?xc l‘.c 30 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

t hem in Car ia ; the Creta n labyri n tho s is older than the Car ian l ‘ abyr and os . In addit ion to the etym ologic al evidenc e in favo ur of a

a r n Sm n th n a v r o o f Cret n o igi for the i ia Apollo, we h e the p o m c c t e s a m fr the ult lo ali i . O ur e rliest testi ony is fo und in the ‘ ’ a n v ked A ll s t Ili d, where the god is i o by po o priest . In his pa ssa ge the im portant c ult c enters be lon gin g to the god a re

am K ll an d c o f r sh n ed, Chryse , i a Tenedos . The c hief enter wo ip was a Ham ax it o s an d e a Chryse ne r , it is interesting to not th t “ e c n c e r n n f un d n the leg nds o i g the o i g of Chryse point to Crete . The ac c ount whic h assign e d the founda tion to t he Teuc ri c o m

in o m a c k c c r d n t o S a e ac g fr Crete , goes b , a o i g tr bo , to the legi n Th Ga ll a s. e c a c c nd poet, i re ord is epted by Lyc ophron a A lia n a ve s o n ﬂi in e S c ct o . m a , but tr bo gi g rep rts So e l ter a c a o a t he c c a m m writers , he s ys , reje t the tr diti n th t Teu ri e fro

‘ ' H t I o m a n d t he Ea t 1 0 n B A 1 h a s . 1 1 o a Co wa . S . . 0 fo l g r , , 3 y, 9 , 54, l o w K et s h e c o de r t he wo r ds r e-Helle i but t h k s r c m r in nsi ing p n c, in s —Eu i Bu D r 1 t he do o e an c . o w s c o ve e 11 C et e 1 0 1 1 i m In r p ; rr , is i s r , 9 7, 5 ; c . 1 L = r Ma ke zi B S A 21 - 21 M . Ca a e 6 43 , . i n ; c n , . . XII , 9 . 4811 0 v 61 0 0 a r v 01 1 é 31 110 I l A 39 [ py p 5 , 1 v f 1 0fl j 7 § Kil l a v 1 8 0081 11 T811 1501 6 1 8 1 11 0 5 7 , £ 01 0 0081 ; 1 211 1 1 0811. 5 A 1 D a n t v 65 w A . S a bo 60 N . e . e t , XII, 5 ; r , 4. i ’ E 15 1 ba 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 2411 0511 01 . v 0 11 Xp p 011 11 11 0 071 2111 1 080 1 1 62311 11 61; 501 18 6v 110 21 000 3 021111 1 0 1 11 51 11 1 61 1 1 11 1 011 011 6 1 0 1 0 051 0v 0 1 13 1511 61181 1 0 1 11 062 p , 10 0 1 1 1 9 C , 1 1 , 1 1 2 d r 0 1 1 011 5061 011. 0 1 y p fi ; Kpfimg ¢ ypé v01g T811 11p01 c (001 1 1 p011 0§ 1 1 0pé 150111 Ka ui vo 6 1 1 él e eia 1 11020 1101 0011 1301 1 01 7101 a 1 » 11 01 001 g 71 y g 1 7 ) xpn pbg h , 0000 1 011 [1 011011 011 011 011 01 m 8 v81 1: 011 1 021; 158 0131 01 ; 0001 1 rep1 ‘ ' ’ 1 1 1 A11 c £ 1 1 6y. v11111 1.1p y0p 11 0211 11 21700; 0p011p01 1.1v 11 11121 1 8501 017001 1510¢0 y82v 000

01111 1 1 110 1 6111 1 8 110 2 1 12111 a iwv 1 011 150 1 81 110 1 . 1 0111 63 1102 xpv mp . 1 1 n ' ' ' " 1 1 151 1 011 0 1 1 v f 11 000v0 1 6 0 . 810 d 11 0111 1 116 1 1 1 1 171 1 11 71 é Kpﬂ p p / 0 1 Hp0112, m 0 ; 2701101 1 6; 1 1 1 1 911 0 1 1 011 ; 11 1101 1 repi 1 0i8p0v 1 001 00171 0 1 1 8 28pa ) c 110 21 05601 01 110 1 00118110 00ﬁ v01. " . 21 31 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 r i 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 01 06 £ 01 2 0 1 13 21 1 1 08 ; 01 011 0 . 110 ydp ep 0 111 01 01 1411 0 51 1 01 " 1 110 1 0 1 0 l8 0v 15 0 1 611 1 02 1 1 1110 1102 0 xp c 013 p 13 0 11 0 131 1 01 21 10 . é v ’ ’ 11 1 1 01011 A0 10 0 1 11 0 2 1 H0 1 0 111 15 801 1 w iov 1 0 2 1 11101 0 1102011 1 81 1011 1102 7 p 0 17 p ) x p 1 1 , ' ' 1 i 2 1 1 1 1 81 P6d1,1 11 0 2i v A vdp 110 150 11 01 20 x0i1 . 110 201301 1501 131 1 0l8p0v 211 11 0101 . 1 h l . I I I é v 1 1 18 m i) 1 8101 1 1 1 67131 9 110 . S o , c , 9 g p 1 1 011 1 91 0py10081 g 030g 811 811 111811 0111 011 1 111 1 é ypoig 158 1 1 01 8 0 080( ' ’ 0131 3 x0 1 0M 1 1 v0 1 1 1 0 0 151 v 1 011 0 1 011116201 1 11 08 £ v81 0 11 0 1 1 81110081 4 7y7 p g p 7 px ,8 p y , p ,1 5 1 n 6 080 60 80 81 0 11 0111011 011 0 3120 81 1 110 1 151 11 0 a 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 011 v 15 0 8 1 x 5 1 , ) p xp71 58110 1; 1 u g 180 81p ' ysvopé vov 0 Kpivl g 1 8p0v 1 6p11 00 1 0 2111 11080 0111 0v 1 1 p000 70p81100§ ' ' 11 81 15 01 0 1 é wv 1 1 8 0 11 1 171 éyx p 01628 11 01 01 11 11 81 x01 011v1 01 . 1} 201 0p10 ‘ ’ 1 1 0 0 15 1 ' 1 6 1 1 1 1 11 p 00151 101 01 1 Kp71 81 . . 8111 100 v 8118 1 1 21 1 71 1 1 1 0 811 01 800

' ‘ 2 1 11950” 01 6 0 K f e 7013 41301 O ivﬂov 11 02011 01 . S h l r A 11 c 1 o . e . 8 1 7 1 M 1 : p s c V g , . III.

1 P l m n F . H 1 2 08. o e o . G . . , III , 4 CULTS FROM CRETE 3 1

Crete ; they cla im that Teucer ca m e from Athens an d cite a s pro o f t he fact tha t Eric ht ho n io s was the c om m o n fo under o f ‘ h a an t e two c e . a o m o pl s Str b hi self, h wever, defends the Cret ° sto ry an d when we c onsider t he Cretan pro clivities o f Teucer a n d am a ea t o a o m o a io o f his f ily, the legend pp rs h ve s e f und t n ‘ a f ct . Co nwa y co nnects Tro j an Chryse with the island o f the sa m am o ff o a o f a o t o o a e n e the c st Crete, ende v ring sh w th t the n am an o a o If m a a e is Et e cret n w rd . we y ccept this evidence , ' m the t wo centers ar e linked to gether even o re clo sely . Ah examinatio n o f the cult centers which ar e sca ttered al o ng

o a o f a o a n d o an o the c st Asi Min r the neighb ring isl ds , sh ws tha t t he go d m ay ha ve pa ssed fro m the isla nd o f Crete t o ho d an d t o a a m t a R es thence the Tro d in very e rly ti es , h t is , “ e o o m a o E c a at E x b f re the Ae lic igr ti n . spe i lly in the West, ry , ”L ” ” “ K at ana M a a Phin t ia s a n d Rh e io n m a , ess n , , g , we y believe

a t od as Rho a a a o th the g w intro duced by di ns . Cret n rel ti ns with Tenedo s a r e also indicated by the a ppe ara nce o f the “ do uble ax e an d by the kno wledge o f Cretan-Ca ri an cults ;

° ° St 60 - 1 6 1 2 6 a b0 b. r , 4 5 ; , 3 . ’ ’ S t h B 1 S m r L 1 e . 2 s 1 d o 0 n . v c a a n o s o h a d p y . . p flv 9 , 7 ( ) ; yc p r n, 3 4, Zm u o l E . 1 i r 1 S h . M 0 o C . G u e . c . 0 c . ; 1 7 5 , 3 . pp , p , 3 . ‘ B A 1 1 o i u i n S . 1 f i i l r t h o w a . 0 c u n t a o w C y. . VIII ( 9 44 ; . g p 2 1 10 i m n t i M n Dit t n r r 2 2 K In r o n a e sia e be . e h e sc . 1 h g , g , 9 9 , rn , i 2 8 0 h i 2 lli Ma n e s a 8 . 11 a Pl n 0 8 Si A vo n C s . c g , 9 ry , y IV, , 5 , ( g) i a m i z 0 r c m r 2 1 m r c o r din g t o W l o w t , f e G a be , 5 , z p l c a n n o t be se pa a te d f t he Pho c ia n K io a . r et hm r r a se ins hr ll E r u n o sc e G . V n c . e a s sc a r m p , , r c t hr i itha f D l h se r hr h i r 6 1 c s . C . e i e t e m G u e o c . p c C yso s. pp , p. , 3 , 4. ‘ F ell o c l 1 66 I I 62 St r At he n a . V . a o 60 G . b rn , p , , ; ; XIII , 5 ; III , Sm i t h1 t i A ll H x I li n F . n a n e s a l m Le s 1 A a d v o . a . . . v . . n e o s 74 F , p , 43 ° Rh de E ivow 0 1' lfefi r E vfi eb 1 11 I o s fl c v c:ve y co mmo n . m c . G . XII 2 1 111011 0 I 2 6 6 S t b flia A h M i h 1 88 28 z i us . G . t . t t . C 1 9 XII , , , 3 ; y , 4, ( y c ) ; 2 1 11100 11 1 X ivfll o i A l . . 1 1 P P a m ho o G M n idi . S c i s a . 1 XII , 3 39 ; p c , p III , ' ' 2 8 t aw n hi r i in . i o Wila m o wit z No d o m sc he S t e e 9 p C s, , , 6 Sm n t h n Al x i i t h 0 B c . i ia m t e n r n e ( 9 . ) n c o t e st s in Ro ma n t i e s a a d a T o a d Le Ba s- a ddin t o n 1 0 Rho dia n r , W g , 73 m o t h o 11 m h Ci I 1 1 A r u 2 2 11 a o a . a Ma a ss , p r . . G . III , 97; t s V, . 5 , 3 4 ; I 2 C . L 6 6 . . De s u 6 XI , 3 , s a , 73 4. 1 0 I 2 G . 0 1 . XIV, 393 , 3 . " I 2 . G . 1 . XIV, 393 , 34 ” I 2 . G . 1 1 . XIV, 393 , 7 “ I 1 C. 6 G . . III, 75 , 3 ° 5 ° No t1 z1 de 11 i 1 2 8 e S c a v . 89 , 4 7, 489 , Mo n t h .

Cf . Fa r n e l , Cults IV. 1 66 b 3 2 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

F a rnell has suggested that the ea rlie st Hellenic ho m e o f the “ in o o m i Th s in wa s a t . e t cult Tened s , where H er pl ces i es the “ o a o d wa s o a re e a a H am Tr d where the g kn wn , Al x ndrei , ” ” ” ax it o s La r issa ia ar o a nd — no t so m a as , , P i n, Chryse, ny ’

a o as 5 1 110 01 uo xxa o a o a . o o m Str b s phr e, z , w uld indic te Ap ll S in theus wa s also ho no red in co m m unities which ha d c o lo nies in n oa a s fo r a m a r a an d the Tr d, , ex ple , in Lesbi n A isb , Meth ” ” m n a an d a a N f e d t a . O o o y , M gnesi rec rd his cult is pres rve

o n m a a x at an d a . o a the inl nd, e cept Athens Thespi e Ce s ne r the co a st seem s a lso t o have ha d an im po rta nt center o f wo r ” ship . In epic tim es the cult o f Apo llo Sm intheus still survived

o m in he o o o f a e with s e persistence t Tr ad . Its p int dep rtur wa s Crete an d it was intro duced in to the Tro a d by Creta ns o r

’ ” m - r e— o m a a by se i Hellenic settlers in p Ae lic ti es , f ct which m ay help t o a cco unt fo r the Tro j a n sym pa thies o f Apo llo in h f t e siege o Troy . Gruppe brings the go d fro m t he Philistine

a via as o c a o f De l hin io s c o n l nd Crete , just he d es in the se p , n e c t in g the fo undatio n legend o f Ham ax it o s with the a ncient 1 1 a o 271 61400 1 d x a d a'iv 0 ! 66 W a m s tr diti n, 1 r p p q p ; hich he cl i a m re ched Crete fro the Philistine land .

W t he o o m ha s t o m ith Hellenic Ap ll , S intheus lit le in c

m o n m o ta o f o m s , but the i p r nce his w rship in Epic ti es sho w

o f a n in ﬂu n a the extent Cret e c e t this perio d . His a ttributes

f S r bo 60 su r 1 1 I 6 H a d H N —1 C . t a , 4, p a ; . , 37 ; e , . . 550 . C I 82 R r h 8 Pa u 1 2 6 r d A . . X a r e . G . ev. c s s c e o v II , 35 ; XI , 44 ; , , ( g

o f Sm int heus. ) i A 60 f Ae l n N . St r a o a . b c . XIII, 5 , XII , 5 1 ’ St r a bo . 605 .

St r a bo , 605 . “1 ° 1 F 1 0 f 1 8 0 i L m h lo l L N . . 1 8 l P . . c 8 Tii e . p , X IX, [ III] , 3 ( 9 ) X VIII ( 9) l a 20 1 1 P u C e t S . . 4 ; t . , S p . p , ”2 I I 1 C. . . . . G II , 5 9 " i m K Ar c h A113 1 . o n e rn . . 8 c , 94, 79 ; th " 1 A h M 1 h 1 1 i in hr 1 81 A t . t t 1 I 1 r D a l k sc . . C. A . G . e t . II, 597; , 9 , 35 Z ivﬂt A 1 IV I 1 888 S d ‘ 0207? at T e s ia e i d . . 1 t n a a C. G ( ﬂ c rc , ) VII , i h p 3“ St r a bo , 487. ” The eviden c e o n t he m a in la n d is t o o sl1 ght t o be l1 ev e that i A ll t h t h em Ae o lia n s br o ught t he Sm in t h a n po o m .

v Ha m am t o s fo r le en ds o f fo un dm . Cf . Stra bo , s . . g g

34 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

’ ﬂi l o r ha s r a o o a o m di c u t t o t m . Et usc n c nnecti ns , is pr ble de er ine Fo uca rt cla im s that the wo rd is m erely the Greek rendering o f ' t - H s a am o f a o a o d . e a s Re e Mik l, the n e Ph enici n g b se his co nclusio n o n a bilingual Pho enician-Greek inscriptio n fro m r an io f s a o . a o e a o wo Id li n, Cyprus The v i us Greek xpl t ns rd ‘

He s h . s . 11 . a am e o o n o e . . c which h ve the s r t furnish clue , g , y , dya d ic : rl uzbc 756615 (a drink used at the Hyakin t hian festival )

‘ ' d uxl a zae a o f o e d o xa l a c Hes c h . a o w o . p q, kind sh p , y , rr p ints The m o o o f a a Am klai Am kla s a epo ny us her Sp rt n y , y , is a o ﬁ ur e who a n o o m a o a o he a a s sh d wy g , dds inf r ti n, lth ugh ppe r “ m a o l a The o b in ny d La co nian gene lo gies . legend rec rded y

n L 1 a a bu a o n c o n o c . m t Tzetzes y 43 , ight h ve v lue, the cc u t is

an d h a d é xo c a a fo r a é xl o fused t e v riant p : ppe rs p e . Acc o rding t o o in o m a n o n - am was this rep rt, ( this f r Greek n e) , s n f a n n m o f o m r the o o Cretan T le s a d a ene y Id eneus . Fu ther a o o f m o o abo t he th n the evidence given , n thing i p rt is kn wn ut o Am klaio s w rd y .

There were t wo im po rtant cult centers o f Apo llo Am yklaio s. ‘ e a sea - o t o o am Am klai o n In Crete pr per, p rt wn b re the n e y , ’ a l i i n an d the residents o f the to wn were c lled Am yk a o . Go rty ’ had a m o o a s Am klaio s a n d we o m l a nth kn wn y , see fr the w o f Go r tyn that the go d wa s wo rshipped in tha t city . Altho ugh

am o o o n o a a o n o the n e Ap ll d es t ppe r in the inscripti n, there is do ubt t hat he is t he go d who m ust be a sso ciated here with o m o a am e Artem is . The sec nd i p rt nt center where the n a a s Am kla i a a wa s a am o ppe r is y in Sp rt , where there f us pre

2 m i B P 1 06 1 6 0 Am un la e La t ium K S d . . . c N . c W . h t, 9 , 5 . , , 1 r A n 6 P in H i I e X N. 1 r 8 . l 0 P . e . . A c a . W V . f ; , 9 9 , 34 ; g , 5 4 ; y, VIII , 4 ‘ B 1 H . . . C. VII 5 3 u 88 c h s Theo r I d X E 8 1 ll x H e . . v. c . . M . P s . . o VII , ; y , , 3 5 ; 7, 4 “ Hi l r ar r n 1 . Am kla s l vo G n St B z P s v. e n i e e . . W. II , 999 y ( t g ) ph . y 1 1 8 P u . s v a s. . . . III , , 3 ; VII , 5 “ ’ ‘ z A ﬁ kl a t 88 Pr ll r r M t h I 2 0 1 H lb S h B s . v. e e . . te p . . ﬂ , , 3 ; , G y , 5 , ; a l 1 e M u a . h r r s t . , . III , 7 7 ° ‘ 2 1 8 C. B . 50 5 , 4, . ” ° 2 M o n de 1 Lin ei I 0 B 01 6 . c . C. . 5 , 4 ; . 5 ' ’ ’ ’ A r e u1 wa A 1 vxila iov f ra r duTo o xia v. f h M C , R , C B 1 § , . . 499 , III , 7, p , p / p L 21 B hel e r r e e r s t o t hin k o f a n Am kla io s bec a use o f r e o X . iic , p f y , p p wa d Mi th 6 i Cf A t h t . . i . t u . s o p . IX 3 7 CULTS FROM CRETE 35

n t Am a i us a kl o n . a a has ci c , the y P us nias furn ished with d c o n o f sa tua an d th e a a io o f Tso un t as es ripti the nc ry, exc v t ns i The ha ve given so m e info rm a tio n in regar d t o the s te . a ntiquity o f th e settlem ent is pro ved by the disc o very o f My n n a an in s a h o r u ce r em a . o m a t t e as t e Fr Sp r , cult p sed Cyp s, a s a o t o a r perh p ls Epid u us . ha m a o a o Am klaio s as W t we y c nclude b ut the epithet y , is o o : n o t a t a d o m a la c f ll ws it is c ult epi het, but title derive fr p e ” am an d o a i in h a a e an o r n e , the l c lit es w ich it ppe rs wer Cret n ﬂuen m a o o t wo under stro ng Cretan i ce . We y ch se be tween o o t o a the a o a an Am klai c nclusi ns expl in rel ti ns between Sp rt y , an d a sa m am a s od wo r the site be ring the e n e in Crete, the g shipped in bo t h plac es is the sa m e an d we have pro o f that there wa s interco urse between the t wo regi o ns in Hom eric ” w o tim es . Either the na m e a s taken o ver fro m the Pel po nnese t o Crete o r the nam e wa s o rigina l in Crete an d wa s tra nsfer red I - o m t o m a a . f the am fr there the inl nd n e is pre Greek , which w a o o al o o v o e c nn t pr ve , th ugh there is str ng e idence in fav r o f o r a a Am kla i o alm o a o w the the y, Sp rt n y w uld st cert inly e its n a r e ral a um a o rigi t o Crete . There seve rg ents th t suppo rt this o d a a ha n m a o view . The g ppe rs t o have d a i po rt nt w rship in a n d a a o t he a a Crete in Sp rt , the cult center bel ngs in Mycen e n as a a o a o e o f Va hio n o t fa r circle , exc v ti ns h ve sh wn ; the sit p , a a o o o a o wa s o m n o f dist nt, is ls pr f th t this regi n verrun by e h kl i a o . t e o at Am a was the Aege n st ck Further, w rship y in the a o f a an o o o a i a io h nds the Ach e s, wh se p siti n in Aege n c vilis t n , a o n o t deﬁ n it el o an a m a n lth ugh y kn wn , is in y c se inti tely c o

1 1 0 2 01 1 1 11 63 é m r é o v a r o cu r v ue v i v Thuc yd . V , 8, ; V, 3 , 5 6 7 p c ﬁ b - ’ ’ Aa xeé a i o zwa A1r62.21.w1 avvé xc t r o 3” 6 1 7 p p é v St r a bo , 278 F 6 0 ; ' Ta x11 10101 § é v aw r eh vpé vov r ov dywvog; Pa n s 1 i 8; 9 ; Po lyb o s V , ’ ’ ’ - u t E A 2 I r A1 r 62l £ v 4 1 1111310 1 1 » 1 8 2 1 Ts n a s, ¢ px 6 ; n sc . 1 4 9 , 8. ' H rt h I o m n d h E La t e Ae ea n e r d we r e o un d o n o a a a t e a s t . s s g , , 3 5 g h f t e t f Am i n n i m r i h r v I h si e o t h e ykla o n a d La c o a n ge o et c s e ds a bo e ; . G. 1 0 8 E i ur o da s . IV, 7 ( p ) l ’ ’ ’ E A 1 8 2 1 11 61 1 0 11 1 1 11 1 1 011310 1 Cf a l Thu d . so c y . V, ; ¢ px 9 , ( 1 0) I kint ho s im se l a lle d 1 1 111 1 0 20 No n a n s Dio n sia c a 6 a , h f c 1 1 , , y , XI , 3 5 ; XII , 1 g ’ Au6xl a t Al o c 1 2. d 286 f S B z s . . O s e . . . v. s . c . y III . ; t ph y ; y, p , 36 CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APOLLO -CULTS

n e c t e d o a B o m the a a s with Min n culture . y s e writers Ach e n a r e tho ught t o be a m a inla nd branch o f the Mino an ra ce by o n f t he o e o a o . a thers , the inv ding n rthern tribes We ccept theo ry tha t the Ac ha eans were a no rther n ra ce o f Greek o rigi n who helped t o lo o t an d destro y the Mino a n sites an d then esta blished them selves o n t he m ainland a t Mycena e a n d at o h ' a e o a o t o a e . ther centers , where p ple kin t e Min an r c lived 1 The do wnfa ll o f t he island kingdo m m ay be traced prim a rily t o civil strife between these pre- Greek pe o ples o f the m ainla nd an d their kinsm en in Crete ; it was ha stened an d eff ected by t he c o m o m a in ing tribes fr the No rth . The invading Achae ns to o k o v o a a o a m er this Min n civilis ti n in its dec y . We ay be lieve that: they fo und the sit e o f Am yklai inha bited by their n o n - G r e elc

o a n d wa as at predecess rs wedged their y in there, just they did

a um a a Mycen e . Ano ther a rg ent in f vo r o f the view t h t Spa rtan Am yklai wa s a Creta n fo undatio n is the cha racteristic pra ctice o f the Mino a ns o f repeating their pla ce nam es in n ew lo ca lities wh t wa s a n Ida in a n d o n e in ich they set led . There Crete Tro y ; there were a very great num ber o f to wns a n d isla nds

l o o m w a s a a a Mt . c led Mino , und ubtedly derived fr Crete ; there

Aj aio n t an d o n e at e a n d o o f e a s g in Cre e D lphi , in b th thes pl ce

K r i In ac t o n e m m there was a o yc an site . f ight ultiply these m a a m i am t o a a o f e . n all ex ples include l rge nu ber pl ce n s F y,

h s m a a Am kl an the go d w o wa at ho e in Sp rt n y ai d who m .

o o s a wa s - o a n o n - H akin tho s Ap ll di pl ced, the pre D ri n, Greek y .

The nam e belo ngs t o the cla ss o f wo rds in ~ v00 c: which were discussed under the cult o f Sm in theus an d whic h ha ve been

' n H 1 1 2 28 e m ust c lea r l r e c o n ize a Ev S . d a J . W s . o 1 , , 9 , 3 , y g th t wn 2 B t he m in a n t a t o r t in l t 1 t h c . do c bo m n t o at ea st he c . . f h a in la d Gr e e c e a n d t he A ege a n wo r ld w a s st ill n o n - H e ll en ic a n d m ust be h r r r n h f t h o l Min o an r Th iden t iﬁ e d wit o n e o o t he b a c o e d a c e . is do e s n o t sa y t hat eve n a t t h e tim e o f t he ﬁ r st a ppea r a n c e o f Min o a n c o n l h 1 6t h B c t h o n n c . . m e . t e . e n que r o r s in t e Pe o p e se , i . , y ay o t a ve h” h n i i t e l n fo un d se t t le r s o f H e lle c st o c k a l r e a d n h a d . “ in r t a n d Asi Min o r hr sa r et e a n d Tr o a i Mil et o s C e e a ; y , C d . C . l t i n t w en r a n Th e sa l Gr u l o r e e e e d s e o c . A y, p. c . , 5 5 , a o s be C t y ; pp , p. , ° 1 K r e n e 1 26 Cf 1 b 1 n Ev n H 1 1 2 2 S . 0 Ma lt en . . . a d a s J . . 8 9 ; , y n 37 , 9 , 4,

2 n o i e y 1 e . 88, fo r a o pp s t w CULTS FROM CRETE 37

” o — o a o If a m held t belo ng t o the pre Hellenic p pul ti n . we en e

a o f o o H akin t ho s ﬁ n d t a r te the cult centers Ap ll y , we h t the a m o nth Hyakin tho s is vo uched fo r in m any o f t he isl nds . " a a ha s a o o f m o at a Sicily in p rticul r rec rd this nth Akr i , ” ” ”0 E x a a a Le o n t in i a an d a an d ﬁ n d ry , K t n , , Gel Syr cuse , we ” c ult a ssoc iatio ns a t Rhegium an d Ta rentum nea rby . The ” “ ” ” am e a o o at Ko s o o t a an d n is ls f und , Rh des , Ten s , The ” ” t he a f H akin t hia Anaphe . Athens celebrated festiv l o the y ” Fin a ll an d a m a m a m o a o d . Byz ntiu n ed nth fter the g y, the

’ ’o a n vﬂco t go d is vo uched fo r in Crete under the fo rm ﬂ c a La t o . Th o a H akin t o a r e rigin l cha racter o f y h s is uncert in . G uppe co nnects the nam e with Se n» an d co nsiders the go d a chtho nian “ ai - f Am klai m o a a o o o . r n deity y , wh Ap ll superseded The ppe r an ce o f the go a t be side the go d o n Spa rt a n co ins is a ccepted ” o a at H akin t h s in supp rt o f this theo ry . F rnell believes th y o wa s a o a o f a o o oo m chth ni n deity veget ti n , w rshipped with gl y

’ ” v ff a H a a an d é a ca a r a o t o . e ritu l r p , the erings the de d ccepts

o r o t the m eaning yo ung f the r o t o f the wo rd . The rep e sent at io n o f Hyakin tho s o n the Am yklaea n thro ne wa s that o f

i Kr t m r E111 1 02 Ro d Ps c he I 1 C . e s e e c . h , 4 ; h , y , 3 7. I 2 2 2 1 8 l 1 2 . G . 00 . . XIV, 393 , ; 393 , 7 , 4, 3 I 2 1 2 ° 2 2 2 1 2 6 G . . . XIV, 393 , 393 , 33 ; 393 , 344 ; 391 45 ; 393. 4 s I 2 1 2 8 2 2 1 . G . 0 . XIV, 393 , 391 4 ; 393 , 543 ; 393, 5 I 2 2 n d 1 3 . G . XIV, 393 , 47a 3 1 2 68 2 1 6 2 80 2 6 . G . . XIV, 393 , ; 393 , 3 ; 393 , 3 ; 393, 4 5 1 z1 h a 1 8 2 8 No t e deg S c m , 9 , 4 9 . l 28 2 Gr f H a kin t h Po a ve o o s . h. y VIII , , ( y ) n k Ius r as 6 68 Pa t o Hic s, e . o f G . 3 7, 3 . I 1 8 . G . 1 c XII , , 55 5 , ' Ta xw08i Ph le r, I G . V 8 2. y , XII , , 7 6 Ci H e r m e s 0 I . G . III . . . XII , , 43 XXV, 4 5 ’ ’ E . A e st iva l H a kin t hia 1 8 0 . Cf . P o t . Su1 d F , y , ¢ px II , 4 , 477 h ,

7ra 9£ vo 1 . 4 , v, p ’ ’ E A 1 1 2 ¢ px 884, 70. 5 . 6 S l Pa . . c ho . p ” il r F s 1 B H 20 6 N sso n G . e te n . C. . . XXIX 4, 7; , , 39 1311 11 1 1 1 H e syc h . s . 5 2 i 8 e t h t it t h Kl S e hr I de o . c . c o n n c s e o a w e l k r . e . W c e , , 4 ; W , p 9 . t g h 1 l 2 20 T i m l i i Pin r I st hm Buso t I 8. he da . A i t A k a c . gea da a y ; , VII , 4 ; , 7,

A i i t u o r ke d r a in m a ic b m e a n s o f o a t sa c r iﬁ c e s. Gr u e ge a da h s w g y g pp , l 1 21 PI 2 1 P a a . . . B . 1 f . M . C o p. c . , 833 , . C . p , , 4, “ 1 a lm a f 1 2 f P u . Fo r a c . l . C . a s. l o c . a r n e . F , p , IV, 7 III , 9, 3 g , III , 1 91 2. 38 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

a a m an o a o o h . be rded , which d es not cc rd wh lly with t is view ﬁ n d a o m mo t o t wo o o o an d We little th t is c n the g ds, Ap ll H akin h a i akin y t o s. The ritual of the Hy kin t h a sho ws tha t Hy tho s was wo rshipped with no cturnal under-wo rld rites of a “ a a o h m i o ch r cter wh lly alien to Apollo . T e ele ent wh ch w uld espe cially m a rk the festival a s n o n -Apo lline an d n o n -Gr eek in c a a a t he o m a h o a h r cter is the p rt which w en pl yed . T ey w ve “ o the a ot ra an d o o a chit n for the god , entered ch ri ces, t k p rt in

the o t a za o o m a as n c urn l p e. A w n is spo ken of president for ” o H in hi n a life of the Ag n of the yak t a . These functio s m y be

o e o t he - o o n o r o o c nsidered to b l ng to pre Ap lline peri d , is Di nys s with his no cturnal bands of wo me n needed to so lve the

m m a a a o m n proble . The i po rt nt p rt pl yed by w e in this pre Do a t o f H akin t hos a a o a o o ri n cul y with its Cret n ss ci ti ns , n ted

Am ld aio s a r m o a o o m under y , rec lls the ve y i p rt nt r le which w en

a o pl yed in the religi n of Crete . This is bro ught out by num er o us cult scenes o n r ings an d by the sm all wal l-painting fro m “ o s o the m a a a a o Kn s s , now in Museu in C ndi , where gre t cr wd of wo m en ar e seen gro uped abo ut one of the sm all pilla r shrines

Th a m with it s sacred ho rns . e Aege n religio n see s t o have be en

3‘ - 1 At n 1 D. Hol vx d tip 1 02 Aa m moi lo r o ei 61 1 1 21 1 11111 e . h IV, 3 p mc ; g p 1 ' T011 1 v011.1v 0110 1011 0 Aé m e; é 1r i r pei; ripé pa ; 01111 1 3 20 1301 110 2 61 0 1 1) 1 11 100; 1 0 ” ' ysvé pevov 1rep21 611 r é nwflov OfJTB 01 800 11 0610 01 511 21 02; 63 1 1rv01 ; 0111 's 31 e 8109151100001 1 1 r 1 0 ' 11021 1 1 1 1 06 8 ép/ 1 0 11 021 0 1 061 01 ; 611 620 1100 61 66001 . 01 é ; 1 61 0801 «01 61 0 60110111 1 1 1 010171 011 eiad ova w 013617 m fi dwe £ 11 1 02 63201 01101 1 6 , [ y ] p ; ; 0 ; " 1 1 01 0110111 101 8131 0 10 63 1 11 11 0010 8 01 ré 010 01 . 1 6 1 , 1 5 ; 6 ; p1 9 3 116011 1 611 ' r al w s é w iver m 060 0 0111 11 1 11 0 20 011 0 101 6 0 110 2 10 61 1 10 26 p fig p y , 6p 5 7 ; 1 7 0. 6; r e ydp 111 00pi§0110 1 v é v 1 1 1 121 0111 0ve§uapé v01 110 2 1rp0; 0131 611 06011 1 8; 0 600; 611 0 0 1 6111 7141 ‘ " 1 171 o dcz é m r é 0111 8 é v 110 1 3 311 611 00 0101 1 1 81 621 611 011 1 011 03 011 16011 1 ; x p ; p 1 ; 6 1 4 0 9 1 ( 0 , V ‘ 611 21 01 63 5 im w v xe xoa é vo t 1 6 0601 1011 618 5 1 010 0 1 o ol r e vea vi 9 /mp 7 6 1 1 , x p a w v 1 1 011 - - 1 1 1 0082; eia é p1 010 0 1 110 21 11311 3111 1);p f wd 11 01 1711 61 0 11 (3601101 11 6px1101 '0 1 r e é v 1 061 01; ° é va e é vm r 1 11 11 1 1 111 é a ix 1 r 71 11 11 0 21 1 6 1 1 1 0 1 1 p pqp ) 1 00 px bv 11 rb bv 013 0 61 93 61 1011 1 1 01 . 1 611 68 1 ra 0€van1 0 2 1 311 é 1 ri 110vv00 w 110 11 0 011 'é 1v 1121 11 0111 6 11 61 0111 é o v1'01 wo l vr eM p 1 p [ , p { 0 ] ¢ p ; " ” ’ r x v 1 ' 1 xa aa eva a pé aw 0 26 314 611 17120 1 ; dppdr wv é Cevy/d vwv 0 011 0 8600011 . 61 10 00 6 é v 111 11 081 110 2 a 1 1 Oew ia xaflé a xev ie eié r e 1 1 0 1 11 1 1 01 0 6 x pé 7; p ; 1} m , p 1 1 7 601101 1 7)v é a v 1 0191 1 1 26 0 4 1 1 r 101 1 1 11 2 é p p 71 , 110 81 1 500011 01 dvr 0 ; 71 11 1 0 ; 110 6062011; 6 i i011; . 3“ P u 1 6 2 a s. . III , , 80 ’ ° E ° A 2 ¢ PX 1 89 1 1 9 1 1 PI i r r f H S . V A n wl d v d e c o m J . 0 e sc o e e s o Tir . . , 9 , y f r yn s

r e r e sen t s w o m e n in ha 1 0t s t a kin a r in a bo a r hun t . Eva n p c r g p t s, 1 . H 1 1 2 2 2 . S . 9 , 8 . CULTS FROM CRETE 39

cha ra cterized thro ugho ut by the prom inent role pl ayed by

o me w n .

ua o f H akint hia t a o The rit l the y ci ed b ve , is preserved in

ar a who o a o o m Pol kr at e s. p t by Athen eus, qu tes his cc unt fr y

a was o n e o f fo a H akin tho s The festiv l so rro w r the de d y , but

a ﬁ r st da th t it was gloo m y thro ugho ut is less cert a in . The y wa s c e a t o m o . u o a o rt inly given urning O the sec nd , cc rding

t o Po l kr at e s wa s o o o o f o y , there rej icing. In the pini n P ly k t ra e s a a a . o o a o , the festiv l l sted three d ys M st sch l rs , h wever, r eject his statem ent in rega rd t o the lengt h o f the festival an d

t he o o f a a n ac o n ro dot m a rder the d ys , since c u t by He us kes

t he a a a a m o o a o a festiv l l st ten d ys . M ny dern sch l rs w uld ssign

t he o an d o t o o o a o o w o j y s ng Ap ll , in which c se , if we f ll P ly

kr at e s we a ra m a o o f o n e a da t o , h ve the st nge co bin ti n fest l y i h A po llo co m ing between t wo days o f m o urn ing fo r Hyak n t o s. There is n o rea so n why we sho uld n o t a ccept the a utho rity o f

Po l kr at e s fo r o a i a o o o f H akin t ho s y the rigin l fest v l in h n r y , o which was later extended t o do ho no r t o the go d Apo ll . The se co nd day o f rej o icing was pro bably co n cerned wit h the r o n o f akin t ho s t o w o n n us esurrecti Hy , hich N refers when h e speaks o f a singer who sang o f the resurrectio n o f the go d ’ ' A 11 1 1 1 11 1 0 1 71 1 1 000 1 01 . a o a a as a a o n 1 0 1 In dditi n , P us ni s ys th t the t hro n e at Am yklai was represented the a po theo sis o f Hyakin t ho an d Po l bo ia an d a o f s his sister y , this fe ture the legend d o a an m o a a o w al o ubtless pl yed i p rt nt p rt in the ritual . We kn s f rom Euripides that the o riginal festival ha d o ther elem ents w i h r n o t o o fo r th ca n a h c we e s rr wful , e nightly revelling h rdly b e as n o o o H akint h s n a a as a sig ed t Ap ll . y o i this light ppe rs d eity o f vegetatio n who se death an d rebirth were celebra ted in t a his festiv l . One o ther po int rem ains t o be discussed under the hea d o f i —H i h a A o o Am kl a o s ak n t o s. a a a s a p ll y y P us ni s , in the p s ge

H 1 . 1 1 dt . . IX, 7, ; IX f r n l 1 n X 1 01 P e 0 . c No n a s XI . C . a l . , , , 1 , IV, 1 6 Eur . , H e L, 4 5 . 4o CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

a o t a a a a at Am kla i was cited b ve, s tes th t within the s nctu ry y a n abo a o o o o a m - a o m a el r te thr ne , up n which st d se i nic nic i ge o f Apo llo wea ring a helm et an d a rm ed with a spea r ; be nea th

h o i o ha s t e thr ne wa s the to m b o f Hya k n t ho s. The thr ne itself been tho ught t o preserve in its a rchitectural fo rm a likeness ‘1

t o m a a . a t o a si il r Aege n structures With reg rd the st tue, ” Eva ns sees in its sem i - a nico ni c fo rm the surviva l o f the pyramidal pilla r under which the pre- Hellenic light go d o f the a kla i a a o was o . At Am Aege n w rshipped y , the p rtly nic nic

m a o f - o a a m a w a s i ge this pre D ri n divinity, r ed with the spe r , a sso cia ted with a go ddess represented under a sim ila r fo rm — an d kn o wn as the a rm ed Aphro dite o n her Hellenic side indis “ in uishabl r - - o d wa s t g e f o m Dio ne . This pre Hellenic light g taken o ver by the Greeks o f Lac o nia a n d Cyprus in to their

o a in he a o f the o d o o a t a w rship . The spe r t h nd g Ap ll indic es

a o f o f ar o o d o f a who surviv l the cult this w ri r g the he vens , is

o n o m o o . a t a o depicted rings fr Kn ss s In f c , Ev ns rec gnizes this “ divinity a s the pro to type o f the Am ykle an Apo llo .

fo r o f o o Am kla io s br ieﬂ sum Our evidence the cult Ap ll y , y

m a r ized a s o o . o a a a a a m , is f ll ws We pr b bly h ve here pl ce n e which was a do pted by Apo llo as an epithet an d which po ints t o m o d Am kl i a s a o . o o a s Crete its o rigin l h e This g , Ap ll y o ,

was a m - a o m a a t a represented by se i nic nic i ge , ype which d tes

o m a m o a an d a m fr re te ntiquity, which preserves re iniscence o f the tim e when the divinity w as wo rshipped under the likeness

o f a a a ac o f o o at Am kla i a n d pyram id l pill r. In f t the cult Ap ll y his fem ale a sso ciates a r e a direct o ffsho o t o f the Mycenea n t e

li i n w a s n o t o a at Am kla i an d g o . But Apo llo the rigin l deity y the o nly o ther pre- Hellenic go ds o f who m we have reco rd there ar e

Di A u h Kultur L i z 1 1 1 f R Li t e n be r : e a c e e i . C . R i . v . c e h g g , p g, 9 ’ ke e r kulte 88 c e l Var ll . Gbt t . h , , “ T P H S 1 0 1 1 20 Eva n s, M . . <9 . C. (J . . . 9 , , P n l 1 c P o n n r l 0 . V in B7 Mu t e lo ese . l . a e . o Ca . s . . p XXIV ; F , 1 , I , C t 1 1 Pla e A , 5 , 6. “ P 1 0 ﬁ 8 1 ﬁ 0 O t e r e a r n e ll 0 1 T . . . wis . . c M C. . . <9 . , 7 , g 4 ; 74, g 5 h , F 1 1 IV, 44 .

42 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

5 0 1 0 od 24 68 1 0 . o m o a t m em o r g , 7 0 M st i p rt nt is the cul e bl 7 0 ‘ o f i o a o m H a r o r at io n a the Agy eus w rship . We le rn fr p c th t this wa s a co nical pilla r pla ced be fo re the ho use do o rs . This cult fo rm s uggests tha t Apo llo ha s been a ttr a ct ed into the “ n am Mino a circle o f pilla r wo rship discussed abo ve . The n e

6 0 186 n o t t o a an d t o od a n 7 9 , give b h the pill r the g , is evidence o f the prim itive stage when pilla r a n d go d were n o t distin uished It o - o m a o g . is p ssible tha t in pre H m e ric ti es v ri us o a o m a bu divinities were w rshipped under this nic nic i ge, t the a o f c o it s a a a ntiquity the Agyieus ult, c upled with ppe r nce in a m o f m o n a o o f a Crete in the n e the nth , is evide ce in f v r Cret n

o m al o m t s pri rity. The Delphic O ph s has been held by so e wri er t o be a direct im ita tio n o f this Creta n fo rm o f a n d ‘ o i m o o n e o rm m n o m a o Ph t us enti ns f which rese bled a ph l s . The wo rship o f the go d was especia lly a sso ciated with the o a a o t o m a m a a a D ri ns cc rding ny writers , but they y h ve t ken ’ o o the wo rship o ver fro m Crete . It is n tew rthy that Ath ens ha d a n im o a o f o d a o t a t o p rt nt cult this g , which c nn t be r ced i the Do r ans .

Ha r o r s 11 é t é ‘ H e h s 1 51 11186 P I 0 c . . s 2 . . w s yc . . . 7 13 . W. , 9 9 5 Cf M T P 1 van . . <9 . s, . C. , 73 . r u 1 I 1 0 1 1 ix A h Ma th 1 G e 0 t . 8 0 . c . Eva n c . . S . pp , 1 , , 3 , 4 ; s, 1 . , 73 ; J , 94,

° 7 P t Bibl Fr o . . . h , 5 35 (

H r r l c . O M i r I 2 a po c . , . , . iille r , D e Do . , 99 “ Ou ul lo c a li ie s c f 1 11 11 2 A . c P W. 0 0 t t , . . 1 II , 4

TARRH AI OS .

o o t Tar rhaio s o m Tar r ha a m a Ap ll derived the epi het fr , s ll ‘

r ha d o a o . to wn in weste n Crete, with which he cl se rel ti ns The circle o f in ﬂuen c e which Ta r rha ex erted wa s o nce o f fa ir

1 ’ T6 0 . 1761 1 A11610 é f s a K r t 811 2 60 s , c ] B , v ; z t e . ; ﬁ S ph . 4, 5 , pp p p , g ’ Ta ppa io ; A1 r6 7111 670 1 . CULTS FROM CRETE 43

rr haio h a o m o impo rta nce . Ta s was t e f ther o f the ep ny o us her ’ a a a o a o o f of La ppa . This l tter city w s s id t o be a f und ti n Agam em no n an d t here was a city o f the sam e nam e in the o d r ad o a o o o f a a o n Arg li , which fu nishes diti n l pr f e rly rel ti s Ta r r ha a o be between the Pelo po n nese an d western Crete . ls lo nge d t o a league which issued a co in age o f its o wn an d t o

i El r o s Lisso s H r t akin a S ia an d Po ikila sso s which the cit es y , , y , y ’ o a ea r a o a a o n o n e a belo nged . The c in ge b s g t s he d side, bee ’ on o a o o t he o f the ther, rec lling, in Aly s pini n , legend the ’ lli r o children o f Apo llo an d Akaka s ca red fo by the g at . This Akaka llis was an im po rtant go ddess o f western Crete an d it is very pro bable that Apo llo dro ve o ut an o ld lo rd who reigne d be side her .

B z 1 0 6 1 St . s 1 . e . . ph y 4 , , P 1 6 A 0 1 Cf . a us. X, , 5 ; ly, 1 . c . , 43 .

I R A ND I I M NO CULTS AS SOC AT ONS .

Severa l cults o f lesser im po rta nce belo nging t o Apo llo po int to a s o i a o m but a o f a f Crete their rig n l h e, bec use bsence o ev o o f si n iﬁ c an c e E r o s . o o mm idence , little is kn wn their g Ap ll is m entio n ed by H e syc hius a s a go d o f the ea rly m o rning an d the wo rd is designated a s a Cret an rendering o f Apo llo St r a kit es wa s o d o f a a a n d ha d a y the g the styr x pl nt , cult in

o f Dr o m azio as a a a Crete . The cult Apo llo s w perh ps Cret n a s t he od wa s so a in a a an d as cult, g c lled Sp rt Crete , either go d o f the pala estra o r be cause the priest representing him ' ran in the Ka m eia ; we kn o w that in Spar ta an d Crete the

1 H e h é va b w. 17 K 1 78 . syc . p p p7 ; B 88 1 6 Plut L 3 1 . St e ph . yz . 5 , . . , 3 ” n 2 B 0 P u 1 6 l ua e C 0 a s. u a t Plut . , Q s t . Co v. 7 4 c ; . . 5 4 , 4 ; III , 4, ; C t ’ E 1. A . 2 26 8 Am kla i 1 8 . y , 4 px 9 , , 44 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

a - o wa s a 6 06 1 0 o o Thar elias ha d a n r ce c urse c lled 7 1 0. Ap ll g Cret a o a i o a a a o t he ss ci t ns , for the Th rgeli were instituted to t ne for dea th of the Cretan An dro geo s an d o riginally ha d no co nnec ‘ o o io h a t ti n with Apollo . Ap llo L esc hcm or s a d a cult in Crete

rt n m a h Go a a as o a o . o y , with ny Thess li n s ci ti ns M st of t ese cults a r e m erely nam es to us an d when enum erated pr o ve o m o n thing for the develo p ent of the wo rship of Apo ll . There a r e o ar e a o a o o , h wever, two epithets which ss ci ted with Ap ll tha t wo uld be of greater value for us if we co uld determ ine K rn io s o o o an d a e . their rigin , Ph ib s

Cf t rt i Ri l . a a c t ua C h . “ Al 1 c 1 1 2 Aé o a t P l 6 . B 0 y, 01 . . , 54 4 C . 5 5 , 7, 7. x ; ut . D8 151 A 1 De l ho s 8 h r m h a vé o w i n A r a i . C e e a s o n t c a . 1 p , 3 5 ; t w a w c, d

A Ph (P c ( ) o ibo s . The ro o t of the wo rd o iﬂo ; co ntains two

a n ui a o a d a . S d a s distinct ide s, th t of pr phecy of ritu l purity ,

x a as 1 6 11 71 an d rm 1 01 0 u e pl ins 1 0, the te , } 0 5 1 , is sed of Ka ssandra by Euripides to deno te a wo m a n inspired by ’ m ” i a . a o a rt c u enthusi stic frenzy The e ning pure, is f und p ’ la rl a a t a a a y in Plut rch , who s ys h t the Thess li ns used the o o m w rd of th se who kept the selves ritualistically pure . In ‘ o m a a a s an o m o o H er, ppe rs epithet or syn ny of Ap ll , but there is no deﬁ nit e evidence for its a ppea ra nce in the ‘

a a . o a n o n e m t o ritu l of cult Acc rding to F r ell , us supp se tha t Ho m er derived the term from so m e ancient cult o r a t lea st ” o m o a a o o a wa s o o a fr p pul r phr se l gy th t c ns n nt with cult . o o a a et o o ro m Pho ib Ap ll is s id to h ve received the epith Ph ib s f e ,

1 1 00 36 1 11 11 01 01101 Ka o é vd a v 0 111 8 Eur . e k 82 . . 1 1 Tim o e o s F r , H 7 } 4 , 9 p 1 7 ; th . . 1 0 111 660 011 1 660 01 660 1 1100660 I 1 , , 0 0 , . ut t e r r o e t ic wo r ds Aut h P 2 21 p ph . . IX, 5 5 , ; I X , 1 1 L 6 9 ; yc . . 8 P De E1 A 1 D l h 20 (1102 011 68 61 0 011 70 11 000 011 1102 d vbv 02 lut . , I . e p . c . 0 7 p y ' 0 01 0 1 020 611 61116 1 0 011 61 871 080001 0 27011 ie é a 8 11 02 0 0 6 1 1 4 , ; ; p ; 7 ; 6 1pp 011 é yépa t ; 0117011 ; ’ ‘ ’ 8 1 8011712111 8 01 01 1 0 1 01 0110 1 82000 1 1 0 1 1 . 4 5 1 , 6 76 1 87 1 0 ‘ I I 221 Ho m . I 68 e . Fr 1 1 2 , . , 443 ; XV, ; XX, ; H s . 94 Fr . 5 (1 09) Fr 1 23 I‘ ll 0 c 1 0 Fa r n e . . , p. , IV, 4 CULTS FROM CRETE 45

‘ n - s Pho ibe o e o f the pre Apo lline deities a t Delphi . Thi belo nged t o the Tita n dyna sty a n d wa s the daughter o f Ea rth a n a n n m o o wa s o n e o f t he d He ve a d the o ther f Let . She thus fi ur e s o o io a o f g bel nging t o the lder relig n . A tr ce her cult o n m a a at Am kla i sa c r ifi c e s survived the inl nd y , where were o ffered t o the wa r go d in the Pho iba io n a n d where Herakles ri d o o o a oo o w a s sa id t o have bee n pu fi e . Ap ll pr b bly t k ver his tit le o f Pho ibo s fro m this o lder divinity who m he succeeded . We have a lrea dy no ted that Am ykl a i had ea rly relatio ns with Crete a n d tha t its go d Hyakin tho s belo nged t o the Aegea n religio n ; that the o ra cle a t Delphi wa s clo sely co nnected with a a a o Crete ha s a lso been sho wn . Thess li n rel ti ns with Crete a r e o wa s in fluen c e in o o a n d n ted by Aly there b th directi ns , we ca nno t de fi n it ely say that the Thessa lia ns go t the wo rd m a h fro m Crete . It see s pro bable th t the Tit a n P o ibe belo nged t o this pre-Aegea n cycle an d was a divinity who ha d t o do n with pur ifi c at io n a d enthusia stic pro phecy . Apo llo Pho ibo s is i m 1 ° thus co ncerned prim a r ly with these t wo ele ents .

Ae Eum if sc . h , 4 1 e Th 1 6 0 H r r i o n D l hika H 1 8 2 1 H s e o a e J . . . s S . ., g. 3 ; 4 4; , p , 99 , 4 T e r e a r e m an y in dic at 1 o n s t at t he n a m e P o ibo s be lo n gs t o t he h h h ” r - m f Kr n - r f e Apo llin e st r at u , t he st r a t um o Ga ia a n d o o s O u a n o s. C . ‘ I a ida gl e s h s . 1 . yc . 1 m Pau 1 20 2 H r r i o n The mis 88 o n Pho ibe a s s. a s III , 4, 9 ; III , , ; , , 3 , M o o n . Al y, o p. c . , 5 5 . “ r r i T i 8 - 2 ll P ibo a s Sun Ha so n he m s A o o o s . , , 3 4 9 , p h

‘ B Kar n e io s An o o he Ka rn e ia a ( ) . investigati n f t reve ls the fact that Apo llo Ka r n e io s was m ainly co ncerned with herds a n d a o with griculture . His cult in the Pel po nnese is be lieved by m any t o be pre-Do rian an d the c o n jec t ure s as t o its o rigin a r e m n u ero us . Wide a rgued that the c ult was n o t really Do ria n but was o o m o a a m m a o br ught in fr the N rth by Miny n i igr ti n .

a r ll 1 2 n e 0 . c . F , 1 , IV, 59 . ide La ko n isc he Kult e 86 -8 den in it s m ili a r c a r a e r W , , 7, y g t y h c t . 46 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

No n - a m s o o o f o d Miny n settle ent , h wever, p ssessed cults the g , o at o an d Phlius an d n o a o f in the Arg lis, Siky n, , there is tr ce

Ka r n e io s in no rthern Minya n stro ngho lds such a s Orcho m eno s . Farnell ho lds t hat the go d belo nged t o the Dryo pian po pula tio n an d po ints o ut cert ain tra ces o f DryOpia n settlem ents in t he Ka rn io o o f e s wa s o . o regi ns where the cult f und M re recently, the god ha s been iden t iﬁ ed with the pro phet -a rcher o f Asia a n d Crete an d has been sho wn t o be related t o the Phrygi an go d o f pro phecy . a a a a a t a o wa s ro m so n of P us ni s s ys th K rn s f Crete , the o a an d Z o o f o o an d so Eur p eus , f ster child Ap ll Leto ; Kno s s nam ed a m o nth Ka pc o qa fter the go d an d Go rt yn appea rs t o “ a o am m a m t o a o ur h ve d ne the s e . It ust be d it ed, h wever, th t kn o wledge o f Apo llo Ka rn e io s is very vague an d that be ca use o f the in deﬁ n it e na ture o f o ur info rm atio n it is po ssible t o a t t o a Dr o ian o r a o ul a ttribute the cul the Miny n , y p Cret n p p o fo n o . a a o o r an o e f o ti n The c se c nn t be pr ven y these pe ples . o d had o m m o n a o o r o The g in c with the Phrygi n Ap ll , p het i an d a m a a ha a a s o f p c po wer rti l c r cter go d the bo w . The o m a m a r o an d m o t evidence fr the n e K n s the nth in Cre e, is r a n d o n e t o a t ve y slight, is inclined with Aly le ve his deity t o ‘ a the Do ri ns .

Ben n e t t R li io us Ca lts Asso c ia t e d with the Am az o n s 1 , e g , 45 , 5 . Pa us 1 . III , 3 , 4. 5 1 C. B . 50 5 , 5 ; 5009 b . 0 Al 1 c 8—1 0 o ll in W1 la m o w1t z Ma lt en B P 1 1 0 . . o w . . W. 0 y, 1 , , f g ; , 9 , A 1 t m l r l i l E e e r . 1 lt a A k i e at ve l t M Gd . c u a a e c o n a i . m 334 ; y , II , 3 , . y t i r l f R c r e x s 1 K r i n F t e n t e r s c . i e o e L . 1 n e n at o o c u c s . a o s. . , W d , E EMEN . III . CATHARTIC L TS

Catha rt ic r itua l in Gree ce r o se t o a po sitio n o f gr ea t im

o t a in t wo an n l o e an d . p r nce cie t re igi us c nters , Crete Delphi T h e histo ry o f the deveIOprn en t o f rites o f purifi ca tio n do es o i n u n t a ppea r t o be g n in Gree c e pro per until t he eighth ce t ry. T he Ho m eric age is no t ic e ably fr ee fro m cerem o n ies o f this ch a ra cter an d we m ust either as sum e t ha t the Olym pian religio n o f this pe rio d suppresse d such pra c tices o r be lieve that the G reeks were very la te in developing rites dea ling wit h purifi a o difi c ult t o v t a r mo c ti n . It is belie e h t these ce e nies were develo pe d in po st-Ho m eric t im es ; they a r e fo un d am o ng so m a ny prim itive peo ple t hat it do e s n o t seem pro bable that t he r - m i u m is e o s w o . p H er c Greek were ith t the Further, there m uch t o be sa id in fa vo r o f the view that these pra ctices wer e a wa m erely revived in the eighth century . Ca th rtic ritual s ‘ a s o c a o m m i ht o n a s i ted fr ea rliest ti es w t h c h i n po wers . When a m ian a o c ia o was o f it cquired Oly p ss ti ns , it used in the cults o o o a o f Z s o a a M e ilic hio s Ap ll n t bly, eu in his chth ni n spect , ( , K at ha r sio s an d o f om m a io ) Dio nysus . In H er the Oly pi n relig n a lo ne is em pha sized an d the chtho nia n po wers ar e passed o ver n - ra o i n m a s if n o existent. It na tu lly f llo ws that there s o entio n o f ual o a m a the rit which bel nged to these deities . The f ct re ins ’ tha t chtho nia n deities were revere nced in Ho m er s tim e an d w e sha ll no tice later the pro bable ca uses which bro ught a bo ut a reviva l o f t he latent an d pa rtly suppressed ritua l belo nging o - o d t these under wo rld g s . We have said that the im po rtant centers o f purifi c a t io n in n h G a d . a t o t e reece , were Crete Delphi The evidence in reg rd c a a c r em o n ie s o m o f an o at o th rtic in Crete, the h e lder civilis i n

2 H r r n 1 1 1 - 2 M lle r R Ps e 1 I E. a iso 0 6 K u o e h 0 O . d c c . h , y , 9 3, , 73 , 1 . , ; . , A e sc h Eum 1 n r ifi a t io n in H m r Il I 1 . . O u c o e . , 39 . p , , 3 3 , II , r 26 1 e n r r ita b i n r A P i His t Kl ii ; U s e , S t ofl 1183 G . S . d . W e e le. h l . . . 1 sa w in t h e e iso e o f T e r sit e s t he t r a c e s o f 0 1 1 011 61 3 7, III 59 p d h 0 1 1 r ua l F r n e ll r e e Ba b l n 28 fi it ; a , G c e a n d y o , 9 . 48 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

an d o n e o m m a a m a a b e fr which these rites y h ve e n ted , will ﬁ r st presented . The ea rliest traditio n s co ncerned with ca tha rtic ritua l in ” t a r e o o a Cre e c nnected with the cult of chth ni n Zeus . In the

o o a oo a ll a e w rship of this god , R hde believed th t the r ts of l t r

x a o o m o o m e pi t ry cust s in Greece were to be f und . Fr Crete they were spread thro ugho ut Greece t hro ugh the agency o f the “ a am a n m as Delphic o r cle . The n e of the Cret Epi enides w inti m h a a o a . o a e tely ss ci ted with these rites Acc rding to Plut rch , ‘ wa an a o a u a 11 60 1 s initi te of the rgi stic c lt of Zeus in Crete , ;

Ko é an d a a a i an a o r a pqc , P us ni s g ves cc unt of his itu listic sleep in ‘ i n the c a ve of Dic t a e a n Zeus befo re he pur ﬁ e d the city of Athe s . 'l This ac t of pur iﬁ ca t io n wa s a cco m panied by fa st in g a n d ’ a A o m o m e o o e ecst sy . t its c pleti n , Epi nides j urneyed to th r

a a a rt o a s an t a i l nds with his he ling , f retelling the future ecs t c ” o a a a sa h a s pr phet , or even expl ining the c use of p st di sters , suc 1 ° ? D a o m plagues Besides purifying elos , he cle nsed Athens fr the po llutio n co ntracted in co nnected with the co nspira cy o f

’ 1 I Ro hde 0 1 I 2 2 1 Eu K 1 78 . ll ﬂ . c . r a rn e 0 . c . . . F r F , 1 , , 37 ; , 1 , , 7 , , p7 ; . 1 r r D bs t 1 O r heu Rha s o h e A . s o d Fr 1 83 P . . A 0 . . h 475 , 1 p y y, IV, 9 p ( p ) ( . ) ’ ' A16 110 2 Op¢82 76 1ca06pa 1c 11 071 258111 6 2811 ; 60 6 717; Kpm ; 0 0p01181 811 870 1

7 11 d K v 61172 7021 1101 7021 76778111 826101 0011 020801 6 01 . 6 y p pﬁm , 7 , 7 , y (Pr o c lus, o n ’ 6 f r le n Eu eb P r a E i u I E . i s . e 2 T a e s c O ac . 1 Plat o s m , , 3 ) p v. V, 3 , . ’ 10 107021 110 1 6 0 11 0870 1 A200 78 0 01 11 11 4 T pp ; , pp0 11 11041011 11 81011 01 781 881 11 41016010 11 000v 81107801170 ; l le 1 8 8 l r P r . K Mu e o . . O . , g , 5 h e 1 1 6 R 0 . o . c . d , p , , 9 ‘ r 1 1 2 St r a bo 81C 68 77 00 107021 7611 7011 11000 11 011 Plut a c S 0 . 7; ; h, ; , 479, p ; ’ 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 01 00 1170 61 6 7611 E0 1 1 81 6 0021 811 01 . B i La e rt I 1 1 m o . . S l 6 1 6 g , 5 ; c ho . ‘ 1 Klo t z 18 1 811 Au m i Pé a . m Al e x . 0 1 k r Cle . IV, 3 ( ) 1 1 Kv61010 611 81 061 170 8 6 011 1101 1 6000 1 1 8 0110 11 1 820 81 Pa us. I, 4 ; , ; yp 1 7 1 1 8 110 0 07 1 6 1 1 0 21 1 7 1 061 70 81; 00 61 0 1 01 . 6 6 110 ; 011 p 8p01 1 611 81 p 1 1) 0 8000p01100 761 870; 781180001 110 0811601171 110 213078po 11 80 1; 78 80 0281 110 20 61 81; 81160a 61 1 0 ; 78 110 2 ’ 1 1 1 7171 A0m0 21.11 . r 1 6 Ro hde , G . Ro m . 5 6 . ’ 7 1 1 E0 1 1 81 261 . 1 6 o 61 8 201 7 1 111 1 61760011 Suida s, s , 71 , 1 7; y ; , ; 5 ) 1 1 )

{081 8 611 011 11 0 20 61 1 11 810 81 811 71 1 061 1 0 71 . B io L e rt I 1 M . a . 1 a x . T r 7 xp 4 5 1 g , 4 ; y . 1 £ o 1 2 1 1 1 81 7021 A20; 7021 A111 70 11 6 1 7 1 1 118 1 81 0; 130 11 1 0082871) 011 1 6 . XVI , , 1 9 1 9 0 x 8 I 6 2 D Di L e r I 1 1 o . Plat o , Le g. , 4 ; g a t . , 4 . h 1 i e t . R . Ar st . , III , 7 C 11 11 1 8 A Plut S e t . S a . 0 . . . , p p XIV, 5

50 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

“ a m o f i o H a a a str tu relig n . e is s id t o h ave fo unded the s nctu ry o f the Sem na e an d to have prepa red a sa nct ua ry fo r the

m B o m l hin i -n . a o o o f o ny phs y s e uth rities , the f unding the De p in At hens is believed t o date fro m the pe rio d when he visited

Athens . Cret e bo a sted a no ther priest who perfo rm ed pur ifi c a t io n s an m ea am o f Ka rm a n o r d belo nged t o a uch rlier period . The n e an d his purifi c at io n a t his ho m e in Ta r r ha o f Apo llo is wo ven ’ h o t o a into t e m yt hs o f the go d s entry into Delphi . Acc rding legend fo und in Pa usania s Apo llo went t o Ka rm an o r fo r i a pur ifi c at o n a fter he ha d slain the sn ke at Pytho . We sho uld n o t undervalue the acco unt because it do es n o t a ppea r befo re

im o f a a a n o r a t o the t e P us ni s , is it necess ry believe with

‘' ’ Mo m m sen in a change fro m p a t o t t o q d wc in the verse o f " Ph m o n o ha s a a m e e which been cit ed . The pr ctice in l ter ti es a cco rding t o which the Delphic o racle sum m o ned Epim enides ” a n d o ther Cretans in tim es o f plague when pur ifi c at io n wa s a a a o f o o Ka rm an o r needed , indic tes th t the cle nsing Ap ll by wa s the m ythica l pro to type o f these later pur ifi ca ti o n s in a o a o a o a n Greece . The legend is ls h nded d wn by Sch li st o a o a o m am o f o h m Pind r, qu ted b ve , this ti e with the n e Chrys t e is , n Ka rm a n o r fo r t a o f a so o f . , substituted h t the f ther The ’ legend o f Apo llo s pur ifi c a t io n at the hands o f Ka rm a n o r wins m i ss i i n a dditio nal weight by its Aeg netan a o c at o s . Acco rding t o a a a Ka rm a n o r o t o r o m a - Dikt n n a P us ni s , bel nged the B it rtis y

i c l i 21 H r r n . 00 P ut . l . c . C . ; a so , , 4 ’ ' r v u A 1r 6 2am Ka i A e u, é fl oxr swa vr s Hi eo va wa e é vsr o é Pa s. g II , 7, 7 p ; g p y ; ' ‘ o i rfiv Aiyt é het a v xa oa po cwv é vexa . yevopé v v dé aqua de pa r og é vfla v vim Q é fi o v ’ ‘ ' 6vo é ova ¢ To w iov ol é v si K f v wa cz Ka é vo a civrer drro vr o . Pa n y § x p , p c prm p pp p p s, X, 1 6 u X 6 f Phe m o n o 2 u X Pa s. e r se o e Pa . . 7, ; s , , 5 ; , , 7 (V ) ’ " ' Ayxo i) 61) fla pi w 26» 3511 c wé pt

Z ivm Ha pvrza o io . ¢6vo v dé Kpfi o t m é vdpeg ’ o r i . xeipa c é yw r ebo vm . r b dé nfi é og obw oh m t ’ l P in P th 151r60£ cn Bo kh 8 xa oa fi el (53 6 A1 r6Muv 761: 71 ho . , e c , Sc . d , y g ( ) p g 7; ' v r n a d wev 2081: é 1r 2 r d 6 80 r o 6v v d é xe 0. dpa xovr ox wa g ¢ o é Kpfi y p v a é m t , 6 0 t 1 ) z Té/n m £ 1 081 per exoyio a r o r bv ddqwm . 1 ’ ill e r n ar t r in e n P 3 De l ho i M m m en De l hik W . v. o s a H Vo G g , . . p ; , p , n m r k 94 ; A e . 1 8 Th let a t o S a r t a Plut De M us 2 N m ha io s o f K do n i t a s p , . . 4 ; y p y a o A l H S a r t a e . V. . 0. p , XII , 5 1 ° u 0 Pa s . . II , 3 , 3 CATH ARTI C ELEM ENTS I

A i pha a circle . There wa s a lso an im po rta nt co nnectio n between o o De l hin io s a n d A ha ia o o d Ap ll p this p , wh se w rship preserve so m al o a m a rm n e gene gic l re iniscence o f K a o r . Do ubtless the 20 o d a t o a as o t o f A ha ia ca g tr veled Aegin the cult br her p , rry in him o m a a a fo r o o o g with s e c th rtic ritu l bl dshed . Alth ugh de fi n it e o o fo r a n o a a a a pr f this ritu l is t v il ble , we h ve every rea so n t o be lieve tha t such a ritual wo uld ha ve atta ched itself t o De l hin io s who wa s a a o d o f a p , essenti lly g the st te in Crete , a s r o o a n d who wa s a a o m m insc ipti ns sh w , llied with c unity fam o us fo r it s rites o f pur ifi ca t io n ; we kno w that such cere mpnie s were atta ched t o the cult under which the co urt é n l A l ' 21 e ocw ) a s o . g q, in Athens w f unded De l hin io n at a a a m t o The p Athens , which l ter g ve its n e the la w- o o a fo r ust ifi able o m was c urt c ncerned with tri l j h icide , , a o t o a o o an d wa s a t o cc rding tr diti n , f unded by Aegeus , s id ha ve been lo ca ted in the pla ce where the ho m e o f Aegeus I s o m r ifi i n o . sto d t wa fr the beginning a center o f pu c a t o . Theseus was tried in this co urt fo r the sla ying o f the Pallan t ids an d Pausania s a dds that befo re this tim e ho m icide wa s n o t o n ust ifi a le a m c sidered j b . In this s e pla ce Theseus wa s freed o o c a m fro m the p lluti n incurred by his a t . L ter he a de an o ffering t o Apo llo in the De lphin io n o n his depa rture fo r Crete t o a o fo r a o f a An dr o eo s o t ne the de th the Cret n g . This Andr o s a e a t o a a o a o o m ge pp rs h ve been chth ni n p wer fr Crete , who se dea th wa s at o ned fo r in the Tha rgelia by o'ufldzzo c o r Whether o r n o t we be lieve th at the ritual o f the

Ae ivt o Plut . l . c . (s . w c c ult ) . , 1 1 swi Ae7l w£ ¢ id vo fi a c 21: wrb r ov Ai é w M gr Po llux VIII , 9 , ¢ p p p y g y m ’ ’ ’ ‘ Ael vic xa i A r é udt Ael w c é x t fh 63 eu a vn ro . m p p / o g, p y p p g mpg“ ’ “ ‘ v 1 7 ) i 1 ) otrpevog 76 670; raw m r a v rui) a apmué vwv 71 10 611 m 1 131 oi); ’ a wo xr eiva t duca iw 6 r ovr o ded a né va t . quo l é yet Id v , g p Cf Pa us I 28 1 0 1" ’ ’ 61rov vvv é v A87m uc r o 1re £ a x76v m r w é vr a ifl a a Plut Thes XII O q p p ¢p , y p ‘ ' ’ 6 Ai eiz um Pl t Thes 1 8 Pr o e s io n f m i I lcer r t a u . c s o a e n it y g g , d s w h 7p , in r ifi c at io n c ust o m s in t he De l hin ia Po llux 1 1 sho w pu p ; VIII , 9 23 ' ’ : i i ] ff 67 1 Ma v e u A0/ va l ( a a vo v a ew He l a d in Pho t us, B b 534 a 3 c fi 7 c p pp c y ’ f é v wré a vd é w r ov 6 m ré vva mé w fl b r ov xafi a o v a o é vo v i n p p , p y p c py y p g, m ' ’ 6 é v m 0a b r aw a vd wv el a t va io é da 1rs 2 r ov 1 1 0 1 01) e l ev p pp § p p g x g p 7 a e , xa g 6 ’ ‘ a r a v a x o c dé 70w cbvo rz o vro . TO 68 xa fi d a wv r o vr o 7o zuxwv v epog, fl x ¢ 1 y C p / é o wv a 1ro ’ f pom a apé g M flov r bv dpxizv ( mo Av(lp6yew r o v Kpm'o c o u r eOvmco‘ro g c v m ic ‘ ’ ' 0 » é vé r o a u o i 07va 20c vé a i Aflfyva t c vra pavd/w g 1 1}v 71 mm y A 7 o ov K é xpé r el Tb £ 00; 082 x ) afla ipew mv W620 702; oa ppa m ig. 5 2 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

o a a z d a o t o o a use g pp c r se in Crete , it is interesting n tice its e rly “ va o f in co nnectio n with a Creta n chtho nia n deity . The festi l a a o o n o o i a o t o o o the Th rgeli bvi usly did t rig n lly bel ng Ap ll , wa s a o a him but ppr pri ted by . o m a a o n t o a t h e Fr the evidence cited , we h ve re s believe th t pur iﬁ c at io n cerem o nies at Delphi were Cretan in o rigin a n d were a sso cia ted wit h the a rriva l in that place o f Apo llo Del hin io s t a o f o d o o w e p , h t is , with the cult the g wh se w rship a r as o m f a a n a t o . w o h ve tr ced Crete Fu ther , Crete the h e cert i a o f o - o who m uriﬁ ed cl ss w nder w rkers , , like Epi enides , p by

’ a i m a o r é n ua c an a o h a o . gic rites , by g , inc t t ns wit he ling p wer To a a o Thalet as o m a a e this l tter cl ss bel nged , wh we sh ll h v o o o f uriﬁ ca t io n m a t o a . a o cc si n c nsider l ter In f ct, rites p ust have playe d a n im po rtant pa rt in this isla nd fro m ea rliest m a s o f a t o a ti es , the priests Cret n Zeus were subject cert in

’ i i f r in m m r iﬁ n st a h us . 2 c o o f u c a o . Eu t cere nies o p t ( 77 , 3 ) m e n tin g o n the Kur et e s says tha t they were so rcerers a n d m a a a Kur et e as a co m an gici ns . The d nce o f the s w itself c p ied by a cla shing o f shields which m ust have been em plo yed fo r

a o f i a o m o o x ai d the verting ev l spirits , lth ugh yth l gy e pl ne the a c t as a n e ﬁ o rt t o dro wn the c ries o f t he infan t Zeus tha t i ll ’ o o m n o t a . n a a o f o o Kr n s ight he r F y, the e rly legends Ap ll s a al in a r e a o c a Ta r rha a m o rriv Delphi ss i ted with , re te co rner

f o s a o o t o u . m a o Crete, therwise little kn wn Th t this s ll t wn m ust a t o n e tim e ha ve been an im po rt a n t center o f wo rship is o a t a it a a m t o a o f o o pr ved by the f c th t g ve its n e cult Ap ll , in

s o s o o Ta rr hai s o n which he wa ho n red a Ap ll o . The further c n e c t io n between Ta r r ha an d Cretan La ppa pro ves that the to wn ” h in ﬂue n a h i a d a o f c e s a s o o . wider circle , prev usly been sh wn The go ddess in Ta r rha pa ssed under the nam e o f Aka kallis a n d o o a a m t o t o o ut Ap ll tt ched hi self her cul , d ubtless driving an o a o o lder deity . The legend c ncerned with rel ti ns between

D a n d a Ta r r ha t o a o m a o elphi Cret n , h ugh dr wn fr l te s urces,

H r r i o n 9 c 1 00 r t e w a e I a s . . e s h Gr u e o . c . 0 t o m e pp , p , , 7; J , 1 , , C h 3 ’ ’ ' i h efr Ev v 1 a 1 n He . s o f c e r e m o n ie s o f pur 1 ﬁ c t o ; c . syc . v. p 7 m. “5 i r r 1 6 0 X . r it e o f ur iﬁ c at o n at Ta ha Pa us. O n s p , , ; II , 3 CATH ARTI C ELEM ENTS 53

undo ubtedly represents a n a uthentic a sso ciatio n between these t o n o a o o o no t om centers . It is interesting te th t Ap ll d es c e om a s a o d o f uriﬁ ca ti o n o t o fr Crete g p , but g es there receive

pur iﬁ c a t io n . The rites o f pur iﬁ c a t io n which Apo llo a do pted fro m Crete

m an d o n t o - sc ie n t iﬁ c a o f were pri itive , bel ged the pre st ge m m edicine an d hea ling . They were especia lly e plo yed fo r

a r o f id a a m e o f a a n d Ae lian a the ve ting n y in ti pl gue, st tes t ha t o n such o cca sio ns a id wa s always sum m o ned fro m witho ut a m o n by the Laced e nia ns at the suggestio o f the Delphic o racle . But there m ust also have be en so m e ritual in Crete fo r the a o f o o a o m o o as as o c a cle nsing p lluti n rising fr bl dshed, the s i o s f o l hin i o as ti n o Apo ll De p o s pr ve . This w the beginning o m m o m t o a a la w o n fr which the en us dv nce in , which rec g ized ust iﬁ able o m o a m o a a j h icide , devel ped ng the Greeks . The dv nce m a y ha ve been gra dual o r due t o so m e spo ntaneo us m o vem ent i i o a o m fo r m with n the relig n , perh ps fr Crete itself, Epi enides appea rs t o have been a ctive in religio us refo rm in Athens in r the seventh centu y .

Ae lia n XII 0 ei 63 Aa m da t 6wo t mir e é de fi mv r é x Movo é m , V, H , 5 , p j fi m fi g ’ é rrucov ia vo o a a vr e I n a a vr 61 71» r r dr p c b fl g } p ¢p o a eg b n o wfi ov moo cg fi é flovn g. ‘ er e‘rré rovro é vov dvd oiov ia r a r d na cz «110 r‘ p m f g pa g poii g b xa fl p g r 6xprya ov. per m ép lp xvii ye yby Tépm zvdpo v m i e a Xi/ ra v m i Tvpr a iov x02 r bv Kbda vr a Ka cpvé a xa l Mm . IV . MUSICAL ELEMENTS .

Crete played a very im po rtant pa rt in t he ritua l co nnected o o f o o o o o f m a with the w rship Ap ll , by its c ntributi n usic l m a i ele ents . The rtistic da nce wa s o f grea t prest ge in the a a s o o m a a f a ro m isl nd, we kn w fr the d ncing pl ce o Ari dne , f ’ a o an o m who a o n o o o m o f S pph s Cret w en , d nce the s ft bl the ” a a n d o m a o f a Kur et e s m a gr ss , fr the d nce the Cret n , the iled 1 o f o o a a o priests the cult f Zeus . We kn w th t the isl nd pr duced l o m am o m a fo r o an d Tha et as a . s e f us usici ns , Lin s were Cret ns t he n — wa s an d t he Further, seve stringed lyre in use in Crete , o ﬂ a s m o n t he a r o a o m d uble ute , we see the depicted s c ph gus fr ’ a a m o m a s a a . o o o f H gi Tri d In the c p siti n their usic, the Cret n used certa in rhythm s which were o rigina l with them a n d t o a am a n d a o which they g ve their n e, the Cretic , the P e nic . In the discussio n o f these elem ents we sha ll begin with the hypo r m o r m m a o f an a a a n d che e , i etic d nce , which the Cret ch r cter o a o rigin is rec gnized by the ncients .

Y O H H P RC EME .

The disting uishing fea ture o f t he hypo rchem e wa s the da nce

n a o m a m o f o which wa s a essential cc p ni ent the s ng rendered . It wa s a dance o f m im etic cha racter co n cerned with depicting

1 r f Eur Ba h 1 20 ii Ga llim I I I h F . . . c c . m n L XV I 0 S a o . , 59 , pp , 54 , , ; , Hy 2 fi I 1 5 2 ’ B z 1 06 1 r ”62m EM 08 va Afvov fl a f i Plut De M a s St e h . . . IX ; p y , 4 } p , p r . u A n ti hi PI I La r a n e La Cr é t e An i n M o . c . . c e n e , XIX ; g g , , 1 08 62 Pa r is, 9 , fl . ’ lu 2 6 im'd m Ta er 6 o ew dé e vov é 7lo ¢ é l é sr o Eé er d Pr o c s, 4 , pxm p pxfi g d p p y p g ' ‘ ‘ M ova w oi v ov r a oZdé IIb ov r cw A dll é w . dé r mm av y gé K pfi c, pp x g 5 1 D At h en . I, 5 . M USICAL ELEM ENTS 55

a i a m t a o a o o a n d t a in p rt cul r the y hs ss ci ted with Kr n s the Ti ns , ‘ a n d i ﬁ m w th Le to . We ha ve de nit e evidence tha t the hypo rche e wa s a o m a a wa s al Cret n in rigin . Si o nides s ys th t it c led Cret a n a n d Athenaeus in a discussio n o f the dance quo tes the a m o f m o a a o o r m an d st te ent Si nides , dding th t b th the hyp che e a o a i m a o m o f a rt cr b t c tu bling were n tive in Crete . This f r o a a a t o a t m a s was pr b bly d ted b ck the e rliest i es in Crete , it m o o f Kur et e s a r e am e pl yed in the cult Zeus . The n ed by o m r a s o o f an o s e w iters the invent rs the d ce , by thers the m o t her Rhea herself is m entio ned . O u the shield tha t Hepha isto s fashio ned fo r Achilles was l m ’ a a a a a o . represented d nce , which Athen eus c ls hyp rche e O n a s o a a a o a this shield w wr ught d ncing pl ce, like unt th t which o nce in wide Kn o sso s Da edalus wro ught fo r Aria dne o f he o a an d m a t lo ng tresses . There were y uths d ncing idens ’ o f o o o a o n o n e a o c stly w ing, their h nds n ther s wrists And n o w t hey wo uld run a ro un d with deft feet exceeding lightly a s when a po tter sitting by his wheel that ﬁ tt eth beneath his ha nds m aketh tria l o f it whether it run ; an d ano n they m a o a a o m a wo uld run in lines t o eet e ch ther . And gre t c p ny sto o d ro und the lo vely dance in jo y ( an d am o ng them a divine m instrel was m aking m usic o n his lyre) an d thro ugh the m idst

o f m ea m a t wo m . the , l ding the e sure, tu blers whirled

L D a l i e s r ibe t h e va r io u sub e s r en e r e i uc . e S t . 3 7 t , d c s s j c t d d n t he h r h m e ypo c e . 7 3 im At e n 1 81 627 bfl e eln ov r 76 » 6 oa é m v t i t i n X b , S o , ; h IV, p } m y c “ o b¢pov r oin 'o ov/ mé o t ov st ra ywyb wa pé rypa cpé c é o r w é x r o b Kprrruco ir p pm, pc m i a ve é we i 06 ( 3 m ) é v E f 2 60 . yp m, p 1m ( C , 5 é v 63 xopbv n aim l l s m pm7wr bg " ) wo ei r epl xe7lov 0161 1ro1 évi. Kv mpeiip p ’ Aa ida fi o g fyo mzo ev xa l l miloxdmp Ap¢66vp ' ' ’ £ v0a pé v 17t 080t m i 1 ra p0é vo ¢ cs ifloza t ’ : ' 6 pxevvr 62761 0 1 é fl i xapmpxeipa g é xow a t . ' r oig yé v of w Kpmriv 17r e 6pxmn g £ m xé pwg m i 76 xvfi wr é v (1 r 61 7) M Wm i ~ w cd a l oij r d o r a . K M aven r 61rov 63 6 m o v q x m é w pxfipa pfi r a pé v p , m Mo l oo a é v . P 1 2 23 Bo ec kh Sim f r ho l in P th . d . Sc . . ( . , y II , p 3 , ‘ é v 06 : n o 'a vrl “ at b a w a wa 66 t pt 1 ¢a o t pé r ov K fipm g n )u évé t o v 6pm o m , y 11 6 ) K r a vr é a t 9 01 1 1 1) 6 « ar ov t ic r r v a br v i'm a r a ,62t pfi o v fa o fl , 61 3 p ; ) fi pfl m ,

‘ Zw i t o 62 r d é wo r a n xd m i ura K t rucd M cafla t . fl g , px zp p r y Luc . , De S a lt . 8 ' ' wpé r ov 65 4mm Pé a v fiofleZo a v r ip r é xvp é v (bpvyt g pé v r oiJg Koptvflm 'm c i v q t y 63 r m) ; Kovpfif a c 6pxp200a c xel efi o a t 0! ya m pwpxobuenm dec o é o avm d ivr i) r bv ia A K r r S r bo X 80 . H f r 1 8 o u e . e s. . 9 t e s a s dan c e s t a . 4 56 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

Fr o m Crete the hypo rchem e a ppea rs t o have pa ssed t o ’ o fo r a a o o f o m o Del s , Luci n s cc unt the hyp rche e in Del s in “ a im a o o a An a l ter t es cc rds with the a cc unt given bo ve . e rly

’ x am o f m m e a vo o r a e ple this i etic da nce was the r p c , cr ne ” a a a a o d nce , instituted by Theseus abo ut the ho rned lt r t Del s ’ o n o a a s o t o t his return fr m Crete . This d nce w supp sed rep e sent the windings a n d turnings o f the La byrinth . r om it a o m was F the evidence cited, is seen th t the hyp rche e o f at a m a a a Do a gre ntiquity in Crete . It ust h ve nted ted the ri n m n a o a o f o o f a . i v si n , bec use its pr inence in the cult Rhe The cycle o f m yths represented is o n e which the Do ria ns wo uld 1 ° a e in a o m m n o h ve little interest in pres nting p nt i e , but there is do ubt that t hey pro m ptly to o k o ver this fo rm o f dan ce a n d

o o o f o o devel ped it in the w rship Ap ll . Ano ther link which binds the hypo rchem e t o Crete is the

a m o f Tha let a s Midd t h a was a a n e ( . 7 Th t he Cret n r o f a a an d h o r c hem e s a t w iter p e ns yp ncient writers estify, 1 1 a a an d a o f r o ltho ugh the pl ce d te his birth a e in d ubt . H e is ” o m a o credited with the sec nd usic l ref rm in Spa rta . Acco rd

t o a a m o f t a o a t o Pr a t in a s ing st te ent Plu rch , which g es b ck , he wa s sum m o ned by the Spa rtans o n the a dvice o f the De lphic o a t o a m o f a a u h aﬁ iic t e d r cle , he l the pl g e wit which they were . ” a o m m a o f m He This he cc plished by e ns his usic . is a sso

Lu D a l 1 6 t n 2 c . e S t . c . A he 6 8 f lat Fa A i . c . Pal b r a d B . . e r l , ; XIV, ; , . Di 1 8 1 r n ss. c a n e a c e 9 ( d ) . ° L De a lt lut Thes 2 1 31: 63 71 K é wo n uwv 82 A m o uc . S . 34 ; P . , . , 7; pé mg g m m r é o e é é ew e ar d r aw iflé wv O sia v v 3m v x , x p y fi x p , fi im 311 173 t Anl io vg Jlé ovm i ma r aw év 7 3 Aa v ivO 71 8 1 1 660 1) Ka i 61 3 660 1; 3 : y , p m 4 fi p Q 1 5 1 um poem}: n a pa l l t ! a r l dfe g Ka fl 1 e t {Exam ywoyé vm . é xa l e ir o 63 d yé vo g r oam n }; xope ia c 61 1 6 ’ A l iwv é a vo d) lo r o ei Auca ia o . E 6 wo e 63 cr e t r bv Ke a r é va 0 4 1 fl y p g, ; p px g x p p p 3 1 61 , ’ é x xe czr wv o vv oa é vov £ 60 1) df rdvr wv G llim m n ) a . c p flpu p p ; , Hy d A1 60, Alt a r ’ o f o a t s ho r n o ll e c t A rt m i g s c e d by e s . 1 ° Ho e c k Kr e ta 1 Lu De S a lt 1T , , III , 35 ; c . . 3 7 . ‘1 Plut De M us X Ar i P l 1 2 1 2 2 . . st o t . o . . a 8 Suida s s ; II , , p 74 ; . Kn o sso o r El r Pa u I 1 r t n i s o . o an ( y s) s , 4, 4 (G y ) . 1 “ Plut D M a s 6evr é a 63 m r a o r a o é w é v T1 En d r we t r w e , IX, p § [ g ) p p p a ‘ o vo uc v Ga l r a 6 I O r' bvt o a ir ia v p fi ] fi c p g 330 v yevé ofla t . 1 ” ' l M s 2 m l Oa l r a v r bv K r ra bv c tu m r d n M é v P ut . , De a . 4 , fi p r , o xpm o ' Aa xeda tpo viovg n a pa yevé ysvov 61 6 pow miig 26000011 1 (irra W é cu 1 8 m r exé vr og ” ' ' 7.01 m) 71 1: d v xa fld rre o i Il a r iva . (1 71 d 2 r p 7 pm , p M p g 1 6 y p x0 Om]po g r bv m a o 1 61 m :

r m) «a flo a ofla t M st 61 6 uovo m . A l H 0 ; e , y fi g , V, , , XII , 5 ,

58 CRETA N ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

ﬁ r a o m o a a st a . a r e the lyre , s ng the n e l ne There cert in st te m a o a o be a fo r am ents in the cc unt which c nn t ccepted , ex ple ,

vé u o oc o m Né o as the epithet p p c . Pr lus derives this fr p q, where

Né co o at o d wa s a . we kn w th the g c lled p c Nevertheless , there is re a so n t o believe that the singi ng o f the no rn e a t Delphi w a s ﬁ r st a o a a so m ss ci ted with the Cret n Chry the is . Wila m o wit z co nsiders the legend a ﬁ c t io n invented fo r the ’ purpo se o f establishing De lphi s cla im t o citharo edic m usic . o m i o o o t a Chrys the s , in his pini n , bel nged o the Cret n settle

m a é fle c o m a a H e wa s ent t Delphi ( p p c fr s ) . represented a s a rno n o d m t o f o a o o singing y in the ids the ch r l s ng, in rder a o m m be o a a w a s th t the n e ight c nnected with the p e n , which ’ a a o o lw ys ch ral an d a sso ciated with the De lphic Apo ll . We have seen tha t Chryso them is is a sso ciated by legend h t a o loc a a e a m a Ta r r a . wi h n ther lity th n D lphi , n ely Cret n ’ Pausania s nam es Chryso them is a s the so n o f Kar m an o r a n d the Scho lia st o n the fi r st Pythia n o de sa ys that the so n pur ifi e d o r r a si n ifi ca n a o Ap llo a t Ta h . It is g t th t Chrys t hem is is r epr e a s m o a o d an a o m sented i pers n ting the g , ide which descends fr “ a a o o o f o o an d a the rch ic c ncepti n priesth d , th t the descriptio n o f his a ppe a rance a cco rds with representatio ns fo und in Mino a n ‘ n h a a m r a . O t e o o a a a a e a Crete s rc ph gus fr H gi T i d , we h v m ale fi gur e cla d in a lo ng robe an d pla ying the seven - str inged m m a er in o d m r e r e lyre , uch in the nn which the g hi self is p o m m a a r sented , when in the H eric Hy n he le ds his Cret n p iests ’ o t o Pyth .

o t o a o o rn wa s e a o m o Acc rding tr diti n , the n e esp ci lly c p sed fo r Apo llo an d there is proo f in the term 511 106 110 5 wh ich o rm o n e o f m a o o f o m o f a de ﬁ n i e f ed the in divisi ns the n e , t o n o o f o a c necti n with the cult Ap llo t Delphi . The Do ric fo rm s

’ 2 i im h e Di P r r Wila m o w t z , T o t us, e e se , 95 fi . 3 ' z 116 2 1 6 1: 11 6 2 311 111 6 81) a é fle t 311 K r 06 6 Pa us . X, 7, 3 0 v p c pfi m 6 6 71 6 1 171) 75173 1 6 1 Ka ppd p K6 077p6 1 B e kh o Pa r t I 2 8 o c , p. c . , II , , 9 . l 2 2 r l c . a n e o . F , p. , IV, 5 e A n PI I M o n t . . . . XIX ’ 7 ‘ H m n a d A 1 ff 6 11 1 311 ei w o w 3 6» é a rbv 11 106 1 Ho m . , y P 5 4 " ¢ p yy x p x , p 1 i 11 6 71 6 116 213111 1 3136; MUSI CAL ELEMENTS 59

' o f the divisio ns o f the no m e a s ha nded do wn by Po llux give o m i n evidence f the great antiquity o f these fo r al d vm o s . The o o f o a t o n o o f a n tice the Sch li s the hyp thesis the Pythi n Odes , that o n e o f the pa rts o f the n o m o s wa s Creta n is im po rtant fo r ’ in o m a o a s n o t the questio n hand . But the ph l s at Delphi w ’ o a o o o a n d a rigin lly Ap ll s po ssessi n we h ve seen , under the o o f t o a o o e an d discussi n Py hi s , c nnecti n between the D lphic the Creta n o m phalo s o f which the la tter is undo ubtedly the “ o c a o o v a o m a a o lder . We nn t pr e th t the n e w s t ken ver by o o o m a n o a o o ba Ap ll fr lder Cret n w rship, but it is very pr ble a wa s a O n e o f o m o th t such the c se . use the n e which und ubtedly

x a a vd o dat ed fro m very ea rly tim es wa s that o f the p az q p q. This ' wa s a n o ld a ir a o n ﬂut e z a 0a 1 0 1 o r , pl yed the while the p1 n o a a x o f a o t o a a m o f H e s c hius e g pp , cc rding st te ent y , were b ing ” o a a xé ' o t o whipped with ﬁ g branches . This g pp s ritua l bel nged the pre- Apo lline Tha rgelia an d wa s instituted t o a to ne fo r the f A r s o m a a o a n d o eo . a o de th the Cret n g Fr this f ct , it is pr b ble ' vo o a o ha d o m o a o 9 m p q ls s e rigin l co nnecti n with

(3rete .

3 ' l x é r 63 1 01) x106 1 1 61xo i) vé ov Te 11 6 116 ov xa r a vei a vr o Po lu IV, 66, p p z p , p , p p y g ' 1 ' ' 311 6 6 é r a a 116 1 61 o 11 6 er a xa r dr o wa 6 6 1 6 0 6 2 311 1 1 o o . 11 3 , y px , p , p p , 66 1 , ¢p y g, y g ho l Pin d P t h I 1 82 B h f r t i m e e r S c . , . y . , ( o e c k ) , c . C e c t . 1 ° l im H m 0 Ca l . , 3m a d I 11 , 45 . ' H e h s 11 06 611 vé o : 116 1 01 1 1 111 6 311 6 v1 01101 1 02 311 11 8 1 11 0 1 311 01 6 0116 11021 syc . , 7; 1 11 p g 1 ; 1 1 ; 6 1 11p666 1 § 116 20pia ¢g 1 ” i 2 h i f r a n ke a ll m 1 o e r w se . C . c . F , G , 9, t

PAEA N .

1 o Ancient tra ditio n derived the paean fro m Crete . Acc rding

o a o n o t o a a n d a hm am o t Str b , nly the d nce cert in rhyt s ng the m a a a a a a o wa s Lacedae o ni ns were c lled Cret n , but the p e n ls

1 1 8 1 11 r e 6 01v 1 1 1 : 1 02 Aa ne6a 1 0 vio 1 g 311 1 w 1 6§ov06 v St r a bo , 48 , , 6 pxﬂ 7 1 p x p 116 2 bv0po6§ 11 6 211 6 1 6116 ; 11 6 1 6 660/1 51 o 116 261 1 6 11 01 1 6 1 13 11 vopZ/ mv ’ 1 1 Kp1rr1116 116 1 3 2006 1 11 6 p 6 61 02; 151: 6v 311 3 2031 606 66 3 1 6 . 60 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

t held o be Cretan in o rigin . Tra ditio n further m a de the pa ea n co eval with the cult of Apo llo by a scribing it s intro ductio n t o him l 2 the go d se f .

is a si n iﬁ c an t a a c r [1 Ha zd y c h o m It g f ct th t the y, , whi f r s the

a a n d wa s a a a a a refr in , which the e rliest ch r cteristic of the p e n , wa s sa id t o have been uttered ﬁ r st by the inhabitants of P a r ‘ n a ssu o m s o wa s a o a o . , when Ap ll eng ged in c b t with the Pyth n Apo llo nius Rho dius puts the c r y in the m o ut h of the Ko ryc ia n

‘ ’ m h T o m t a a Zé Il a ca v ny p s . hese a cc unts see o ssign the refr in t o a peo ple present at De lphi when Apo llo m a de his a ppea ra nce

m i a o 21 1 1 6 2 . o a r a s there S e writers expl n the c y th t of Let , , ” o o t bo a a a a a sh , y, which is but step f rther th n the expl n

o a a At an a c r wa s a s l a s o d ti ns lre dy cited . y r te , the y o d the g a t De lphi an d wo uld a ppea r t o ha ve belo nged t o t he o lder

o a o p pul ti n there .

The m a the a 21 176 16 1 n o t a o w e ning of refr in is cert inly kn n , but the m o st pro bable interpretatio n reco gnizes it as a c ry fo r Th a m relief fro m distress . e refr in is co m o nly used in ca ses

2 n d A 1 m H m c . 1 H a . y 1 , 5 4, ’ ’ 6 6 6 0 11 1 6116 A16 11 26 A11 61 1 1. p 0 5 9 9 w, 111 1 2 1 00111 é wv 1 16 1 611 11106 2 1 3 0 x , 1 0 5101 , 2 1 6 1 1 11 6 1 6 116 11111 31 36g. 02 1 660001 1 1 ; 1 11 01 1 11 Kpiif eg IIv061 116 22171 6 16012 61 1 6011 ‘ 02021 1 Kpnr é w11 6 1 601 11 ; 020 21 1 M060 6 1 1 1 21 01 1701 001 1 100111 01 6 11 1 1 27a 601601 . 1 1 l I 1 1 v 1 1 6 1 11 1 011 1 11 61 1 1 11 0 6 11 6 1 611 . 1 1 1 6 61 1 1 1 11 211711 Sc ho . , I X, 39 , p 71 1 ( 1 ) 1 6 1 1 1 6116 1101 1 0; 6 211 61 é f ebpev. 3 ' t r a bo 22 1 00 61 H6 11 6 0020v . 116 1 6 1 0 1 130111 0 111 1 111 1 1 21 1 1v 21 11 6 1 611 S IX, 4 , ; p g 5 1 ’ 60 011 1 611 11 6 1 6 111 011 6» 25 10011; 1 1 6 06 6006116 1 1 02; [1 61 1 0001 0v11 11 211 1 1 1v 1 2g

11 6 6 1 6 1v. in E h r u l im n uo t o s . a l m d G . c A p § (Q g p ) , Hy p 97. ‘ 21 21 11 6 1 01“ 6110210 1 1 11 1 211 1 116 0 1 0 ) ) 6 1 , 1 13 A1 1 6 1 01 11 1 6 1 1 01 011 1 21 1 0 1 0 g 1 6 v 1 6p1 6 61 , 111 2 1 2 1 0 10 1 611 0; 1 1301 171 xpw é wv 111 1 61 16 00 1 65 1 . Hv06 1 01 116 1 1011 1 1 01111 611 1 11 1 0 66 111 611 1 0; 06p ’ 6 211 61 6 1 . 1 61 1 1 11 0 116 1 16 1 61 1 011 1 11 : 6 g 11 6 61 p g, ’ 1 1 111 1 0 6 1 6 6 36 1 0 11 11v 0201 61 . 111 061 0 1 1 ; " 2 1 1 r 1) IIa 1 1701 1 1 1 31 1 05 . 1 2102 01 pﬁ np " ’ 15211 1 1 1 6 26 7 6 600 11 006 . 1 6 6 1521 1 111 201 1 1 11 A ll Rh 1 2 po . o d .

11 01 1 6 61 K1.1021111 6 1 [11 1 201 010 021 6 1 1 , 7 p g, ’

06 0 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 01 11 11 . p 1 1 0 10 1 0 , 1 611 1 111 17y1126 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 01 1 66 1 661 11 6 1 61 102111 1 101 1 11 1 1 1 0 40239 . ' 1 A h 01 A 1 6 1 211 1 1 21 11 6 2. Aoi1 1 t en . 7 C, 0 p g, E, M , 469, 41 . MUSI CAL ELEM ENTS 6 1

“ o ﬁ e r in a a a where relief is s ught fro m su g o r dise se . This expl n o a o a o f o a who a a ti n cc rds with th t the Sch li st, s ys th t the

a an wa s a m é n i z a r a n a ba e c l o o b xa z o ﬁ Furt he r p e hy n , m b . , the a a was o a a o a wi a an o d o f a p e n rigin lly ss ci ted th P i , the g he l in a om o o o o f m o g, deity distinct fr Ap ll , in the Opini n st 7

o a . o t o t o d a a w a s a sch l rs Acc rding Usene , the g P i n suppl nted I t r o a o s o an d o o o f a . by , Asklepi s ther g ds he ling His w rship wa s widesprea d thro ugh the Greek wo rld fro m a very ea rly date a n d a t race o f his cult is perha ps t o be seen in Elis in a a legend ha nded do wn by Pa usani s . Rh ea is there represented a an t o a a Da o r Kur et e s s entrusting the inf t Zeus the Id e n ktyls , ’ — a k Pa io n aio s E im e des a o an d a who ae Her les , , p , I s s Id s pr o ho a r o f al . n o w a w ticed the t he ing The questi n rises , , if the m wa s o a a n in vo m t io n t o a a am t o be hy n rigin lly P i n , it c e asso ciated w ith the wo rship o f Apo llo at Delphi . If we exam ine the so urces fo r evidence in rega rd t o the a a ﬁ n d a wa s n o t em o r a p e n , we th t it used pre inently in D i n m a a co m m unities fro m ea rliest ti es . The Achae ns s ng bo th “ l a a a o f a a n d a a . om p e ns th nksgiving b tt e p e ns Aside fr Delphi , a a o m m a ms which we sh ll discuss l ter, the c unity th t see 1 ° e a o a a an w r kl i speci lly t have cultiv ted the p e as Spa tan Am y a . a a a a wa s a t H akin t hia We h ve seen th t the p e n sung the y , o a a o o o f H akin t ho s a - rigin lly celebr ted in h n r y , pre Greek deity

a ir ban ks A S tud o t he Gr e e k P a ea n o rn e ll St udie s 1 Sc h l F , y f , C . 5 ; o .

Ar . , P la t . 636. ’ 7 ' H e Fr 1 21 S o l Ho m d 2 2 Ha z w ia r b 086 mf c . . 0 s . . 94 ( 3 h , . IV, 3 ; fi p s m x wa d r c a z v 6 a br bg fl }: (1 xexwpwpé vo g. p év o r g em fipocg 6 c irrbg ' ' ‘ voi e rcu el va t . m l Ha iodog pé pr vg é o r l r o i) gépov elva t r é u IIcufio va r oi) ’ ’ 1r 2)wvo M 0 1) : 82 0Z o 1r62M v in ré n Oavd ‘ro zo 00 4mm 4 m l a t A 6 g 7 p? fl c A ) H fiwv, 6g dvré vr wv d a xa olde v. ir n k ft Ei ele Ro c h r L x a ba s o . c . s s e d ¢ pp F , p , 4 ; ( ) , , e . . ‘ P i n t 1 t n ubt l M h s a a . en e N fi . r e e u o e h U s . . a d a t . v . G o d y , 53 C d d y g o f h e a lin g whe t he r o r n o t he wa s c a ll e d by t he n a m e Pa ia n we c a n n o t o Mt ukt n i sa 0 11 t he t o f . a s Eva s sc o ve r e a n sa n t ua y. J d d c wi h a a ir o f c a lim bs e ic a t e t o t he o d f Pe t o fa B S t C . s . . p y d d d g . , K r o A r h 1 1 2 I c . R e l . P a . . IX, . XII ; . f . 9 3 , 5 5 " 3 ‘ ' ' 6 A46 63 r e flé vr o é m r é t x u Pé a v r m) n a t db r v ov dv f oi Pa us. V , 7, , ; x c p / g b ¢p p g - a m M a m ilov é voz 63 702 013702 r o r o . A g, p g ; ; é cc m 2 Kofi pna w (upmé afla t dé ‘ " ' ’ ' a irr i 61 7 K 'm H a m 2H w l ' mJg f 1 7; 5; pm fi g, p xMa a z a io v m E1r¢pfidrfv xa l I a a ov 1 s ' Ka i I da v. ° l I 2 II X I 1 I . , 47 ; . X I, 39 ’ ’ e n ll 1 1 o i A ud aio c cm wor e é n é ow a t 82 m Ta xivflt a é 1r2 X . , He . IV, 5 , p px ; f bv fra t é va . 62 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

o a i o m a o f vegeta ti n t Am ykla . The suggesti n wa s a de th t it ’ wa s used there in the ritual o f Hya kin t ho s befo re Apo llo s 11 m a o co ing . The f ct that the s ng belo nged t o the go d Pa ia n

o n o w uld t have prevented its use in the wo rship o f o ther go ds .

a m a s m o o o f m In l ter ti es it w e pl yed in the w rship Arte is , m o i a a o o o o an d Ze us Asklepi s, Hyg ei , Athen , Di nys s, P seid n , an d m a a o m a m it y h ve been used fr the e rliest ti es , whenever help was im plo red o r thanksgi ving ex pressed fo r relief fro m Am kl o o h ill . The wo rship o f Apo llo at y ai bel nged t t e

c a a fo r t he o a m o f Am kla i so a A h e ns , D ri ns were ene ies y , th t the pa ean o f Apo llo is t o be a sso ciated in this center with the ha a o m Ac e ns in hist ric ti es .

a a wa s a o a e o o f The p e n ls sung t D l s . Euripides speaks the De lian wo m en singing the pa ean in ho no r o f Apo llo a n d swa y a a m ing in be utiful d nce befo re the do o rs o f the te ple . The a a a o be as t o o a o d o p e n here c nn t signed the D ri ns , but bel nge t o the I ni ans .

in a ll a a wa s arr ex e lle n c e e c m F y, the p e n , p c , the D lphi hy n . The ea rliest m ent io n o f the use o f the paea n at Pytho is fo und

Ho m m t o o o . a a o o in the eric Hy n Ap ll In this p ss ge , Ap ll lea ds his Cretan priests t o Pytho in trium phal pro cessio n a fter a o he ha s sl in the Pyth n . The go d precedes in so lem n m ea sure

8 e d a an d a o o a i ( 5mﬁ ﬁ c ) pl ying the lyre , the Cret ns f ll w be t ng

m an d b n'a n wv a a a s a ti e singing y j , p e ns such the Cret ns sing t o o m m has o f o wh the divine use given the gift sweet s ng. ’ Cro iset saw in this pa ssage une allusio n tres claire a l o r igin e ” 1 ° o I si n iﬁ ca n a cré t ise du pé an . t is g t tha t the Cret ns sing the a a an d it a s o x a a o t o p e n sing , the p et e pressly st tes , cc rding the

a o o f o . a r e a o m f shi n their c untry Further , they the Cret ns wh o o De l hin io s t a o d t o o o f a Ap ll p , the Cre n g , led the sh res Kris

o o m e o f o a . a io o t bec e the interpr ters his r cle When, in ddit n t

f u r a s a kin tho s v. . C S p . Hy

n c . Fa l r ba ks, o p. F 68 —0 Eur . , H 5 9 .

i c it a t i o n su r a . C . p l i 2 0 r o ise t is t o zr e de a L t t . Gr e c . . C , H II , 7 D l hin ias f u r a e . C . s p s . p MUSI CA L ELEM ENTS 63 this tra ditio n which places the paea n in the m o uth o f Cretan o a t a a o c m wa s c o n priests , we c nsider the f c th t the p e ni eter sist en t ly a ttributed t o Crete a n d its intro ductio n into Greece ” wa s a n t o a Thalet as fo r ssig ed the Cret n , the evidence the Creta n o rigin o f the pa ea n appea rs t o be attested by fairly o a irban ks a a o m str ng evidence . F believes th t the p e nic eter ” a s o a a a m w the f rm in which they c st the Cret n d nce rhyth , but tha t the a llusio n in the Ho m eric Hym n o nly m eans tha t there wa s a so -ca lled pa ean dance at Delphi which rem inded ” H a o m e n o f the dances in Crete . e co nsiders the tr diti n in d it rega rd t o Thaletas m o re efi n e . The clo se co nnectio n between Krisa an d Crete m ust be a m o o f Del hin ia a d itted . We have seen in the discussi n p s th t t he wo rship o f Apo llo De lphin io s a t Krisa c an be tra ced t o ha a o c a o Ta r r ha a m o e . d Crete This cult ss i ti ns with , re te cent r o f ur ifi c at io n e Kar m an o r a n d o m p in Cr te, where Chrys the is a m m t o a r ifi o o were t ho e . The fo r er is sa id h ve pu ed Ap ll fro m the po llutio n incurred in slaying the Pytho n ; the la tter

r wi e o a o sang the ﬁ st p ; at Delphi . These a ss ci ti ns with r m m Ta r ha a r e t o o ra re t o be inventio ns . The Ho eric Hy n expressly st a tes th at the Cretan priests sang pa eans a t their a a t e an d a a i o f a a dvent D lphi , p e ns wh ch were distinctly Cret n a t a o t a cha r c er. There is re s n o believe th t they bro ught these m o m m with the fr Crete t o the De lphic settle ent . We kno w t he a m an d a tha t Cret ns were skilled in usic d ncing . The o m wa s a an d a m m a n o t a hyp rche e Cret n , in e rly ti es y h ve been ” ff a o m a a o m o a s o di erenti ted fr the p e n . The n s w pr bably Th n a m a c o n Cretan . e Cretic a d P eo nic rhyth s were pa rticul r ” t r i ut io n s f a m a b o t o o f a a . Crete the e rly usic Sp rt Fin lly , the “ ” o o f a a wa s Tha let a s a who invent r the p e n , the Cret n , ’ ” o a a o m o m br ught abo ut Sp rt s sec nd usical ref r .

r 81 St abo , 4 . Po r h r t t P ha 2 p y y, V yt g . 3 . n 6 ir k o c . . a ba s . F . p , 4 M u m o i L l D s S t . c t . P ut . e . , IX ; y h , p , XXI B l Ar E 0 M 1 1 1 A 1 1 D ho . . S . . Pl t D us . . c u . , e . 4 ; 43 , q 3 3 81 i P tha 1 6m ﬂ a t a va a a iov ' uva r aw r P r h r t . . St a bo , 4 ; o p y y, V y g , ( g px g g Ga l in a; 64 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO- CULTS

The Cretan o rigin o f the pa ea n explains its widesprea d use m m a a o a oo o v in Ho eric ti es . The Ach e ns pr b bly t k er this hym n fro m Crete a n d fro m there De lo s also m a y have a cquired i a o v t . The clo se co nnectio n bet ween the t wo isl nds is pr ed by x a a o o f m s an d a e c v ti ns , by the Theseus cycle yth by the Cret n ”

t h m m e o . a pries s w o ur ur prayers abo ut the alta r in D l s L stly , a a Am klai wa s - in ﬂue n c e a s Sp rt n y deeply dyed in pre Greek , is o a a o am it s o d H akin t ho s sh wn by exc v ti ns , by its n e , by g y , “ o i i t i a n d a a c a K d es an d H a k n h a . wa s its rch i festiv ls , the p y It o o t o e a o f a a sec nd nly D lphi in the celebr ting the p e n , which r kl a ppea rs t o date fro m a ve y ea rly perio d in Am y ai .

” A n 1 6 r c I 2 . The a n c ien t n a m e f G e o . o Ve r e . u . g. . IV, 4 ; pp , p , 33

f A r Cf Z eus Ast r i . D l s h t o r e st e i . e o s e o a s we ll a s t a C t e wa s a . 2‘ il n o 1 2 ff N sso , p. m ., 9 .

66 CRETAN ELEMENTS I N APO LLO-CULTS

true tha t Crete co ntributed m uch t o the histo ry o f enthusia stic a o n o f m m o a s o divin ti n in Greece . O e the o st i p rt nt tenet f the o a wa s o c o f urifi cat io n a n d a e Delphic r cle the d trine p , we h v r aso o a a e eve y re n t believe th t this do ctrine h d its roo ts in Cret . The go d with who m this pur ifi c a t io n ritual wa s asso ciated wa s Del hin io s o c an at it s p , wh se cult in Athens , where we see it a i m fi i e w s a o ur i c at o n . a b st, nti tely c ncerned with p Th t this o a o m o ab He m a ave g d w s ra cula r seem s i pr b le . y h be en o a o a o a o f Ge no i cl sely ss ci ted with the r cle , but there is ev dence tha t he fo unded this o ra cle o r w a s o riginally co nc erned with na i n o m a divi t o n . It is t i po ssible tha t the tra ditio n th t Po seido n an d Ge o he o a o m m o a r em in is nce held t Delphic r cle in c n, is cence o f the co nnectio n o f the do lphin go d with the o r a cle at

e . o a a o t o D lphi Thus the Delphic r cle, cc rding the evidence was a a a ac t an d a v o f cited, essenti lly Cret n in ch r er, the d ent Apo llo m a rks the fusio n o f No rthern an d Cretan e lem ents into

a grea t co m m o n wo r ship . The abo ve sum m a ry lea ds t o the discussio n o f severa l po ints n o t o o o t a a o am heret f re n ted in de il in this investig ti n , n ely, the a a o f the m a o a o m the o ch r cter ele ents ppr pri ted fr Crete, pe ple from who m they were ta ken o ver an d the tim e at whic h this

t o o a fi n all a o o f o o t o . k pl ce ; y, the rel ti n Ap ll Crete It is sign ifi c an t tha t t he elem ents taken o ver by Apo llo fro m Crete be tray fo r the m o st part the c hara cteristics o f a prim i o r a a t ive religi o n an d reveal Apo llo a s s the he ler. a o ha d o m o f a a The Pythi n cult und ubtedly s ething this ch r cter, a s the o ra cle wa s espe cia lly co nsulted in ea rly tim es in rega rd to a o a a o o f am a n d m a al dise se , the pr p g ti n the f ily, tters especi ly f l hin io ha co ncerned wit h bo dily existence . The cult o De p s d a o f urifi c at ion o ra o f m t e ri es its ritu l p , which b re t ces pri i iv t a o o Ta r hai o f he ling. The c ult f Apo ll r o s ha d sim ila r cere

m o . m wa s an a o f a e s as nies S intheus verter pl gue , Agyi u w the pilla r go d who war ded o ﬁ evil fro m the ho use an d at o n e tim e pro bably hea ded the pro cessio n o f inva ders into Gr eec e a o a s they m o ved o n their w y o f c nquest. The m usica l elem en ts a am m a a a an discussed reve l the s e pri itive ch r cter . The p e wa s SUMM ARY 67

a o o f a o r o a an a a o s ng he ling, in igin pr b bly inc nt ti n with m a i o Tha leta s wa a o g cal p wer . s ble to heal with his s ngs ; m e wa s m a i al ur iﬁ e r Ou o Epi nides the g c ly gifted p . the wh le, the co ntributio n o f Crete to wa rd the develo pm ent o f Apo llo wo rship reveals a religio n co ncerned with rites o f healing an d o aversi n . The ant iquity o f the cults taken o ve r is re vealed by the fa ct

’ a a o f o ha a z e c o a xr o v o r t n s th t e ch these elder g ds d o nly p qp em e o . To o o d a o wn am De l hin ion this encl sure the g g ve his, n e ; the p , Sm in thion a n d Am kla io n a h m a o f the , the y thus be r t e rks this ea rlier an d m o re prim itive age when the god wa s witho ut a dwelling. Apo llo m ust have entered Mino an territo ry under very a o u c m a t he a o wa s i uspici s ircu st nces , when Aege n p wer beg n ning t o decay an d when the Achaean s were m aking inro a ds a The o a m into the isl nd . Min n deities were st ill upper o st in o an d o o who o wa o e o m p wer even Ap ll , f ught his y int Gr ece fr 1 o n o t do m o a a a a o the beginning, c uld re th n gr du lly t ke ver a n d a a am a s t o wn their cults tt ch their n es epithe s t o his . Thus am o Del hin i s o m i T io o o S ar rha s . he bec e Ap ll p , Pythi s , ntheus , It do e s n o t appea r that these go ds were necessa rily a ssim ila ted o his t a o f o m m o o f u a int cul bec use c n interests c lt, but bec use they were in po wer in the centers t o which Apo llo cam e a n d o o o his w rship pr ved the str nger . A revie w o f the evidence also reveal s the fa ct tha t histo rical Crete o f Greek tim es played a rela tively unim po rt ant role in m a o o f o o . O n o a the e rly devel p ent Ap lline w rship the ther h nd , o - no n - re e ha d a v r m o prehist ric, pre Greek, G ek Cret e y i p rtant ’ inﬂue n c e o n o m a a n d o al o m Greece in religi n , yths , l ws s ci cust s . This n o n - Greek cha ra cter o f the Mino a n culture is especially

Cf . his c o mba s wi t he P o n T o n Tit o s t he Pa llan t id t th yth , yph . y , s, t he Nio bids. “ h Mit th 1 1 n 2 2 n Pr in z, A t . ., 9 0, 1 49 3 . Eva s, J . H . S . , 1 9 1 , 83, Mi oa n n El m ts in i i a n d Myc en a ea e en H ellen c L fe . The wr it e r sho ws t hat if t he Ac a e a n s fo un de d t is c ult ur e bec ause o f t he c o n t in uit o f t he h h , y ivilisa t io n t he m us a ve en e r e d r et e in t he n e o lit i a e i c , t h t C h c g . C .

r Ar h . . gel 1 1 000 r m Ka o c . ea s o f Ac aea n do in a io n , f VII, y h t

Dor feld N. L 1 1 2 1 r e sen s a n o t e r vi . p , , 9 , p t h ew 68 CRETAN ELEM ENTS I N APOLLO-CULTS

si n iﬁ cant an d t o a o f a o a g , it is this l yer civilis ti n th t the cults an a m a d ritu listic ele ents which we have tre ted belo ng. These a an r n o t a an fo r c e rly Cret s we e Ach e s , the s ript used in Crete wa s o a ff e wh lly fo reign t o the Ach eans . The di erenc between the Mycenaea n culture in Crete and o n the m ainland is a ddi t io n al o ho m u am as pro f o f this fact . The peo ple w st be n ed ' a o f o o r an B the le ders t his civilisati n were the Ete c et s . y m odern autho rities they a r e iden tiﬁ ed with the Ka ft i who

- e o n a 1 600 1 00 B . c as a were r c g ized by the Egypti ns in 5 . m s a - o r e o n m ighty e pe ple . They a represented Egyptian o nu m m a s ﬁ n d m n a a ents uch we the o the w ll p intings in Crete . o o f o t a B a a n d The rigin the Ete cre ns is uncerta in . y Ev ns Mac a a t o a c o o kenzie they h ve been tr ced Liby , but this nclusi n n a o o a oc a is o t ccepted by m st sch l rs . Ass i ted with them were t wo o m a i e o a Lukki a ther enig t c p ples, the Lyci ns ( ) , in Asi o who o m t o m a a a n d a Min r, went fr Crete the inl nd , the Turs , who were later the Tyr sen ian s o f Lem no s an d the Etr uscans ‘ o f Ita ly . Apo llo cam e t o Crete when this pre- Greek c ivilisat io n wa s in its decline an d when the Achaea ns had a fo ot-ho ld in the H island . e wa s no t na tive in Crete an d had n o im po rtant fam ily im a n ties there . Zeus preceded h in the isl nd a d att a ched h m t o a m o o a ac i a i self the gre t ther g ddess , perh ps displ ng at so n o o am a o f Philan dr o s an d a n ive . Ap ll bec e the f ther Phyl kide s by the Creta n nym ph Akakallis who belo nged in wester n

o r ha d a so n Milet o s am e o d o r Crete , he , , by the s g d ess , he ' was so n o f Ko r bas ha d no . the y , but he binding ties in Crete It is po ssible that his atta chm ent t o Leto m ay have begun in Crete but it is m o re pro bable tha t this a sso ciatio n o c c urred a - a u wa s at it s o n l ter , when the sub Aege n c lture height, o f o n o o f a s o m i a o the sh res o Asia Min r. We k w prehi t ric gr ti n

IX 1 Hdt I 1 1 St r a 221 X , 75 ; . , 7 ; bo , , ‘ f n m Ka t or fo r r e m o n t h r lit e H ll B S A C . a e e a e s ae s a . . p C t , g I ; , Ke tiu o n d th P l s o th a V 1 e e o e e S e . III , 57, f p f

n B A 21 6 E n H . ke zie S . v 1 8 6 J . S . Ma c . a s , XII , ; , 9 7, 3 74

f . r M r s d Alt e I 2 6 k . r ﬁ C Edua e e Ge e . . d y , , 77 7 2 m . A x P r o r 2 i D Na t D ar le le t . c e r o e . e . e . C , III , 3 ; C , p , 4 SUMM ARY 69

o f Apo llo Lyke io s fro m Argo s via Crete t o the co a st o f Asia ‘

i o o a e a t o a had an m o a . M n r, where Let pp rs h ve i p rt nt cult The na m e La to wa s ext ant in Crete fro m an ea rly date an d “ o we kno w that Milet o s was a Cretan fo unda tio n . D ubtless am as fo r a o dd an o ff o o t o f the n e w used in Crete g ess there, sh h m a m a i a m t e Creta n m o ther . This na e c e t o be ppl ed in l ter ti es ” o t to an im po rtant m o ther go ddess o f Lycia . When the N r h e rn o o o o m m o o f all to a m g d Ap ll , the c n deity Greek s cks , c e o a w afﬁ liat e a o a s int Lyci , he as d with the Lyci n Let just in Cret e the wo rship o f Zeus wa s atta ched t o that o f the Creta n o a a a m o ther . It is pr b ble th t Apo llo displ ced a native deity u wh o o a m a o o a m o o st d in si ilar rel ti n t this Asi tic ther goddess . a a o t o o o o be In Lyci , cc rding this the ry , the N rthern Apo ll ca m e It rem ained fo r the epic t o esta blish this r e lat io n shi o n a ﬁ rm a p b sis .

r n ll 1 22 2 a e o . c . 1 F , p , IV, , 3 .

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