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UNICEF Social Monitor Kinderarmut REGIONAL REPORT SOCIAL MONITOR Social protection for child rights and well-being in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) December 2015 Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Permission will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations. To request permission and for any other information on the publication, please contact: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) The Regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS) Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 909 5000 Fax: +41 22 909 5909 Email: [email protected] All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNICEF to verify the information contained in this publication. Suggested citation: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Social Monitor: Social protection for child rights and well- being in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, Geneva, December 2015. 2 CHAPTER 1 Analytical framework of social protection for children ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The principal author of this report is Jennifer Vibert, with contributions from Elena Gaia. The report was edited by Anna Grojec, Natalie Leston, Elena Gaia, Sonia Ruiz-Brunschwig and Joanne Bosworth. Elena Gaia and Sonia Ruiz-Brunschwig were responsible for the overall design and development of the research. An Advisory Board composed of UNICEF staff from the regional office, country offices and other divisions of UNICEF, and selected colleagues from partner institutions, was created to ensure scientific rigour and the inclusion of a variety of perspectives from within UNICEF and partner institutions. The task of this board was to review the proposal and drafts of the report. Members of the Advisory Board: Gordon Alexander (IRC Florence); Jingqing Chai (UNICEF HQ New York); Sri Wening Handayani (Asian Development Bank); Maria Herzog (Eurochild); Goran Holmqvist (IRC Florence); Elena Danilova-Cross, (UNDP EUROPE and the CIS); Verena Knaus (UNICEF Brussels); Lila Pieters (UNICEF Brussels); Ben Slay (UNDP EUROPE and the CIS); and Jennifer Yablonski (UNICEF HQ New York). A Scientific Committee of academics, policy institutes and think tanks linked to policymakers from the region and beyond has helped to ensure that the study is anchored within current thinking and policy developments in the region, and that it contributes to creating a critical mass of thinking and consensus around social protection for children. The committee was convened for a validation workshop in July 2013 to review the progress of the project and provide a strong analytical framework anchored within the region. Selected members of the Advisory Board were also invited to the workshop. Members of the Scientific Committee: Yuriy Aronskiy, Union of Economists (Turkmenistan); Babken Babajanian, ODI (UK); Armando Barrientos, Manchester University (UK); William Bartlett, social policy expert (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Christina Behrendt, Senior Social Protection Policy Specialist, ILO (Switzerland); Nazik Beishenaly, Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan); Suzana Bornarova, Institute for Social Work and Social Policy, University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia); Svetlana Biryukova, Independent Institute of Social Policy, National Research University Higher School of Economics (Russia); Jonathan Bradshaw, University of York (UK); Yuriy Dzhygyr, FISCO (Ukraine); Dana Farcasanu, Center for Health Policies and Services (Romania); Franziska Gassmann, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (Netherlands); David Gzirishvili, Curatio Consulting Group (Georgia); Vilma Kolpeja, social policy expert (Albania); Zamira Komilova, social policy expert (Tajikistan); Deyana Kostadinova, Secretary for Social Policy, Youth and Sports, of the President of the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgaria); Sebastian Künzel, ILO (Switzerland); Volodymyr Kuzminskyi, Partnership for Every Child (Ukraine); Kenichi Hirose, Senior Social Protection Specialist, ILO (Hungary); Gordana Matkovic, Center for Liberal Democratic Studies (Serbia); Kateryna Maynzyuk, FISCO (Ukraine); Lyazat Nurkatova, Social Policy Department in National School of Public Policy (Kazakhstan); Serghei Ostaf, Resource Center for 3 Human Rights CReDO (Republic of Moldova); Zarko Papic, Initiative for Better and Human Inclusion (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Suren Poghosyan, public finance management consultant (Armenia); Dragana Radevic, University Donja Gorica in Podgorica (Montenegro); Dominic Richardson, OECD; Sviatlana Shauchenka, Institute of Labour under the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (Belarus); Paul Stubbs, The Institute of Economics (Croatia); Meltem Dayioglu Tayfur, Middle East Technical University (Turkey); and Istvan Gyorgy Toth, TARKI Group (Hungary). The final draft of the report has also been peer-reviewed externally and its publication has been subject to the approval of UNICEF’s Publications Committee. Appreciation is extended to the following individuals working in the respective UNICEF country offices for their valuable comments and suggestions at different stages of the process: Artur Ayvazov (Armenia); Bertrand Bainvel (Myanmar); Selena Bajraktarevic (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Florence Bauer (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Michaela Bauer (Brussels); Serghei Buruiana (DRC); Jasmina Byrne (Office of Research, Florence); Iryna Chutkova (Belarus); Anne-Claire Dufay (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Arthur van Diesen (Tajikistan); Deepa Grover (CEE/CIS Regional Office); Djurdjica Ivkovic (Croatia); Andrea James (CEE/CIS Regional Office); Aleksandra Jovic (Serbia); Selma Kazic (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Yusufkhoja Kurbonkhojaev (Tajikistan); Aleksandar Lazovski (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia); Jean Claude Legrand (CEE/CIS Regional Office); Rudi Luchmann (Ukraine); Anne-Claire Luzot (formerly CEE/CIS Regional Office, currently WFP); Varya Meruzhanyan (Armenia); Paul Nary (CEE/CIS Regional Office); Ulugbek Olimov (Uzbekistan); Shohrat Orazov (Turkmenistan); Voichita Pop (Romania); Asim Rehman (CEE/CIS Regional Office); Dren Rexha (Kosovo UNSCR 1244); Marijana Salinovic (Croatia); Linda Saturno (Uzbekistan); Iraz Oyku Soyalp (Turkey); Ilija Talev (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia); Gulsana Turusbekova (Kyrgyzstan); Diana Vakarelska (Bulgaria); Arlinda Ymeraj (Albania); Alketa Zazo (Albania); and Slobodan Zivkovic (Montenegro). 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................23 Methodology and limitations ......................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 1: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN ............................33 1.1) Analytical tools for social protection .....................................................................................33 a) Approaches to social protection .................................................................................................33 i) UNICEF’s conception of social protection .............................................................................34 ii) Other leading approaches to social protection.......................................................................35 b) Four components of social protection systems .........................................................................38 i) Social transfers ......................................................................................................................39 ii) Programmes to ensure access to services ...........................................................................39 iii) Social support and care services ..........................................................................................39 iv) Legislation and policies to ensure equity and non-discrimination in access to services and employment/livelihoods ....................................................................................40 c) Addressing children’s rights and needs in an integrated way .....................................................40 i) Core principles .......................................................................................................................41 1.2) How child-sensitive social protection helps countries realize children’s rights .................41 a) Right to an adequate standard of living ......................................................................................41 b) Beyond poverty reduction: Social protection and other child rights ...........................................42 c) Integrated interventions that span multiple sectors ..................................................................46 1.3) Making the case for social protection for children ...............................................................47 a) Economic arguments for investing in social
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