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8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 1

Y-DNA of British Monarchy

Brad Larkin

Prepared for the Southern California Genealogical Society Jamboree 2017 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 2 Overview

• Review of nine Y-DNA of the British Monarchy over the past 1100 years. • How genetic genealogy may connect your family to them.

Image of New Map of , , and , 1714 © Brad Larkin

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 3 Y-DNA = Patrilineal Descent

• Patrilineal Heritage – Women do not have a Y-chromosome (they have two Xs) – Thus no recombination (mixing) and we can see paternal ancestry over many generations based on shared mutations. 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 4 Introduction

• Genetic genealogy using Y-DNA focuses on the portion of the Y-chromosome which passes from father to son with only rare mutations. • While many think of the throne of the British monarchy being passed in the same way, that has undergone some ‘non-linear’ transitions over its long history. – Counting those transitions which yielded adult monarchs inheriting the throne, there have been nine (9) different Y-DNA dynasties in the 1,090 years since Aethelstan became the first King of England in 927 CE 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 5 Exclusions

• In counting the Y-DNA dynasties, we have ignored disputed claimants with no meaningful rule such as:

– Bonnie Prince Charlie –

– Louis VIII of France.

• Three (3) potential dynasties which reached the throne but were not sustained with another :

– King William III of Orange (1650-1702) • husband of Queen Mary II (1662-1694)

– King Philip II of (1527-1598)

• husband of Queen Mary I (1516-1558)

– King Stephen of Blois (1092-1154)

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 6 Nine Y-DNA Dynasties with Date of First Crown • Mountbatten • Plantagenet – 20?? – 1135 • Windsor • Norman – 1901 – 1066 • Hannover • Knýtlinga – 1714 – 1013 • Stuart • – 1603 – 927 • Tudor – 1485

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 7 Mountbatten Heirs

• Charles, Prince of and (b. 1948) • Prince William, of Cambridge (b. 1982) • Prince of Cambridge (b. 2013) All these Mountbatten heirs trace their Y-DNA from Prince Philip Mountbatten, Duke of (b. 1921 Greece)

Image of The on June 13, 2015 © Lorna Roberts, editorial use via Dreamstime.com

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 8 Prince Phillip’s Ancestry

• Phillip’s Y-DNA lineage includes King Frederik I of and (1471-1533)

– Further back to the medieval House of : John II of Oldenburg, (1272-1301)

– Frederik I was also a patrilineal ancestor to Nicholas II, last Czar of Russia

• Prince Philip descends maternally from (1819-1901) and Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854-1921)

– Which made him alos an MtDNA match to Alexandra, the wife of the last Czar of Russia

• Prince Phillip contributed a DNA sample to help confirm the identity of remains suspected to be the family of the

last Romanov Czar of Russia (d. 1917)1

1Coble et al, Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis, PLOSOne, 2009 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 9 Paternal Ancestors of Romanov & Mountbatten Dynasties

1 Frederik I, King of Denmark and Norway 1523-1533 b. 7 Oct 1471 d. 1533

Romanov Line of Tsars Mountbatten Line of British Heirs 2 Adolf, Duke of -Gottorp 1544-1586 b. 25 Jan 1526 d. 1586 2 Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway 1534-1559 b. 12 Aug 1503 d. 1559 3 Johann Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1590-1616 b. 27 Feb 1575 d. 1616 3 Johann, von Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön 1564-1622 b. 25 Mar 1545 d. 1622 4 Friedrich III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1616-1659 b. 22 Dec 1597 d. 1659 4 Alexander, Herzog von Holstein-Sonderburg 1622-1627 b. 20 Jan 1573 d. 1627 5 Christian Albrecht, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1659-1694 b. 3 Feb 1641 d. 1694 5 August Philipp, Herzog von Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck b. 11 Nov 1612 d. 1675 6 Friedrich IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1695-1702 b. 18 Oct 1671 d. 1702 6 Friedrich Ludwig, Duke of Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 1719-1728 b. 6 Apr 1653 d. 1728 7 Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1702-1718-1739 b. 30 Apr 1700 d. 1739 7 August, Herzog von Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 1774-1775 b. 7 Dec 1696 d. 1775 8 Peter III, of Russia 1762 b. 21 Feb 1728 d. 1762 8 Carl Anton, Prinz zu Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck b. 10 Aug 1727 d. 1759 9 Paul I Petrovitch, Emperor of Russia 1796-1801 b. 1 Oct 1754 d. 1801 9 Friedrich, Herzog von Holstein Sonderburg-Beck 1775-1816 b. 20 Aug 1757 d. 1816 10 Nicholas I Pavlovitch, Emperor of Russia 1825-1855 b. 25 Jun 1796 d. 1855 10 Wilhelm, Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg-Glücksburg b. 4 Jan 1785 d. 1831 11 Alexander II Nicholaievitch, Emperor of Russia 1855-1881 b. 17 Apr 1818 d. 1881 11 Christian IX, King of Denmark 1863-1906 b. 8 Apr 1818 d. 1906 12 Alexander III Alexandrovitch, Emperor of Russia 1881-1894 b. 26 Feb 1845 d. 1894 12 Georgios I, King of the Hellenes 1863-1913, Prince of Denmark b. 24 Dec 1845 d. 1913 13 Nicholas II , Emperor of Russia 1894-1918 b. 6 May 1868 d. 16 Jul 1918 13 Andrea, Prince of Greece and Denmark b. 2 Feb 1882 d. 1944 14 Prince Philip, b. 10 Jun 1921 15 Charles, b. 14 Nov 1948 16 Prince William, b. 21 Jun 1982 17 Prince George of Cambridge b. 22 July 2013

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh are patrilineal 11th cousins, once removed.

Y-DNA: Haplogroup R1b 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 10 House of Oldenburg

• The House of Oldenburg is one of ’s most prolific lineages with branches that include: – the current King (b. 1937)

– the current Queen Margarethe II of Denmark (b. 1940)

– Prince George Oldenburg of Denmark (1653-1708), husband of British Queen Anne (1665-1714) – Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1918), the last Romanov Tsar

– Prinz-Christoph von Schleswig- Holstein (b. 1949)

Image of H.M. King Harald V of Norway CCA Kenneth Haetta, 2013 via Wikimedia Commons 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 11

Queen Elizabeth II (1926- ) King George VI (1895-1952) King Edward VIII (1894-1972) King (1865-1936)

King Edward VII (1841-1910) Windsor Queen Victoria (1819-1901) Prince Albert of Saxe- and (1819-1861) Franz Josias (1697-1764 Germany) John, Elector of (1468-1532) Dietrich I of Wettin (916 Germany -976)

• Windsor ’s began with the crowning of King Edward VII in 1901 • This Y-DNA lineage came from Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who was the husband of Queen Victoria. – The

• Surname was changed from ‘Saxe-Coburg and Gotha’ to ‘Windsor’ when King George V renounced his Germany territories and titles during . • Will end with death of the current Queen Elizabeth II – Produced five (5) monarchs

Image of in 1880 from painting by J. Archer, public domain from Wikimedia Commons

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 12 House of Wettin

• The paternal Windsor DNA line continues back to Franz Josias (Germany 1697-1764)

– John, Elector of Saxony (1468-1532) – Dietrich I of Wettin, Germany (916-976)

• Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b-U106-Z305 – Tests of two descendants of Prince Franz Herzong von Sachsen-Coburg- (1750-1806)1

1Brad Michael Little, The King’s Son (The Evidence), 2nd Edition, 2012

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 13

King William IV (1765-1837) King George IV (1762-1830) King George III (1738-1820) Frederick, Prince of Wales Hannover King George II (1683-1760) King George I (1660-1727) George of Brunswick (1582 Germany - 1641)

• King George I seated by in 1714 – Protestant, German-speaking great-grandson of King James I through two maternal lines

– Produced five (5) monarchs • Patrilineal descendants of George of Brunswick (1582-1641) – Medieval Younger House of Welf (aka Guelph) th • the – Ruled Saxony & in 12 Century • Welf IV inherited property in 1055 Lombardy, became Duke

of Bavaria – Son of Albert Azzo II of Este, of Milan1

1Encyclopaedia Britannica, Welf Dynasty, 2017 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 14 Hannover Y-DNA

• Y-DNA lineage not known – Living patrilineal descendants exist: – Prince Ernst August of (b. 1954), husband of Caroline of Monaco (b. 1957) • Son Prince Ernst August (b. 1983)

pictured here in 2014 next to a portrait of his ancestors.

Image of Prince Ernst August Of Hanover [b. 1983] Celebrates 'Der Weg zur Krone' Exhibition Opening, Alexander Koerner, 2014. Licensed from Getty Images

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 15

Queen Anne (1665-1714) Prince George Oldenburg of Denmark (1653-1708) Stuart John II of Oldenburg (1272 Germany -1301) (same as Mountbatten above)

Queen Mary II (1662-1694) King William III of Orange (1650-1702) Dudo-Henry of Laurenberg • King James I of England (1093 Germany -1117)

King James II (1633-1701) (1566-1625) King Charles II (1630-1685) King Charles I (1600-1649) King James I (1566-1625) unified Scottish and Henry Stuart, Lord (1545-1567) Robert II of Scotland (1316-1390) Walter (1106 -1177) English in 1603. Alan FitzFlaad (1070 , France - 1114)

– Dynasty of six (6) monarchs – Controversial: and Religious / Civil Wars • Paternally descended from Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley of Scotland (1545-1567) – Alan FitzFladd (1070-1114) came from Brittany France as a in Norman service 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 16 Stuart DNA

• Y-DNA: R-L21-S781 – Shows descent from Sir John Stewart 1 of Bonkyll (c 1245-1298) • From test of descendant of King Charles II • Several living and other British Peers who are patrilinealy descended from King Charles II (1630-1685)2

1 William Stuart et al, Descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland [DNA Project] 2 Jim Barrett, Powell Surname DNA Project Image of King Charles II in exile c. 1653 by Philippe de Champaigne, public domain via Wikimedia Commons

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 17

Queen (1533-1603)

Queen Mary I (1516-1558) King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598) no heirs Tudors Radbot, Count of Hapsburg (985 Germany -1045) King Edward VI (1537-1553) King Henry VIII (1491-1547) King Henry VII (1457-1509) Sir Edward Tudor (1430-1456) • Established by Richard Ednyfed Fychan (1170 Wales - 1246) Tudor in 1485

– Produced five (5) monarchs • Y-DNA lineage from Ednyfed Fychan of Wales (1170-1246) • No Y-DNA signature confirmed – Likely to be many living descendants of Endyfed who just do not have pedigrees.

– Remains of Henry VIII’s illegitimate son Henry Carey (1526-1596) are buried at

Windsor Chapel

Portrait of Henry VIII by the Workshop of Hans Holbein the Younger 1497/8 on Google Art Project. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 18

King Richard III (1452-1485) Richard Plantagenet of York (1411-1460) to King Edward III (below)

Plantagenet King Edward V (1470-1483) King Edward IV (1442-1483) Richard Plantagenet of York (1411-1460) to King Edward III (below)

• Henry II crowned 1154 King Henry VI (1421-1471) King (1386-1422) – Mother was daughter of Norman King King Henry IV (1366-1413) Henry I , (1340-1399) to King Edward III (below) – Spread Kingdom to many realms King Richard II (1367-1400) including Ireland Edward the Prince King Edward III (1312-1377) • Y-DNA attributed to father Count King Edward II (1284-1327) King Edward I [Longshanks] (1239-1307) Geoffrey V of (1113-1151) King Henry III (1207-1272) King John (1166-1216) – Geoffrey Ferole II, Count of Gastinois, King Richard I (1157-1199) France (1000-1046). King Henry II (1133-1189) Count Geoffrey V of Anjou (1113 France - 1151) Geoffrey Ferole II, Count of Gastinois • Dynasty of 14 British Monarchs (1000 France -1046)

• Rival York and Lancastrian branches fought bloody power struggle for royal of succession to Edward III called The War of the Roses – Culminating in death of last ruling Plantagenet monarch, King Richard III in 1485

Image of bronze effigy of King Edward III at Abbey, 2012. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons 8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 19 Plantagenet Y-DNA

• Supposed remains of Richard III under parking lot: G-P2871

• Four descendants of the Somerset line from John of Gaunt, thought to be patrilineal cousins to Richard III: R-

U152-Z1921

• 5th Somerset descendant: I-M1701 • Frenchman named de Warren claimed descent over 22 generations from ancestor Count Geoffrey V of Anjou

(1113-1151): Does not match any of above3 • Ancient DNA from crypts of known Plantagenet Monarchs? Not Tested

1 King, T.E. et al, Identification of the remains of King Richard III. Nat. Commun. 5:5631 (2014) 2See Kylen Campbell, Global Family Reunion Blog, 2015 for illustrated recap of family tree. 3Press Release Statement from Dr Turi King, University of Leicestershire, 25 March 2015

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 20 Fratricide and the Chances of Plantagenet Y-DNA Survival

• War of the Roses = Plantagenet Y-DNA Annihilation – Kings deposed: 6 – Kings murdered / killed in battle: 4 – Killing of potential male heirs: at least 6 • Including Richard III’s own nephews who he swore to protect • Tudor Kings alert to any potential male Plantagenet claimants – Richard III’s illegitimate son killed by Henry VII in 1499 • Be cautious of claims to a surviving royal lineage – Follow the Money: Having such a descent would have obtained much wealth and property, even if not . – Would such a Y-DNA descent really have gone unclaimed?

Image of painting by Henry Arthur Payne, Plucking the and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens, 1908. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 21

King Henry I (1068-1135) King William II (1056-1100) King William I [the Conqueror] (1028 France - 1087) Robert I, Duke of (1000-1035) Norman Richard II, (978-1026) Richard I, Duke of Normandy (933-996)

William I, Duke of Normandy (900-942) Robert I [], Duke of Normandy (846 Denmark - 931)

• Began with William, Duke of Normandy (aka ’s successful invasion in 1066. – in refers to French-speaking warrior aristocracy and their allies

– Vast changes in rule over the British Isles for over 400 years

• Norman Royal Dynasty, however, had only three (3) patrilineal monarchs – Y-DNA lineage of Rollo (846-931) – No modern samples, will require ancient DNA

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 22

King II (1018-1042) King Canute Sweynsson [the Great] (985-1035) King ( 960-1014) Harald , King of Denmark and Norway (935-986) Knýtlinga , King of Denmark ( 899-958) Harthacnut I, King of Denmark (880 Denmark - 936)

• A Viking-based dynasty established in 1013 best known for King Canute (985-1035) who subdued the Anglo-; coined his own money; and also ruled over Denmark, Norway, and parts of . • Three (3) monarchs but all of Canute’s sons died within seven years of their father. – Throne reclaimed by the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex

• Y-DNA ancestor was Harthacnu I, King of Denmark (880-936) – Has had no patrilineal descendant for centuries

Image of Silver of by York Museums Trust Staff, 2016 from Wikimedia Commons

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 23

Harold II Godwinson (1022-1066) Godwin, of Wessex (1001-1053) Aethelheim, Ealdorman of Wiltshire (859-898) Ethelred, King of Wessex (837-871) Wessex Egbert, King of Wessex (770 England - 839) King Edward [the Confessor] (1002-1066) King Edmund [Ironside] (989-1016)

King Aethelred [the Unready] (968-1016) King Edward [the ] (962-978) • Aethelstan was the first person since King Edgar [the Peaceful] (943-975) King [the Fair] (940-959)

Roman times to unify all of England King (925-955) King (921-946) under one king in the year 927. King Aethelstan [First King of England] (893-939)

Edward [the Elder] , King of the Anglo-Saxons (874-924)

– Patrilineal descendant of Egbert, King of Alfred [the Great] , King of the Anglo-Saxons (849-899) the Wessex (West Saxons, 770-839) to Egbert, King of Wessex (above) • Succession crisis on death of King in 1066. – (aka Harold II and claiming descent from Egbert) crowned at • Defeated invading Viking army of claimant Harold Hardrada • But Godwinson defeated and killed by claimant William of Normandy at the Battle of within a month • Wessex Y-DNA identification will require ancient DNA sample

Image of depicting Harold Godwinson’s death in 1066, public domain from Wikimedia Commons

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 24 Summary

• We have focused on nine (9) Y-DNA Dynasties of the British Monarchy. • Remember that across all her ancestors (autosomal DNA), Queen Elizabeth II is descended from every single one of these British monarchs.1 – As well as King Brian Boru of Ireland and Kenneth MacAlpin, King of the and Scots

1 Wikipedia, Descent of Elizabeth II from William the Conqueror, 2017 Image of Queen Elizabeth II March 2015 by Joel Rouse / Ministry of Defense from Wikimedia Commons

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 25 Dynasties 1603-2013

Mountbatten Hannover

Prince George of Cambridge (2013- ) King William IV (1765-1837) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (1982- ) King George IV (1762-1830) Charles, Prince of Wales (1948- ) King George III (1738-1820) Prince Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh (1921 Greece- ) Frederick, Prince of Wales

Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Holstein King George II (1683-1760)

(1757 Germany -1816) King George I (1660-1727)

Karl Anton August, Prince of Holstein George of Brunswick (1582 Germany - 1641)

(1727-1759) King Christian III of Denmark (1503-1559) John II of Oldenburg (1272 Germany -1301)

Stuart

Queen Anne (1665-1714) Prince George Oldenburg of Denmark (1653-1708) John II of Oldenburg (1272 Germany -1301) (same as Mountbatten above) Windsor Queen Mary II (1662-1694) King William III of Orange (1650-1702) Dudo-Henry Count of Laurenberg (1093 Germany -1117) Queen Elizabeth II (1926- ) King George VI (1895-1952)

King Edward VIII (1894-1972) King James II (1633-1701) King George V (1865-1936) King Charles II (1630-1685) King Edward VII (1841-1910) King Charles I (1600-1649) Queen Victoria (1819-1901) King James I (1566-1625) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819-1861) Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1545-1567) Franz Josias (1697-1764 Germany) Robert II of Scotland (1316-1390) John, Elector of Saxony (1468-1532) Walter FitzAlan (1106 -1177) Dietrich I of Wettin (916 Germany -976) Alan FitzFlaad (1070 Brittany, France - 1114)

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 26 Dynasties 1154-1603

Tudor Plantagenet

King Richard III (1452-1485) Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Richard Plantagenet of York (1411-1460) to King Edward III (below) Queen Mary I (1516-1558) King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598) no heirs King Edward V (1470-1483) Radbot, Count of Hapsburg (985 Germany -1045) King Edward IV (1442-1483) Richard Plantagenet of York (1411-1460) King Edward VI (1537-1553) to King Edward III (below) King Henry VIII (1491-1547) King Henry VII (1457-1509) King Henry VI (1421-1471) Sir Edward Tudor (1430-1456) King Henry V (1386-1422) Ednyfed Fychan (1170 Wales - 1246) King Henry IV (1366-1413) John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399) to King Edward III (below)

King Richard II (1367-1400) King Edward III (1312-1377) King Edward II (1284-1327) King Edward I [Longshanks] (1239-1307) King Henry III (1207-1272) King John (1166-1216) King Richard I (1157-1199) King Henry II (1133-1189) Count Geoffrey V of Anjou (1113 France - 1151) Geoffrey Ferole II, Count of Gastinois (1000 France -1046)

8 June 2017 Y-DNA of the British Monarchy (2017) by Brad Larkin Slide 27 Dynasties 927-1154

Norman Wessex

King Henry I (1068-1135) Harold II Godwinson (1022-1066) King William II (1056-1100) Godwin, (1001-1053) King William I [the Conqueror] (1028 France - 1087) Aethelheim, Ealdorman of Wiltshire (859-898) Robert I, Duke of Normandy (1000-1035) Ethelred, King of Wessex (837-871) Richard II, Duke of Normandy (978-1026) Egbert, King of Wessex (770 England - 839) Richard I, Duke of Normandy (933-996)

William I, Duke of Normandy (900-942) King Edward [the Confessor] (1002-1066) Robert I [Rollo], Duke of Normandy (846 Denmark - 931) King Edmund [Ironside] (989-1016)

King Aethelred [the Unready] (968-1016) King Edward [the Martyr] (962-978) King Edgar [the Peaceful] (943-975) King Eadwig [the Fair] (940-959)

Knýtlinga King Eadred (925-955) King Edmund I (921-946) King Harthacnut II (1018-1042) King Aethelstan [First King of England] (893-939)

King Canute Sweynsson [the Great] (985-1035) Edward [the Elder] , King of the Anglo-Saxons (874-924)

King Sweyn Forkbeard ( 960-1014) Alfred [the Great] , King of the Anglo-Saxons (849-899) , King of Denmark and Norway (935-986) to Egbert, King of Wessex (above) Gorm the Old, King of Denmark ( 899-958) Harthacnut I, King of Denmark (880 Denmark - 936)