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Ethnic Minority and Roma Women in … Ethnic minority and Roma women in Europe: A case for gender equality? Final Report November 2008 This report was financed by and prepared for the use of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in the framework of a contract managed by the Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale and the Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. Neither the Commission not any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this report. Final Report Ethnic minority and Roma women in Europe: A case for gender equality? SYNTHESIS REPORT by Marcella Corsi, Chiara Crepaldi, Manuela Samek Lodovici, Paolo Boccagni, Cristina Vasilescu EGGSI - Expert Group on Gender equality, social inclusion, health and long term care The national experts (* indicates non-EU countries) Marie Jelenko (Austria) Ruta Braziene (Lithuania) Nathalie Wuiame (Belgium) Robert Plasman (Luxembourg) Maria Prohaska (Bulgaria) Frances Camilleri-Cassar (Malta) Zelia Gregoriou (Cyprus) Hugo Swinnen (Netherlands) Alena Křížková (Czech Republic) Barbara Harwas-Napierla (Poland) Bent Greve (Denmark) Teresa Sarmento (Portugal) Reelika Leetmaa (Estonia) Marieta Radu (Romania) Eveliina Pöyhönen (Finland) Magdalena Piscová (Slovakia) Alexandra Scheele (Germany) Mateja Sedmak (Slovenia) Maria Stratigaki (Greece) Elvira González Gago (Spain) Beáta Nagy (Hungary) Anita Nyberg (Sweden) James Wickham (Ireland) Claire Annesley (United Kingdom) Flavia Pesce (Italy) Lilja Mósesdóttir (Iceland)* Ilze Trapenciere (Latvia) Ulrike Papouschek (Liechtenstein)* Ira Malmberg-Heimonen (Norway)* Manuscript completed in November 2008 IRS- Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale Fondazione Brodolini Via XX Settembre 24 Viale di Villa Massimo 21 20123 Milano 00161 Roma 0039 - (0)2 - 467641 0039 - (0)6 - 44249625 [email protected] [email protected] www.irs-online.it http://www.fondazionebrodolini.it/ 2 Final Report This report is supported under the European Community Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - PROGRESS (2007-2013). This programme is managed by the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities of the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objectives of the European Union in the employment and social affairs area, as set out in the Social Agenda, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Lisbon Strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year Programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the development of appropriate and effective employment and social legislation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA-EEA and EU candidate and potential candidate countries. PROGRESS mission is to strengthen the EU contribution in support of Member States’ commitment. PROGRESS will be instrumental in: · providing analysis and policy advice on PROGRESS policy areas; · monitoring and reporting on the implementation of EU legislation and policies in PROGRESS policy areas; · promoting policy transfer, learning and support among Member States on EU objectives and priorities; and · relaying the views of the stakeholders and society at large For more information see: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/progress/index_en.html 3 Final Report Table of Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................................. 6 Resumé executif................................................................................................................................22 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................................ 40 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 56 Part 1: Disadvantaged Ethnic Minority Women in Europe................................................................. 58 1 Definitions and distribution of disadvantaged ethnic minority communities in Europe: an overview ................................................................................................................................. 60 1.1 Relevant definitions of ethnic minorities at the European and national level ...................................60 1.2. Dimension and distribution of disadvantaged ethnic minorities in the European countries..............65 2 Gender and ethnicity: Social disadvantage and exclusion.......................................................... 72 2.1 A comparative profile of the socio-economic condition of ethnic minorities and the main risks of social exclusion related to ethnicity. A gender perspective ................................................72 2.1.1 Educational level and access to the education system ............................................................72 2.1.2 Housing conditions ........................................................................................................................75 2.1.3 Health conditions and access to the healthcare system...........................................................77 2.1.4 Access to the long term care system ..........................................................................................78 2.1.5 Access to social benefits ..............................................................................................................78 2.1.6 Access to employment, job quality and working conditions .....................................................80 2.1.7 Access to financial services .........................................................................................................84 2.2 The multiple discrimination of ethnic minority women ........................................................................84 3 Institutional framework underlying ethnic minorities’ social inclusion and gender equality policies .......................................................................................................................... 88 3.1 European and national legislative framework ..................................................................................88 3.2 Policy making and implementation ..................................................................................................99 3.3 Dedicated institutions and/or organizations...................................................................................107 4 Good practices in social and labour market inclusion of ethnic minorities: A gender equality perspective .................................................................................................................. 114 4.1 General characteristics of good practices......................................................................................114 4.2 Governmental and NGO good practices........................................................................................115 4.3 Main areas of intervention .............................................................................................................116 Part 2: Roma Minority Women in Europe ........................................................................................ 128 5 Definitions and distribution of Roma communities in Europe: an overview ............................. 128 5.1 The legal status of Roma communities: relevant definitions at the national level ..........................133 4 Final Report 5.2 Dimension and distribution of the Roma communities in European countries ...............................137 6 Roma-specific social disadvantage and exclusion: A gender perspective................................ 140 6.1 A comparative profile of the socio-economic condition and main risks of social exclusion faced by Roma and, more specifically, Roma women..................................................................140 6.1.1 Educational level and access to the education system ..........................................................141 6.1.2 Housing conditions ......................................................................................................................145 6.1.3 Health conditions and access to the healthcare system.........................................................147 6.1.4 Access to the long-term care system........................................................................................153 6.1.5 Access to social benefits ............................................................................................................153 6.1.6 Access to employment, job quality and working conditions ...................................................156 6.1.7 Access to financial services .......................................................................................................160 6.2 The multiple discrimination of Roma women.................................................................................161 7 Institutional framework underlying Roma social inclusion and gender equality policies ......... 166 7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................166 7.2 A review of national legislation on Roma minorities.......................................................................166 7.3 Policy-making and implementation................................................................................................171
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