The Tudor Monarchy British History Online: Calendar of State Papers
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6. the Tudors and Jacobethan England
6. The Tudors and Jacobethan England History Literature Click here for a Tudor timeline. The royal website includes a history of the Tudor Monarchs [and those prior and post this period]. Art This site will guide you to short articles on the Kings and Queens of the Tudor Music Dynasty. Another general guide to Tudor times can be found here. Architecture Click here for a fuller account of Elizabeth. One of the principle events of the reign of Elizabeth was the defeat of the Spanish Armada (here's the BBC Armada site). Elizabeth's famous (and short) speech before the battle can be found here. England's power grew mightily in this period, which is reflected in the lives and achievements of contemporary 'heroes' such as Sir Francis Drake, fearless fighter against the Spanish who circumnavigated the globe, and Sir Walter Raleigh (nowadays pronounced Rawley), one of those who established the first British colonies across the Atlantic (and who spelt his name in over 40 different ways...). Raleigh is generally 'credited' with the commercial introduction of tobacco into England .about 1778, and possibly of the potato. On a lighter note, information on Elizabethan costume is available here (including such items as farthingales and bumrolls). Literature Drama and the theatre The Elizabethan age is the golden age of English drama, for which the establishment of permanent theatres is not least responsible. As performances left the inn-yards and noble houses for permanent sites in London, the demand for drama increased enormously. While some of the smaller theatres were indoors, it is the purpose-built round/square/polygonal buildings such as The Theatre (the first, built in 1576), the Curtain (late 1570s?), the Rose (1587), the Swan (1595), the Fortune (1600) and of course the Globe (1599) that are most characteristic of the period. -
FALL 2019 2 | from the Executive Director
Americans in Alliance with the National Trust of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland The Horse and the Country House The Lost House Revisited Restoring Britain’s Waterways FALL 2019 2 | From the Executive Director THE ROYAL OAK FOUNDATION 20 West 44th Street, Suite 606 New York, New York 10036-6603 212.480.2889 | www.royal-oak.org BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chairman Lynne L. Rickabaugh Vice Chairman Renee Nichols Tucei Treasurer Susan Ollila Montacute House in Somerset is a masterpiece of Elizabethan Renaissance architecture and design. Secretary Royal Oak members visited the house on this year’s annual garden tour. Prof. Sir David Cannadine Directors Cheryl Beall Michael A. Boyd Dear Members & Friends, Michael J. Brown Though we are nearing the final quarter of 2019, our year is far from over. On November Susan Chapman 6, we will host our fall benefit dinner at the Century Association in New York City. This Constance M. Cincotta year’s event will honor the Duke of Devonshire for his contribution to the preservation Robert C. Daum of British culture and the 10 year restoration of Chatsworth. Sir David Cannadine will Tracey A. Dedrick join in discussion with the Duke about his project to restore Chatsworth to its full glory Anne Blackwell Ervin and it promises to be wonderful evening. Pamela K. Hull Linda A. Kelly We are well on our way to achieving our goal of raising $250,000 to preserve the library at Hilary McGrady Blickling Hall. This is one of the most significant libraries under the care of the National Eric J. -
National Trust Annual Report 2019/20
National Trust Annual Report 2019/20 National Trust Annual Report 2019/20 1 Visiting figures Properties open at a charge with more than 50,000 visitors in 2019/20: Property 2019/20 2018/19 Giants Causeway 685,229 738,508 Plas Newydd 156,234 151,714 Clumber Park 655,251 677,136 Ightham Mote 154,776 150,123 Attingham Park 540,561 511,687 Winkworth Arboretum 154,590 148,556 Cliveden 525,903 499,043 Nostell 152,513 152,896 Carrick-a-Rede and Larrybane 471,843 497,623 Beningbrough Hall 147,773 146,111 Waddesdon Manor27 467,247 471,886 Greys Court 145,806 132,332 Calke Abbey 459,262 398,837 Penrhyn Castle 135,614 118,833 Belton House 442,447 444,697 Castle Ward 134,826 122,226 Kingston Lacy 409,106 366,667 Avebury Manor 130,234 100,262 Polesden Lacey 401,748 356,131 Emmetts Garden 129,628 125,818 Fountains Abbey Estate and Studley Royal Felbrigg Hall, Gardens and Estate 129,627 118,907 Water Garden 400,328 403,591 Biddulph Grange Garden 129,272 127,065 Anglesey Abbey 386,909 400,186 Lyme Park 129,040 140,084 Stourhead 386,458 382,235 Ham House 128,445 127,195 Mottisfont 381,835 375,708 Brownsea Island 127,630 132,911 Nymans 378,216 369,941 Rowallane Garden 127,410 111,707 Tyntesfield 355,307 308,981 Sizergh 125,193 115,166 St.Michael´s Mount 351,362 358,853 Bateman's 122,823 120,871 Dunham Massey 329,681 322,276 Castle Drogo 122,817 102,207 Wimpole Estate 324,925 320,489 Sutton Hoo 121,797 74,421 Gibside 297,946 283,056 Coughton Court 118,428 121,625 Sheffield Park 292,866 312,478 Barrington Court 115,085 110,602 Hardwick 288,799 295,972 Greenway -
Erin and Alban
A READY REFERENCE SKETCH OF ERIN AND ALBAN WITH SOME ANNALS OF A BRANCH OF A WEST HIGHLAND FAMILY SARAH A. McCANDLESS CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PART I CHAPTER I PRE-HISTORIC PEOPLE OF BRITAIN 1. The Stone Age--Periods 2. The Bronze Age 3. The Iron Age 4. The Turanians 5. The Aryans and Branches 6. The Celto CHAPTER II FIRST HISTORICAL MENTION OF BRITAIN 1. Greeks 2. Phoenicians 3. Romans CHAPTER III COLONIZATION PE}RIODS OF ERIN, TRADITIONS 1. British 2. Irish: 1. Partholon 2. Nemhidh 3. Firbolg 4. Tuatha de Danan 5. Miledh 6. Creuthnigh 7. Physical CharacteriEtics of the Colonists 8. Period of Ollaimh Fodhla n ·'· Cadroc's Tradition 10. Pictish Tradition CHAPTER IV ERIN FROM THE 5TH TO 15TH CENTURY 1. 5th to 8th, Christianity-Results 2. 9th to 12th, Danish Invasions :0. 12th. Tribes and Families 4. 1169-1175, Anglo-Norman Conquest 5. Condition under Anglo-Norman Rule CHAPTER V LEGENDARY HISTORY OF ALBAN 1. Irish sources 2. Nemedians in Alban 3. Firbolg and Tuatha de Danan 4. Milesians in Alban 5. Creuthnigh in Alban 6. Two Landmarks 7. Three pagan kings of Erin in Alban II CONTENTS CHAPTER VI AUTHENTIC HISTORY BEGINS 1. Battle of Ocha, 478 A. D. 2. Dalaradia, 498 A. D. 3. Connection between Erin and Alban CHAPTER VII ROMAN CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN (55 B.C.-410 A.D.) 1. Caesar's Campaigns, 54-55 B.C. 2. Agricola's Campaigns, 78-86 A.D. 3. Hadrian's Campaigns, 120 A.D. 4. Severus' Campaigns, 208 A.D. 5. State of Britain During 150 Years after SeveTus 6. -
Stockton House, Wiltshire : Heritage Statement – Documentary Sources
STOCKTON HOUSE, WILTSHIRE : HERITAGE STATEMENT – DOCUMENTARY SOURCES Version 0.5 – November 26, 2014 Fig 1 : J.C. Buckler, South-West View of Stockton House, Wiltshire. dated 1810 (courtesy of Yale Center for British Art, B1991.40.75) Andrew Foyle : Stockton House Heritage Statement, Version 0.5; November 26 2014 Page 1 CONTENTS: Preamble Pages 1-2 1. Change Control Log Page 3 2. Timeline for Stockton House Page 4 2. History and Development of the Building Page 17 3. Ownership and Owners’ Biographies Page 48 4. Appendices: Document Texts Page 57 A: Rev. Thomas Miles, History of the Parish of Stockton, B : Letter from W.H. Hartley, of Sutton, to John Hughes of Stockton, Friday Feb 26th, 1773 C : Auctions of Furniture from Stockton House, 1906 and 1920 D: A visitor’s comments on Stockton House in 1898. E : Kelly’s Directory of Wiltshire, 1898 F: Inquest Report on the Death of a Gardener, 1888 G: Transcripts of Four Articles on Stockton House in Country Life (1905 and 1984) H: Excerpt from The Gardeners’ Chronicle, February 23, 1895, p. 230. Abbrevations: WHC – Wiltshire History Centre, Chippenham (formerly Wiltshire Record Office) WILBR – Wiltshire Buildings Record at Wiltshire History Centre Introduction This paper sets out the documentary sources for the architectural development, phasing and dating of Stockton House. It was prepared by Andrew Foyle to inform the conservation and repair work to be carried out by Donald Insall Associates. Andrew Foyle : Stockton House Heritage Statement, Version 0.5; November 26 2014 Page 2 CHANGE CONTROL LOG Version 0.0 issued April 22 2014 Version 0.1 issued April 28 2014 Minor typographical changes. -
Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Honors Theses, 1963-2015 Honors Program 2015 Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I Grace K. Butkowski College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Butkowski, Grace K., "Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I" (2015). Honors Theses, 1963-2015. 69. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_theses/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses, 1963-2015 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Grace Butkowski Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I The rivalry of Mary, Queen of Scots and her English cousin Elizabeth I is a storied one that has consumed both popular and historical imaginations since the two queens reigned in the sixteenth century. It is often portrayed as a tale of contrasts: on one end, Gloriana with her fabled red hair and virginity, the bastion of British culture and Protestant values, valiantly defending England against the schemes of the Spanish and their Armada. On the other side is Mary, Queen of Scots, the enchanting and seductive French-raised Catholic, whose series of tragic, murderous marriages gave birth to both the future James I of England and to schemes surrounding the English throne. -
King Henry VIII Proof That God Uses Evil for Good
King Henry VIII Proof that God Uses Evil for Good When we think of King Henry VIII, we usually don’t think of a Christian man on the front lines fighting for the Reformation. Instead many think the exact opposite, of an evil man full of pride willing to do anything to fulfill his selfish desires. King Henry VIII is a vivid example of God’s ability to take man’s evil nature and provide good for His Church. Studying the history of the English Reformation and King Henry VIII is as much political and social as it is religious. It is necessary to unpack England’s royalty and its social, and religious policies in order to grasp why and how England turned away from the Catholic Church and became the Church of England with strong Reformation theology. Several characters took part in this stage in history, the most prominent being King Henry himself. At the age of 18, Henry became King of England, upon the death of this father, King Henry VII. We must examine some of the political plot at this time. Henry’s brother, Arthur, was first in line for the throne and had been politically joined in marriage with Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. However, Arthur died unexpectedly prior to his father. Upon Arthur’s death, King Henry VII agreed to a pre-arranged marriage with young Henry and Catherine, the widow of Arthur. The stage was now set for the first request to the Papacy in Rome. The Papacy nullifies the law of Leviticus 20:21 and gives permission for Henry and Catherine to marry. -
Elizabeth's Symbolic Marriage to England: a History of Lasting Union Jill M. Hall
Elizabeth’s Symbolic Marriage to England: A History of Lasting Union Jill M. Hall This paper examines the rhetoric of Elizabeth's speech about entering into a symbolic marriage with England from a religious studies perspective in order to investigate how the content of Elizabeth's speech utilizes a rhetoric of political theology about the king's two bodies. Via rhetoric, Elizabeth was able to enter into a symbolic marriage with England, which created a union between King Henry VIII and James I's Protestant goals, thus establishing a national identity in England. Marriage and religion were issues of utmost priority during the Tudors’ rule in England. Under King Henry VIII’s reign his personal divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in England’s national divorce from the Roman Catholic Church, enabling the creation of the Church of England. Scholars who address the reformation in terms of England’s social and political history often credit King Henry VIII for his efforts to organize a Protestant religion by founding the Church of England and distinguish the Protestant King James I for his attempts to contain the religious fractures caused by England’s reformation. Scholars have favored King James I with a significant reputation as an enforcer of the Protestant faith: while his religious doctrines sought to formalize Protestantism through the celebrated creation of the King James Bible, his court was endeavoring to legalize the faith by forcing England’s Catholic priests to conform to Protestant practice.1 Critics of England’s social and political history note both Henry and James because their religious actions sought to legalize or formalize an intolerant national attitude towards other religions, particularly Catholicism. -
Copyrighted Material
33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 363 Index fighting the Vikings, 52–54 • A • as law-giver, 57–58 Aberfan tragedy, 304–305 literary interests, 56–57 Act of Union (1707), 2, 251 reforms of, 54–55 Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of reign of, 50, 51–52 William IV, 268, 361 Alfred, son of King Aethelred, king of Áed, king of Scotland, 159 England, 73, 74 Áed Findliath, ruler in Ireland, 159 Ambrosius Aurelianus (Roman leader), 40 Aedán mac Gabráin, overking of Dalriada, 153 Andrew, Prince, Duke of York (son of Aelfflaed, queen of Edward, king Elizabeth II) of Wessex, 59 birth of, 301 Aelfgifu of Northampton, queen of Cnut, 68 as naval officer, 33 Aethelbald, king of Mercia, 45 response to death of Princess Diana, 313 Aethelbert, king of Wessex, 49 separation from Sarah, Duchess of York, Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, king of 309 Wessex, 46 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 57, 58, 63 Aethelfrith, Saxon king, 43 Anglo-Saxons Aethelred, king of England, 51, 65–66 appointing an heir, 16 Aethelred, king of Mercia, 45, 46, 55 invasion of Britain, 39–41 Aethelred, king of Wessex, 50 kingdoms of, 37, 42 Aethelstan, king of Wessex, 51, 61–62 kings of, 41–42 Aethelwold, son of Aethelred, king of overview, 12 Wessex, 60 Anna, queen of Scotland, 204 Aethelwulf, king of Wessex, 49 Anne, Princess Royal, daughter of Africa, as part of British empire, 14 Elizabeth II, 301, 309 Agincourt, battle of, 136–138 Anne, queen of England Albert, Prince, son of George V, later lack of heir, 17 George VI, 283, 291 marriage to George of Denmark, 360–361 Albert of -
HENRY VIII TRAIL the Story of Henry’S Visit with His Allegedly Adulterous Queen, Catherine Howard in 1541
HENRY VIII TRAIL The story of Henry’s visit with his allegedly adulterous Queen, Catherine Howard in 1541. The King sat nearly 2 weeks, ulcerous, syphilitic and constipated, fuming and waiting for his nephew James V of Scotland to attend a peace conference that never happened. Lavish preparations were made for the King’s reception by a City Council so terrified of the King after the Pilgrimage of Grace that they grovelled in the mud to meet him. Henry also closed down all the Monasteries and hospitals in York, even the public lavatories, because of alleged hanky-panky by the monks and nuns. St Leonards Hospital This was founded by King Athelstan in 935 AD as the Hospital of St Peter’s and may go back even further. It was refounded as the Hospital of St Leonard by King Stephen after the great fire of York in 1137. At its height the Hospital stretched almost the Minster-the Theatre Royal is built on its Undercrofts and the Red House incorporates part of its gatehouse. The Time Team Excavation of 1999 and At its height it had over 200 people in its care ranging from the poor to those who chose to retire there to live out their days. It had 13 Augustinian Canons, 8 Nuns plus Lay Brothers and servants making perhaps 300 people in all. It was surrendered to the Crown in 1539 and all had to leave. It was the last of the great religious house in York to close on 1st Dec 1540. The last Master, Thomas Magnus, got a manor at Beningbrough Grange. -
Painted Wood: History and Conservation
PART FOUR Investigations and Treatment 278 Monochromy, Polychromy, and Authenticity The Cloisters’ Standing Bishop Attributed to Tilman Riemenschneider Michele D. Marincola and Jack Soultanian 1975, Standing Bishop was acquired for The Cloisters collection, the Metropolitan Museum of IArt, New York. This piece—considered at purchase to be a mature work of Tilman Riemenschneider (ca. 1460–1531), a leading German mas- ter of Late Gothic sculpture—was intended to complement early works by the artist already in the collection. The sculpture (Fig. 1) is indisputably in the style of Riemenschneider; furthermore, its provenance (established to before 1907) includes the renowned Munich collection of Julius Böhler.1 The Standing Bishop was accepted as an autograph work by the great Riemenschneider scholar Justus Bier (1956), who was reversing his earlier opinion. It has been compared stylistically to a number of works by Riemenschneider from about 1505–10. In the 1970s, a research project was begun by art historians and conservators in Germany to establish the chronology and authorship of a group of sculptures thought to be early works of Riemenschneider. The Cloisters’ sculptures, including the Standing Bishop, were examined as part of the project, and cross sections were sent to Munich for analysis by Hermann Kühn. This research project resulted in an exhibition of the early work of Riemenschneider in Würzburg in 1981; The Cloisters sent two sculptures from its collection, but the loan of the Standing Bishop was not requested. Certain stylistic anomalies of the figure, as well as several Figure 1 technical peculiarities discussed below, contributed to the increasing suspi- Standing Bishop, attributed to Tilman cion that it was not of the period. -
Royal Connections to Aylesbury
Royal AYLESBURY Connections William I demanded green geese and eels whenever he visited! At the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror took the manor of Aylesbury for himself, and it is listed as a royal manor in the Domesday Book of 1086. Some lands here were granted by the king to citizens upon the extraordinary tenure that the owners should provide straw for the monarch's bed, William the Conqueror sweet herbs for his chamber, and two green geese and three eels for his table, whenever he should visit Aylesbury The Kings Head, in Market Square, Aylesbury is an historic ancient coaching inn dating back to about 1450, though the cellars may be 13th century. It is one of the St Mary's Church, the oldest building in Aylesbury dates to the 13th century : Roger Marks oldest public houses with a coaching yard in the south of England. It is now owned by the National Trust and is open to the public. King Henry VI possibly stayed here in the 15th century while on a tour of the country with his new wife Margaret of Anjou. A stained glass panel was later inserted in the front window of the inn, depicting the king and queen's coats of arms. Henry VIII declared Aylesbury the new county town of Buckinghamshire in 1529. It is thought he did so to curry favour with Thomas Boleyn (father of Anne Boleyn) who owned Aylesbury Manor. According to local folklore, Henry subsequently wooed Anne in the Solar Room above the Great Hall in the Kings Head in 1533.