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Anglo-Saxon Coins Found in Finland, and to This End He Compiled a List of the Same

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Anglo-Saxon Coins Found in Finland, and to This End He Compiled a List of the Same U I LLINOI S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2012. COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2012 ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN FINLAND. ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN FINLAND BY C. A. NORDMAN HELSINGFORS 1921 HELSINOFORS 1921. PRINTED BY HOLGER SCHILDT . PREFACE. The late Mr. O. Alcenius had designs on a publication treating of the Anglo-Saxon coins found in Finland, and to this end he compiled a list of the same. One part of this list containing most of the coins of Aethelred, along with a short introduction, was printed already, but owing to some cause or other the issue of the essay was discontinued some time before the death of the author. Although the original list has not now been found fit for use, 'the investigations of Mr. Alcenius have anyhow been of good service for the composition of this paper. The list now appears in a revised and also completed form. Further on in this essay short descriptions of the coin types have been inserted before the list of the coins of each king, and there has been an attempt made to a chronological arrangement of the types. Mr. Alcenius also tried to fix the relative and absolute chronology of the coins of Aethelred, but I regret to say that I could not take the same point of view as he as to the sequence of the types. Mr. Alcenius had no opportunity of taking up find reports or any summings up of the general results of his investigations. But we have to remember that in the periodical of Finska Fornminnesf6reningen (The Finnish Archaeological Society), vol. XXI, he published comments on four of our most important finds, and likewise that the identification of the coins belonging to some of our earliest finds, above all Reso and Kuolajarvi, that were till then all mixed together, is also a result of his exertions. Still it is now no longer possible in detail to revise this identification. The German coins mentioned in this paper are also mostly examined by Mr. Alcenius. I am then as willing as in duty bound to acknowledge the importance of the preparatory works of Mr. Alcenius with regard to this paper. But I also wish to accord my thanks to Mr. G. Galster of the Royal Cabinet of Medals of Copenhagen for giving me information about Danish finds and for revising the MS. The Consul Mr. Eugen Wolff by pecuniary assistance made it possible to publish our essay, a generosity for which both the Finnish Archaeological Society and the writer himself are indebted to him. Abbreviations: Aarbager = Aarbagerfor nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, Copenhagen. Acta - Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, Helsingfors. Alcenius O. Alcenius, Fyra anglosachsisk-tyska myntfynd i Finland, in FFT XXI. Aspelin = J. R. Aspelin, Antiquits du Nord Finno-Ougrien, Helsingfors 1877 ff. BEH 1846 = B. E. Hildebrand, Monnaies anglosaxonnes du Cabinet Royal de Stockholm, Stockholm 1846. BEH 1881 = B. E. Hildebrand, Anglosaxon coins in the Royal Swedish Cabinet of Medals, Stockholin 1881. BMC = Catalogue of English coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series I-II, London 1887-1893. BNJ = The British Numismatic Journal, London. Dannenberg = H. Dannenberg, Die deutschen Miinzen der sichsischen and frdnkischen Kaiserzeit I-IV, Berlin 1876-1905. FFT = Finska fornminnesfiireningens tidskrift, Helsingfors. FM = Finskt Museum, Helsingfors. Fornv. Fornvdnnen, Stockholm. Hauberg = P. Hauberg, Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146. Copenhagen 1900. Lagus II = Wilh. Lagus, Numismatiska Anteckningar II. Om mynt funna i finsk jord. Helsingfors 1900. In Bidrag till kanne- domen af Finlands natur och folk, 60. Liljegren = J. G. Liljegren, Stridda anteckningar om fynd i svensk jord. In Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitet Academiens Handlingar XIII, Stockholm 1830. Mdmoires = Mimoires de la Societ d'archiologie et de numismatiqe de St. Petersbourg. Mdnadsblad =- Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Mdnadsblad, Stockholm. Num. Chron. = The Numismatic Chronicle, London. Roth = The coins of the Danish kings in Ireland, in BNJ 1909. Schnittger = B. Schnittger, Silverskatten frdn Stora Sojdeby, in Fornv. 1915. Thomsen Ill = Catalogue de laI collection de monnaies de feu ChristianJiirgensen Thomsen III, Copenhagen 1876. Vorgeschichtliche Altertiimer = Vorgeschichtliche Altertiimer aus Finnland, Helsingfors 1900. Z. J. N. = Zeitschrft fiir Numismatik, Berlin. Cabinet of Medals = The Cabinet of Medals of the University, Helsingfors. National Museum = The National Museum of Finland, Helsingfors. D = Denmark. F = Finland. O = Germany. No = Norway. S = Sweden. E = the find of Ekenis Ks = Kuusamo Pl = Palkane H h = Hauho L = Lundo Ps = Pargas H1 - Halikko Lb = Lembois R - Reso H t = Hattula M = St. Marie S = Sysmi H v - Hvittis N = Nousis U = Uskela K j = Kuolajirvi Nst = Nastola W = Wirmo K r -= Kronoby P = Pemar Wa -= Wasa INTRODUCTION. Denarii and Solidi from Rome and Byzant, that in great numbers came pouring in to the South of Scandinavia, where they now have been found chiefly on resp. Gothland and Oland, hardly reached Finland at all. Beyond some bronze coins and Denarii a few Solidi are the only tokens of the fact that also the early Southern coins were known in our country. Only when during the Viking Age the trade on the East began and the travels to Russia, coins were imported on a larger scale: a small number of Byzantine silver coins and rather numerous Arabic dirhems testify this. Compared with the rich Swedish hoards of Arabic coins, the dirhems found on the mainland of Finland, though numbering towards some hundreds, still are exceedingly few. But on the other hand more than a thousand Arabic coins, found on Aland, prove the busy traffic of this province eastwards. We are not bound to suppose that these coins reached Aland via Sweden, or to put it more exactly via Gothland, the rich finding centre, for there are some archaeological facts suggesting that the residents themselves took a part in the expeditions eastwards. (1) The import of Arabic coins to Scandinavia and Finland broadly speaking took place during the 9th. and 10th. centuries. Towards the end of the 10th. century the flow gradually ceased and after this point of time it is the Western coins that characterize our hoards, the bulk of these finds consisting of coins from the Teutonic Continent and from England. However, odd Anglo-Saxon coins reached Scandinavia already earlier.(2) In Norway the earliest finds are: one styca from Northumberland which belongs to the middle of the 8th. century and one somewhat later penny of Offa of Mercia(3); with these coins side six specimens from Northumbria, Mercia, and Canterbury, all struck in the first part of the 9th. century. In Denmark and Sweden the earliest coins are of Alfred the Great, i. e. from the period 871--901.(4) Some of these early coins have been used as personal ornaments, and two are set in weights. In any case they do not seem to have been of any importance as means of payment. At the beginning of the 10th. century the finds are still rare. They now most frequently occur in Denmark, while not a single one is reported from Norway. During the time of Eadgar and Edward the Martyr the finds increase in numbers; Gothland already now has got that preponderance over other parts of Scandinavia that later on characterizes the same island. However it is not likely that coins were imported on any larger scale during the 6th.--8th. decades of the 10th. century: several specimens dating from this period belong to hoards, that certainly have been deposited later on, and they probably did not come to the North until with the broad stream of silver during Aethelred. But from Aethelred's time forth the tributes again and again exacted by the Danes are plainly reflected in the Scandinavian finds. Gothland in a (1) A. Hackman, in Det svenska Finland II, p. 40. (2) Cf. for the following Hauberg, pp. 20 ff.; Brogger, in Norsk historisk tidsskrift, 5 R., Bd. 1, pp. 334 ff. (3) Schetelig, in BNJ V 1909, pp. 50-54. (4) Hauberg, in Aarboger 1914, p. 64; Schnittger, in Fornv. 1917, p. 191 f. -4 splendid way supports its reputation as a commercial centre of the North: out of more than 30,000 Anglo- Saxon coins one half has been found here, while on the other hand all the finds reported from the mainland of Sweden do not contain more than a twelfth part of this number. Among the coins belonging to the Anglo-Saxon kings specimens of Aethelred are most common in Scandinavia; next come the coins of Cnut, while the sons of this king are represented by a relatively small number only. During Edward the Confessor the finds, contrary to the earlier state of things, occur more frequently in England than in Scandinavia. And after this time the stream of silver by and by runs dry. Harold Godwinson and William I. and II. are not represented at all in the Danish finds, and even on Gothland their coins are rare: not one hundred specimens have been found in the whole of Scandinavia. These coins also were exported to more distant countries than Scandinavia and brought across the Baltic Sea. The Anglo-Saxon kings are represented by coins found in the north of Germany and Poland as well as by specimens contained in hoards from the Baltic Provinces, from Courland in the south to Ingermannia in the east.(1) The finds last mentioned follow the same rules as those of Scandinavia.
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