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B/121188 The Encyclopedia of Global Migration

General Editor Immanuel Ness

Volume V Rem-Z

)WILEY~BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Contents

Volume I Contents to Volume I: Prehistory IX Lexicon xiii Notes on Contributors xlvii Introduction cxxvi Acknowledgments cxxxii Abbreviations cxxxv Maps cxxxvii Prehistory Part I: The Peopling of the World during the Pleistocene 7 Part II: Holocene migrations 11

Volume II Global Human Migration A—Cro 417-1122

Volume III Global Human Migration Cru-Ind 1123-1810

Volume IV Global Human Migration Ind-Rem 1811-2550

Volume V Global Human Migration Rem-Z 2551-3180 Index to Volume I: Prehistory 3181 Index to Volumes II-V 3197 3182 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY

Anatolia (confd) Arawak culture, 379-80, 394, 397 Ice Age land bridge, 327 Mesolithic, 143^4 language, 87, 89, 93, 384, 385, language families, 87, 328 migrations into Europe, 141—4 386-7, 392, 396-7 linguistic history, 327-32 see also Anatolia Hypothesis origin, 379 lithic technologies, 44-5, 58 culture, 139-40, 141, society, 397 megafauna, 56—7 142, 143-4 speakers, 376, 378, 379-80 migrations within, 57 pottery, 143 spread, 380, 386-7, 398 modern populations, 254 see also archaeological evidence, 32, 293 Northern Territories, 330 Anatolia Hypothesis, 92, 161, 163, cultural changes, 40-6, 108-9 Pleistocene, 327 169,170-1 paucity, 14, 104, 112 Western Desert, 330 Ancient Egypt and radiocarbon dating see see also Tasmania archaeological sites, 135—6, under radiocarbon dating Australo-Melanesians, 220 137-8 archaeological sites see individual sites Australopithecus species, 9, 11, 13,19 civilization, 137 architecture, megalithic, 316 dispersal to South , 9-11 Early Dynastic, 137 Arctic region, 340-1, 341, 346 inclusion in Homo genus, 18 early writing, 1 archaeology, 347—8 origins, 9 Epipaleolithic, 136, 137 Clovis culture, 7 see also Paranthropus historical chronologies, 137 fauna, 22, 23 Austroasiatic , 88, introduction of farming, 136 geology, 347 93, 93, 260, 264-5 language, 90,91,97, 117, 125, Ice Age, 61 distribution, 264-5 129 language survival, 401 divisions, 265 Levantine influence, 136-7 migration corridor, 63 Austronesian language family, 88, Neolithic, 135-7 modern, 74 93, 276-83 trade, 138 population densities, 346 distribution, 279 unification, 135, 137 settlement, 346, 347-8 divisions, 277-8 Ancient Greek see Hellenistic Greek toolkit, 336, 346 homeland, 255, 276, 277-8 Andaman Islands, 32, 50, 217, 254 see also High Arctic islands modern, 3, 298 Andes region, 67, 401, 402, 410 Ardipithecus species, 9, 18 Oceanic see Oceanic language archaeological sites, 413-14 Arnhem Land, Australia, 57 family cradle of civilization, 410 artistic creativity spread, 92-3, 126, 205, 259-61, early farming, 79, 80, 83,406,410 of early hominins, 41 260, 298 Horizon societies, 405, 406, Asoka, Indian emperor, 273 see also Austronesian migrations; 412-15 Associated Ancestral Components Proto-Austronesian influence on other American (AACs), 116,118-19 Austronesian migrations, 214, 225, societies, 392, 410 Bantu, 122 262, 276-83, 302, 398 languages, 388, 401-5, 402, Central Sudanic, 118-19 Avesta, the, 164 403-6 Chadic, 117-18 Aymara language family, 401, 402, migrations, 402—16 Cushitic, 116, 117 404, 405 population, 73 distribution, 118-19, 122 homeland, 405-6 pottery, 414 Niger-Congo, 122 and Quechua, 405 topography, 410 Nilo-Saharan, 117-19 trade, 411 Pygmy, 120 Bab el-Mandab Strait, Arabia, 116, see also Inca people Atapuerca, Spain, 10, 15, 19, 22 130 Andhra Pradesh, India, 44, 239 see also Gran Dolina; Sima del Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Angkor civilization, 262, 265 Elefante Complex, 161 Anglo-Saxon people, 153 Athapaskan languages/speakers, bactrian camel, 249 animal domestication see under 333-5, 336-7, 360 Badarian industries, Egypt, 137 domestication see also Apachean languages/ Bahama archipelago, Caribbean, animal migrations, 14 speakers 381 Antilles islands, 378, 380, 387 Atlantic-Congo languages, 97, 98,98 Baikal region, Siberia, 200 see also Caribbean islands Aurignacian lithic industry, 32, 43 Balkan peninsula, 140-3, 160 Apache speakers, 2, 337, 338 Australia Neolithic transition, 172, 173 Apachean languages, 336-8 ancestral populations, 284 Baltic see circum-Baltic region see also Apache speakers; Navajo archaeological evidence, 57, 327, Baltistan, 207 speakers 329 Baluchistan, 246 Aquatic civilization, Sahara, 103 colonization by Homo sapiens, 4, Ban Don Ta Phet, Thailand, 271, Arab peoples, 113, 129 31, 39-40, 44-5, 55-60, 56, 273 language, 91, 130 254, 327 Bangladesh, 276 Aramaic language, 91, 128-9 genetic evidence, 329 see also Indian subcontinent INDEX TO VOLUME i: PREHISTORY 3183

Bantu languages, 92-3, 93, 100, artifacts, 232, 233, 273, 311 Neolithic transition, 184, 187 111 migrations, 194-5 steppes see Steppes region distribution, 98, 119 smelting technology, 273, 351 topography, 184 . Bantu speakers, 2, 398 Buddhism, 207, 273 Central Sudanic languages, 118 archaeology of migrations, Bukit Tengkorak, Borneo, 311 ceramic technologies, 100, 134 111-12 Bulgar people, 165 as ethnic marker, 109, 397 expansion into central Africa, Bulgaria, 172-3 and hunter-gatherers, 110, 174 100, 101, 108, 112, 121-2 Bulgarian language, 199 and Neolithic transition, 172, expansion into southern Africa, burial mounds, 160 174,250,285 5,100,108 burial practices red-slipped ware, 286-7, 314-15 genetic diversity, 121-2 Americas, 371 see also individual technologies , 159 , 137, 250 Chad, 9 Basketmaker cultures, 370-1, 372, flexed position, 270, 271 , 109, 117-19, 122 373-4 jar burials, 310 Chadic languages, 97, 116 Batanes Islands, Philippines, 50, megalithic, 310 dispersal, 118, 127, 130 214, 286, 289 Neolithic, 142 distribution, 118, 130 Bay of Bengal, 254 , 59 influences, 125 Belkachi (Bel'kachi) culture, 192, Southeast Asia, 270-1 chain mail, 113 193-4, 346, 347 Burma see Myanmar/Burma Chalcolithic era Benue-Congo languages, 100, 111 in Egypt, 137 Benue-Kwa languages, 100, 101 Caesar, Julius, 4, 92 in the Levant, 134, 137 , 97, 117, 125 California, 324, 333, 337, 372 in South Asia, 249-51 spread, 127, 129-30 Callaghan, Richard T, 378 Chamic languages, 260, 261-3, 265, Berber speakers, 116 Callao Cave, Philippines, 31,50, 53 274 Bering Strait, 194, 349 Cambodia, 50, 217, 259 Chamorro language, 314 Beringia, 4, 61,62, 71, 73 archaeological sites, 271 Chao Phraya river, Southeast Asia, Beta , 116 and Champa, 262-3 269, 271 Bible, the, 128 Cameroon, 113 Chatelperronian lithic industry, 33, Biological Species Concept, 18 , 129 41,43 Bir Kiseiba, Egypt, 135 Cape region, South Africa, 111 Chenjiawo, China, 15, 20 Bird's Head peninsula, New Cardial culture, 169, 172, 174 Chibchan language family, 406-7 Guinea, 281 Carib languages, 89, 384, 385, Chifumbaze Complex, 111 Birdsell, Joseph, 56 387-8, 392, 395-6, 407 Chihuaha, Mexico, 370, 371 Bismarck archipelago, Melanesia, Carib speakers, 381-2, 387, 395-6 Childe, V. Gordon, 169 92,286,308,309,310,311 Caribbean islands, 376-83 Chile, 62, 63, 72, 413 Bizat Ruhama, Israel, 10, 19 Lithic Age, 376-7 China, 209-16, 265 Bodo, Ethiopia, 22, 27,29 migrations, 377, 377-83 archaeological sites, 210 Bolivia, 402, 403, 404, 413 pottery, 378, 379, 380, 382, 395 see also individual sites Bolling-Allerod interstadial, 103 settlement see Caribbean , 83 Borneo, 4-5, 279 settlement early farming, 79, SO, 83-4, archaeological sites, 286, 311 toolkits, 377-8 210-12,284 Austronesian speakers, 280-1 Caribbean settlement, 376-83, 377 early hominins, 15 burial practices, 310 Arawaks, 379-81 early writing, 1 migrations, 280, 288 Caribs, 381-2 government-sponsored , 111 Casimiroids, 378 migrations, 204, 206 Brahmi script, 273, 274 "Lucayans," 381 Holocene migrations, 206, 284 Brahui language, 235-7,236, 237, Saladoids, 379,380, 381-2 , 209 238 Caroline Islands, Micronesia, 315, Homo sapiens origins, 209 , 73, 126, 389, 393, 396, 402 316,317 languages, 204, 206, 277 British Columbia, , 61, 338 Caucasian language family, 88, 93 lithic technologies, 209, 212-13 British Isles homelands, 276 Neolithic, 83 Anglo-Saxon migrations, 153 caves and rockshelters, 10, 23, 50, Neolithic transition, 210-12, archaeological sites, 175 311 212-13, 284 English linguistic diversity, 278 see also individual sites Paleolithic, 209-10 Neolithic transition, 172, 175 Central African Republic, 100, 113 rice domestication, 210-14, 273, Broken Hill (Kabwe), Zambia, 27, Central Asia, 184-90 284 29 gene flow, 188 see also Han Chinese; Sinitic Bronze Age, 83, 135, 161, 186, genetic diversity, 185 languages; Yangzi River 193-5, 220, 232-3, 248 as migration crossroads, 184 basin; Yellow River basin 3184 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY

Chincha region, Peru, 404 in Asia, 213,219, 220,222 Dennell, Robin, 14 Chinese languages, 206, 277 comparisons, 219, 220, 222 dental studies, 218, 219, 403, 413, see also individual languages and of early Homo sapiens, 34 415 language families implications for gene flow, 170, Dinka people, 5 Chukchi- Kamchatkan languages, 222 diseases 88, 340 skull modification, 403, 413 elephantiasis, 255 Chukotkan peninsula, 191, 193, and transition to farming, 170 malaria, 255, 270 344 craniometric studies, 170-1, 218 and serious population decline, circum-Baltic region, 174-5 Crete, 171 4, 306, 356 civilizations Cris culture, 140, 187 smallpox, 256 Americas, 159,403,406-7, Cro Magnon, , 29, 42 displacement migrations, 205-6 410-11,414 Crosby, Alfred W, 84,91 diversification see economic Buddhist, 264 cultural evidence diversification cradles, 135, 137, 410 difficulties of interpretation, 45-6 Dixon, M. W, 327 Indian subcontinent, 161, 240, distinctions between Homo Dmanisi, , 10, 13, 14 246 species, 40 hominin at, 14, 19, 50 Southeast Asia, 259, 262, 264, of Homo sapiens dispersal, 40-6 and hominins, 14 266, 274 see also burial practices; rituals DNA, 26-7 climate cuneiform script, 240 of animals, 143, 188 arid, 104 Cushite speakers, 103^, 110 autosomal, 27, 74, 115, 116, 121, change see climate change assimilation by Semitic speakers, 185 El Nino, 322 127 mitochondrial see mtDNA and farming, 81 genetic patterns, 116 polymorphism, 116 and flora and fauna, 15, 51 , 96, 97, 103-4 skeletal samples, 186, 403 Holocene, 5, 6, 12, 81, 245, 348 branches, 127 use as historical evidence, 23, Ice Age see under Ice Ages dispersal, 126-7, 127 26-7, 121, 143, 185, 270, Medieval Warm Period, 351, distribution, 118 294 358 influences, 125 Y-chromosome see monsoon, 273 Cuzco region, Peru, 401, 402, Y-chromosome studies climate change, 12, 13-14 403^,405,411,412,414 see also genetic studies and environmental shifts, 14-15, Cyprus Dniester river region, 187 96, 121,245-6,354-5 archaeological sites, 171 domestication, 80-1, 82, 83, 84, Holocene, 12, 96, 109, 121, 135, Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 141, 171 115-16, 143,284 144, 269, 322 Czech Republic, 34 of cattle, sheep and goats, 80, and hominin dispersal, 11, 113 109, 110,246 and hominin extinction, 13 Dabenkeng culture, 286, 289 diffusion of, 111 Labrador/Hudson Bay climatic Dardic language, 162—3, 240 of dogs, 66, 71,285, 286 event, 144 Deccan peninsula, 247, 249-50 of horses, 113, 163, 184, 187-8 Pleistocene, 5-6, 11, 12, 13-14, see also Maharashtra region, of pigs, 80, 285, 286 51, 103 India of plants, 79, 80, 103, 210-12, see also under Ice Ages Democratic Republic of Congo, 120 246, 247 Pliocene, 11,72 demographic advantage see under see also maize cultivation; Younger Dryas event see Younger farming millet cultivation; rice Dryas climatic event demography cultivation clothing see textile technology bottlenecks, 27, 28, 246 and population growth, 211 Clovis culture, 61, 62, 63-5, 67-8 of early hominins, 41 timing of, 110, 163,211 food resources, 67 of migrations, 279 Dong Son culture, 274 population, 72 Neolithic, 84, 169 archaeological site, 271 toolkit, 67, 336 population estimates, 41, 84 Dravidian kinship systems, 241 Colombia, 386, 389, 402, 406 population expansion see Dravidian language family, 88, Congo river, west-central Africa, population expansion 92-3, 235-44 100, 101, 108 and successful migration, 4-5, classification, 235, 236, 237 Cook, James, 293 169 distribution, 236 Coopers Cave, South Africa, JO, 11 Denbigh Flint Complex, 347, 347 loanwords, 237, 240, 242 Corded Ware culture, 160 dendrochronology, 5 Proto-Dravidian see Cordilleran ice sheet, 61, 62 Denisova Cave, Siberia, 10, 23, 29, Proto-Dravidian barrier to migration, 61 31 and Vedic culture, 237, 242 Corsica, 174 Denisovan hominins, 31, 209 see also Elamo-Dravidian cranial morphology ancient genome sequence, 34 language family INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY 3185

Dravidian speakers Epipaleolithic era, 136 in forest regions, 112, 392, 394, migration into India, 249 Erq al-Ahmar, Israel, 19 397 modern number, 235 Ertebolle/Ellerbek cultures, and language development, 92, Dubois, Eugene, 49 Scandinavia, 174 93,96 Dursunlu, Turkey, 19 Eskimo-Aleut language family, 335, lifestyles, 84 340-5, 341 marginal, 83 earthworks, 316 divergence, 344—5 origins, 79, 81-5 earwax allele, 220 links with Asian languages, 340-1 and population expansion see East Africa Polar Eskimo, 342 under population expansion livestock domestication, 110 Proto-Eskimo, 200-1 relative dates of development, Neolithic, 110 Eskimo-Aleut speakers, 342 168 origin of early Chadic migrations, 341 significance of, 83, 93, 115 migrations, 117 Ethiopia transition from hunter-gathering pastoralist migrations, 110-11 Cushitic speakers in, 104 see Neolithic transition Southeast Asian settlement, 256 early hominins, 9, 13, 22, 27 see also domestication; maize East African Microlithic, 104 genetic diversity, 116 cultivation; millet East African Rift Valley, 127 ethnography, 4, 82-3, 87, 109, cultivation; rice cultivation Cushitic migrations, 104, 127 395-6, 398 farming/language dispersal early hominin migrations, 11 Eurasian language families, 89 hypothesis, 101, 102, 166, pastoralism, 110 Europe 406 pottery, 110 colonization by Homo sapiens, Fenno-Ugric language/speakers, East Asia, definition, 217,218 32-4 180-1 see also China; Japan; Korea; after LGM, 149 Mongolia; Siberian region evidence, 27, 33-4 early civilization, 240 East , 119 probable dates, 32, 39-40 early farming, 79, 80, 83, 186, East Polynesians, 2, 324-5 see also Out of Africa 246 material culture, 324 hypothesis as interaction region, 134 transpacific contacts, 324—5 genetic diversity, 27, 149 spread of Semite speakers, 128 Easter Island see Rapanui Island, genetic history, 32-3, 146-56 figurines, female, 246 Pacific Ocean language families, 87, 89, 90 Fiji, 279, 309,511,315 Eastern Woodlands, North see also Indo-European migrations, 281,308 America, 79, 80, 354-61 languages Fikiterpe culture, 143 ecology, 354, 355 Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, fishing, 101-3, 109, 110-11, 270, extent, 354 149-50, 153, 168-77 349 language families, 356, 357 Paleolithic, 32, 149 added to hunter-gathering, 211 migrations, 355 European colonization, 91 pre-sapiens, 41-2 peopling, 354 effect on indigenous Island, Southeast Asia, 21 population densities, 356 environments, 91 hominin colonization of, economic diversification, 41-2, 59 and indigenous population 51, 254 of pre-sapiens hominins, 42 decline, 91 Foley, Robert A., 45 Ecuador, 324, 389, 402, 403 language dispersal, 159 food crops, 255 Egypt see Ancient Egypt exile, 321 fruit and vegetables see fruit and Ehret, Chris, 115, 117 extinctions vegetable cultivation El Paso, TX, 371 animals, 57-8, 62, 65-6 maize see maize cultivation Elam state, 240 human predation, 58, 63, 65, millet, 211,213, 239, 255 , 235, 237, 240 312 rice see rice cultivation Elamo-Dravidian language family, hominins, 13-14, 33, 41 see also farming; Neolithic 93, 237 languages, 87, 280, 384, 386, 387, transition see also Elamite language; 401 Formosan languages, 279 Dravidian language family male lineage, 121 see also Taiwan Eliye Springs, Kenya, 27, 29 and migrations, 312 Forster, Johann Reinhold, 293 Ellesmere Island, Canada, 347, 348, fossil evidence, 27-8, 293 350, 350 farming, 79-85, 168-77 for African Homo origins, 27-8, Elmenteitan people, 110—11 associated behaviors, 79-80 34 Eneolithic (Copper) Age, 186, 188 and climate, 81, 112 Asia, 17-23 Enga province, New Guinea, 303, demographic advantage, 84, 94, for early migrations, 30 305 96, 246, 248 Homo sapiens colonization of environmental damage, human- expansion by early groups, 2, Europe, 33^1 induced, 317 115 paucity of, 14 3186 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY foxtail millet cultivation, 80, 211, mutations see mutations and sinicization, 278 214,231,272,286 Neanderthal — Homo sapiens in Vietnam, 274 Free Papua Movement (OPM), 306 interbreeding, 26, 30 Han dynasty, China, 233 fruit and vegetable cultivation, 284, Out of Africa hypothesis, 26-7, Harappan civilization, 246, 249 285, 305-6, 324 115-24, 148, 150,209 location, 247 Fulbe people, 113 phylogeographical analysis, script, 240, 242 Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB), 172, 146-9 seafaring, 254 174-5 Polymerase Chain Reaction sites, 248 (PCR), 294 Hawaii, 321,323, 324 Ganges river basin, 246, 248, 249, principal components analysis Hazda language/speakers, 120 251, see principal components Helicobacter pylori bacterium, as Gazelle peninsula, New Guinea, analysis (PCA) genetic marker, 31 304, 306 problems of interpretation, 32-3, Hellenistic Greek culture, 91, 92 gender and migrations, 295, 312 143, 146-7, 149, 299 in Asia, 92 gene flow and radiocarbon dating, 63 Herodotus, 4 Asia to Europe, 150, 170 see also mtDNA; NRY variation Herto, Ethiopia, 28, 29 in Central Asia, 188 genome sequencing, 153, 166 Hexian, China, 20—1 in East Africa, 116 Neanderthal, 28, 34 High Arctic islands, 191, 193 in East Asia, 218, 219 Germanic languages/speakers, 2, 91 Hill, Jane H., 364 in the Levant, 121-2 Ghana, 110 Himalaya foothills, 246, 248 genetic divergence Gimbutas, Marija, 187—8 hippopotamus hunting, 101—3 Asian-European, 31, 148 glottochronology, 164, 178, 180-2 historical writing, 1 click-language speakers, 120 Goa Tabuhan Cave, Java, 50, 53 Hittite language, 160, 161, 162 genetic diversity Gojoseon (Kochosun) state, Korea, Hmong-Mien language/culture, African, 27-8, 115, 120-2 232, 233 93, 204, 206, 265 Asian, 185,218,245 Golo Cave, Wallacea, 50, 53 distribution, 260, 261 European, 27, 32, 151-2 Gongwangling, China, 15, 20 origins, 261 Indo-Pacific, 293-4, 295, 297 Gosan-ri, Korea, 231 Hoabhinian culture, 211, 219, 222 and linguistic diversity, 298 Gran Dolina, Spain, 15 affinities with Australo- Mesoamerican, 73 Great Basin, North America, 83, Melanesians, 221 and migration distance, 27, 115 373 lithic industries, 53, 210 Oceania, 295 Great Hungarian Plain, 165, 173 sites, 221 Out of Africa hypothesis, 27 Great Lakes, central Africa, 112 Hofmeyr, South Africa, 34 serial bottleneck model, 27 Great Lakes, North America, 73, Hokkaido Island, Japan, 194, 218, Southeast Asia, 295 355, 357, 358 218,220 see also gene flow Great Plains, North America, 355, farming development, 227 genetic studies 357, 360, 373 indigenous population, 219, 227 albumin gene, 372 Greece lithic technologies, 227 alleles, 220 archaeological sites, 171 migration route via Sakhalin, Asian migrations, 218 Mesolithic societies, 171 226-7 - Associated Ancestral Neolithic colonization, 171—2 Holocene epoch, 5, 77^416 Components (AACs) see seafaring, 254 climate, 5, 6, 12, 81,245, 348 Associated Ancestral Greenland, 42, 194, 340-2, 341 climate change, 12, 96, 109, 121, Components settlement, 347, 348, 349, 351 135, 144, 269, 322 autosomes, 74, 115, 116, 121, Guangxi province, China, 210, 211, migrations, 107-14, 191-6, 206, 185, 294 213,214 230-3, 284, 347 blood groups, 70, 149, 220, 294 Guatemala, 362, 365, 366, 386 sea-level changes, 6, 64-5, 231, colonization of the Americas, 63, Guianas, 381, 395 269, 270, 289 70-6 Gujarat, India, 238, 241, 246, 248 Homer, 1 colonization of Australia, 56—7 Mesolithic, 249 hominins, 11—13 colonization of Europe, 32—3 Neolithic transition, 249 African origins, 9, 11, 13, 15-16 DNA polymorphisms, 116, 152 Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, 55, ancient specimens, 9, 10, 13-15, enzyme polymorphism, 70 56, 329 27,51,52 gene flowse e gene flow archaeological evidence, 9, JO, genetic drift, 148, 149 Hainan, Vietnam, 212, 262, 287 13-15,27,41-2,51,52 genome sequencing see genome Han Chinese see also fossil evidence sequencing genome sequence, 28 art and ornamentation, 41 and linguistic history, 153 invasions/migrations, 206, 261, see also rock art modeling, 146, 147-8 271,274,278 in Asia, 14, 15, 19-20,51 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY 3187

behavioral differences, 40-2 genome sequence, 28, 34 Hungarian language, 153, 165, i79, clothing, 41—2 and Homo sapiens, 34, 41 181 DNA of, 28, 34, 269 coexistence, 30, 33 speakers see Magyar people early migrations, 9-17. interbreeding, 23, 26, 28, 30, 34, see also Uralic language family and climate change, 14—15 148, 209 Hungary, 15 and fauna, 14, 15, 19 replacement, 43 hunter-gatherer groups, 2, 66-7, in Europe, 15-16 in Near East, 30 286 extinctions, 13-14,33,41 toolkits, 42 assimilation by farming groups, important sites, 10 Homo pekinensis, 19, 20-1 112, 121,250 links and similarities, 20, 41 subspecies of Homo erectus, 19, and fishing, 186,211,349 rituals, 41 21 see also fishing tools, 20, 40-1,42 Homo robustus see Paranthropus genetic studies of, 149-51 see also Acheulian tools; Homo rudolfensis, 13, 19 landscape learning see landscape Oldowan tools Homo sapiens learning see also Homo genus African origin, 2, 16, 22—3, 26—8, languages, 87, 120 Homo africanus, 18 38 predation patterns, 57, 61-2, Homo antecessor, 15, 20, 22 fossil evidence, 27-8, 116 65-6 Homo erectus, 27 genetic evidence, 26-7, transition to early farming, 81, in Africa, 13 115-24 93, 100-1, 103, 152, 186 in Asia, 14, 15, 20, 22, 51, 53, 209 coexistence/continuity with see also Neolithic transition replacement by Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, 21,31 Huysecom, Erik, 100 284 coexistence with Neanderthals, subspecies of, 13, 19, 51 30, 33, 34 Iban migrations into Borneo, 4-5 Homo ergaster, 13 colonization of Australia, 56-60 Iberia, 150 compared with Homo georgicus, colonization of Eurasia, 2, 16, Neolithic transition, 172, 174 19 21,23,30-3,42 Ice Ages, 5-6, 71 as subspecies of Homo erectus, fossil evidence, 30, 31-2, 116 climate patterns, 12, 15, 51 13, 19 genetic evidence, 30-1 end of, 96 , 21-2, 32, 52 see also Europe, colonization flora and fauna, 14, 15 origins, 52 by Homo sapiens interglacials, 12, 15, 23, 52, 245 replacement by Homo sapiens, cranial types, 32 severity of, 5 284 dispersal routes, 22, 28, 30, 31-2, see also last glacial maximum Homo garhi, 19, 22 38-40, 39 (LGM); Pleistocene epoch Homo genus, 1, 11-13, 18-19 in , 52-3 Iceland, 276 anatomy, 14, 21, 22 interbreeding with other Homo Ijo-Congo languages, 97 inclusion of other hominins, 18 species, 23, 30, 33, 34, 148, Impressed and Painted Ware, 172, interbreeding, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30, 209 174 33, 34, 148, 209 languages, 94 Inca empire, 403-4, 405, 412-13 origins of, 11-13, 18 replacement of other hominins, see also Tiyawanaku culture phylogenetic trees, 26, 147, 270 43, 269, 284 Inca people, 401,405, 411 • pre-sap;ens migrations, 2, 270 in Southeast Asia, 217, 220, 269 Indian Ocean, 254-8 see also hominins; Homo sapiens; Homo soloensis, 21, 52 Indian subcontinent, 44 Homo neanderthalensis Hopewell culture, 73, 358 Chalcolithic, 249-51 Homo georgicus, 14, 19, 20 Horn of Africa, 103-4, 127 early farming, 79, 80, 246, 247, compared with Homo ergaster, see also Ethiopia 249 19 horses European colonization, 91 subspecies of Homo erectus, 19 in Africa, 113 Iron Age, 250, 251,274 Homo habilis, 11, 13, 18, 22 in the Americas, 65, 338, 357, languages, 235, 236 Homo heidelbergensis, 15, 22 360-1 see also Indo-European ancestor to Homo sapiens, 22, 27 artistic representation, 338 language family in Asia, 22 breeding, 187 links with Fertile Crescent, origins, 22 domestication, 113, 163, 184, 246-8 Homo neanderthalensis, 22-3 188, 194 Mesolithic, 249 ancestry, 22 for food, 65, 66, 188 migration routes, 246, 247 date of extinction, 33 in the Steppes region, 160, 161, Neolithic transition, 246, 250 diet, 42 163, 184, 187, 188, 194 rice cultivation, 247, 248, 250-1 economic diversification, 42 for transport, 161, 163, 165, 188, Rigvedic period, 239 evidence of lithic industry, 33, 249, 335 trading routes, 271 41,43 horticulture, 310 see also Burma; Pakistan 3188 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY

Indie languages, 160 irrigation, 82, 250, 251 Java, 20 Indo-Aryan languages, 158, Ishango, Democratic Republic of archaeological sites, 10, 14, 20-2, 239-40, 248, 260 Congo, 109 49-53, 50 Dravidian loanwords, 240, 241 Islam, 129, 207 genetic evidence, 294 spread, 260 Island Carib language, 387 Homo erectus, 14, 21, 51-2 in Sri Lanka, 252 island Southeast Asia migrations into, 14, 281 Indo-European language family, animal domestication, 287 Je language family, 385, 389, 392, ' 88, 90, 93, 157-67, 158 archaeology, 284-92, 311 396 branches, 158, 161 Austronesian expansion, 298 see also Macro-Je language distribution, 157, 158, 160 colonization, 296, 296-9 family homeland, 142-3, 159, 160-4, genetic evidence, 293-9 Jebel Faya, United Arab Emirates, 276 Homo species, 284 29,31 see also Anatolia Hypothesis; Lapita migrations, 310—11 Jebel Irhoudh, , 27, 29 Steppe Hypothesis linguistic history, 276-83 Jeitun culture, 186, 188 see also individual languages and links with Polynesia, 298 Jinmium rockshelter, Australia, language groups links with Taiwan, 298 56,57 Indo-Iranian languages, 185 Neolithic settlement, 297-9 Jomon culture, 218-19, 224-7 homeland see Anatolia Pleistocene, 295-8, 299 farming, 224, 226 Hypothesis population movements, 288, hunter-gatherers, 224 Indo-Iranian speakers 293, 295, 297-8 links with Korea, 224 Bronze Age, 194 gender imbalance, 295 seafaring, 224 genetic diversity, 185 rice cultivation, 287, 297 Joshi, Sunil Bandacharya, 241 Neolithic, 185, 245 settlement of Oceania, 298-9 Jwalapuram, India, 29, 31 Indonesia, 293 Sundaland, 269 archaeology, 52—3 isotopes Kalundu tradition, 112 European colonization, 91 oxygen, 12 Kama river, circum-Baltic region, genetic studies, 284-5, 296-7, strontium, 272 181 298 see also stable isotope data Kamchatka, 193, 344 hominid dispersal, 52-3 Israel, 134 see also Beringia hunter-gatherers, 280 see also Semitic languages Kannada language, 235, 236, 239 Pleistocene, 298 Istanbul, 143 Karen language/people, 207, 260, see also Borneo; Java; Southeast 264 Asia jade, 191, 193, 289 Kashafrud, Iran, 10, 19 Indus valley Japan Kashmir, 207, 240 civilization, 161, 242, 248-9 archaeology, 224-9 Kaufman, Terrence, 365 migrations, 238-40, 248 biological anthropology, 217—23, Kazakhstan, 186, 193, 194 writing systems, 242 225-6 Kebara Cave, Israel, 10, 23 Inner Mongolia, 206,' 210 hunter-gatherer migrations, 227 Kenya Inuit, 74, 341-2 islands see Japanese islands archaeological sites, 10, 13, 27, Siberian, 72 language, 202 29 Thule see Thule Inuit see also "Altaic" language Cushitic speakers in, 104 Inupiaq language/speakers, 340—1, family; Japonic language early hominins, 9, 13 341, 342 family genetic patterns, 116 Iran Jomon see Jomon culture pottery, 109 archaeological sites, 186 Neolithic transition, 226 Kenyanthropus, 18 early farming, 81, 186 population links with Australia, Khao Sam Kaeo, Thailand, 271, Mesolithic, 186 219,221 273-4 Iranian plateau migration route, rice cultivation, 219 Khasi language/speakers, 265 246 Yaoi see Yaoi culture Khmer language, 208,260, 265 Iranic languages, 161 Japanese islands, 194,218 see also Mon-Khmer languages see also Indo-Iranian languages trade with Siberian region, 194 Khoe speakers, 120 Iraq, 81 see also Hokkaido; Kyushu Khoekhoe migrations, 111 see also Fertile Crescent; Japonic language family, 201-2 origin of name, 120 Mesopotamia classification, 201,226 Khoesan see language Iron Age, 111-12, 250, 251, 274, distribution, 198 Khoisan language, 88, 96, 98,104 289 divisions, 226 clicks, 120 Iroquian culture (Iriquois), 357, homeland, 201-2 distribution, 119 358-9 and Korean, 197, 201 links with other linguistic Irrawaddy river basin, 207, 264 phylogenetic analysis, 226 groups, 104 INDEX TO VOLUME i: PREHISTORY 3189

Khoisan speakers, 119-20 language families, 87—95 Late Roman empire, 2 genetic diversity, 120 African, 87, 88 Latin language, 91, 92, 277 Khok Phanom Di, Thailand, 270-2, American, 87, 89 Laurentide ice sheet, 61, 62 271 Asian, 87, 88 barrier to migration, 61, 354 Khwe people, 120 Australia, 87 Le Moustier, France, 29, 42 Kintampo Complex, Ghana, 110 cognate features, 90, 179, 240 Leang Burung caves, Wallacea, 50, Kiribati islands, Micronesia, 279, definition, 90, 159 53 315,316 development Levant, 134 Kitoi culture, 193 connection with farming, 92, archaeological evidence, 133—5 Knossos, Crete, 171 93,96 early hominins, 14 Koobi Fora, Kenya, JO, 13 geographical divergence, 159 environmental fragility, 134 Korean languages, 201 European, 87, 88 farming development, 93, 136 Korean peninsula, 201, 225 see also Indo-European Homo sapiens, 22, 43 archaeological evidence, 230-1 language family; Uralic language development, 90, 126 Bronze Age, 231-2, 233 language family migration corridor, 22—3 Chinese influence and extinctions, 87, 384, 386, 401 prehistoric culture, 133-5 settlement, 231-3 homelands, 90, 92-4, 93,127, see also Ancient Egypt; Fertile foundation myths, 232 159, 162, 178,276,278, Crescent Holocene migrations, 230—3 363-4, 385-6 Liadong peninsula, 233 invasions, 232 see also under individual Cave, Java, 50, 52 links with Russian Maritime language families Liao river basin, 232 Region, 231 historical reconstruction, 90, Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, migrations to Japan, 233 91^4, 178-9, 277 150, 152, 169, 172, 173 Mumun pottery, 231 see also glottochronology; linguistic divergence, 97-8, 100, Neolithic transition, 231 lexical reconstruction 103, 104, 180, 344-5 Pleistocene occupation, 230-1 as marker for ethnic identity, 87, linguistic diversity rice cultivation, 231-2, 233 153 and genetic diversity, 298 see also North Korea trees, 99, 126, 179, 270, 356 and homelands, 335, 385-6 Kra isthmus, Southeast Asia, 261, see also language dissemination; and migration, 336, 278, 280 262, 264 linguistic divergence; linguistic leveling, 280 Kurgan culture, 188 individual language families linguistic paleontology, 162, 163-4, Kuril Islands, Japan, 218, 219, 227 language shift, 3, 92, 330, 356, 386, 178 Kyushu Island, Japan, 218, 224, 397 linguistics 225, 233 Andes, 401,404, 406 and archaeology, 101, 356 Laos, 50, 204, 206, 217, 263 Comparative Method, 277 La Playa, Mexico, 370-1 archaeological sites, 27J debates, 92 Labrador, 342, 348, 349 Lapita cultural complex, 282, 308 and development of farming see Laetoli, , 28, 29 animal domestication, 287, 308, farming/language dispersal Lahr, Marta, 45 310 hypothesis Lake Chad, Africa, 117, 130 archaeological sites, 309, 310 language change without Lake Eyasi, Tanzania, 27,29 burial practices, 310 migration, 3, 112, 356 Lake Megachad, Africa, 103 continuity, 312 language families see language Lake Mungo, Australia, 29, 31, 56, disintegration, 312 families 57 farming, 308 language shift see language shift Lake Titicaca see Titicaca basin genetic evidence, 312 lexical reconstruction, 96 Lake Turkana, 108, 109, 110 linguistic evidence, 310 loanwords, 104, 162, 181-2, 240, Lake Victoria, 108,110 migrations, 308—13 255,407 landscape learning, 66—7 origins, 287, 308,310-11 loss of records, 3 Lang Rongrien, Thailand, 269,27J pottery, 287, 310, 311,312 phonology, 342 language dissemination, 2, 90, seafaring, 312 tree models see under language 92-3 last glacial maximum (LGM), 6, 32, families connection with farming, 92, 93, 34, 71, 104 use as historical evidence, 1, 96 Australia, 327 163-4, 276, 366 connection with migration, 93, China, 210 see also linguistic 94 as historical watershed, 52, 53, paleontology; phylogenetic and genetic evidence, 153 64, 74, 96, 149 studies language enclaves (isolates), 98, extent of ice sheets, 61, 74 lithic technologies, 33, 41-5 198, 356, 362, 384, 393, 398, refuges, 149 Aurignacian see Aurignacian 403 South Asia, 246 Australian, 44-5, 58 3190 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY lithic technologies (cont'd) peopling, 314-16, 315 Mesopotamia, early writing, 1 Chatelperonnian, 33, 41, 43 Philippine influence, 316 metallurgy, 232, 273 Egyptian, 136-7 pottery, 314-16 bronze, 273, 351 Hoabhinian, 53, 210 Marshall Islands, Micronesia, 279, copper, 273 Jomon, 227 317 iron, 112-13,351 "Mode 3," 45 matrilineal societies, 295, 312 silver, 403 North African, 135 Matsumoto, Takeheya, 226 tin, 273 pre-sapiens, 33, 41-3 Matsumura, Hirofumi, 214 see also Bronze Age; Iron Age Sumnagin, 191 Maya people, 1, 362 Mexico, 79, 364, 365, 369 Szelethian, 33 migrations, 364—5 archaeological sites, 370—1 and transport, 41 , 89, 363, 364, 365 maize cultivation, 370 Uluzzian, 33 Mbuti language, 779, 120 see also Mesoamerica West African, 101 Meadowcroft rockshelter, PA, 62, 70 Mfecane, the, 113 Lithuanian language, 164 Mediterranean region Miao-Yao see Hmong-Mien Liujiang, China, 29, 32 Neolithic transition, 173, 174 language/culture loanwords, 104, 162, 181-2, 240, settlement of islands, 171 microliths, 44 255, 407 see also individual countries in Australia, 44 Luzon Islands, Philippines, 49, 53, megafauna, 57, 62, 65 in East Africa, 104 214,218, 287, 289, 311 extinctions, 57-8, 62, 65-6 in South Asia, 249 , 51 technology dispersal, 44 macro-Je language family, 384, 393, megalithic burials, 250 use by pre-sapiens hominins, 44 395, 396 Mehrgarh, Pakistan, 246, 248, 249 in , 101 distribution, 385, 386, 396 Mekong river/delta, 265, 269, 277, Micronesia, 50, 225, 279 Madagascar, 256—7 274 archaeology, 314-19 colonization of, 254, 256, 257, 289 Melanesia, 39, 74, 282, 288 languages, 282, 314 language see Malagasy language/ boundary with Polynesia, 308 Pacific crossings, 4, 288 people genetic evidence, 294, 295-7, peopling, 314-16, 375, 321 Magyar people, 153, 165, 181 296, 299 see also Mariana Islands, see also Hungarian language links with Micronesia, 316 Polynesia; Oceania Maharashtra region, India, 241-2, see also Oceania; individual Micronesian languages, 282, 314 250 islands Middle East region maize cultivation, 364, 369, 372-5, Mellars, Paul, 44-5 early farming, 80, 83 414 merchants, 104 early writing, 1 Malagasy language/people, 255, in East Africa, 255 European colonization attempts, 276, 281 in Egypt, 138 91 Malakunanja, Australia, 56, 57 mixed ethnicity, 255 language dispersal, 92 malaria, 255, 270 in Southeast Asia, 273 see also Fertile Crescent; Malawi early hominins, 13 Mesoamerica, 1 Mesopotamia Malay peninsula, 262, 280, 281 DNA studies, 370-1 migration, definition of, 2 trade network, 281 early farming, 79, 80, 83, 362-3, migration corridors Malayalam language, 235, 236, 239 403 Alaskan, 64, 72 Malayo-Chamic languages, 281 maize, 369—75 Bab al Mindab Strait, 38, 130 Malayo-Polynesian languages, language families, 89, 362-5, 363, Bering Strait, 194 277-8,279,280,281 389 Beringia see Beringia Austronesian ancestry, 314 links with south-west USA Indian savannah, 249 and food production, 287 linguistic, 362-6 Levant, 22-3 subgroups, 285, 314 migrations, 369-75 Sinai, 38 Maldive Islands, 255, 256 peopling, 73 Southeast Asia, 21, 297 Mali, 98, 100, 109 see also Americas; Andes region; Volga tributaries, 181 Man Bac, Vietnam, 221-2,27J South America Militarev, Alexander, 125, 126, 127, Mandarin Chinese, 206, 207, 277 Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, 747, 128, 129 Mande language/people, 97, 98, 98, 742, 143-4, 170-2 millet cultivation, 80, 211, 213, 231, 113 adoption of agriculture, 149-50, 239, 272, 286 Maori people, 321 153, 168-77 Miocene epoch, 9 Mariana Islands, Micronesia, 279, see also Neolithic transition Mississippi culture, 359-60 282,287,311,317 contact with Neolithic societies, mitrochondrial lineages, 28, 65 archaeological sites, 286, 311, 747, 742, 143, 144, 149, 170, African, 116, 117-19, 120, 121-2 316,317 173 American, 71-3, 370-1 languages, 314 cultures, 168-9, 174 Asian, 185, 245, 254, 295, 298-9 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY 3191

Australian, 58, 254 Native American populations, "wave of advance" theories, European, 149, 150-1 70,71 169-70, 173 island Southeast Asia/Oceania, use for genetic family trees, 270 neolithization, 140, 747, 742 295, 296, 297-9 . see also mtDNA; Y-chromosome see also Neolithic transition Pleistocene, 58, 295, 298 studies Nepal, 206 Mixe-Zoque language/speakers, 89, Myanmar/Burma, 204, 263 Nepali language, 206—7 362-5 history, 206, 207, 263, 265 nephrite see jade Mladec rockshelter, 29, 34 as migration barrier, 245 New Britain Islands, 303, 306 "Mode 3" technology, 45 myths, 128,232,387,411 New Caledonia Islands, 309, 311 Moh Khiew, Thailand, 270, 277 see also oral history New Guinea islands, 303, 315 Mojokerto, Java, 20 Austronesian, 302-4, 303 Moken language/people, 260,261-2 Na Dene language family, 72, 333 coastline changes, 302 Molucca Islands, 280, 281 arrival in the Americas, 74, 335—6 division, 302, 303 Mon culture, 207, 208, 260, 264, homeland, 335-6 European colonization, 302, 306 265 see also Athapaskan languages; farming in highlands, 79, 80, 83, Mon-Khmer languages, 260, Athapaskan speakers 93, 284, 305-6 265-6 Nabta Playa, Egypt, 103, 135 Gazelle peninsula, 304, 306 money systems, 317 Nahua languages, 365-6, 372 genetic lineages, 254, 295, 297 Mongolia Nanjing, China, 20-1 and island Southeast Asia, 285, Bronze Age migrations, 194 Nanzhao (Nan-Chao) kingdom, 295 demographics, 206 China, 207 linguistic groups, 304-5 language, 4, 91-2 Naqada people, 137 Papua New Guinea see Papua origin of Native Americans, 71 Native Americans, 2, 65 New Guinea origin of Turkic speakers, 185-6, Clovis culture see Clovis culture settlement, 53 197 and escaped slaves, 361 small-scale migrations, 302^, 303 unification, 199 genetic continuity, 73, 356 New Zealand, 91, 276, 288, 321 see also ; genetic mutations, 70, 71 Ngandong, Java, 70, 21, 52 Mongols linguistic groups, 72 Ngawi, Java, 21,52 Mongolic languages, 199-200 links with Polynesia, 324, 325, Niah Caves, Borneo, 32, 50, 53, 269 Mongols 407 Nicaragua, 362, 366 conquests, 199 nomadism, 360—1 Nichols, Johanna, 165 in Korea, 232 origins, 65, 70, 71^, 324 Niger-Congo language family, 88, Monte Verde, Chile, 62, 63, 72 Solutrean thesis, 73—4 92-3, 93, 96 mtDNA, 294 Native Australians see Aboriginal distribution, 98, 119 diversity, 26, 28, 56, 70 Australians Proto-Niger-Congo (PNC), 97 haplogroups see mitrochondrial Nauwalabila, Australia, 56, 57 see also individual languages lineages Navajo speakers, 2, 337 Niger-Congo speakers molecular clock approach, 26, Ndutu, Tanzania, 27 ancient migrations, 97-101 62, 64, 70, 73-4, 146 Neanderthal genome sequence, farming, 115-16 Neolithic, 150 28,34 - - genetic patterns, 116 phylogeographic analysis, 32, Neanderthals see Homo Niger Delta, 98 146-7 neanderthalensis Nigeria, 104 Pleistocene, 284, 298 Negrito peoples, 28, 280, 284 Nile delta, 126, 136, 137 and serial bottlenecks, 28 Nenana Complex, Alaska, 62, 64 Nile valley, 5, 103, 109, 113, 136 multidisciplinary approach Neo-Europes, 91 hunter-gatherers, 136 disagreements, 3, 110-11 see also European colonization languages, 129, 130 importance of, 3, 107 Neolithic transition, 81-3,93,152-3 Neolithic, 135-6 neolithization of Europe, 140 Africa, 100-1, 103 see also Ancient Egypt multilingualism, 317, 381, 394 archaeological evidence, 175, Nilo-Saharan languages, 88, 93, 96, Munda language/speakers, 247, 246 97, 102, 103 251,265-6 China, 210-11 distribution, 778 Murra, John, 411 Europe, 168-77, 772 see also Sudanic languages musical instruments, 255 Indian subcontinent, 246, 249 Nilo-Saharan speakers, 101-3 Muskogean language, 360 island Southeast Asia, 297 assimilation of Chadic-speaking muskoxen, 348 Japan, 219, 226 groups, 119 mutations Korea, 231 food production, 115-16 lactose toleration, 120, 143, 152 and sedentism, 186, 246, 249 genetic patterns, 116, 117 and molecular clock approach, shifting cultivation, 246 influence on Cushitic, 125 64, 147 speed of change, 169-70 pottery, 110 3192 INDEX TO VOLUME i: PREHISTORY

Nong Nor, Thailand, 270,277 distribution, 89 Oldowan, 14, 19 Norsemen, 351 homeland, 363—4 sumatraliths, 53 Ounjougo, Mali, 100 Pemba Island, East Africa, 256 genetic patterns, 117—19 Out of Africa hypothesis, 9, 11, 13, Peru, 324, 386-7, 389, 390, 403^4, linguistic history, 128, 129-30 15-16, 34, 38-40 413 Neolithic, 135-7 genetic evidence for, 26—8, languages, 403-5 North America, 330-45 115-24,148 sailing craft, 323, 404 see also Americas see also Andes region North Korea, 230, 233 Pabbi Hills, Pakistan, 70, 19 Pestera Cioclovina, Romania, 29, NRY variation Pacific islands, 2, 256, 293 34 and African origin for Homo see also Oceania; individual Pestera cu Oase, Romania, 34 sapiens, 26—7 islands Pestera cu Muierii, Romania, 29, in Central Asia, 185 Pacific Ocean, 257, 293 34 in Chadic speakers, 117 crossings, 4, 257, 288, 294, 320, Philippines, 293 in Native Americans, 70, 71 324-5 archaeology, 31, 50, 53, 285-6, in Oceania, 297 islands see Pacific islands 311 phylogeographic analysis, 32 Paisley Cave, OR, 62, 65, 72 , 278, Nubia, Neolithic, 135 Pakistan, 1, 19, 160, 185 279, 280, 314 Nubian languages, 130 archaeological sites, 10, 79, burial practices, 310 Nuer migrations, 5 246-8, 247 genetic admixture, 284-5 Numic languages, 371, 372 early farming, 246 hunter-gatherers, 280 Nuristani language, 758, 162, 240, language distribution, 235-7, indigenous peoples, 280 244 236, 240 linguistic leveling, 280 Palau island, Micronesia, 279, 315 migration to, 278 obligate parasites, 27 languages, 265 as migration corridor, 297 obsidian, 134, 193, 231, 286, 311 settlement, 282, 375, 316, 317 Neolithic, 278, 286 Oceania, 276, 309 Paleoeskimo culture, 194, 336, 348 rice cultivation, 286 genetic evidence, 295 distribution, 347 see also individual islands and land environments, 312 migrations, 346-9, 351 archipelagi Lapita migrations see under seafaring, 348 Phoenicians, 128, 129 Lapita cultural complex see also Pre-Dorset culture Phylogenetic Species Concept, Near and Remote compared, 312 Paleoindians, 335, 346, 354 18-19 Neolithic transition, 297 see also Native Americans phylogenetic studies, 116, 147, 226, population movements, 293, 295 Pama-Nyungan language family, 276 settlement, 298-9 328, 328-30 and natural selection, 147, 152 Oceanic language families, 88, 279, Panoan language family, 388, 393 trees, 26, 147, 269, 276, 355 281,407 Papua New Guinea, 293, 375 see also phylogeographic studies Australian phyla, 88 early migrations to, 31, 295—7, phylogeographic studies, 146-9 homeland, 282 296 pictographs, 1 Papuan phyla, 88 genetics, 296, 297 pigmentation, 152 Polynesian, 281-2 language see Trans New Guinea Pirro Nord, , 70, 19 proto-languages, 310 language family Pithecanthropus erectus, 49-50 Ok Eo, Vietnam, 274 recent indigenous migrations, place-name evidence, 199, 239, Okhotsk culture, 219-20, 227 302-7 241, 245, 256, 330, 405 Okinawa see Ryukuku Islands staple foods, 305 Pleistocene epoch, 7—76 Oldowan tools, 14, 19, 20-1 see also New Guinea islands climate, 5-6, 11,12, 13-14, 51, , Tanzania, 70, 11, Paranthropus species, 11, 13 103 13 inclusion in Homo genus, 19 divisions, 5 Omo, Ethiopia, 70, 28 pastoralists, 103-4, 109 flora and fauna, 5, 14, 15, 51 Omotic languages, 97, 125 and African languages, 87, 103—4 see also megafauna dispersal, 727, 127-8 in Central Asia, 184-5, 187 genetics, 295-8 links with Cushitic languages, and Indo-European, 163 glaciation, 5-6 128 Neolithic, 135-6 languages, 94 oral history, 1, 304-6, 316, 411 nomadic lifestyle, 107, 163, 187, population distribution, 230—1 Orissa, India, 251 360 see also Ice Ages Orrorin tugenensis, 9 warlike, 165, 166 Pliocene epoch, 9, 11,72 Ostler, Nicholas, 91 see also farming polygyny, 121-2 Otomanguean language, 362-4, pebble tools Polynesia, 281-2, 288, 289, 294, 363 China, 209-10 308 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY 3193

boundary with Melanesia, 308 Uto-Aztecan, 370 Quechua language family, 401, 403, climate, 320, 322 see also ceramic technologies; 414 colonization, 321 Pottery Neolithic era dispersal, 412 divisions, 320 Pottery Neolithic era distribution, 402, 403 geology, 320 Anatolia, 139, 747, 742 divisions, 403—4, 405 Lapita migrations see under Europe, 171 and Incas, 401, 414 Lapita cultural complex Levant, 134, 136, 143 Qustul, , 135 long-distance voyages, 320—5 Turkey, 143 see also ship technologies Pre-Dorset culture, 347, 348-9 R-matrix analysis, 218 outlying islands, 375, 316, 321 prehistory Rabaul caldera, New Guinea, 304 pottery, 321 definition, 1 radiocarbon dating, 5, 32 radiocarbon dating, 321 multidisciplinary approaches and archaeological chronology, West-East migrations, 320-1 see multidisciplinary 5,33, 108-9, 170,278,320, see also Micronesia; Oceania; approaches to prehistory 347 individual islands and writing, 1, 4 calibration, 5, 68nl Polynesians Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 772 rainforests, 708 genetic inheritance, 295-6, Anatolia, 139 Bantu migrations, 100-1, 112, 299 Central Asia, 186 121 language see Malayo-Polynesian Cyprus, 141 climate change, 9, 121 Pacific crossings, 4, 320-5 dispersal, 140-2, 747, 742 early hominins, 51 relation to Native Americans, Egypt, 136 fauna, 52 74 Levant, 133^4,772 Pleistocene, 51-2 seafaring, 320-5 Mesoamerica, 364 settlement of, 121 Pontic steppe societies, 160, 162-3, Primorye province, Russia, 193 spices, 251 165, 187 principal components analysis Rapanui Island, Polynesia, 276, 279, population expansion, 110 (PCA), 32, 147, 149, 288, 321 Americas, 394, 415 151-2 links with South America, 324 Bantu see under Bantu speakers Proto-Afroasiatic, 126 Red Sea region, 104, 115, 129 China, 84, 211,284 Proto-Austronesian, 277, 285 Reef-Santa Cruz islands, Oceania, and food production, 2, 79-88, lexical reconstruction, 285 308-10,309,311 93, 152, 161-2, 169, 227, Proto-Cushitic language, 103-4 Renfrew, Colin, 153, 161 239 Proto-Dravidian language, 237, rice cultivation, 211-14 genetic evidence for timing of, 237^2 development, 210, 211, 231, 250, 147, 149 divisions, 238 272 Late Paleolithic, 81 evidence for migrations, 238 and lexical reconstruction, 241 Neolithic, 289, 297 Proto-Indo-European language, marker for migrations, 219, 220, and trade, 378 159-61, 163, 165 277, 272 population genetics see genetic proto-languages, 97, 99, 237, 277 Rigveda, the, 1, 164,240 studies Amazonian, 393 rituals, 41, 58, 59, 395 pottery, 103, 112, 143, 173-4, divergence, 159, 329 see also burial practices 186-8,311 Mesoamerica, 363—6 , Pakistan, 70, 19 Amazonia, 394, 397 reconstructing, 87-8, 163, 277, rock art, 322, 338, 371 Anatolia, 143 328, 356, 393 Rodriguez Ramos, Reniel, 378 Andes, 414 time depths, 385, 393 Romania, 29, 34 Caribbean, 378, 379, 380, 382, see also individual proto- Rubane/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain 395 languages and language (VSG) culture, 175 decorative, 108-10, 112, 314, families Russia, 798, 276 394, 395 Proto-Niger-Congo, 97, 99 Far East see Siberian region East Africa, 109, 110 divergence, 97 hunter-gatherers, 148, 174 Impressed and Painted Ware, Puerto Rico, 379 maritime region, 231 772, 174 push and pull factors, for migration, steppes see Steppes region Inuit, 350 113,115 taiga, 184 Korea, 231 Pygmies, 121 see also Uralic speakers Lapita, 310, 311,312 genetic studies, 120, 121-2 Ryukyu Islands, Japan, 202, 227 as marker for Neolithic Pyu kingdom, 207, 264 Austronesian expansion, 225 transition, 172, 174, 186-7, peopling, 224—5 286 Qafzeh Cave, Israel, 70, 23, 29, 30, Ryukyuan languages, 201, 227 Southeast Asia, 272-3 43 homeland, 202 symbolism, 272 Qing dynasty, China, 265 Ryukyuan speakers, 202 3194 INDEX TO VOLUME i: PREHISTORY

Sa Huynh, 277, 274 Sepik River, New Guinea, 304-5, Smilodon fatalis (sabertooth cat), Sahara region, 702, 103 308 65 Aquatic civilization, 103 Serafim, Leon, 201 Smith, Bruce, 83 archaeological sites, 135 Shan Hills, Myanmar/Burma, Sodmein Tree Shelter, Egypt, 136 climate change, 109 263-4 Solomon Islands, 39, 279, 282, 293, see also Nilo-Saharan speakers Shang dynasty, China, 83 308, 309 Sahel region, 702, 103, 104, 109-10 Sharp, Andrew, 323 Song Terus, Java, 50, 53 linking East and West Africa, 117 shifting cultivation, 246, 304—5 South Africa Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 9 ship technologies, 254-5, 256, 270, archaeological sites, 70, 11, 13, Sahul, 28, 39, 55 324, 325 34 colonization by Homo sapiens, double hulls, 282, 321-2 early hominins, 9—11, 13 28,31,39,55-8 ' kayak-type craft, 348 South America, 324 Sahul Shelf, 70, 49, 50, 55 lateen rig, 322 links with Caribbean, 381—2 sailing see under ship technologies lexical reconstruction of, 285 see also Andes region; Amazonia Sakashima Islands, Japan, 225 and long-distance voyages, 256, South Asia, 235-53, 247 see also Ryukyu Islands 286, 289,293 archaeology, 245-53 Sakhalin Island, Japan, 194, 201, outrigger canoes, 255, 278-80 see 278, 227 rafts, 256, 278, 324 Dravidian language family links with Hokkaido, 194, 220, sailing, 254-5, 281 early ceramics, 250 226-7 spritsails, 322 lithic industries, 249 Okhotsk culture, 219, 220, 227 umiaks, 349, 350 migrations, 245-6, 247 Sambungmacan, Java, 21, 52 Shorto, Harry L., 265 plant domestications, 246-8, Sami (Saami) people, 151, 181 Siberian region, 70, 31, 191-3 247, 250 contact with Indo-European Altai region, 71, 179, 185 Pleistocene, 246 speakers, 181 archaeological sites, 70, 23, 29, see also Indian subcontinent Samoa islands, Oceania, 308, 309, 31, 797 Southeast Asia 322 Baikal region, 200 African crops in, 255 Samoyed people, 181—2 Bronze Age cultures, 194 definition, 217 Samrong Sen, Cambodia, 277 genetic link with Native early farming, 273 Sandawe language/speakers, 104, Americans, 63, 71 early settlement, 217, 220-1, 120 Holocene migrations, 191-6, 270 , Java, 20, 21, 22 347 Two Layer Hypothesis, 220—2 Sanskrit language, 273, 274 Inuit, 72 Regional Continuity model, Saqqaq culture, 347, 348 linguistic link with Americas, 221 Sarawak, Borneo, 32, 52 344 genetic evidence, 294 Sardinia, 174 lithic technologies, 191 Ice Age land bridges, 49, 273 Satsumon culture see Ainu culture/ Mesolithic cultures, 191-3, 797 Iron Age, 274, 289 people Neolithic cultures, 193-4 islands see island Southeast Asia Schmidt, Max, 380, 397 trade with Japanese islands, 194 languages, 259, 260 Scythians, 4 see also Beringia see also individual languages "Sea Gypsies" see Moken language/ Silk Route, 163 and language families people Sima de los Huesos, Spain, 15 linguistic history, 259-68, "Sea Nomads," 261, 281 Sima del Elefante, Spain, 15, 20 276-83 sea level changes, 5-6 Sinitic languages, 204—5 lithic industries, 53 Holocene, 6, 64-5, 231, 269, 270, Sino-Tibetan Etymological mainland, 259-75 289 Dictionary and Thesaurus migration corridors, 21, 206, 217 Pleistocene, 5, 55, 56, 61, 354 (STEDT) project, 263 Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, 280 seafaring Sino-Tibetan language family, 93, Pleistocene migrations, 49-54 Jomon, 224 93, 204-8 pottery, 272-3 and multilingualism, 317 distribution, 88, 204, 205, 260 Sino-Tibetan influences, 206 navigation, 322, 323 divisions, 204 source of East Asian Peruvian, 404 Sino-Tibetan speakers, 204 populations, 221 Polynesia, 320-5 migrations, 204-6 trade and exchange, 273 skills, 293, 317 see also Yangzi River basin; Wallacea see Wallacea see also ship technologies; Yellow River basin see also Cambodia; Flores Island; voyages Siouan culture, 357, 359-60 Indonesia; Laos; Sahul; Semang people, 270 Skhul Cave, Israel, 70, 23, 29, 30, 43 Thailand; Vietnam Semitic languages, 97, 117, 727, 130 slavery, 113 southern Deccan, India see Deccan Semitic speakers, 128 smallpox, 356 peninsula INDEX TO VOLUME i: PREHISTORY 3195

Southern Neolithic cultural environment, 51 settlements, 350, 350-1 complex, 239, 241-2 see also Sunda Shelf toolkit, 350 farming, 241 Swahili culture, 255 Tibet, 206, 214 lexical reconstruction, 241 - Swartkrans, South Africa, 70, 11, 13 Tibeto-Burman languages, 204, Spain sweet potato, 305-6, 324 206-8 archaeological sites, 70, 15, 19, and altitude, 305, 306 dialects, 207 20, 22 introduction to Oceania, 305 homeland, 264 early hominins, 15 origin, 324 spread, 260, 263 see also Iberia yields, 305 subgroupings, 208 Sri Lanka, 251-2, 254 Szeletian lithic industry, 33 Tibeto-Burman speakers, 207 Indo-European languages, 276 Tierra Blanca cultural complex, Sinhalese speakers, 252 Tabon Cave, Philippines, 50, 53 337, 338 stable isotope data, 372, 410, 413 Tabun Cave, Israel, 70, 23 Tingkayu, Borneo, 50, 53 Starotsin, George, 129, 180, 181 Tai-Kadai language family, 260, 263 Tilemsi Valley, Mali, 109 Starotsin, Sergei, 125, 180-1 divisions, 263 Tishkoff, Sarah A., 116, 120, 122 Stegodon genus, 14, 15 Tai languages, 88, 92-3, 206, 208, Titicaca basin, 402, 404, 405, 406, Steppe Hypothesis, 160, 161, 164, 260, 263 411 165 Tai speakers, 263^ Tiyawanaku culture, 402, 405, 413 Steppes region, 153 Taiwan, 50, 126, 202, 214, 221, 293 Toba volcanic eruption, 57 cultural influence, 165-6 animal domestication, 287 Tocharians burial mounds (kurgans), 160 archaeology, 285-6, 287-9 ancestors, 180 ecology, 165, 184 burial practices, 310 language, 163, 181 horse domestication, 184, 187, indigenous population, 295 lost writings, 3 188, 194 jade, 289 toolkits, 42 invaders from, 164—5 languages, 276, 277, 280, 285 Arctic Small Tool tradition, 336, Neolithic transition, links with Ryukyu islands, 225 346 186-7 migration corridor, 297 microblades, 191, 209-10, 336 pastoralism, 187—8 Neolithic population expansion, microliths see microliths see also Central Asia 289, 297 use by pre-sapiens hominins, sub-Saharan Africa settlement from mainland 42-3, 44 archaeology of Holocene China, 278 variety, 42, 109 migrations, 107—14 Tajik people, 185 see also Acheulian tools; Clovis early farming, 79, 80 Talaud Islands, Indonesia, 53 culture; Oldowan tools genetic evidence, 115-24 Tamil language, 235, 236, 238, 239 trade and exchange, 134, 273, 317, language families, 96-106 Tanzania 412 pastoralist migrations, 110-11 archaeological sites, 70, 11, 13, interregional, 134, 248, 251, 255, see also individual countries, 27-9 277,273,281,412 regions, and archaeological early hominins, 9 and multilingualism, 317 sites genetic patterns, 116 trade languages, 392, 397, 404 Sudanic languages, 97 language families, 120 see also merchants see also Central Sudanic Tasmania, 58, 328, 328 Trans New Guinea language family, languages; Nilo-Saharan taxation, 412 285 languages Taymyr peninsula, 181, 191, 792, 193 transport sugar cane, 285 Tello, Julio C, 415 camel, 249 Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, 49, 50, Telugu language, 235, 236, 238, 239 dog sled, 349 51,56,279 Temple, Sir Richard, 265 horse, 249 archaeological sites, 53, 287, textile technology, 41, 81, 273, 348 maritime, 254—5 311 Thailand, 207-8, 265 see also ship technologies languages, 280, 281 archaeological sites, 269, 270, road systems, 412, 414 lithic industries, 53 277, 273 of stone for lithic industries, 41 pottery, 311 tin, 273 Trinidad, 377-8 Sumatra, 49, 50, 53, 57, 262, 281 see also Southeast Asia; Tai , Java, 70, 14, 20, 21, 49-50 archaeology, 51 language family , 130 Sumer, 240 Thar desert, 247, 249 Tucanoan language family, 385, 389 , 91 Thule Inuit, 2, 340 Tungusic language family, 200-1 Sumnagin culture, Siberia, 191 migrations, 341-2, 349-52 homeland, 200 Sunda Shelf, 70, 14, 50, 51 origins, 349, 350 Tupi language family, 89, 92-3, 385, see also Wallacea pottery, 350 388, 392, 393-5 Sundaland, 49, 50, 221, 269, 270 seafaring, 349 spread, 388, 394 3196 INDEX TO VOLUME I: PREHISTORY

Tupi-Guarani languages, 392, Austronesian migrations, 281 White River ash falls, 334, 336, 337, 394 Champa culture, 259, 262 338 Turkey, 19, 81, 143 see also Southeast Asia wild grains, use of, 100, 103 see also Anatolia Vietnamese language, 265 women, 295,312 , 93, 163, 165, villages 181-2, 197-9, 798 abandonment, 250, 359 Xelimskij, Evgenij, 181 disintegration, 199 Bronze Age, 233 Xinjiang province, China, 201, 206, Turkic speakers, 2, 181-2, 185-6, building materials, 246, 316 213 194, 199 Chalcolithic, 249, 250 Turkmen people, 185 coastal, 250, 337 Y-chromosome studies, 26-7, 151, Turkmenistan, 186 connection with pottery, 370 284, 295 Tuvalu Island, Polynesia, 321 establishment of, 210 Africa, 117 Two Layer Hypothesis, 220-2 layouts, 315, 359 Europe, 146-9, 151 plaza type, 396 haplogroups, 117-19, 120-2, Ubangi river basin, central Africa, population densities, 137, 305 147, 151,295,297 100 relocation of, 358 island Southeast Asia/Oceania, , Israel, 70, 19 sedentary lifestyle, 82, 111, 112, 295, 297 Uhle, Max, 412 747, 742,227,246,250 mutations, 117-19, 120, 147 Ulita speakers, 201 tent-based, 360 Pleistocene, 295 Uluzzian lithic industry, 33 year-round, 333 see also NRY variation United Kingdom see British Isles Villeneuve-Saint-Germain (VSG) Yana, Siberia, 63 Uraha, Malawi, 70, 13 culture, 175 Yap Island, Micronesia, 279, 315, Uralic language family, 88, 159 Vitamin D, in diets, 152 316,317 classification, 178, 779 Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo, 395 sawei exchange system, 317 disintegration, 180-1 volcanic eruptions, 57, 304, 336 Yangzi River basin, 205, 222 distribution, 779 Volga river region development of farming, 79, history, 178-83 as migration corridor, 181 83-4,210-12,272-73,221, proto-languages, 179-80, 181 tributaries, 181 272 Uralic speakers, 151, 180 Turkic speakers in, 199 displacement migrations, 206 contact with Indo-Europeans, Volta-Congo languages, 98, 100 migrations, 3, 214, 261 181 Vovin, Alexander, 226 population growth, 84, 284 Uralic-Yukaghir divergence, 180 voyages rice domestication, 272 Urals mountains, 180, 194 computer-simulated, 256, 317, subsistence, 210 Urat language, 302-3 323 village settlements, 210 urbanization, 104, 365, 414 experimental, 256, 323 Yayoi culture, 219, 224, 225-6 see also civilization long-distance, 256, 286, 289, Yellow River basin Urewe tradition, 112 293, 317, 322-3 development of farming, 79, Ust-Mil culture, 193 transpacific, 4, 257,288, 294, 320, 83-4, 272-73, 272 Uto-Aztecan language/speakers, 324-5,407 migrations from, 3 92-3, 364 population growth, 84, 284 ethnic distribution, 36 Wallacea, 49, 50, 53 Yenisei river, Siberia, 191, 193 farming, 369, 373 warfare, 5 Yeniseian language family, 335, 336 homeland, 363 Wari empire, 405, 412, 413-14 Ymyakhtakh culture, 193 linguistic exchanges, 364-5 weapons , 104 migrations, 362, 369, 370-4 bow and arrow, 358 Younger Dryas glacial event, 5, 66, modern, 371-2 daggers, 231 81, 103,246,354 pottery, 370 firearms, 359 Yukaghir language family/speakers, Uttar Pradesh, India, 248 hunting, 109, 348 180, 193 early farming, 250 West Africa, farming development, Yunnan province, China, 207, 273, 93 214,263,264 Vanuatu Island, Indonesia, 279, Western Asia, 81-2 Yupik language/speakers, 340-1, 308,309,311 Western Savannah, 111 347,342,344 Vedic ritual culture, 239, 240 Western Sudan, 103 and loanwords, 237, 242 wheat, 248 Zenaga people, 129, 130 see also Rigveda, the climate needs, 238, 239 Zhirendong, China, 29, 30, 32 Venezuela, 382, 386 domestication, 246 , China, 70, 20, 29, 32 Vietnam, 204, 206, 211, 222, 265 wheeled vehicles, linguistic Zulu, 113 archaeology, 214, 222, 277 significance, 163 Zuttiyeh, Israel, 70, 22 Index to Volumes II-V

Compiled by INDEXING SPECIALISTS (UK) Ltd., www.indexing.co.uk

Figures are indicated by italic page references.

3D (dirty, dangerous and difficult) temporary migrant workers, adaptation hypothesis, birth rates, jobs, 1818, 1819 2926-7 2282 9/11 attack, 2486-7, 3073-4, 3091 trafficking, 2956, 2958 ADC see American-Arab Anti- 73 Months of Sunshine (Abeselom, see also exploitation Discrimination Committee 2007), 1430-1 Acadian migration, 417—23 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1669 35 Shots of Rum (Denis, 2008), British control of l'Acadie, adjustment of sojourners, 1446 418-20 2799-800 Canada to Louisiana, 417—23 administrative detention, 1715—16 AAAUG see Association of Arab deportation to England, 421 administrative occupations, India, American University journey to exile, 420-1 1732 Graduates Le Grand Derangement, admissions policies see points AAI see Arab American Institute 419-20 systems Abeselom, Yehgedo, 1430-1 new Acadia, 421-2 adoption, 423-5 abode, definition, 1687 settlement of l'Acadie, 417-18 adoption migration, 1175 abolitionist model, sex work, accented cinema, 1449, 1507 "best interest" of child, 424 2742 acculturation child refugees, 424 abolition of slave trade, 1313-18 definition, 1245 definition, 423 1776-1825, 1314-15 economic factors, 1143, 1144-7 international adoption, 424-5 1825-48, 1315-16 second-generation immigrants, Islamic law, 425 1848-88, 1316-17 2713-14,2717-18 migration studies, 425 Africa, 484, 1289 ACFTU see All-China Federation practices, 423 Brazil, 1317-18 of Trade Unions social remittances, 2790—1 British empire, 1315-16 acquired immune deficiency "street children," 423-4 , 1317 syndrome (AIDS) see United States, 423^ French empire, 1315—16 HIV-AIDS see also child... slave ship insurrections, 2745 ACS see American Colonization Adriatic Italy, 1619-20 United States, 1316-17 Society; American advanced capitalist economies, see also slave... Community Survey 1987, 2886-7 Aboriginal cultures/peoples, 632, activism advocacy model, worker rights, 637, 1789, 1790-1, 1807 Caribbean migrants, 844, 871-2 2308-9 ABS see Association for human rights, 1681-6 AEDPA see Antiterrorism and Borderlands Studies immigrant rights movement, Effective Death Penalty Act abuse 1263-4 Aegean, 1201, 1612 children, 948 sanctuary movements, 2687 Aethelberht of Kent, 773-4 Chinese workers, 1032-3 see also human rights; right... affinities, transregionalism, 2995—6 female migration, 3158 Adalberon, bishop of Laon, 2694 affirmative action, 2240

The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, First Edition. Edited by Immanuel Ness. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 3198 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Africa habitat loss/change, 715 Portuguese slave trade, 2443-4 agriculture, 488-91 health, 437-44 pre-colonial migration, 425—9 Austronesian migration, Burkina Faso, 439-43 borderlessness, 426 2089-91 care workers, 1249 commerce, 425-9 brain-drain, 786 case studies, 439—41 conflicts, 427 child labor, 933-4 data/methods, 439 displacements, 427 Chinatowns, 1016 definition of health, 438 iron and weaponry, 427-8 Chinese diaspora, 1026 indigenous systems, 441—2 railways, 427-8 climate—migration phenomena, links to outside world, 442—3 women, 435 712-13 medical evacuation, 437-43 refugees, 2448-50, 3141 colonial concentration camps, mobility conditions, 442 resettlement from US, 3047, 1097 new agenda, 441-3 3050-1 concept of, 1428 "poor" sick people, 438 Scalabrinian missionaries, Cuba, 1128-9, 1130 HIV-AIDS, 1659-63 2690-1 diasporas, 467-73, 1222-5, homophobia, 1535 slavery/slave trade, 482-8, 1365 1427-8, 1430-1 Horn of Africa, 1668-73 Arab slave trade, 482—4 charities, 470 Indian labor, 721 Atlantic migrations, 619—20 Chinese diaspora, 1026 internal migration, 450-3 Brazil, 762 commercial dynamics, 470 international migration, 1195 Caribbean migration, 863-5, contemporary, 469-72 Jewish migration, 1957-8 868 definitions, 468—71 legislation, 444—50 Cuba, 1128-9 Internet, 470-1 conceptualization, 445 East Africa, 482-4 organizations, 1189, 1190 cultural aspects, 446 European slave trade, 484—6 precolonial, 469 determinants of, 447 globalization, 2078 solidarity, 471 developmental challenges, Guadeloupe, 2077 world federation, 471-2 445-6 historical assessment, 483^ drought migration, 718 emigration, 445—6 labor force participation, environmental migration, exceptions to, 447 1978 1079-81 immigration, 444-50 maritime transportation, 482, film, 1426-34 Nigeria, 446, 447-9 486-7 73 Months of Sunshine, organizational influences, 447 medieval era, 2761, 2762-3 1430-1 post-independence, 445-6 militancy, 2017-18 Andrea Spitz, 1431-2 South Africa, 446, 447-9 Portuguese slave traders, Caroline Link, 1432-3 welfare, 449 2443-4 Cobra Verde, 1429-30 , 477-81 shipboard insurrections, diasporas, 1430-1 1960-2010, 477-81 2744-8, 2874-8 globalization, 1426-7 EU migration, 477-81 south of Sahara, 461—2 Graeme Rodgers, 1431—2 influence of migrations, 480 transatlantic, 2961, 2962, Haile Gerima, 1430 migratory routes, 479 2963^1 and history, 1426 population pressures, 478 south of Sahara, 460-7 John Akomfrah, 1491-2 poverty, 478-9 5Ts of migration, 463 La noire de..., 1431 route for sub-Saharan challenges, 465 Moufida Tlatli, 1429 Africans, 479-80 conflicts and crises, 462 Nowhere in Africa, 1432-3 solutions to difficulties, 481 global diaspora, 464 Ousmane Sembene, 1431 unauthorized migration, historical aspects, 460-1 Peter Raymont, 1433 480-1 human development index, Sambizanga, 1432 visa requirements of EU, 465 Sankofa, 1430 477-9 independence and aftermath, Sarah Maldoror, 1432 medieval era, 453-60, 2120 462-3 Shake Hands with the Devil, Bantu language, 456-7 population movement, 460—7 1433 global perspective, 459 regimes across Africa, 463-4 Testament, 1491-2 Madagascar, 457 slave trade, 461-2 Voices across the Fence, 1431—2 Middle Nile valley, 454-6 South—South migrations, Werner Herzog, 1429-30 West African kingdoms, 457-9 2816-20 Yehgedo Abeselom, 1430-1 North-South migration, transatlantic migration, 1365, free movement of peoples, 2246 2329-30 2961,2962, 2963-4 Fulbe migrations, 429-33 ontology, 1428 UK, emigration to, 473—7 gender, 433-7, 1659-63 Portuguese migration, 2436, post-20th century, 475 global warming effects, 716 2440, 2441 bridge-builder role, 476 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3199

economic factors, 474 agrarian migration, 2201-5 Albanian-speaking migration, forced migration, 473-4 agriculture, 488-92 494-9 host hostility, 474-5 agrarian change, 2201-5 definition of "Albanian," 496 patterns of migration, 474 ancient migrations, 2173—4 historical perspective, 494-5 voluntary migration, 474 Argentina, 548, 552 mid-19th century to present, US foreign-born population, beet farming, 1379 494-9 3101 Bracero Program, 2180-2 migration out since 1990, world-systems analysis, 3163-4 Canada 496-8 writers in exile, 2450 20th century, 823 Yugoslavia after World War II, see also individual countries and internal migration, 813-15 495-6 regions seasonal workers, 805-6 Alexandria, 1621,2141 African Americans Caribbean, 831-5, 837 arts and music, 562-3 China in colonial era, 1045 decolonialism, 523-4 black ghettos, 3109-10 coffee production, 1399-401 emigration to France, 1518-20 black-immigrant competition, colonial era, 488-9, 1045 French Algerian "repatriation," 3052, 3054 corporate farms, 1417-21 2145 creolization, 562-3 European, 1378-9 labor migration, 2143, 2197-9 diasporas, 1223 farm workers, 1413-17 political exiles, 2142 discrimination against, 2157 gender, 832-3 spread of HIV-AIDS, 480 National Museum of African Germany in medieval era, 1575 see also Africa, Maghreb American History and Indonesia post-1969, 1818 Aliens'Act 1848, UK, 2598 Culture, 2162 influence on migration, 489 aliyah (Jewish migration to return migration, 1428, 2657-8 ISI model, 2030-1 homeland), 3173-6 unique disadvantages, 3052 land use, 2201 All-China Federation of Trade US poverty, 2657-8 , 2030-5, 2055 Unions (ACFTU), 1032, US resettlement, 3050-1 mechanization, 1413-14 1034 West Indians and, 3153-4 Mediterranean, 2138 Almohads, 699-700 see also Africa; United States modernization, 1378-9 Almoravids, 699-700 Africana Womanism, 1432 neoliberal era, 2032 , 973, 974 African Caribbean diaspora seasonal migration, 805-6, 2706 Amazon Basin initiative, 766 19th-20th century, 826-30 sugar-beet farming, 1379 Amazon region, 766, 1299, 2443-4 to European metropoles, 828-9 types/patterns of migration, ambition, 514 late 19th century migrations, 827 489-91 Amelio, Gianni, 1473 African Development Bank, 2534 Uruguayan immigrants, 3123 amenity-seeking migration, 2999 African Remittance Institute (ARI), see also farming/farm workers America 2534 ahirs (herdsmen), 1742 discovery of, 685-6 African women, 433-7 Aidan and asceticism, 567 see also Americas; Central caring responsibilities, 435-6 aid organizations, Nazi era, 2286 America; Latin America; feminization of migration, AIDS see HIV-AIDS North America; South 435-6 air travel, 492-4 America; United States history of migration, 434 history of, 492-3 American-Arab Anti- human trafficking, 436 labor migration, 493 Discrimination Committee migration statistics, 434 low-cost airlines, 493 (ADC), 532 poverty, 434-5 migration control, 492 American Colonization Society pre-colonial migration, 435 Puerto Rican migrants, 2479 (ACS), 1427-8, 3050-1 professional migration, 436-7 return migration, 2589 American Community Survey remittance payments, 436 Akomfrah, John, 1451, 1491-2 (ACS) 2006-2008, 3077-80 see also women... al-Andalus (), "American dream," 1238, 1245 Afro-Uruguayans, 3121, 3123-4 697-700, 2503, 2504-5 Americanization, 2237-8, 2572 Age of Disunion, China, 997-8 Alaric the Goth, 677, 1592 American plantation complex, 618, age groups Alaska, 541, 543 620,621 Brazilian internal migration, 760 Albania An American Tail (Bluth, 1986), medical evacuation, 441 economic migration, 654—5 1485 population growth, 2905-6 illegal migration, 1604 Americas suburbanization patterns, internal-international links, Atlantic migrations, 617-26 2901-2 2071, 2072-5 hospitality workers, 1673-5 agency and structuration theory, Kosovo-Albanians to indigenous migrations, 1780-4 2576 Switzerland, 2915 Amerindians see Native Americans aging populations, 751 see also Balkans Amiens, France, 1210 3200 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V amnesia, 2160—1 climate change, 1084-7 Arabized Africans, 484 amnesties, 3032 linguistic, 2022-3 Arab Peninsula, 2255 see also regularization programs refugee studies, 3139-40 amsar (camp-cities), 2256 see also human activities Byzantium, 791 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2170 anti-Asian sentiment, 1732 migration to China, 1002 Amur River, China, 976 anti-Chatholicism, 3093-5, 3096 identity, 2259 anarchism anticolonialism, 523-7 Indian Ocean migrations, 2817 East Asia, 2919-20 antidiscrimination, 1801 Islamic religion, 2254 spread by migrants, 2918 Antigua, 1741 labor migration, 2194-200 syndicalism, 2917-21 anti-immigration, 3073 Maghreb/Europe, 695-702 anarcho-syndicalism, 2920-1 Antilles, 848-9, 863-4, 1274-5 medieval era, 695-702, 791 Anasazis people, 2119 Antiochos I, Seleucid empire, as slaves, 2766 Anatolia, 3002-4, 3018 2730-1 see also Arab...; Islam...; ancient era, 499 antiracism, 1344 Muslim... see also under individual topics anti-radical US nativism, 3094 Arab slave trade ancient Near East, 2173-4 anti-Semitism, 3173 abolitionist movement, 484 ancient Rome, 1410, 2205-8 see also Jewish... Africa south of Sahara, 462 Andean Labor Migration anti-smuggling, 1840-1 East Africa, 482-4 Instrument, 2807 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Indian Ocean route, 482-3 Andean migration, 500—5 Penalty Act (AEDPA), US, markets for trade, 483 economic security, 500-5 3073 numbers of slaves, 483 economic/social forces, 504-5 anti-trafficking Zanzibar, 482-4 historical view, 502—4 human rights norms, 1840—1 Arab state of Palestine, 3148 moving to Lima, 501-2 Palermo Protocols, 917 Arab-Israeli war 1967, 529-60 Peru, 500-5 Puebla Process, 918 Arberesh people, 494—5 reciprocity values, 501-2 Anti-Trafficking Agreements archaeology see also Peru (ATAs), 708 Byzantium, 787-9 Andean Migration Card (TAM), Antwerp, Belgium, 2169 Chinese migrations, 961-2 2246 anxiety disorders, 2165, 2166 cultural evidence, 2464 Angel Island, San Francisco Bay, Anzaldua, G., 740-1 European protohistoric 2162 apartheid, South Africa, 2824-7, migrations, 2464 Angles, 508, 511, 679 2837-8 Greek colonization evidence, Anglo-American migration to apoikia (Greek migrants/settlements), 1613-15 Mexico, 505-8 1611, 1612-15 Indian megalithic sites, 2398-9 Anglo-Canadians see English Appropriations for Farm Labor Middle Eastern crusades, 1124 Canadians Law, US, 3071 Archaic period, Greek colonization, Anglo-Norman settlements, 777-8 Arab American community in US, 1609-19 Anglo-Saxon migrations, 508—11 530-2 Archilochus, 1609, 1611 ancestry issues, 509-10 Arab American Institute (AAI), 532 Arctic migrations, 538-47 Bede, 508-10 Arab diaspora in US, 527-34 Arctic boundaries, 540 burials, 511 after World War I, 527-34 contemporary migration, 540-2 dating, 510 Arab American community, current population, 543-4 Gildas, 508 530-2 definition of area, 539 languages, 509 before World War I, 528 exploration, 540—1 Anglo-Saxon colonization, 772-4 census statistics, 530 future trends, 544, 547 Angola identification crisis, 529 gender, 544, 546 European slave trade, 486 industrial labor strikes, 530-1 historical migration, 539 film, 1432 integration tactics, 528 indigenous people vs Portuguese migrants, 2436, 2440 migration to the West, 527-30 newcomers, 541 see also Africa political praxis, 531-2 population growth/change, 542, animal extinctions, 715 population in key states, 530 544, 545 Anjou dynasty, 2121 Arab Gulf Cooperation Council, recent trends, 543 Annan, Kofi, 2331 535-8 relocation of people, 543 anomie, 512-18 Arabian Gulf, 1684 role of the state, 542-3 coping mechanisms, 516-17 Arabic language, 2135, 2259 Argentina, 547-53 immigrant vulnerability, 513-14 Arabization of Middle Nile valley, census figures, 548-51 anthropology, 518-22 455 Chile, 955 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3201

film, 1462, 1505 medieval era, 565, 566-7, European colonialism, 1369-73 Italian migration, 1881-2, 1883, 569-71, 2123-4 gender, 578-87 2023 remaining/returning, 569—70 colonial era, 579-81 mid-19th century to present, ASEAN see Association of guest-worker programs, 581-6 547-53 Southeast Asian Nations postcolonial era, 581—6 migration patterns, 2035 Asia Southeast Asia, 579-82 Paraguay, 549-51 anarchism, 2919-20 inner central Asia, 972-80 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2690 Australian migration, 599-603 international migration, 1196 syndicalism, 2919 controversies, 602 Korean minorities, 1973-4 ARI see African Remittance Hong Kong and Chinese rule, Latin American migration, 2050 Institute 600-1 marriage migration, 2105, Aristotle, 1611 numbers and characteristics, 2106-7 armed conflict, 553-6 601-2 medieval slave trade, 2761, conditions for migration, 554—5 policy changes, 599-601 2764-5 migration costs/benefits, 555 political aspects, 602 minority banks, 603-8 population displacement, 3146 post-Indochina War, 600-1 assets, 604-5 refugees, 553-6 South Asian migration, 600—1 cultural resources, 605—6 threat-based model, 554-5 stages of immigration, failed banks, 604-5 see also armies; military...; 599-601 historical background, 603^ soldier...; wars Tiananmen Square protests, neighborhood inequalities, , 556—61 600-1 606-7 Armenian genocide, 558 Vietnamese boat people, 600, real-estate development, , 558 602 606-7 current links with , White Australia policy, social capital, 605-6 559-60 599-600 stock, 604 dual citizenship, 559 bonded labor, 721-5 structure changes, 604-5 historical aspects, 557—8 borderland diversity, 736-8, 740 Scalabrinian missionaries, Russian vs Western, 560 business/professional migrants, 2690-1 784 slave trade, 2761,2764-5 Byzantium, 791-2 Canadian migration, 817-20, Southwest Asia migration, 535-8 Caucasus migrations, 891-7 821, 825 South—South migrations, post-18th century, 891-7 Caribbean migration, 595-9, 835 2816-20 ethnic cleansing, 1328 British West Indies, 596-7,599 student migration, 2897 genocide, 1553, 3147 French territories, 596-7 syndicalism, 2919-20 imprisonment/punishment, indentured migration, 595-9 UK identity, 887 1716 Indian/Chinese migrants, US merchant communities, 2169 595-9 contemporary migration, Ottoman period, 3003-4 sugar industry, 595—6 3089 republican Turkey, 3006 working conditions, 598-9 foreign-born population, 3101 Russia 17th-19th centuries, 2669 child labor, 933-4 nativism and migrants, armies Chinatowns, 1015-16 3095-6 British India, 1370 citizenship education, 1067—8 see also individual countries and Dutch East Indies, 1370-1 colonial migration, 1369-73 regions Muslims, 2255 development, 573-8 Asia Minor see also armed conflict brain-drain, 588-90 Byzantium and, 789, 790-2 army of labor, Marx, 2582-3 global north, 588 Seleucid colonization, 2731 arranged marriages, 2111 historical sketch, 573-4 Turkic migrations, 3015-18 arts/crafts/music, 561—5 links with migration, 587-95 Asian Development Bank, 2533-4 African Americans, 562—3 luring back migrants, 589-90 Asian financial crisis, 591 Atlantic slave trade, 562-3 migration patterns, 574—7 aspiration and cultures, 843 Caribbean migrants, 844-7 modern migrations, 574-5 assenters, 2784 descent/consent themes, 564 reasons for migration, 587-8 assets immigrant literature, 563-4 regional migration, 590 Asian minority banks, 604-5 modern mass migrations, 563 remittances usage, 590-1 Central America, 913-14 Otavalo diaspora, 1788 return migration, 591-2 Pakistan, 2382 ascetics, 565, 566-7, 569-71 unequal benefits of migration, assignatio viritana (land effects of, 570-1 592 distribution), 2621, 2623 3202 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V assimilation, 608-14 Austria, 643-4 Atlantic slave trade, 2961-5 advanced societies, 611 Balkans, 648-9, 655 arts and music, 562-3 child refugees, 2511 Belgium, 692 economic globalization, 619-21 citizenship education, 1068-9 Cameroon, 799, 800 Europe, 620-1,2961-3 cross-cultural bonds, 1120 cosmopolitanism, 1113, 1115 maritime migrations, 2100 cultural vs social, 609 definition, 1510 Middle Passage, 2744-8 definition, 2156-7 Denmark, 1173 shipboard insurrections, 2744—8 early 20th century, 2572 detention, 2424 see also slavery/slave trade economic status, 610-11 Dublin system, 1269-71 Atlas Lesage, 1599-601 French-speaking Caribbean, 863 EU, 1980-2010, 1982 Attila the Hun, 678 ideologies, 1705 European recognition, 1357 August, Billie, 1490 Indians in Burma, 1770-4 Greece, 1271 au pairs, 1542 integration aspects, 1597 Israel, 3177 Aussiedler migrants, 1579-80 liberal ideology, 1068-9 Netherlands, 1182 Australasia literature, 609 Norway, 2336 Australia, 627-9 melting pot theory, 2155 persecution, 614, 616-17 international migration, 1196 objections to, 1246 policies, 2063^, 2913 legislation, 627-31 "race-relations cycle," 2157 refugees, 615 New Zealand, 627-8, 629-30 religion, 2519 rights, 1113, 1115, 1684, resettlement programs, 628, 629 second generation, 611-12 1839-40, 2064 Australia social assimilation, 3107-9 Romanian migrants, 2645 Asian migration, 599-603 social theory, 1848 sanctuary movements, 2686 business/professional migrants, transnationalism, 612, 2983, sexual identity, 2062, 2063—I 784-6 2985 state obligations, 2426 CER with New Zealand, 2941 urbanization, 3107-9 statistics, 615 Chinatowns, 1016, 1017 US, 2237-8, 3095-6 Turkey, 3007 Chinese migrants, 1025, 1436 see also integration UK immigration, 3041, 3042 citizenship education, 1067 assimilation theories, 2796, 3137—8 undocumented migration, 616, convicts, 1108-9,2394-5 classical theory, 2711-12, 2717 3031-2 cultural differences, 636-7 contemporary theory, 2712-13 ways of migrating, 615-16 Czechoslovakian migrants, 1152 melting pot theory, 2155 see also displaced persons; demographic transformation, second generation, 2711-13, refugees 1163, 1165 2717-20 asymmetric power relations, 2291 early 20th century to present, Slavs in Europe, 2772-3 ATAs see Anti -Trafficking 636-41 Assmann, Jan, 2159 Agreements family migration, 1403 associate citizens, 1772 Athens, Greece, 1206 Federation, 636—7 Association of Arab American athlete migration, 2861-2 Fijian migrants, 2363 University Graduates Atlantic migrations, 617—27 Filipino migrants, 2409-10 (AAUG), 531-2 American plantation complex, film,1435-7 Association for Borderlands 618,620,621 Aleksi Vellis, 1436 Studies (ABS), 739 Atlantic significance, 622 Ken G. Hall, 1435 associations autonomous migration, 623, Maslyn Williams, 1435-6 civil society, 2783 624-5 Mike and Stefani, 1435-6 Latin American diaspora, 2038 causes of migration, 618 Monica Pellizzari, 1436 professional migrants, 2841 consequences, 620-1 The Squatter's Daughter, 1435 working-class organizations, early modern migrations, 617, gay migration, 1534 2018-19 618-20 Greek migrants, 1436 see also labor organizations economic globalization, 617-22 high diversity, 639 Association of Southeast Asian free/indentured migration, 618-19 Howard administration, 640 Nations (ASEAN), 581, historical migrations, 622—7 immigration policy, 2362 1855, 2820-4 migration subperiods, 622—3 imprisonment/punishment, Assyrian empire, 2174-5 organized migration, 623^4 1716 asylum/asylum-seekers, 614—17 patterns/parallels, 626 Indian migration, 1731, 1732, applications, 902-4, 1269-71, quota migration, 623, 625-6 1747 2915-16 regions involved, 622-3 indigenous peoples, 632, 637, armed conflict, 553-4 research issues, 626 639 ASEAN, 2822 slave trade, 619-21 internal migration, 632-6 "asylum-shopping," 1270 source of migrants, 622—3, 624 historical patterns, 632 Australian multiculturalism, 640 see also North Atlantic migration migration data, 632-3 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3203

movement intensities, 633-4 , 2434, 2438 remittances, 2533-4, 2551-6 mover characteristics, 634 Aztecs, 2119 Rohingya refugees, 2262 net migration 2001-2006, 634 socioeconomic factors, 672-3, population redistribution, 635 Babylonian deportations, 2175 674 spatial patterns, 635 Bajio, Mexico, 2204 see also South Asia interwar Australia, 637-8 Balibar, Etienne, 1476 Bani region, Dominican Republic, Italian migrants, 1436, 2023 Balkans 1666 labor market access, 2362-6 class struggle, 647-51 banishment sentences, 1107, 2954 legislation, 627-9 economic migration, 651-5 see also exile/exiles family migration, 628 ethnic conflict, 647-51, 1328 banks/banking, 603-8, 2219, labor migration policies, forced emigration, 651, 655—6 2526 628-9 mid-19th century to present, banlieues, France, 1521, 2724 as receiving country, 628-9 651-8 Bantu language/people, 454, 456-7, resettlement programs, 629 Muslim migration, 3015-20 461,2119-20 migration from New Zealand, population management, 648-9 Banu Hilal tribe, 696-7 2300-1 post-war political geography, Banu Kanz people, 455 multiculturalism, 639—40 647-8 baojia system, China, 1040-1 Pacific-Islanders, 2365 refugees, 2567 Baranya Republic, 1697 Papua New Guinean migrants, Roma migrations, 2612 Barbados, 858-9, 874 2363 Slavic raids, 2769-70 see also Caribbean penal colonization, 2394-5 migration to Turkey, 3005, 3007 barbarian migrations, 676-80 post-war Australia, 638-9 see also Central and Eastern changed perceptions, 677 racism, 1435 Europe; individual countries forms of, 679 same-sex migration, 2062-3 Balsamon, Theodore, 2611 impact, 679-80 Scalabrinian missionaries, Baltic Sea colonizations invasions, 2120-1, 2123, 2149 2690 Danish, 658-9 reasons for, 679 seasonal worker programs, medieval era, 658-66 Roman world, 677, 679, 789, 2365-6 Slavic, 659-62 2635 temporary worker programs, Baltic States, 666-70 barrier-crossing, 2074 2363 EU entry effect, 668-9 barter, 426 White Australia policy, 637, historical demography, 666-9 basic sustenance rights, 951 639-41, 2276 medieval traders, 2951 Basque Country Yugoslavian migrants, 643, 644 population change, 1989-2011, ancient era to 17th century, Austria 668-9 680-4 1860s to 1945, 642 population recomposition, 667 colonial period, 682-3 post-1945, 642-4 re-independence, 667 whaling, 683 post-1960, 643-4 Scottish merchants, 2169 Basque diaspora Czechoslovakian migrants, 1152 see also Estonia; Latvia; 18th-20th century, 682-3, EU-10 migrants, 1383 Lithuania 684-90 Hungarian migration, 1697, banana exports, 1309-10 discovery of America, 685—6 1698 Bangladesh mass emigration, 686-7 labor migration, 643 1969 to present, 670-6 see also Argentina; Atlantic mid-19th century to present, citizenship, 2377 migrations 641-6 creation of state, 2373-8 Basra, Iraq, 2256 Austrian empire, 2596-7 developmental factors, 675—6 Batavia (Jakarta), 1044-5 Austrian Jews, 2288 disaster-driven migration, 1230 Battle of Hastings (1066), 3133 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 642 emigrant stocks abroad, 671 Battuta, Ibn, 2168-9 Austronesian migration, 2088-93 environment migration, 1298-9 Bavaria, 1292 causes, 2091-2 film, 1498 Bay of Bengal, 2397-401 eastern Africa, 2089 flooding, 716 Beah, Ismael, 2449 evidence, 2091-2 forced migration, 2373-8 beaner jumping, 1864 South-South migrations, 2817 India borderland, 737-8 Becker, Howard, 1715 autochthony, 2607-8 labor migration, 671-5 Beck, Ulrich, 1112,1115-16 automobiles, 1091-3, 3104 migrant protection, 673-4 Bede, 508-10 see also car dependence Muslim refugees, 2377 Before Night Falls (Schnabel, 2001), autonomous migration, 623, 624-5 natural disasters, 1230 1487 Avars, 2770-1, 2878-85 Pakistan war, 1971, 2373-8 behavioral norms, 1145-6 Awami League, 2373—4 recommendations, 676 Beja people, Nile valley, 454-5 Ayyubids in Maghreb, 697 refugees, 2373-8 Belfast, Nl, 3111-12, 3113 3204 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Belgium see also international migration; boat people see Vietnamese boat 1946 to present, 690-5 multilateralism; trade people economic reconstruction, 690-2 Bilateral Maritime Agreements boats Italian migration, 1887 (BMAs), 708 Indian Oceanic world, 2816 Jewish refugees, 2288-9 bilingualism maritime migrations, 2099-100 marriage migration, 2111 constitutional rights, 2028 Phoenicians, 2412—13 migration from DRC, 1103 experience variations, 2024 see also maritime migration; beliefs, 1144,2799 state requirements, 2026—7 sea...; ship... Belize, 902-7 biodiversity, 711—21 Boeing airplanes, 3086 see also Central America see also ecology Boer War, 1097 belonging biomes, 713 Boleslaw HI, Prince, 1294 national cultures, 843 biometrics, 2211 Bolivia, 550-2 nationality policies, 2271-2 birth rates, 2281-4 Bollywood, 1438, 1495-6 returned overseas Chinese African population, 478 Bolshevik revolution, 2678-9 migrants, 2591 definition, 2281 Bombay see Mumbai Bengal hypotheses, 2281-2 bonded labor Bay of, 2397-401 low-birth rate countries, 2281, 21st century, 733-4 Bengali refugees, 2448 2283 children, 724 India-Pakistan partition, 1737 bisexual migration, 2061-6 India, 721-5 Benjamin, Oliver, 1700 Bishkek Agreement, 2684 Russia, 725-30 Benoist, Jean, 2077 bishops, 455, 678, 906, 1293, as trafficking, 2737 Bentham, Jeremy, 2395 2223-4 United States, 730-5 Berber people, 695-702, 2134-5 Black Audio Film Collective, 1450 see also indentured migration; Bergmann's rule, 713 black British artists, 844-6 serfdom Berlin, Germany, 1533 black brotherhoods, Brazil, 2445 Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Berlin, Isaiah, 2113 black diasporas, 1222-3, 1224-5 Act (BLSAA), 724 Bermuda, 859 black film-making, 1449-53 bonding social capital, 2777—8 Berne Initiative, 702-6, 2244 Handsworth Songs, 1450-2, 1471 Bonomelli, Geremia, 2224 Berne II Conference, 704-5 Looking for Langston, 1452-3 border controls, 1185, 2212, 2216 regional consultations, 704, 705 The Passion of Remembrance, see also migration control rights protection, 1855—6 1452 border crossings in West Africa, bertillonage (anthropometry), Time and Judgement, 1450 1305 2211 black ghettos, 3109-10 borderlands, 735-8 Besson, Luc, 1457-8 The Black Girl from... (Sembene), Asian, 736-8, 740 Beta Israel migrants, 3176-7 1431, 1490 comparative perspectives, 738 "betterment" migration, 2603 black identity, Cuba, 1129 cultural bonds, 739^2 (Maghrebis in France), 1493, black migration, US 1900-70, diversity, 736-8, 740 2723-6 3061-8 shifts, 735-6 Bhabha, Homi, 740-1, 2084-5 black and minority ethnic (BME) borderlessness, 426 bhik us ascetics, 566 communities, 475 borderlines, China, 973 Bhojpuri region, Uttar Pradesh, black nationalism, 3051 Border Patrol, US, 2180, 2181 1740-1 black pride movement, 1326 border policies, Central America, Biafra, 1557 Black Sea, 1618, 1619 916-21 biblical literature, 1221, 2248-9 Blanc-Chaleard, Marie-Claude, borders bicycles, 2227 2722 citizenship practices, 649-50 Bihar, India, 1740-1 Blanshard, Paul, 3096-7 controls, 1185,2212,2216 bilateral labor agreements (BLAs), BLAs see bilateral labor agreements internal migration, 757, 2073-4 706-11 Blegen, Theodore, 2068 US-Canada, 810, 818-20 ASEAN, 2821 Blount, Herman (Sun Ra) 2251-2 see also border...; migration benefits/drawbacks, 709-10 BLSAA see Bonded Labor System corridors circular migration, 1059-60 (Abolition) Act border wars, 3141 future directions, 710 "blue banana" economic area, Boston, US, 1666 roles within, 709 Europe, 1358 Boxer Rebellion, China, 2753 seasonal migration, 2706 Blue Card scheme, EU, 1985 BPO see business process structure, 708-9 Bluth, Don, 1485 outsourcing temporary migrant workers, BMAs see Bilateral Maritime Bracero Program, US 2922 Agreements farm laborers, 1416-17, 1419 types of, 707-8 BME see black and minority ethnic guest workers, 1623 US-Mexico, 2051 communities hospitality workers, 1674 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3205

labor migration, 3059-60 1800-1975, 762-8 Boer War concentration camps, Latin Americans, 2051 1968 to present, 749-55 1097 Mexican migrants, 2180-2 abolition of slavery, 1317-18 migration to Canada, 813-14, seasonal migration, 2707—8 African religions, 2445 822-3 undocumented migrants, 3038 Amazonian colonization, 1299 Caribbean immigration, 860—1 US legislation, 3071 migration to Argentina, 550-2 migration to China, 969 Brahmans/Brahmins black brotherhoods, 2445 Chinatowns, 1017 India/Bay of Bengal, 2400-1 caixeiros, 2439 colonial migration, 1370-3 medieval era India, 1721-2, candomble, 2445 community unionism, 2013 1723,1724 coffee production, 763-6, 2444 convict labor migration, 1108-9 priests, 1718 demographic changes, 762-8 French emigration, 2604-5 brain circulation concept diamond mines, 2435, 2443 Germanic migrations, 2121 Caribbean migration, 854-5 emigrant numbers 2009, 749, Hungarian migration, 1700 highly skilled IT workers, 1649 750 India post-1940s, 1731 Indonesia, 1819 European immigrants, 762—4 interwar Indian writers, 2082—3 Southern African migration, film, 1462, 1505 involvement in slave trade, 486 2839-41 gold mines, 2435, 2443 Irish migration, 768-70, 772 student migration, 2896 internal migration, 755-62, Jewish refugees from Nazi transnationalism, 2989 764-6 Germany, 2289 brain-drain, 436-7, 588-90 international immigration, medieval colonization, 771-9 Africa and gender, 436-7 762-4 migration to New Zealand, African diasporas, 471 migration to Japan, 751 2298-9 African emigration to UK, 474, Japanese immigrants, 763 Norman period, 776-8 476 Male slave revolt, 2446 Norse settlements, 774-5 Asian development, 588-90 municipalities, 758-9, 759, 760 migration to North America, brain circulation, 1385 net migration by region, 757, 1108 Bulgarian emigrants, 781-2 765 North American colonies, 1366 business/professional migrants, Nikkeijin women, 1904-8 Palestine, 2144 786 migration to Paraguay, 750-1, refugees from Nazi Germany, developing countries, 1178, 1586 2391 2287 diasporas, 471, 1226 plantation slavery, 2444 Sikh migration to colonies, East Africa, 1280 Portuguese immigrants, 2434-5, 2814 Ghana, 1584 2436, 2440 Singapore under rule of, 2755 highly skilled IT workers, regional growth, 766 migration to South Asia, 1109 1648-9 restructuring labor, 2006, 2007-8 Southeast Asia, 2810-11, 2815 Indian emigrants, 743-9, 1731, Scalabrinian missionaries, 2690 Southern African, 2837 1744 slave trade/slavery, 2439, 2442-7 trade and imperialism, 2939-40 Pacific Islands, 2369-70 emancipation, 2446 urbanization, 1375 skilled workers, 1648-9, 2758-9 Indian slaves, 2443 writers' movements, 2083-4 Southern African emigrants, living/working conditions, - see also England; Northern 2839-41 2444-5 Ireland; Scotland; United student migration, 2896 resistance, 2445-6 Kingdom; Wales sub-Saharan African emigrants, slave products, 2963-4 British Africa, 1726-30 3157 sugar production, 2443, 2444 British Caribbean Swedish emigrants, 2911-12 urban growth trends, 766-7 agreement-signers, 1740 transforming perceptions, 748 migration to US, 752-4 Chinese immigration, 1739-43 brain-gain, 743-9 see also Latin America; South Indian immigration, 1739-43 African diasporas, 471 America British colonialism, 1737 African emigration to UK, 474, Bretton Woods institutions, DRC, British Columbia University, 1699 476 1102 British empire business/professional migrants, bride-price see dowries abolition of slavery, 1315-16 786 bridging social capital, 2777-8 demographic transformation, highly skilled IT workers, 1648 brigandage, 2139 1165 return migration, 745-8 Britain West Indian slaveholding, 1315 skilled workers, 1648, 2758-9 1800 to present, 768-71 British West Indies, 596-7, 599, student migration, 2896 abolition of slave trade, 483-4 1674 brain waste, 2758-9 migration to Australia, 638—9 see also West Indies Braudel, Fernand, 2131 barbarian migrations, 679 brokers, 2944, 2952 Brazil black artists, 844-6 Brooks slave ship, 487 3206 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V brothels, 579 Caithness, UK, 2320, 2322, 2324 English Canadians, 818, 819-20, see also prostitution caixeiros (commercial clerks), 2439 823-4 Buddhism, 2123-4 Calavita, Kitty, 2210 Filipino immigrants, 2409 Chinese labor migration, 979 Calculadora de Remesas film, 1483-4, 1488, 1508 India, 1723, 1724,2399^01 (remittances calculator), 2526 gendered migration, 801-9 Indians in Burma, 1773 Calcutta, India guest workers, 1624 medieval era India, 1723, 1724 Bengali refugee crisis, 2375—6 health, 1643, 1644 monasteries, 2400-1 Chinese migrants to Caribbean, historical trends, 822-4 Buddhist ascetics, 566 1740 housing, 1681 Buddhist missionaries, 567 film industry, 1498 Hungarian immigration, 1698-9 Buddhist pilgrims, 568-9 California, US immigrant settlement, 809-13 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 550, 552, Chinese diaspora, 1024 immigration policies, 801—3, 1663 farm workers, 1415-16, 1419 807,809-13,821-2,876 Buganda, East Africa, 1286-7 immigration determent, 3085 Indian migration, 1731, 1732, building trades, 1377-8 intolerance of Latino migrants, 1745-6 Bulgaria, 779-83 1863 indigenous migrations, 1789-93 post-1989 migration, 781-2 seasonal labor, 1415-16, 1419 Aboriginal cultures, 1789, labor migration, 1388 caliphs, Muslim world, 2256—7 1790-1 nationhood quest, 779-80 Calukyas people, 1720 background, 1789-90 outmigration, 781-2 Camarioca boatlift, Cuba, 1134-5 evidence, 1791-2 bureaucracy Cambodia rural-to-urban migration, Chinese migrants, 1050 flood 1954, 1811-12 1805-10 labor organizations, 1032—3 Khmer Rouge regime, 1557-8 urbanization, 1790-1 trade unions, 2008 killing fields, 1813 internal migration, 813-17 Bureau of Indian Affairs Direct refugees, 1814-15 labor migration, 1624 Employment, US, 1808 camel transport, 2133 19th-20th century, 1993 Burgundian migrations, 678-9 Cameroon low-wage labor source, burials, 511,773, 775 1960s to present, 795-801 1980-1 Burkina Faso, 439-43, 1231 data collection methods, 795 migration to US, 733 Burma see Myanmar departure zones, 796 multiculturalism, 1246 Burning Man pilgrimage, 2418 emigrant stocks abroad, 799-800 national identity, 2159-60 Burning Spear, 2251 immigrant destinations, 799 nativism, 2277, 2279 business agents, 2943-4, 2945 immigrant population, 797—9, Pacific Islanders, 2366 business development, 1215-17 798 racism, 2486-7 business migrants, 783-6 internal migration, 795—7 refugee management, 804-5, business networking, 1217-18, 2989 international migration, 797-9 810, 825 business process outsourcing regions for attraction, 796 rural migration, 2651 (BPO), 747-8, 1646, 1647 Canada sanctuary movements, 2687-8 bus services, 1010 20th-century migration, 821-6 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2690 BWICLO see West Indies Central Acadian migration, 417—23 seasonal workers, 805—6, 1624 Labor Organization Arctic migrations, 541, 543 settlement policy, 809-13 bynames, 1123-4 Basque whalers, 683 migration to US, 817-21, 1488 Byzantine empire, 2254 business/professional migrants, US border, 810, 818-20 Byzantium 784-5 post-World War II, 824-5 Armenian diaspora, 557 Caribbean immigration, 824—5, candomble (Afro-Brazilian Avar/Slavic expansion, 2770-1 836, 850-3, 873-8 religion), 2445 chronicles, 788 film, 1483-4 canons, study abroad, 2696 histories, 788-9, 791-2 women, 870 Cantonese people, 1015, 1021 Jewish migration, 1953-4 World War II expansion, Cape Verde medieval migrations, 786-94, 860-1 deportation, 1186 1953-4 Chinatowns, 1017-18 labor migration, 2441 Muslim conquest, 701, 790-3 circular migration, 1060—1 Portuguese settlement, 2434 Roma migrations, 2610-11 citizenship education, 1067 capital traders, 2949-50 co-ethnic employees, 1089-90 accumulation and education, see also Constantinople; Istanbul migration to Cuba, 1130 2896-7 Czechoslovakian immigration, globalization, 2888 cacao trade, 1309 1151-2 internationalization, 2290 Cache (Haneke, 2005), 1474 economic growth, 803-4, Malaya and Indian labor, Caesarea, Jerusalem kingdom, 1124 809-13, 823-4 2811-14 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3207

primitive accumulation, 1029-35 migration to Britain, 1451-2, trafficking, 839^0 see also human capital 2455 migration to US, 829, 845, capitalism British Caribbean, 1739-43 850-3, 855 Andean migration, 502—3 migration to Canada, 836, 873—8 1965 to present, 3149-55 contemporary, 2583-5 20th century, 824-5 socioeconomic factors, 2054 labor exploitation, 1157-8 English-speaking migrants, Spanish-speaking, 880-3 labor migration, 1991-2, 2006, 850-3 women, 870 2011-14 as film, 1483-4 World War II, 860-1 managed migration, 2114-15 women, 870 US capitalist development, Marxist theories, 2112-17 World War II, 860-1 859-60 medieval Spain, 2845-9 Chinese diaspora, 1025 voluntary immigration, 2077-8 migration drivers, 2113-14 circular migration, 838-9, 849 women migrants, 3060 precapitalist migration, 2113 colonial period, 862-5, 878-9 see also individual islands; West production outsourcing, 1395, colonies 1791-1804,2605 Indies 1397 critical decades, 843-4 Caribbean African diaspora capitalist development, US, culture, 829-30, 842-8, 863, 865, 19th-20th century, 826-30 859-60 1224 migration to Europe, 828-9 capitalist economies, 2886-7 distinctive differences, 846—7 late 19th century migrations, labor migration theory, 1987—9 Dutch migration, 848-50 827 Marx's reserve army of labor, emigration specifics, 836-7 Caribbean post-emancipation, 858 2581-2 English-speaking emigration Carib people, 1126, 1127 race, 2493-4 1830S-2000, 858-62 carnelian seals, 2399 capitalist globalization 1950s to present, 850-7 carnival culture, 846-7 Japan, 2933 post-1980, 851-2 carrack sailing ships, 487 US, 903-4 regional/external, 858-62 cartels, shipping, 2102 capital markets and remittances, temporal patterns 1980-2010, , 2132-3, 2134, 2413-14 2561 853-4 cartography see maps Capri, Italy, 1532-3 environment migration, 841 cash remittances, 674 caravan trade, East Africa, 1288 extra-regional migrations, see also remittances carbon dioxide (CO ), 714 835-7, 852, 854 Castells, Manuel, 2010-11 car dependence, 2227, 2228 French-speaking emigration, caste system, 722^, 886-91 see also automobiles 862-7 Castro, Fidel, 1134, 1136 care chains, 1259 gendered migration, 868-73 categories of migrants, 2423 care deficits, 1258-9 global culture, 846—7 Catherine the Great of Russia, 557, care drain, 1259 historians and artists, 844—6 2668-9 career migrants, 652, 655, 2332-3 historical role of ethnic groups, Catholicism caregiver programs, 804-5, 1058-9 831 missionaries, 2222-6, 2689-93 care workers hospitality workers, 1673^ Scalabrinian missionaries, definition of work, 1256 immigrant identity, 1236-7 2689-93 demand for, 1537 immigration specifics, 835—6 slave trade, 2763^, 2765-6 doctor migration, 1247-51 Indian labor, 721 US anti-Catholicism, 3093-4, employment data, 1542 international migration, 1195 3097-8 exploitation, 1538 intra-regional movement, 837-8, US nativism, 3093-4, 3097-8 Filipino migrants, 2406—7 852, 854 see also religion; religious... gender, 1536-9 irregular migration, 840—1 Caucasus help/work comparison, 1542 migratory practices, 863—4 19th century to present, 891-7 Pacific Islands, 2370 Napoleonic empire, 2268—9 Caucasian War, 2669 Pakistan, 2384 post-emancipation, 858 history/politics, 892-3 see also doctors; domestic work/ poverty, 828, 829-30, 883-4 Indo-European people, 2749-50 workers; eldercare; health refugees, 841,2450-1 Ottoman period, 3002 care; nurses remittances, 831-2 republican Turkey, 3007 cargo ships, 2875 return migration, 833—5, 839, social/economic factors, 894-6 Caribbean 854-5 CCDP see Citizens Committee on 16th century to present, 835-42, slave trade, 826-7 Displaced Persons 884-5 Spanish migration, 878-86, CCP see Chinese Communist Party agricultural migration, 831-5, 2857-8 CEDAW see Convention on the 837, sugar industry, 858-9, 879 Elimination of all forms Asian migration to, 595-9 temporary/short-stay migration, of Discrimination against belonging and aspirations, 843 838 Women 3208 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Ceddo Film Collective, 1450 mobility in transition period, East Africa, 1279-80 CEE see Central and Eastern 928-9 effects of migration on, 945-6 Europe post-World War II, 926-33 "empire families," 1372 celibacy, 570-1 sex work, 2741-4 empirical research, 946-7 Celts, 1211,2464-5 see also Baltic States; Eastern family/environment, 934—5 cenobites, 566, 567 Europe; individual countries Filipino migrants, 2402—3 Central America Central Europe, 1574—5 forced migration, 937, 938, 941 1960s to present, 902-7 see also Central and Eastern global organizations, 949 asset-building/development, Europe health/disease/illness, 940-5 913-14 CER see Closer Economic as human capital, 945—8 border policies, 916-21 Agreement human rights, 948-53, 1841 Caribbean migration, 837-8, ceramics, 789 irregular migration, 943 859, 873 CERD see Committee on the labor laws, Canada, 819 conflict/war/displacement, Elimination of Racial labor migration, 933-6, 2004, 902-4 Discrimination 3158 countries of origin links, chain migration languages, 2021,2027 906-7 China, 1047 Malayan plantations, 2813 exit/journey, 898-9 Malayan plantation labor, 2813 mental health, 941-2 gendered migration, 897-901 poverty/inequality, 2002 of migrants, 936-40, 1031, immigrant organizations, 905—6 research on migration, 2576 1051 labor migration, 907—16 Chairman Mao, 1013, 1035-6 migrating alone, 946-7, 951-2 Mexico—US migration corridor, Chan, Fruit, 1442-3 mobility, 2227-8 2050-1 Chaplin, Charlie, 1482 poverty, 935, 942-3 migration management, 917-19 Charef, Mehdi, 1493 second generation, 2717-21 numbers living abroad, 908 charities, 470 identity formation, 2710-17 poverty, 904-6 charters, Byzantium, 788, 791 Maghrebis in France, 2723 regional migration, 916-21 Chavez, Cesar, 1420 slave ship insurrections, 2746 remittances to, 907—16 Chavez, Leo, 520 Sri Lankan migrations, 2869 socioeconomic factors, 2052, cheap labor, 1704, 1730-1 statelessness, 2872 2054 Cherokee Native Americans, state recognition, 937-8 Spanish rule, 2849 3048-9 student migrants, 2897-8 emigration to US, 1487-8, Chettiar communities, Malaya/ suburbanization and, 2901 3149-55 Burma, 2814-15 trafficking, 2737, 2957 US foreign-born population, Chicago School of Sociology, 609, undocumented migrants, 3100-1 2795-6,3108-9,3114-15 949-51, 3026-7, 3035 world-systems analysis, 3163 child/parent relationships, 2540, urban mobility, 933-4 see also individual countries; 2544-5 well-being, 945 Latin America child placement, 2737 young children, 936—40 Central Asia child psychology, 2976 see also youth migration 7th to 13th century, 972-80 child refugees, 2508-13 Children of God, 3126 Asian regional migration, 576 adoption, 424 Chile early 20th century to present, assimilation, 2511 1885 to present, 953-60 921-6 government policies, 2509—10 migration to Argentina, 549, Korean minorities, 1973^ literature review, 2510—11 551-2 post-2000 labor migrations, parental coping, 2510-11 contemporary demographics, 922-4 psychological perspectives, 2510 955-6 regional transformation, 923 psychosocial approaches, 2510 laws and reforms, 957-9 repatriation, 922 research findings, 2511 military dictatorship, 954—5 return migration, 922 vulnerabilities, 2510 see also Latin America; South Russian conquests, 2752 children America Soviet era migrations, 921—2 bonded labor, 724 Chimbote, Peru, 500-1 see also individual countries Brazilian internal migration, 760 China/Chinese migrants, 1035-9 central cities, 2899 of Chinese migrants, 1031, 1051 post-10th century, 980 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) consequences of migration, pre-15th century, 972-80, Avar/Slavic expansion, 2770-1 938-9 1019-20 EU enlargement impact, 929-32 deportation, 949-51 1368 to present, 1039-44 labor migration, 1983 DRC migrants, 1104 1400 to 1850, 1020-2 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3209

1850 to 1949, 1022-4, 1042 Greater Mekong Subregion, syndicalism, 2920 19th century, 1006-8, 1022-4, 736-8 migration to Tokyo, 2935-6 1992-3, 2753 green card policy, 971 trader pattern migration, 1440 20th century, 1008-9, 1022-4, guest workers, 1626, 2341 trends since early 1980s, 985-6 1035-9, 1992-3 historical cultural links, 2971 unfree European labor, 1990-1 agrarian change, 2203-4 Hong Kong-Shenzhen urbanization, 3118-19 anarchism, 2920 borderland, 736 urban migration, 1049-53 ancient era, 960-8 hukou system, 1528 migration to US, 1486 archaeological evidence, 961—2 illegal migration, 1441, 1442-3 US Asian migration, 576-7, 579-81 indentured labor, 595-9, 1163 housing, 1677-8 Australia, 637 inequality/poverty, 2000 intolerance, 1862 bonded labor, 731-2 institutional oppression, 1030-1 nativism, 3095-6 British Caribbean, 1739-43 internal migration, 980—95, Page Act 1875, 3070 migration to British empire, 1036, 2073 women migrants, 3058-9 2940 internal mobility, 1528 virtual communities, 1141 Buddhism, 2124 migration to Japan, 2890-5 see also Asia businesses, 1010, 1027, 1103-4 Jewish refugees, 2289 Chinatowns, 1015-18, 3110-11 Californian farm workers, 1415 labor laws, 1031 Chinese-Australians, 1437 migration to Canada, 818—19, labor migration, 1049-50, 1626, Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 825,1089-90 2116 1013-14 capital accumulation, 1029-35 legislation, 968-72, 1031 Chinese Exclusion Act 1882, US, CIMO paradigm, 1750, 1754 management control, 1031-2 818, 1992, 2162, 3070 colonial era, 1044-5 marginalization vs integration, Chinese migrants, ancient era, communism, 1013, 1035-9 1052 960-8 concentration camps, 1100 medieval era, 995-1004, 2764-5 Chinese Revolution 1911, 2754-5 coolie migration, 1440-1 merchant communities, 2171 Chin people, 2262 migration to Cuba, 1130 migrant definitions, 981—6 Chosonjok people, 575, 1973-4 cultural influences, 975-6 military incursions, 975-6 Christianity descent migration, 1441-2 multicentered diaspora, 1120 Armenian diaspora, 558 diaspora, 1027, 1222 net migration by province, 987 Byzantium, 787-8, 791 migration to DRC, 1103-4 New Year migration, 1491 diasporas, 558, 1221 emigration, 1004-11, 1019-29, overseas emigration, 1001-2, early expansion, 2124 1047, 1486 1006, 10028 Iberian peninsula, 698-9 empire Panama, 2160 Italy, 701 7th-13th centuries, 972 poverty/inequality, 2000 medieval era, 2761, 2763-4, mass migration, 965-6 pre-PRC era, 1012-13 2765-6, 2845-7 profit-driven institutions, profit-driven institutions, Muslim conflict, 2133, 2134-5 1005 1004-11 nomadic migrants, 2882 regional coalitions, 975-6 promotion of emigration, Nubia, 455 rural migrations, 1012 1004-11 pilgrimage, 2416—19 ethnic cleansing, 1328 prostitution, 1441, 1442-3, 1551 racism, 2491 ethnic pride, 1325 psychological disillusionment, Reconquista, 2503-7 exclusion policies, 1343 513 Roma migrations, 2609 famine migration, 1407 and remittances, 490 slave trade, 2761, 2763-4, film,1439-43 returned overseas migrants, 2765-6 Ann Hui, 1441 2592 Spain, 2845-7 Clara Law, 1440, 1441 rural migration, 1011-15, 1045 church asylum, 614-15 Durian, Durian, 1442-3 rural-urban migration, 576 churches and social services, 2310 Farewell China, 1441 Silk Road migration, 2748-53 Ciboney people, Cuba, 1126 Floating Life, 1440 Singapore, 2753-6 Cilicia, 557 Fruit Chan, 1442-3 slave trade, 2764-5 Cimbri people, 2466, 2467 Once upon a Time in China, sojourner migration, 1441 CIMO (Chinese, Indian, Malay, 1440 migration to Southeast Asia, Others) paradigm, 1750, Sammo Hung, 1440 1044-9 1754 Song of the Exile, 1441 south of Sahara, 462 cinema see film gender in Asia, 579-81 state interventionism, 1040, 1043 CIR see Comprehensive geography of migration, 986-91 student migration, 1442, 2890-5 Immigration Reform 3210 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V circular migration, 1053-8, 2296 assimilation, 612, 1068-9 civic stratification, 1113—15 Africa, 451-2 Australian multiculturalism, 640 civil conflict, 1302 Canada, 805-6, 1060 Bangladesh, 2377 civil rights, 2026, 2028, 2239 Caribbean, 838-9, 849 - Canadian policies, 811 civil servants and colonialism, 1372 China, 1046 child born in US to migrant, civil society, 2349-50, 2783, 2785 contemporary proposals, 1057 2283 civil society organizations (CSO), gender, 1058-62 classical antiquity, 1205—6 2349,2350 human mobility, 1055—6 content axis, 1071 civil wars Indian emigration, 1746-8 contradictions, 650 Central America, 897 Malayan plantation labor, 2813 deportation, 1185 reparation, 2569 managing systems, 1053-4, depth axis, 1071 Russia 1917-23, 2672 1060-1 DREAM Act, 1260-5 war-induced migration, 3141-2 "model programme," 1060 dual citizenship, 1266-7 clandestine immigration see illegal Netherlands, 2296 education, 1067-70 immigration New Zealand, 2300 ethnicity, 1267 class, 1687-91 programmatic approaches, etymology, 1265 Balkans, 647-51 1059-60,2114 EU, 1267, 1984 Canadian migration, 803-4 railroads, 2497-8 Europe, 1476 Caribbean migration to Canada, repeat movement, 1055—6 extent axis, 1071 876-7 return migration, 1054-5, France, 2430 Chinese migrants, 1034, 1051 2588-9 gender, 1552 civic stratification, 1114-15 Romania, 2645 Germany, 1580 research aspects, 2574-6 socioeconomic mobility, 1056 global effect on, 1066-7, 1075, restructuring labor, 2007 Southern Africa, 2831-2 1422 West Indians in US, 3152 temporary workers, 2926, 2929 historical background, 1063 classical assimilation theory, transnationalism, 2988-90 human rights, 1394-5, 2348-9 2711-12,2717 Turkey, 3003, 3007 jus sanguinis laws, 1266 classical economics, 1986—7 US Great Black migrations, 3062 jus soli laws, 1265 Classical period, 1619-20, 2465 see also guest worker...; legal status, 1071-7 classical world temporary migration Maghrebis in France, 2723 citizenship, 1205-6 circum-Caribbean region, 835-42 marriage migration, 2110 city origins, 1202-5 circumnavigation of Indian Ocean, military service, 2802—6 colonization, 1201-15 2817 national borders, 649-50 cults, 1208 CIS see Commonwealth of nationality, 1063, 1071-7, diasporas, 1201-15 Independent States 1267-8, 2272-3 empires, 1206—9 Cistercians, 2696 naturalization, 1265, 1266 nature of migration, 1212—13 cities pathways to, 1064 political fragmentation, 1209-12 anthropology, 521 postnational conceptualization, population movements, 1210-13 classical world, 1202-5 2425 state-formation, 1205-6 gay migration, 1533—4 Roman world, 1206, 1210, urbanization, 1204—5 gentrification, 1562—7 2631-2 see also Greek colonization Indian Ocean ports, 2817-18 socialism, 780 movement; Roman empire Middle East, 2258 Swiss laws, 2915 Clays Lane housing estate, London, suburb relationship, 2899-900 transformation of, 1075 1565 Tang China, 973-4 UK, 1265 clerics, 2694, 2698, 2952 see also urban... undocumented migrants, 2009 climate citizens universal rights, 1112-13 and biodiversity, 713-14 citizen colonies, 2622-3 US Filipino immigrants, 2408-9 Mediterranean, 2139^0 medieval era schooling, 2694—5 US women migrants, 3059 climate change, 1084-7 soldiers and, 2802-6 women, 1423-5, 3059 Arctic migrations, 547 Citizens Committee on Displaced see also dual citizenship biodiversity and, 711-21 Persons (CCDP), 1241 city-building, Russia, 2675 climate migration, 712—13, citizenship, 1063-7, 1265-8 city regions 717-18, 1084-7 acquisition of, 1071-3 definition, 2899 current policy framework, 1086 African Americans, 3050 see also cities; metropolitan areas displacement and, 1077-83 anthropology, 520 city-states, 1207-9, 2728, 2729 forced migration, 2292 Arab diaspora in US, 531 civic community hypotheses, methodological approach, 712 Archaic Greece, 1614 1712-13 population displacement, Armenian diaspora, 559 civic nationality, 1268 1077-83 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3211

population growth, 2904 Basque Country, 682-3 Spanish, 2134-5, 2849-53, socioeconomic displacement, Caribbean, 842-3, 862-5, 878-9 2857-61 1077 China, 1044-5 Zionism, 3173 see also EACH-FOR project; Indians in Burma, 1770-1 see also colonial... environment...; global Indians in Southeast Asia, Columbus, Christopher, 2857-8 warming; natural disasters 2810-11,2815 commerce climate migration, 712-13, 717-18, literature, 2082 African diasporas, 470 1084-7 medieval Britain, 771-9 African migration, 425-9, 470 see also environment migration Southern Africa, 2830 Chinese Song era, 978-9 clippers (ships), 2101 Sri Lanka, 2866 European medieval era, 2948, closed slavery systems, 2761 see also postcolonial period 2951 Closer Economic Agreement colonial-induced migration, hippy trails, 1653-4 (CER), Australia/New 1751-2 Roman world mobility, 2635-6 Zealand, 2941 colonialism see anticolonialism; commission agents, 2952 closure networking concept, 2777 colonization; decolonialism; Committee on the Elimination of clothing industry, 1542 neocolonialism Racial Discrimination CO2 see carbon dioxide colonial mentality, 2305 (CERD), UN, 1233-4, coastal areas, China, 1049-50 colonization 1235 Cobra Verde (Herzog, 1987), Amazon region, 1299 Commonwealth of Independent 1429-30 ancient Near East, 2173-4 States (CIS), 1854-5 code-switching, language, 2021 Asian migration, 1369—73 communal separation, 1759 co-ethnic people, 1087-91 child migration, 1372 communes, 727, 728-9 Asia, 575 China, 1039-40, 1042 communication, letters as, 2066-7 employee characteristics, classical world, 1201-15 communication technologies, 1226 1089-90 convict transportation, 2393-7 see also information technology; ethnic return migration, 2595 Cuba, 1127-9 technology labor networks, 2777-8 definition, 2148 communism workplace concentration, 1088-9 dependency theory, 1176-7 Albanian-speaking migration, see also ethnic enclaves; ethnic domestic workers, 1256-7 495, 497 niches East African migration, 1277 Bulgaria, 780-1 coffee production economic migration, 1372-3 China, 1013, 1035-9 Brazil, 763-6, 2444 ethnic cleansing, 1327 Czechoslovakia, 1151-2 fair trade, 1399-401 European, 1364-73, 1989-90 refugees from Nazi Germany, Mediterranean trade, 2138 Greek colonization movement, 2286-8 - Nikkeijin migration, 1939-40 1609-22 Romania and Moldova, 2641, Cohen, Robin, 1224 Indian Oceanic world, 2819 2643-4 cold war Indians in Southeast Asia, 2815 communities CEE countries, 926-7 India—Pakistan partition, 1737 "crimes in one's own," 1117 governance effects, 1148-9 Japan,1915-19 ethnic enclaves, 1338-9 International Labor legacies of, 1516, 2453 European settlement, 2945-6, Organization, 1708-9 medieval Eastern Europe, 2949-50 international migration, 1368 1290-8 Indian merchants, 2814-15 population displacement, Netherlands, 1271-5 Latin America and remittances, 3148-9 North America, 1366 2038-9 refugees, 2431-2, 3148-9 North-South migration, nomadic, 2879-80 US nativism, 3096-7 2327-8 refugee warriors, 2804 collective action Otavalo diaspora, 1785 settler migration, 2732 ethnicity/identity, 1345 Paraguay, 2390-1 sports migration, 2862 memory research, 2159-61 penal colonies, 2393-7 translocal ties, 2972-3 Russian campaign, 2672 Phoenicians, 2414—15 community concept, 2968, 2971-3 social remittances, 1666—7 , 2433-6, 2438-42 community outreach, 1502-3 worker action, 2016-21 postcolonial theories, 2453 community projects, 2532^ -Colombia, 956, 2527 racism, 2483-5 community unionism, 2013 Colombo Process, 1855-6, 2821 Roman, 2128, 2620-7 commuting, 760, 1091-5 colonial concentration camps, Seleucid empire, 2728-32 Comoros, 2090-1 1096-7 settler migration, 2732-6 compensation, 726 colonial era/period Siberia, 2666-7 see also remittances agriculture, 488-9 slavery, 2962-3 competition, 3052-7 Asia and gender, 579-81 Southern Africa, 2824, 2836-8 complementary medicine, 2475-6 3212 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Compostela, 2417 consular services, 2220-1 corporate farms, 1417-21 comprehensive education, 2719 consumerism, 426 migrant workers, 1418-20 Comprehensive Immigration containments, anomie, 517 worker exploitation, 1419-20 Reform (CIR) bill, 1261-2, contemporary migration, US, corporate profits, 1396—7 1263 3088-93 corporatization, 1653—4 Comunidad Andina, 2246 contraception, 3159 Corrigan, Michael Augustine, conceived space, 2969 contract labor, 731, 2867, 2941 2224 concentration camps, 1095-101, see also bonded labor corruption and Ukraine, 3023 1858 Convention Against Torture, 1684 corsair economy, 2139 colonial Europe, 1096-7 Convention against Transnational cosmopolitanism, 2239-40 definitions, 1096 Organized Crime migrant rights, 1112-16 historical overview, 1096 • (UNTOC), 1691 Tang China cities, 973—4 post-World War II, 1100 Convention on the Elimination of Cossacks, 2668 World War II, 1097-110 all forms of Discrimination Costa Rica, 902-7, 918-19 Conde, Maryse, 2077-81 against Women (CEDAW), see also Central America conflicts UN, 1839, 1841 cost-opportunity structures, African migration, 427 Convention on the Prevention and 2074-5 conflict migration, 553-6, 1278-9 Punishment of the Crime costs of migration diasporas, 3142-3 of Genocide, UN, 1556-7 Bangladesh, 673 displacement research, 3146—7 Convention Relating to the Status poverty/inequality, 2003-4 East Africa, 1278-9 of Refugees, UN, 1299, Spanish America, 2859 forced migration, 2292 3045 trade impacts, 2939 of interest, 2991-2 Convention on the Rights of All transaction costs, 1144 transnationalism, 2991-2 Migrants and Members cost-benefit issues see also armed conflict; ethnic of Their Families, UN, dual citizenship, 2989 conflict; wars 2307-8 labor migration, 3135 Congo see Democratic Republic of Convention on the Rights of the cotton industry, 3048 Congo Child (CRC), UN, 949 Council on Trade and Congregation of the Resurrection Convention on the Status of Development (UNCTAD), of Our Lord Jesus Christ, Refugees and Stateless 479 2224 Persons, UN, 2428, 2429, counter-culture aspects, 1651-2 connections 2431 counter-urbanization, 1836, British immigration, 769 conventions 2650-3 Caribbean migrants, 871-2 Europe, 2350 see also urban-rural migration translocalism, 2970—4 rights of migrants, 2307—8, countries of origin, US population, see also social networks 2347-52 3098-103 conscription, 2267 stateless persons, 2428, 2429, court scholars, 2699 Constantinople, 2138, 2634 2431, 2872 Covenant on Civil and Political see also Byzantium see also Convention... Rights, 1685 constitutional language rights, convicts Cracking India (Sidhwa), 2448 2027-8 Indian Ocean migration, craftsmen in exile, 2954 "construction" of European Slavs, 1768-9 see also arts/crafts/music 2772-3 labor, 729-30, 1107-11 CRC see Convention on the Rights construction industry Russia, 729-30 of the Child Indonesia, 1818 transportation, 2393—7 creative potential, 2086 labor migration, 1377-8 convivencia, 2136, 2847 credit-ticket system, 731, 1024-5 New Delhi, India, 2646-50 coolie migration, 1006, 1023^, see also ticket-credit system area of origin, 2648 1046, 1130, 1440-1 Creeks Native Americans, 3048 explanatory factors, 2649 coping mechanisms, 516—17 creole culture, 843, 865 job instability, 2647-8 "Coppersmith" gypsies, 2616 creolization, 562-3 labor contractors, 2647 Coppola, Francis Ford, 1482 Crete, 2139, 2611 rural-urban migration, coral reefs, 715 Crevecoeur, J. Hector de, 2156 2646-50 Cordoba caliphate, 697-9, 2135 crime/criminals social networks, 2648 core-periphery relationships, Chinese migrations, 996 worker departures, 2647-8 1176-7 convict labor, 1107—11 worker relational links, 2647 core—periphery differentiation, film thrillers, 1473 worker settlement, 2648 3161-2 human smuggling, 1691, 1692-4 working conditions, 2648 corporate control, padrone system, imprisonment/punishment, railroads, 2499 732 1715-16 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3213

"in one's own community," 1117 population diversification, economics of migration, victim protection, 1840-1 1130-1 1143-8 criminality refugee narratives, 2450-1 hometown associations, human rights activism, 1685 Spanish conquest, 1127—8 1666-7 Roma migrations, 2609 Spanish migration, 878-9, human foundation of, 2966-7 types of, 1117 881-4 indigenous migration, 1787-8 victimization, 1116—19 migration to US, 1134-8, international migration, 2074 criminal justice 1486-7 Japan and Korean migration, sanctuary movement, 2686 development, 2786 1926-7 trafficking, 2958 West Indian immigration, 859 language protection, 2027 crises see economic crises; financial see also Caribbean literary challenges, 2084—5 crises; natural disasters Cuban Refugee Program, 1134 migrant complexity, 1149—50 critical assessment and culture, Cuban Revolution exodus, 1131 Nigeria, 2305 1148-51 Cuffe, Paul, 3051 Otavalo diaspora, 1787-8 critical race theory, 2703 cults, 1208 prehistoric migration, 1201 Croatia, 2803-4 cultural assimilation, 609 railroads, 2496-7 Cro-Magnon man, 712-13 West Indians in US, 3153^4 reverse culture shock, 2594 cross-border migration see also assimilation Silk Road route, 2750-1 Canada-US, 819-20 cultural beliefs, definition, 1144 tourism practices, 2998-9 Central America, 916-21 cultural bonds transculturalism, 2966-70 children and, 934 borderlands, 739-42 see also cultural... indigenous people, 1802-4 Central American migrants, Cumans, 2881,2884 internal-international links, 906-7 curiosity concept, 2695-7 2073^4 cross-cultural, 1119-22 cycling, 2227 transnationalism, 2983—7 historical, 2971-2 Cyprus see also border...; trans-border transborder, 2970-1 ethnic cleansing, 1329 migration ° cultural change Muslim conquest, 701 cross-cultural aspects literature, 2084-5 sugar industry, 2138 anthropology, 519 sojourners, 2800-1 Czechoslovakia bonds, 1119-22 cultural citizenship, 520 19th to 20th century, 1151-3 sojourners, 2801 cultural crimes, 1117-18 Hungarian migration, 1697 supercargos, 2944 cultural diplomacy, 1502-3 post-1989 migrations, 1153 Crossings: Journal of Migration & cultural diversity, 1245-6, 2239 see also Czech Republic; Slovakia Culture, 1150-1 African Caribbean diaspora, Czech Republic, 1151-5 Crusades/crusaders 829-30 capitalism, 2847 Australia, 636-7 Dacia province (Romania), 2625 medieval era, 2121,2151 foreign marriages, 2864-5 dalit migration, 887-90 Mediterranean colonizations, Nordic countries, 2316-18 Danticat, Edwidge, 2451 2151 schooling/education, 2703—4 Danube river, 2769-70, 2772-3 Middle East migration, 1123-6 cultural exchange, Japan, 1934—7 Darfur genocide, 1559-60 Reconquista, 2506 cultural hybridization, 1935-7, Darwinism and race, 2491-2 CSO see civil society organizations 2884 darzis (tailors), 1742 Cuba cultural identity data 1957 to present, 1131-2, 1136-7 Japan and Korean migration, Cameroon migration, 795 pre-1958, 1131 1928-9 Sri Lankan migrations, 2868—9 1960s to 1980, 1131-2 second generation, 2710-17 US Latinos and health, 1636-7 post-1990s, 1132 youth migration, 2702-3 see also information...; abolition of slavery, 1317 cultural memory, 1138^3, 2159 statistical... Asian immigration, 598-9 cultural pluralism, 2985 day laborers, 1156-9 Chinese diaspora, 1025-6 cultural resources, Asian banks, characteristics, 1156-7 early indigenous migrations, 605-6 exploitation, 1157-8 1126 cultural similarity, 2791 history, 1156-7 economic crisis, 1135-6 culture opposition to, 1158 emigration, 1131-2, 1136-7 Caribbean, 829-30, 842-8, 863, women laborers, 1157 ethnic selection, 1342 865 de-bordering process, 735 exit-voice relationships, 2787-9 China, 975-6 debt bondage see bonded labor indigenous legacy, 1127 critical assessment, 1148-51 debt collection and smuggling, 1009 mass exits, 2784—5 culture shock, 513, 2594 decentralization, 1092-3, 2832 overview, 1126-34 definitions, 1149 decent work deficit, 536 3214 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V decision-making labor migration, 2002 Nazis, 1184 highly skilled IT workers, 1650 migration rates, 1169 Netherlands, 1179-83 international migration, 2889 mortality rates, 1164 opposition, 1185-6 migration culture/economics, overview, 1167—71 Persians, 2176-8 1143-4 rural—urban migration, 1170 Poland, 2420 decolonialism, 523-7 Spanish migrations, 2851-2, police role, 1180-1, 1182 decolonization, 1995 2853-4 prostitution, 1180 deconstruction theory, 2457-8 urbanization, 1169 resistance to, 1185-6 de Crevecoeur, J. Hector, 2156 Uruguay, 3121-3 Russia, 2420 de facto statelessness, 2871 see also demographic...; Russian internal migration, definitive migration, Africa, 451—2 population... 2672-3 de Gobineau, Arthur, 1703 Deng, Francis, 1560, 1561 securitization of migrants, de jure population, China, 984 Denis, Claire, 1446 2423-7 dejure statelessness, 2871 denizenship, 1074 Soviet Union, 1184 dekassegui (temporary workers), Denmark, 1171-6 state authority, 1185 751 adoption migration, 1175 terrorism, 1184 Delaware migrants, Sweden, 2908 migration to Americas, 2910 transnational spaces of Delian League, 1620 asylum-seekers, 1173 expulsion, 1186—7 demand Baltic Sea colonization, 658-9, US, 1253,2180,2182 demand-side economics, 2938-9 662 see also exile/exiles; forced... labor shortage in Canada, 875-6 British invasions, 775-6 depression, mental health, 2165, manufacturing workers, 2979—80 emigration, 1175 2166 as pull factor, 2924 German migrants, 1172 Derrida, Jacques, 2457-8 slaves/slave products, 2963—4 Greenlander migration, 1175 dervishes, 3019 temporary workers, 2924, 2926 historical migration, 1172—3 descent migration, 1441-2 Demaratus, from Corinth, 2126, immigration, 1174—5 Desirada (Conde), 2080 2128, Jewish community, 1172—3 deskilling workers, 2758 Democratic Republic of Congo labor migration, 1173—4 destitution, 1987-8 (DRC) migration debates, 1171-2, 1173 see abo poverty 1960 to present, 1101-6 population, 1174 detention gender, 1104 refugees, 1173 deportation, 1186 internal migration, 1104—5 Roma deportation, 1172 human rights activism, 1684-5 migratory practices, 1102-4 see also Nordic countries; imprisonment/punishment, demographic deficit, 1159-62 Scandinavia 1715-16 consequences, 1160-1 dental studies, 1124 securitization of migrants, policy responses, 1161 De Palma, Brian, 1482 2423-7 population aging, 1159, 1160 Department of Homeland Security deterritorialization, 1507-8 replacement migration, 1161 (DHS), 1732-3 developed countries demographic entrapment, 3156 dependency theory, 1176-9, 1197 attractiveness, 1515 demographic transition model, colonization, 1176—7 definition, 2331 2071 core-periphery relationships, doctor migration, 1250 demography, 1162-71 1176-7 foreign nationals, 1515 age structures, 1164-5, 1168-9 remittances, 1198 health-care workers, 1248 balancing equation, 1168 skilled migrants, 1177—8 highly skilled IT workers, 1648 Baltic States, 666-8 deportation, 1179-88 ILO and worker rights, 1709 Basque mass emigration, 686 Acadian migration, 420—1 India, 1731-3 Brazil 1800 to 1975, 762-8 ancient world, 1184 internal migration, 1835—7 Central Asia, 923 Assyrian empire, 2174-5 international migration, 1178 change/transformation, 1162-9 border control, 1185 population gender ratio, 1159 Chile, 955-6 Cape Verde, 1186 trade liberalization, 1586 Chinese student migrations, children, 949-51 see also North-South migration 2893 citizenship, 1185 developing countries demographic deficit, 1159-62 deportation, 1185-7 brain-drain, 1178, 1586, 1648-9 gender, 1168-9 detention, 1186 business development, 1215-17 Great Black migrations, 3062-3 domestic violence, 1253 colonial legacy, 1516 HIV-AIDS, 1656 gender, 1180 core-periphery relationships, indicators, 1168 Germany, 1581 1178 internal migration, 1169-70 illegalization process, 1184-5 definition, 2331 international migration, 1170—1 Mesopotamian tribesmen, 2178 diasporas and business, 1215-17 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3215

economic development, 1178 classical world, 1201-15 Directo a Mexico remittance expatriation, 1516, 1517 communication technologies, program, 2526 foreign nationals, 1515 1226 Dirty Pretty Things (Frears, 2002), health-care workers, 1538 conceptual analysis, 1220-8 1473 highly skilled IT workers, conflict-generated, 3142—3 disaster-driven migration, 1648-9 cross-cultural bonds, 1120-1 1228-32 ILO and worker rights, 1709 definitions, 1221-7 discrimination, 1233-9 international migration, 1171, development partnerships, gender-based, 3158 2886-7 1188-93 homosexuality, 1534-5, 2062 labor migration theory, 1987 diversity, 1215-20 Indian migration, 1759 neocolonialism, 1177 English-speaking Caribbean, labor migration, 1234—5 population gender ratio, 1159 850-7 Latin American immigration, remittances, 2523-4 entrepreneurship, 1215-20 1341-2 rural—urban migration, 1170 etymology of "diaspora," 1221 legal aspects, 1233—4 see also North—South migration; film, 1444-6, 1449-50, 1470-1, philosophical conception, 1233 remittances 1503 psychological disillusionment, development home vs host country, 1217 515 Bangladeshi migration, 675-6 Indian, 1222, 1730-3, 1747-9 second generation, 2714 globalization, 2469-70 information and analysis, 1219 sexual identity, 2064 highly skilled IT workers, international organizations, stateless person rights, 1234-5 1648-9 1226 see also racial discrimination; hometown associations, 1664-5 investment climate, 1217, victimization Latin America, 2035-41 1218-19 disease modernization approach, 2469 Iranian Zoroastrian, 1865-6 child migration, 940-5 Nigeria, 2304-5 Jewish, 1209, 1221, 1225-6, indigenous health systems, partnerships, 1188-93 1948-9, 3178 441-2 policies, 1844-5, 2004, 2010, labor diasporas, 2009-10 refugees, 2375-6, 2471 3155-6 Latin America, 2038-9 Southern Africa, 2840 remittances, 913-14, 2531-5 literature, 2082 spread by crusaders, 1124—5 sequencing of migrations, 2076 Malaysia, 2097-9 disillusionment, 512—18 see also economic development; Maya America emergence, 1794 dislocations, Chinese migrations, sustainability nomadic migrants, 2884 963-5 development policies organizations, 1189, 1190, 1192, Displaced Persons Act (1948), US, international migration, 1844—5 1226 1241-2 labor migration, 2004, 2010 Pacific Islands, 2367-9 displaced persons (DPs), 1239-44 migration—development nexus, Pakistan, 2384-5 African pre-colonial migration, 3155-6 partnership building, 1191-2 427 see also sustainability political drivers, 1216 Central American populations, Development, Relief and Education professional networks, 1217-18 902-4 for Alien Minors (DREAM remittances, 2038-9, 2527 climate change, 1077-83 Act), US, 1260-5 research on migration, 2577 conceptualization, 2453 dharma, India, 1719, 1720 and resident populations, 2369 definition, 1243 DHS see Department of Homeland risk mitigation, 1219 India-Pakistan partition, 1738, Security social networks, 1220 2297 dialogue communities, 2692 socioeconomic drivers, 1216 Jewish refugees, 1240-1 diamond mines, 2435, 2443 subnational development Netherlands, 2297 diasporas institutions, 1192 post-World War II, 1242-3 academic concepts, 1223—7 transnationalism, 2989 repatriation resistance, 1240 Africa, 464, 467-73, 1222-3, travel, 2999, 3000 wars, 1242-3, 3140-2, 3146-9 1224-5, 1427-8, 1430-1 "true diasporas," 1224 see also asylum/asylum-seekers; African Caribbean, 826-30 wars, 2804 internally displaced anthropology, 520 see also expatriate... persons; refugees Basque diasporas, 682-3, 684-90 Diaz, Porfirio, 507 dispossession, 2293 black diaspora, 1222-3, 1224-5 dictatorships, 954-5 dissenters, 2785, 2787, 2789 brain-drain/gain, 1226 Difaqane (Mfecane) period, dissonant acculturation, 2718 business development, 1215—18 Southern Africa, 2836 A Distant Shore (Phillips), 2449-50 capacity building, 1219 digital media, 1139, 1140-2 distress migration, 1084 Caribbean, 826-30, 850-7, 877 diploma travel document, 2633 district level migrations, UK, Chinese, 1017, 1024-8, 1222 diplomats, 2946, 2948-9 1829-30 3216 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V diversification, 736-8, 740, 1130-1 migration to US, 2793 EAC see East Africa Community diversity West Indian immigration, 859 EACH-FOR (Environmental cultural diffusion, 1245-6 , 2614—15 Change and Forced diversity visas, 1671, 3072 Don Cossacks, 2668 Migration Scenarios) indigenous peoples, 1246 doorstep murders, 3112, 3773 project, 1319-24 research aspects, 2578 Dorset culture people, 2118 case studies, 1079-82 respect for, 1246 downward assimilation, 2718-19 control variables, 1321 social exchange, 1245—6 dowries, 1544-5 design issues, 1320 social stratification, 1246-7 DPs see displaced persons field visits, 1321-2 theories, 1244—7 DRC see Democratic Republic of independent variable isolation, see also multiculturalism Congo 1321 dockworkers, 1158 DREAM Act (Development, Relief intervention group isolation, doctors, 1247-51 and Education for Alien 1321-2 brain-drain, 743-9, 2840 Minors), US, 1260-5 lessons learned, 1322-3 ethical issues, 1250 drought methodology, 1319-21 India, 743-9 Central America, 908 research steps, 1320 national policies, 1249—50 Mediterranean, 2141 snowball sampling, 1322 native, 1727 migration effects, 718 socioeconomic displacement, Pacific Islands, 2370 dual citizenship, 1266-7 1077, 1319-24 Pakistan, 2384 emigration, 1266 time dimension, 1322 Southern Africa, 2840 ideologies, 1705 see also climate change domestic migration immigration, 1266 earnings, 1145, 1649-50, 2515 Balkans, 652 remittance policies, 2527 see also wages Brazil, 763-4 temporary migration, East Africa Southern Africa, 2831 2988-91 1960s to present, 1276-82 see also internal migration dual economy migration model, African Asian crisis, 525, 2455 domestic violence, 1251-6 3117 brain-drain, 1280 cultural crimes, 1118 dual-nationality issues, China, child migration, 1279-80 immigrant views, 1254—5 970-1 colonialism, 1277 law, 1253-4 Dublin Regulation, 1270 conflict migration, 1278-9 police, 1255 Dublin system, 1269-71 data sources, 1276—7 visa protection, 1254 dub (musical genre), 2251 drought migration, 718 domestic work/workers, 1256—60 Dubnow, Simon, 1222 famine-coping strategies, 1408 21st century, 1257-60 Duchy of Normandy, 3132-3 female migration, 1279 analyses, 1259-60 DuHuan, 2123 immigration legislation, 447 Canada, 824 Durian, Durian (Chan, 2000), India to British Africa, 1728-9 care deficit, 1258-9 1442-3 internal migration, 451, 1277—8 colonial period, 1256—7 Dutch ... see also Netherlands international migration, 1280 European females, 1542 Dutch Antilles, 1274-5 intra-regional migration, 1277-8 feminization of migration, 1257 Dutch East India Company (VOC), medieval Africa, 459 gender, 1260, 1548, 1551 1271, 1272,1273 remittances, 1280 labor migration, 1257-60 Dutch East Indies, 1272-3 research methods, 1276—7 male employment, 1545 European colonialism, 1370-3 slave trade, 1283-90 migration regimes, 1260 and Netherlands, 2295 abolition, 1289 outsourcing, 1544 VOC, 1271, 1272, 1273 Arab slave trade, 482^4 servants, 1257 Dutch Indonesians, 524-5 caravan trade, 1288 Sri Lankan migrants, 2868 Dutch Patriot Revolution, 2266 causes, 1283^4 status, 1256 dynamics of migration expansion, 1284-9 temporary workers, 2926-7 Chile, 955-6 historical evidence, 1283—4 US contemporary migration, families, 3157-8 Madagascar, 1288-9 3090 Sweden, 2911-12 Mozambique, 1286 US women migrants, 3058 transnationalism, 2991-2 slave routes, 1286 see also care workers dynastic states, Norway, 2332—3 Zanzibar, 1284-6 domiens (French citizens), 2078 dynasties see also Africa; individual Dominican order, 2698 Berber-Muslim, 699-700 countries Dominican Republic China, 960-5, 966-8, 972, East Africa Community (EAC), hometown associations, 1666 996-1000, 7003, 1005 1276,1277 Spanish migration, 878-9, 880, international marriages, 2864 East Asia 882-4 Maghreb, 697 anarchism/syndicalism, 2919-20 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3217

film,1439-43 border crossings, 1305 China guest workers, 1625-9 civil conflict, 1302 1850 to 1948, 1022-4 Japanese medieval era, 1934-5 common currency, 1304-5 and reform, 1013-14, 1029 labor migration, 1625-9 economic integration, 1302 Song era, 978-9, 1000 migration to US, 1486 failures, 1303-4 urban migration, 1052 see also China labor migration, 1305-6 climate change, 1077 East Asian system, Japan, 1911-13 member states, 2246 co-ethnic employees, 1087-91 Easter Island, 2118 rights protection, 1854-5 Cuba, 1132, 1135-6 Eastern Europe successes, 1306-8 culture, 1143-8 migration to Argentina, 549 trade liberalization, 1305 DRC, 1102, 1104-5 Avar/Slavic expansion, 2770—1 visa-free travel, 464 drivers of migration, 2113-14 care workers, 1058-9 see also West Africa international migration, 2887 Jewish medieval migration, 1956 economic competition, 1347, labor migration, 2000, 2002, . labor migration, 1983, 2854 3053-7 2796-7 medieval era economic crises medieval Spain, 2847-8 colonizations, 1290-8 Greece, 1602, 1606 remittances and support, 2973 dynastic rule, 1292-3 international migration, 2886—8 student migration, 2896 German—Slavic contact zone, Latin American migration, 2051 temporary workers, 2922—3 1291-5 Nikkeijin migration, 1940 translocalism, 2970, 2972-3 land reclamation, 1290-8 return migration, 2588-9 transnationalism, 2989 nomadic migrations, 2883 US intolerance, 1863-4 transregionalism, 2994 Polabian Marches, 1293-5 worker organizations, 2005, 2009 see also economic impact Slavic settlement, 1291-2 see also financialcrise s economic globalization, 617-22 Nordic migration, 2316 economic depression, Ukraine, economic growth post-World War II to present, 3022 Asia and development, 574—5 926-33 economic deprivation, Southern Baltic States, 669 sejrwork 1990s to 2010s, Africans, 2832 Brazil, 749, 767 2741^ economic development Canada social protest, 2786 developing countries, 1178 20th century, 823-4 migration to Spain, 2854 development studies, 2460 gendered migration, 803—4 state socialism ends, 1135-6 Europe, 1359-64 immigrant settlement, 809-13 migration to UK, 3041 global South, 2218-21 internal migration, 814-15 migration to US, 1484-5 international cooperation, Central America, 909-13 Eastern religions, 1652 2461-2 China Eastern Seleucid empire, 2730-1 Mexico, 2218-21 capital accumulation, 1029 East Germany, 1579, 2788 migration-development nexus, entrepreneurial migrants, 1038 see also Germany; West Germany 2460-2 rural migrations, 1012, 1014 East Pakistan see Bangladesh mobility, 2461 European medieval era, 2948 ECHR see European Convention Morocco, 2218-20 Latin America, 2030-41 on Human Rights poverty, 2459-63 Marx's reserve army of labor, ecology preindustrial era, 1360 2581 and migration, 1298-302 public health, 2468-72 outsourcing, 1395, 1397 rainforests, 2501 receiving countries, 1193—7 rainforests, 2501—2 Spain, 2847-8 remittances, 1197-9, 1200 Spanish-speaking Caribbean, 879 ECOMOG see Economic research, 1200 trade, 2939, 2948 Community of West temporary migration, 2461 economic impact African Monitory Group transnationalism, 1199-200 Bangladeshi migration, 674 economic assimilation, 3137-8 underdevelopment, 1197-201 Canadian migration, 822 economic change urbanization, 3116-17 Caribbean slave trade, 826-7, Chinese students, 2892-4 see also development... 842-3 South Africa, 2826-7 economic expansions, Marx, 2584 highly skilled IT workers, economic collapse, 1674-5 economic factors 1648-9 Economic Community of West African migration to UK, 474 Indonesia, 1819-20 African Monitory Group British economic strength, 769, sociological perspectives, 2795 (ECOMOG), 1306 774 trade, 2938-43 Economic Community of West capitalist globalization, 903-4 see also economic factors; African States (ECOWAS), Caucasus 1990s to 2000s, socioeconomic... 1302-8 894-6 economic integration, West Africa, Africa and legislation, 447 Central America, 904, 906-7 1302, 1303 3218 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V economic migrants/migration and capital accumulation, emigrant stocks abroad Balkans, 651-5 2896-7 Bangladesh, 671 Bulgarians, 780, 781 Caribbean migrants, 837 Brazil, 749, 750 Burma, 2262-3 Central Americans, 899-900 Cameroon, 799-800 cinematic depiction, 1490—1 children emigration, France, 2604-5 colonialism, 1372-3 child labor, 934-5 emigration societies, 2141 EU 1980 to 2010, 1982 as human capital, 945-7 empire false generalizations, 2996-7 of migrants, 938-9 Britain and trade, 2939—40 India, 1721-3, 1731 prospects, 934—5 China Norway, 2335 rights, 951 7th to 13th century, 972 patterns of migration, 653-5 Chilean migration, 956 profit-driven institutions, political factors, 1510-11 Chinese internal migration, 991 1005 racism, 2488 citizenship, 1067-70 regional coalitions, 975-6 Seleucid colonization, 2728 demographic deficit, 1160 rural migrations, 1012 Southern Africa, 2838 earnings convergence, 1145 classical world, 1206-9 Spain, 2853 European immigrants, 1357-8 convict labor, 1107—9 transregionalism, 2996-7 globalization, 2895-6 Europe and trade, 2944—5 Turkey, 3003-4, 3007-8 India, 743-9 Japan,1908-15, 2932-3 see also labor migration Japan, 2892 nomadic empires, 2879-80 economic performance, 3011-12 Latin American migrants, 2037-8 Spain, 2849-53 economic problems/policies medieval era, 2693-701 transregionalism, 2995 development policy, 1844-5 Philippines, 2408 "empire families," 1372 international migration, 1842-6 remittances, 2552 empires, see also colonial...; inward migration, 1843 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2691 colonization; individual outward migration, 1843 second generation, 2718—19 empires remittances, 1844—5 undocumented migrants, 3026—7 employees, co-ethnic, 1087-91 return migration, 1844 US DREAM Act, 1260-5 employers transportation, 1844 see also students guest worker sponsorship, worker skill, 1843 Egypt 1624-5 economic reconstruction, 690—2, Fatimids, 696-7 regularization programs, 2516 1994-5 labor migration, 2195, 2196-7 seasonal migration, 2705-6 economic status, 449, 610-11 medieval era traders, 2951 US immigrants vs African economic subsistence, 2501 Muslim Arab settlement, 2256 Americans, 3054 economic theory, 1986-9, 2795-6, remittances, 2195 employment 2979, 3137 "Egyptian" Roma, 2607, 2608-9, co-ethnic employees, 1087-91 economic unionism, 2012 2611-14 decentralization, 1092-3 ECOWAS see Economic e-labor, 1590 European immigrants, 1356-7 Community of West Elamites, 2176 female migration, 1422 African States eldercare, 1536-9, 2106 French undeclared, 1526, 1527 Ecuador see also care...; health care gendered access, 1541-3 19th century to present, 1309-13 electoral participation, 1711-14 health care, 1537 banana exports, 1309-10 Ellis Island Immigration Museum, India, 1733 cacao trade, 1309 2161-2 Indonesia, 1817-18 economic crisis, 1310—12 El None (Nava, 1983), 1487, informal, 2536 foreign earnings, 1311 1492-3 irregular workers, 1822 hat production, 1309 El Salvador New Zealand, 630 indigenous migration, 1784-7 1960s to present, 902-7 Pacific Islands, 2360-1 oil exports, 1310 domestic violence, 1255 risky occupations, 2470 Otavalo diaspora, 1784-7 gendered migration, 897-901 South Africa, 2826-7 political crisis, 1310-12 hometown associations, 1665 Sweden, 2908 remittances, 7377, 2551-6 remittances, 2526-7, 2554, 2558 see also economic migrants/ education, 2701—5 women's wellbeing, 1422 migration; labor...; work... bilingualism, 2026—7 see also Central America Employment Permit System (EPS), Brazilians in US, 753, 754 Emancipation Act 1833, UK, 1315 South Korea, 1627 Bulgarian migrations, 780 "embassy migrants," 497 Emporion (Phocaean colony), business/professional migrants, Emergency Quota Act 1921, US, Spain, 1618-19 784, 785-6 3070 empowerment, 2309-10 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3219

EMWU see European Migrant Environmental Change and Forced ethnic conflict Workers Union Migration Scenarios project Africa, 445 En attendant la montee des eaux see EACH-FOR Balkans, 647-51 (Conde), 2080 environmental circumstances China, 997 enclave economy child labor, 934-5 ethnic diversity, 624-5, 3122 acculturation, 1146—7 population growth, 2904 ethnic economies, 1087-91, co-ethnic employees, 1088-9 Silk Road migration, 2749 1335-6 ethnic enclaves, 1336-7 environmental degradation, ethnic enclaves, 1333-40 labor and, 2796-7 2290-1, 2292 acculturation, 1146-7 urbanization, 3108-9 environmental disasters, 2663 communities of residence, "end demand" trafficking see also natural disasters 1338-9 approach, 2958 environment migration, 1077-83, definition, 1337 endemic diseases, 1643, 1645 1298-302 housing, 1679-80 endogamy, 2109 Caribbean, 841 labor markets, 1338-9, 2796-7 Engels, Frederick, 1991-2 case studies, 1079-82 Los Angeles, 1334-5 England definition, 1078 theory, 1337-40 Acadian migration, 421 EACH-FOR project, 1319-24 workplaces, 1338-9 r anarchist groups, 2918 methodological research, see also co-ethnic people Anglo—Saxon colonization, 1319-24 ethnic groups 772-4 refugees, 711, 718, 1078-9 Canada, 822, 823 Chinatowns, 1017 research challenges, 1319-24 Caribbean agriculture, 831 Jewish migrations, 1955 theoretical research, 1319-24 cross-cultural bonds, 1121-2 medieval colonization, 775-6 see also climate change; climate literature, 2084-5 Normans, 776-7, 3129, 3133 migration; natural disasters Maghreb, 697 Scotland relationship, 777-8 epidemic diseases, 1643, 1645 public health, 2475 Swedish students, 2912 EPS see Employment Permit System social networks, 2777-8 urbanization, 1375 equality UK, 475, 1827-34 Vikings, 3130, 3132 Asian household income, 592 West Indians to US, 3151-2 see also Britain; United Kingdom Asian minority banks, 606-7 ethnic identity English Canadians, 818, 819-20, labor migrant rights, 1394-5 collective/individual, 1345 823-4 melting pot theory, 2155 Latin American immigrants, 2240 English-speaking Caribbean multiculturalism, 2240 Roma migrations, 2608 migration see also inequality second generation, 2710-17 1830s-2000, 858-62 Erlitou Culture, China, 961 West Indians in US, 3153 1950s-present, 850-7 Estonia, 666—7 world-systems analysis, 3164-5 post-1980,851-2 see also Baltic... ethnicity regional/external, 858-62 ethics, 1250, 1530-1 CEE countries, 926, 927 temporal patterns 1980-2010, Ethiopia citizenship, 1267 853-4 internationalization, 1671 as conceptual category, 1346-7 English-speaking skills migration to Israel, 3176 demographic transformation, Brazilians in US, 753, 754 modern migration, 1668—9 1165-6 business/professional migrants, ethnic arts and crafts, 1788 economic competition, 1347 786 ethnic cleansing, 1327-33 immigration dimensions, 2116 experience variations, 2024 Balkans, 655-6 language links, 2021-2 sociolinguistic studies, 2022 definitions, 1330 Malaysian women workers, student migration, 2896 economic incentives, 1328 583-4 West Indians to US, 3152 genocide comparison, 1330 nationality policies, 2271 Ennin (Japanese ascetic), 570 historical context, 1327—30 primordialism vs constructivism, Ennodius, Goths, 1592, 1593 human rights, 1331—2 1347-8 ensef plant, The Gurage, 1670 indigenous peoples, 1327 public health, 2475 entrepreneurs legal norms, 1331-2 Russia/Soviet Union, 2681 African immigration, 448—9 Palestine, 2387-8 sociology of migration, 2797 China, 1038, 1049-50, 1103-4, Russian internal migration, theory, 1345-9 2894 2672-3 Tokyo ethnic transformation, diasporas, 1215-20 security policy, 1330-1 2936 India and brain-drain, 589 warfare, 1328 transnationalism, 2986-7 see also merchants see also genocide see also race; racial... 3220 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V ethnic niches, 1333-40 migration to Brazil, 762-4 housing, 1357-8 definition, 1337 migration to Britain, 768-9 immigration, 1354-9, 2350 labor markets, 1337-8 Byzantium relationship, 786—94 imperial expansion, 2944-5 theory, 1337-40 migration to Canada, 813—14, Indian Oceanic world, 2818 see also co-ethnic people 817-20, 823^ Indo-European migrations, ethnic pride, 1324-7 migration to Caribbean, 836 2749-50 ethnic return migration, 2593—6 migration from China, 1006, industrialization, 1360—2, definition, 2594 1008-9 1375-8 homeland policy changes, migration to China, 1002-3, integration of immigrants, 2595-6 1005 1355-7 Jews returning to Israel, 2594—5 Chinatowns, 1016—17 international migration, 1196, labor markets, 2595 Chinese diaspora, 1026 1368-9 to more prosperous lands, 2589 circular migration, 1623 Jewish migration, 1956-7 ethnic selection, immigration citizenship, 1068, 1476 labor migration contemporary outlook, 1344 climate-migration phenomena, 19th century, 1374-81 m cultural emulation of foreign 713 1980-2010, 1981-6 models, 1343 co-ethnic employees, 1089-90 expansion, 1989-90 diffusion of foreign models, 1343 colonial concentration camps, gendered discrimination, internal explanations, 1342-3 1096-7 1543 international explanations, colonialism, 1364—73 seasonal, 1376, 1377-9 1343-4 commuting, 1093 migration from Latin America, Latin America, 1340—5 concentration camps, 1098—100 2036, 2043-5, 2050 strategic adjustment to foreign convict labor, 1107 legislation, 1354-9 policies, 1343 cross-cultural bonds, 1121-2 literature, 2082-6 types, 1341-2 migration to Cuba, 1129-30 marriage migration, 1360, ethnic separation/segregation, demographic transformation, 2108-12 2642, 3107-9 1166 Middle Eastern crusades, 1123-6 ethnic traffic, 493 displaced persons, 1239^4 migration museums, 2162-3 ethnizenship, 1074 migration from DRC, 1103 Muslim migration, 1356, 1874 ethnoburbs, 3110-11 Dublin system, 1269-71 nativism, 2277-8 ethnonationalism, 1759-60 early modern trade, 2943-7 naturalization, 1358 ethnonymic bynames, 1123 East-West migration, 1383-5, nomadic migrations, 2881—5 Etruria, Italy, 1202, 1620 1389, 1390 Ottoman expansion, 3018 EU see economic crises, 2886-7 population growth, 1361, 1375 Euboea, island of, 1613 economic development, 1359-64 Portuguese migrants, 2436, eugenics, 2180, 2276-7, 2484 20th century, 1362-3 2440 euphoric stage, anomie, 516 1650-1750, 1360 and precolonial Africa, 426—8 Eurasia 1750-1800, 1360-1 protohistoric migrations, 2463—8 nomadic migrations, 2881, 2884 education, 1357-8 racism, 2484-5 role of migration, 3163 ethnic return migration, 2594-5 refugees, 1239-44 Silk Road route, 2750 expansion and trade, 2944-5 regional areas and labor, 1982-3 Eurodac (European Data Archive family migration, 1403 Roma migrations, 2612—13, Convention), 1269, 1270 fascist concentration camps, 2615-17 Europe 1098-100 rural migration post-1945, 2650, 1000 BCE to 500 CE, 2463-8 fertility rates, 574 2652 African Caribbean diaspora, film,1443-9, 1476-81 rural-urban migration, 1376 828-9 35 Shots of Rum, 1446 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2690 African legislation, 444-5 Claire Denis, 1446 seasonal migration, 2707—8 agriculture modernization, national cinema, 1505—6 second generation, 2717—21 1378-9 financial crises, 2886—7 settlement communities, 2945—6 asylum recognition, 1357 French Revolutionary Wars, sex workers, 2740-4 Atlantic slave trade, 620-1 2267 skilled immigrants, 1355, 1377-8 migration to Australia, convict gay migration, 1533-4 slave trade, 2763-4, 2874-8, labor, 1108-9 gender, 1349-54, 2043-5 2961-3 Avar/Slavic expansion, 2770-1 Grand Tour, 2937, 2998 Slavs, 2769-76 medieval era /Arabs, guest workers, 1351, 1622-3, Southern African colonization, 695-702 2109 2836-8 "blue banana" economic area, health, 1357-8 migration to Spanish colonies, 1358 highly skilled immigrants, 1355 2850-1, 2857-61 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3221

suburbanization, 2900 labor migration, 1381-93, exploitation "total wars," 3147 1981-2, 1984-5, 3041, 3042 day laborers, 1157-8 transatlantic migration, 1365-6 language maintenance, 2024 farm workers, 1419-20 transculturalism, 2966 Latin American relations, 2039 GCC migrant workers, 537 transportation, 2940 migration policies, 2217 health-care workers, 1538 migration from Turkey, 3004-7, New Europe, 1476 labor migrants, 1393-8, 2181-2, 3009-15 Polish migration, 2421-2 2307-8 universities in medieval era, population movement Mexican immigrants, 2181-2 2697-9 management, 648—9 NGOs, 2307-8 urbanization, 1361-2, 1375-8 posted workers, 1385 Nigeria and poverty, 2303-4 Uruguayan migrants, 3120-3 regularization programs, 2514 temporary workers, 2926-7 migration to US, 784, 1367, Roma migrations, 2618-19 trafficking, 2739, 2956-7, 2959 3070,3095-6,3110 sex workers, 2741-4 unaccompanied children, 951-2 US foreign-born population, Social Charter, 1392-3 undocumented migrants, 1118 3098-100 Stability Pact, 647-8 see also abuse women migrants, 1349-54 Swiss migration policies, 2916 exports " see also Central and Eastern Turkish negotiations, 3014 China, 981, 1010 Europe; Central Europe; UK labor immigration, 3041, Latin America, 2030, 2032 Eastern Europe; individual 3042 remittances, 2559 countries; Ukrainian migration policy, exposure voting hypothesis, 1711 European colonies, 524-5, 2277-8 3024 extended family, 2541, 2545 European Commission, 1054 undocumented migrants, 3026 extermination camps, definition, European Community, 691-2 visa policies, 1354 1096 European Convention on Human see also Europe... external migration, 858-62, 3001, Rights (ECHR), 1839-40, evacuees, India-Pakistan partition, 3005-7 1854 1738 see also outmigration European Data Archive Convention exclusion extinction of animals, 715 (Eurodac), 1269, 1270 creative potential, 2086 extra-regional migrations, 835—7, European imperialism, 579 immigrant writers' movements, 852, 854, 870 European Migrant Workers Union 2083-4 extraterrestrial migration, 2252 (EMWU), 2929-30 Roma migrations, 2617-19 extraterritorial processing centers, European slave trade see also exile/exiles; forced human rights, 1684 in Africa, 484—6 migration extreme weather events, 716 African rulers, 484 executive occupations, India, 1732 Africa south of Sahara, 462 exile/exiles Fabian, Bela, 1700 Arabized Africans, 484 anarchist groups, 2918 "face to face societies," 2627 Indian Ocean, 1766-8 cinematic depiction, 1491-2 factor proportion studies, 3137 Portuguese, 482, 484-6 Classical Greece, 1206 factory work, 1049-50, 1939-40 Triangular Trade, 485 Europe 1848^49, 2599-600 fair trade, 1399-402 European Union (EU) medieval era, 2947-56 families African Maghreb, 477-81 Roma migrations, 2610 Brazilian Nikkeijin women, Baltic States entry, 668-9 wars and, 3141 1905-7 borders, 649-50, 1354 writers, 2450 Caribbean agriculture, 833-4 Bulgarian accession, 781-2 see also banishment sentences; Caribbean migrants, 870-1 CEE countries, 926, 929-32 exclusion; forced migration Central American migrants, circular migration, 1054 exit visas 900-1 citizenship, 1065-6, 1267 Bulgaria, 780 child labor, 934-5 citizens vs third-country Central America, 898-9 father-child relationships, 2976 nationals, 1984 China, 1037-8 internal migration, 1836 detention of migrants, 2424 exit-voice relationships, 2783-9 letters of immigrants, 2066-7 enlargement, 929-32, 1381-92 "Exodusters" African American refraining families, 2976-7 foreign-born resident statistics, group, 3051 same-sex migration, 2063 1384 exogamy, 2110 translocalism, 2971-3 free movement of labor, expatriates, 1516-17 transnational families, 2974-8 1381-93 in developing countries, 1517 US Great Black migrations, 3064 Hague Programme, 1630-2 and foreign aid, 1516—17 wife/husband relationships, integration policy, 1354 from developing countries, 1516 2540-1, 2544 intra-European mobility, globalization, 1517 women migrants, 2045, 3157-8 1381-93 medieval era, 2955 see also child...; parent... 3222 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V family migration, 1402-6 Faroes, 2320, 2321,2322 migration to Australia, 2363 Australia, 628 fascism, 1098-100, 1883-4 film, 1438 Brazilian Nikkeijin women, FATF see Financial Action Task Indian immigration, 1759-60 1906-7 Force international migration, 2359, gender, 1541 father-child relationships, 2976 2363,2369 Hart-Celler Act 1965, US, 3060 Fatima, Belle (Rachel bint Eny), migration to New Zealand, 2363 immigration policies, 1403—4 2142-3 skilled migrants, 2363, 2369 New Zealand, 629 Fatimids, 455, 696-7, 698, 1958, Filipino migrants North America, 1402 2120,2150 Asia and gender, 584-6 Norway, 2336—7 Faxian pilgrims, 1724 Canada, 1089-90 research, 2573, 2575 FDI see foreign direct investment Migrante International, 2309 transnational families, 1404-5 fear of foreigners, 2637 Nikkeijins in Japan, 2403 US contemporary migration, 3089 see also nativism; xenophobia US, 732-3 . see also marriage migration fear of persecution, 1078—9 see also Philippines family planning, 3157-8 federal states and policy, 1597 film family remittances Federation of Red Cross and Red accented cinema, 1449, 1507 Central America, 908 Crescent Societies (IFRC), Africa, 1426-34 relationships, 2540-1 2536 Argentina, 1505 structure of family, 2563 Federenko, Feodor, 1243 art directors, 1507 translocalism, 2972 female migration Australia, 1435-7 family reunion controls/restrictions, 2214 Bangladesh, 1498 Baltic States, 669 domestic workers, 1257 black film-making, 1449-53 Belgium, 691, 692 East Africa, 1279 Bollywood, 1438 Caribbean migrants, 851, 870 Europe, 1350-1 Brazil, 1505 child human rights, 948 gendered patterns, 1540 Canada, 1508 China, 1036 labor migration, 1061, Caribbean artists, 847 EU, 1982 2042-7 China, 1439-43 India, 1733 Latin America, 2042-7 cinema of displacement, 1447 Maghrebis in France, 2723 skills, 804 crime thrillers, 1473 Turkey, 3007 Southern Africa, 2839 as cultural tool, 1467 famine, 1406-13 migration from Sri Lanka, deterritorialization, 1507-8 coping strategies, 1407-9, 1411 2867-8 diasporic cinema, 1444-6, migration characteristics, temporary workers, 2923 1449-50, 1470-1 1409-10 see also gender; women East Asia, 1439-43 planning implications, 1410-11 femininity, 803-4 economic migration, 1490-1 policy interventions, 1410-12 feminism, 1421-5 Europe, 1443-9, 1476-81, population displacement, African associations, 435 1505-6 1411-12 Canada, 802-3, 806-7 exile, 1491-2 population mobility, 1407—9 global social movement, 1423 experiences of migration, programs, 1411-12 international migration, 1849 1455-6 survival strategies, 1407-9, 1411 social theory, 1849 festivals, 1470, 1502-4 temporary outmigration, 1410 Fertile Crescent, 2255 Fiji, 1438 Fan, Lixin, 1491 fertility, 2281-2 forced migration, 1492 Fanon, Frantz, 523, 526, 2456 ASEAN countries, 581-2 France, 1493 Farah, Nuruddin, 2450 demography, 1159, 1163—4 gangster genre, 1471-2 Farewell China (Law, 1990), 1441 Europe, 574 genres, 1471-3 farming/farm workers, 1413-17 France, 1161 geocultural theory, 1454-5 Balkans, 652, 653 immigrants, 1551 Ghana, 1491-2 Baltic Sea region, 662 native-born vs migrant rates, globalization, 1426-7, 1454-9, Chinese rural migration, 977-8 2282-3 1495-6 corporate farms, 1418—20 rural-urban migration, 758 history and memory, 1426, Cuba, 1127-8 social remittances, 2792 1449-54 exploitation of workers, 1419-20 sub-Saharan Africa, 3158—9 Hollywood, 1456-7 Fulbe herder/farmer conflict, see also birth rates Hong Kong, 1442, 1456, 1458 432-3 festivals, film, 1470, 1502-4 illegal migration, 1479, 1492-3 migratory patterns, 1414-15 feudalism, 963, 964 independent cinema, 1471 subsistence farming, 2501 fictional narratives, 2447-52 India, 1494-501 unfree labor, 732-3 Fidenae, Roman colony, 2621 journeys, 1470 see also agriculture Fiji Kurdish refugees, 1480 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3223

Latin America, 1460-9 fishing, 500-1, 2397-8 mercantilism, 1989 marginalization narratives, Fisk Jubilee Singers, 2250 militancy, 2017-18 1478-80 Floating Life (Law, 1996), 1440 Moldova and Romania, 2642 marketing, 1457-8 • floating population, China, 984-5 motivation, 1511-12 memory, 1426, 1445, 1449-54, floating reserve, Marx, 2582, 2585 Muslims, 2257-8 1506 flooding, 716 Native Americans, 3049 Mexico, 1456 Florence, Italy, 2950, 2953-5 neoliberal globalization, 2292-3 multiculturalism, 1478-80 Florida, US, 1414, 1674 Nigeria, 2302-3 narratives, 1470-1, 1478-80 flow see migration flow nomads, 2883 national cinema, 1454—5, Fodio, Usman Dan, 431 Pakistan-Bangladesh partition, 1458-9, 1477-8, 1504-9 fondacos (Western colonies in 2373-8 national culture, 1458 Islamic cities), 2152 Palestinian migration, 3175 nativism, 1472-3 food perceptions of, 1513 New Europe, 1476-81 child rights to, 951 proactive/reactive migrants, 1512 New Guinea, 1437-8 diversity in Britain, 771 public health, 2471, 2473-4 r New Zealand, 1435, 1437 insecurity, 1409 push and pull factors, 1511 Pakistan, 1497, 1498, 1499 population mobility model, 1409 racism, 2487-8 postmemory, 1445 remittance purchases, 2524-5 rainforests, 2502 post-World War II, 1506 see also famine Roma migrations, 2610 prosthetic memory, 1446 Foran Act, 1885, US, 732, 733 Romania and Moldova, 2642 Roma, 1480 forced labor Russia, 728, 2672-3, 2674 Romania, 1477 Central Asian migrations, 923-4 Slavs, 2774-5 rom-coms, 1484 convicts, 1107-11 Southern Africa, 2839 science fiction, 1472-3 early 21st century, 723-4 studies, 1512-13 second generation, 1493 India, 723-4 Turkey, 3001-3, 3008 social justice, 1502 mercantilism, 1989 voluntary/involuntary as sociological tool, 1465 Nazi Germany, 1577 movements, 1510 South America, 1504-5 World War I, 1576 wars, 3140-1, 3146-9 South Asia, 1494-501 World War II, 3148 see also asylum/asylum-seekers; spatial segregation, 1472-3 see also bonded labor deportation; displaced spectatorship, 1473-5 forced migration, 1509-14 persons; ethnic cleansing; state authority, 1465 Americas indigenous, 1781—2 exile/exiles; refugees; territorialization, 1461, 1463^, Armenian diaspora, 557 slave...; trafficking 1466 ASEAN, 2822 forced prostitution, 1117, 2448, trafficking s, 1479 Asia, 574 2743, 2958 transnational cinema, 1444-5, Austria, 643-4 foreign aid, 445—6 1458-9, 1466, 1506-7 Balkans, 651,655-6 foreign-born migrants transnational multiculturalism, Burma, 2261-2 Central America, 904 1478-80 Canadian indigenous, 1790 highly skilled IT workers, 1647, trauma, 1489-94 categories, 1510 1650 United States, 1481-9, 1505 causes, 1511-12 internal migration, 1824-7 film festivals, 1470, 1502-4 children, 937,938,941 Japan, 2933-6 Financial Action Task Force China, 963-5, 2754 Sweden, 2911 (FATF), 1844 cinematic depiction, 1492 US, 3098-103 financial crises convict transportation, 2393-7 foreign direct investment (FDI) diaspora development, 1190-1 Cuba, 1128-9, 1131 global trade, 1590 international migration, 2886-8 definition, 554 hometown associations, 1664 Nikkeijin migration, 1940 EACH-FOR project, 1319-24 North-South migration, 2328-9 see also economic crises environment migration, 1077-83 remittances, 2547 financialization, 2290 feminization, 2839 foreigners, fear of, 2637 financial resources India-Pakistan partition, 1736-9 see also nativism; xenophobia environment migration, 1082 British colonialism, 1737 "foreign" groups, 782, 2914-15 see also remittance... mass migrations, 1737-8 foreign income earnings, 1311 fingerprinting, 1269, 1270,2211 politics, 1736-7 see also remittance... Finland, 2315 unintended migration, 1738-9 foreign marriages, 2864-5 see also Nordic countries violence, 1738 foreign migration First Nations people, Canada, indigenous peoples, 1781—2, to China, 1002-3 1789-90 1790, 1802-3 Hague Programme, 1631-2 First World War see World War I labor force participation, 1978 to Tokyo, Japan, 2932-6 3224 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V foreign nationals, 1514-16 Indian Ocean slave trading, 1766 multilateralism, 2243 foreign policy-makers, 1812-13 integration policies, 1355, population shifts, 1529 foreign savings, 970 1520-1, 1525 state authority, 1529-30 see also remittance... Italian migration, 1887 trade unions, 1385 foreign/US medical graduates (F/ Jewish migration, 1955 see also border controls; USMGs), 1748 labor migration, 1522—8 migration control forest dwellings, Roma, 2614 Maghrebis, 2721-8 free immigration, 1131, 2767 forestry school, Hungary, 1698—9 MISIFEN law, 1524 free Indians, 1727, 1728 forests see rainforests Muslims, 1424, 1521 free labor, 726 formal citizenship, 1063—4 nativism, 2278 free markets, 2979 Former Soviet Union (FSU) Normans, 776-7, 3129-30, free trade Jewish migration to Israel, 3132-4 agreements, 879, 1777-8 3176-7 penal colonization, 2395-6 mobility and globalization, 2888 map of states, 2680 perceptions of migrants, 1520 zones, 1199 Russian migration, 2682-4 police raids, 2424—5 Fregellae, city of, 2127 see also Russia...; Soviet Union political economy, 1522—8 freight transport, 2100, 2101 former Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia population, 686, 1519 French Canadians, 822 Foxconn case, Chinese workers, Portuguese migrants, 2440 historical trends, 823-4 1031-2 postcolonial debate, 1521 internal migration, 813-14, 815 France racism, 1520 migration to US, 818, 819-20 post-1945 immigration, 1518-22 refugees from Nazi Germany, French colonization of America, 21st century, 1524-6 2285-6 685-8 2005 riots, 1524 regularization policy, 1524, 1525, French emigres, 2267 abolition of slavery, 1315-16, 1543 French/French-speaking migrants 2965 research into immigration, Caribbean, 862-7 affaires des foulards, 1424 1523-4 Uruguay, 3122-3 Algerian migrants, 1518-20, return incentives, 1525 see also French Canadians 2143 revolutions 1848-49, 2596-7 French Guiana, 2395—6 anarchism, 2918-19 second generation, 2720, 2721-8 French Revolution, 2602-6 banlieues, 1521 secularism, 1424 Caribbean migration, 864-5 Beur films, 1493 skilled migrants, 1525 citizenship, 2430 building-trade workers, 1378 slavery abolition, 1315-16, 2965 US nativism, 3094 Caribbean colonies, 2605 treaties, 1519 see also revolutions citizenship, 1071-2, 2430 undeclared employment, 1526, French Revolutionary Wars, civil unrest, 1524-6 1527 2266-7 colonies pre-1789, 2602-3 undocumented migrant Freud, Sigmund, 742 convict labor/transportation, children, 3026-7 Frisians, 509-10, 659 1109,2395-6 unemployment, 1521, 1526, Frontex operations, 782 countries of origin of residents, 1527 frontiers 1519 universities in medieval era, Brazilian migration, 765-6 migration from Czechoslovakia, 2697-8 Chinese migration, 1039-40 1151 see also French... frontier thesis, 2156 domiens, 2078 Franciscan order, 567 Japan in medieval era, 1935-7 migration from DRC, 1103 Franco settlers, Reconquista, 2506 patterns, 765-6, 1039-40 emigration societies, 2141 Franks, 678-9, 2121, 2123, 2138 settlement fertility rates, 1164 English-language films, 1457-8 Germania Slavica, 2773—4 Front National, France, 1520 family reunification, 1525 Middle East, 1123-4 Frozen River (Hunt, 2008), 1488 family types immigrating, 1543 fravahr symbol, 1866 FSU see Former Soviet Union fertility rates, 1161 Fraxinetum (Muslim colony), 700 Fulani see Fulbe people film,1457-8, 1493 Frears, Stephen, 1473 Fulbe people Front National, 1520 freedom of movement, 1528-31 Africa, 429-33 headscarf ban, 1424 Africa, 2246 contemporary conflict, 432 highly skilled migrants, 1525 emigration, 1529 medieval Africa, 458, 459 Huguenot expulsion, 2430 ethics, 1530-1 migratory drift, 430 illegal immigrants, 1524, 1525, EU labor, 1381-93 mobility, 430 1543 global justice, 1529-30 settlement concentrations, 429 immigrant protests, 1524-6 government discrimination, sociopolitical formations, 430-1 immigrant writer movements, 1529-30 transregionalism, 430 2083-4 limitations on labor, 722-3 fur trade, 417-18, 813 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3225

F/USMGs see foreign/US medical employment, 1541-3, 1551 Swedish migration, 2909-10 graduates European migration, 1349-54 trafficking, 2956-61 family migration, 1541 transnational families, 2974-5 galouth (exile), 1221 female migrant employment, typology, 1549 Gandhi, Mohandas Kamarchand 1551 undocumented migrants, 3028 (Mahatma), 1727-8 feminization of migration, US, 1536-9, 3058-61, 3090 Gandhi, Indira, 2376 1350-1 work access, 1541-3 gang labor, Australia, 1108-9 Filipino migrants, 2402-3, 2404 world-systems analysis, 3164 gangster films, 1471-2 GCC migrant workers, 535-6 gender-based analysis (GBA), 807 Garcia, Cristina, 2451 geographies of migration, 1570 General Agreement on Trade in Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 3123 geographies of power, 1550 Services (GATS), 3167-72 Garifuna people, 902, 904 health care in US, 1536-9 commitments, 3168-71 garment industry, 1542 HIV-AIDS, 1657, 1659-63 future development, 3171 Garveyism, 827-8 Indian emigration, 1747-9 horizontal commitments, 3168 Garvey, Marcus, 827-8 Indian migration to British hospitality workers, 1675 Gastarbeiter (guest worker) Africa, 1727 intra-corporate transferees, migration, 652, 654 indigenous Mexican-origin 3168-9 GATS see General Agreement on migration to US, 1777 Mode 4 coverage, 3167-71 Trade in Services Indonesia, 1819 rights protection, 1854 Gauls, 2465 internal migration, 1836 General Assembly High-Level gay migration, 1532-6, 2061-6 international migration, 1849 Dialogue on International discrimination, 1534-5 Italy, 1900-1 Migration and fiction, 1533, 1535 Japan, 1904-8 Development, UN, 706 see also homosexuality labor migration, 1539-50, 2002, General Register Office, Scotland Gaza Strip, 2388 2757 (GROS), 1828 GBA see gender-based analysis languages, 2022 generation concept, 2722—3 GCC see Gulf Cooperation Council Latin America, 2042-7 Geneva Accords, 1812 GCIM see Global Commission on LGBT migration, 2061-6 Geneva Convention, 1684-5, 1859 International Migration male migration in Europe, Genghis Khan, 2122 GDP see gross domestic product 1352 genocide, 1553-62 GDR see German Democratic marginalization of women, Armenia, 558, 559, 3147 Republic 1550-1 Cambodia, 1557-8 Geiseric (Vandal king), 1593 marriage migration, 2107, 2110 civilian protection, 1560—1 gender, 1548-53 medical evacuation, 440-1 definition, 1554-7 Africa, 433-7 Mediterranean migrations, 2132 Guatemala, 1558 agriculture, 832-3 merchant communities, 2171 Herero people, 3147 Andean migrant skills, 504 migrant definitions, 3155 legal aspects, 1553, 1555-60 anthropology, 521 Nikkeijin women, 1904—8 Nigeria, 1557 Arctic migrations, 544, 546 patterns of migration, 1352-3, Nuremberg trials, 1555-6 Asia, 577-87 1540-1 prevention, 1560—1 asylum, 617 power inequalities, 1552 Rwanda, 1433, 1559, 1560 Cameroon migrants, 797—9 professional female employment, Sudan, 1558, 1559-60 Canada, 801-9, 876-7 1551 UN Convention, 1556-7 care workers in US, 1536-9 ratios of sexes, 1548-50 see also ethnic cleansing Caribbean migration, 832-3, reproduction, 3155-60 Genoese merchants, 2858 868-73 research, 1350, 2570-1, 2573, genre of novels, 2339—40 Central American migration, 2574-6 Gentlemen's Agreement, 3059, 897-901 scale of migration in Europe, 3070 Chilean migration, 957 1352-3 gentrification, 1562-7 circular migration, 1058-62 sex work, 2740-4 displacement impact, 1563-6 citizenship, 1552 social remittances, 2792—3 Housing Market Renewal commuting, 1094 social theory, 1849 program, 1564 demography, 1168—9 sociology of migration, 2797 phases, 1562-3 deportation, 1180 Southern African migration, research, 1566 discrimination and women, 3158 2824-30, 2839 resistance to, 1564 domestic work, 1260, 1548, 1551 South to North migration, types, 1562-3 DRC, 1104 1551-2 geographical distance, 2074 East African migration, 1279 Sri Lankan migration, 2867-8 geographic politics in Balkans, eldercare in US, 1536-9 sub-Saharan Africa, 1659-63 647-8 3226 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V geographies of migration, 1567--73 nationalism, 1576-7 girmityas (agreement-signers), cartography, 1570—2 Nordic migration, 2312 1740 China, 986-91 Polish immigrants, 2421 "global apartheid," 1397 container society model, 1568-9 population displacement, 3148 global capital, 2811-14 gendered patterns, 1570 regional patterns, 1576-7 global child organizations, 949 global migration flows, 1569-70 reparation payments, 2567 Global Commission on International labor organization, 2927-8 reunification, 1577, 1579 Migration (GCIM), 1053-4, maps, 1570-2 revolutions 1848-1849, 2596-7 1059, 2245 population, 1568 Ruhr district, 1576 global communities, 1634-5 refugee movements, 1570 Russian Jewish migration, 1580 global cultures, 846—7 research, 1568-9 scholars, 2694, 2698-9 see also culture spatial aspects, 1568-72 Slavs, 2773^ global economy, 2922-3 systems approach, 1569-70 social protest, 2787-9 global financial crisis, 1190-1 Gerima, Haile, 1430, 1492 soldiering, 1575 see also financialcrise s German Democratic Republic Southern African colonization, Global Forum on Migration and (GDR), 2787-9 2837 Development (GFMD), 706 German/German-speaking South-North labor migration, BLAs, 706 migrants 1577 Latin America, 2040 academics to Turkey, 3006 suburbanization, 2900 multilateral approaches, 2245 CEE countries, 926, 927 migration to Switzerland, 2913 poverty, 2462 medieval Eastern Europe, Third Reich, 1577 rights protection, 1855 1290-2 migration to Denmark, 1172 temporary workers, 2923-4 merchants and Baltic Sea, trade unions, 2929 globalization 662-4 Turkish migrants, 1445, 3006-7, anthropology, 522 Romania and Moldova, 2642-4 3010-14 Atlantic migrations, 617—22 US legislation, 3069 urbanization, 1375 capitalist, 903-4, 2933 Germania Slavica, 660-2, 2773^ Weimar Republic, 1576 care workers, 1536-9 Germanic peoples, Roman empire, West Germany, 1577, 1579-80 citizenship, 1066-7, 1075, 1422 2465-6 World War I, forced labor, 1576 definition, 1494, 1537 Germany, 1573-8 see also East Germany; development approaches, 19th and 20th century, 1575-6 German...; Nazi...; 2469-70 post-1945 division, 1577 West Germany; World War economic, 617—22 post-1980s, 1578-82 I; World War II education, 2895-6 agrarian migration, 1575 GFMD see Global Forum on eldercare work, 1536-9 anti-foreigner violence, 1580 Migration and environment migration, asylum laws, 1580 Development 1299-300 Bulgaria as ally, 779-80 Ghana, 1582-5 expatriate workers, 1517 citizenship, 1580 anticolonialism, 523—4 film, 1426-7, 1454-9, 1495-6, collective memory, 2160 brain-drain/circulation, 1584 1503 concentration camps, 1097, caravan trade routes, 1582 health care, 1536-9 1099-1100 colonial period, 1583 literature, 2077-81 Czechoslovakian migration, 1152 female migration, 1584 nationality policies, 2273-4 deportations, 1581 film,1491-2 neoliberal, 2290-4 East Germany, 1579, 2788 immigration policies, 1304 North—South migration, 2327 EU-10 migrants, 1383 medieval Africa, 458 population growth, 2905 forced migration, 3147 modern era migration, 1582-3 public health, 2471 guest workers, 1577, 1581, North-South migration, 1583, and race, 2493^4 2341-2 1584 racism, 2487-8 immigrant writers' movements, Portuguese settlement, 1582 refugees, 2432 2083-4 precolonial period, 427—8, sociological perspectives, 2795 immigration laws, 1580-1 1582-3 structural reforms, 2888 Indian migration, 1747 slave trade, 1582 subaltern concept, 2457 industrialization, 1576 ghettos, 3108-10 temporary migrant work, Jewish migration, 1580, 1955-6 Ghosh, Amitav, 2448 2922-5 labor migration, 1576-7 "GI brides," 2105 trade, 2941-2 medieval era, 1574-5, 1955-6, Gildas (British cleric), 508 transnationalism, 1199-200 2121-2, 2694, 2698-9, Gilgamesh epic, 562 world-systems analysis, 3161, 2773-4 Gilroy, Paul, 1225, 2084-5 3162, 3164-6 migration museums, 2162, 2163 Girling, Mary, 3126 see also capitalist globalization INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3227 global migration Southern African migrations, patterns, 1603-4 post-1973, 1571 2832-3 policy, 1606-7 Asia, 574-5 transitional post-cold war, polis, 1202-3, 1205, 1614 labor migration, 1908-9, 2980 1148-9 population aspects, 1602, mass migration, 2216-17 see also state... 1604-5, 2144 North-South migration, 2328-9 Government Office Region (GOR), refugees, 1271, 1602, 1605 global North, 2005-15, 2974 UK, 1828 regularization program, 1606—7 Global Nursing Care Chain government policies remittances, 1603 (GNCC), 2344-5 Bangladesh, 673 residence permits, 1605 Global Organisation for the People Berne Initiative, 702-6 state-formation, 1205—6 of Indian Origin (GOPIO), Canada, 811 migration to Turkey, 1602, 2144, 1754 child refugees, 2509-10 3005 global South see also immigration policies, unemployment, 1606 inequality, 2000-5 migration policies Greek-Australians, 1436 poverty, 1987-8, 1997, 2000-5 Gowon, General, 1302, 1303 Greek colonization movement, social networks, 2780 The Gracchi, Roman colonization, 1609-22,2127-8 transnational families, 2974 2623 archaeological evidence, 1613—15 urbanization, 3118-19 La Graine et le Mulet (Kechiche, Archaic period, 1609-19 worker organization, 2005—15 2006), 1474 causes, 1614 worker poverty, 1997 Gramsci, Antonio, 2017 mother-cities, 1614—15 global trade see trade Granada, Spain, 2503, 2507 native inhabitants, 1615 global warming, 711-21, 841 Grand Duchy of Moscow, Russia, written sources, 1609-13 see also climate change 2666 see also classical world; Greece global-local cultural Grand Tour, Europe, 2142, 2937, green card policy, China, 971 interconnectivity, 1150—1 2998 Green Card (Weir, 1990), 1484 global-local labor organization, gravity models, 1589 greenhouse gases, 714 2927-30 Great Black migrations, US, Greenland GMB union, 2930 2657-8, 3061-8 Arctic migrations, 541 GMS see Greater Mekong Great Britain see Britain migration to Denmark, 1175 Subregion Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), Dorset culture people, 2118 GNCC see Global Nursing Care 736-8 North Atlantic migration, 2320, Chain Great Migration, China, 976 2323 Gobineau, Arthur de, 1703 Great War see World War I Vikings, 2118, 3131-2 The Godfather (Coppola), 1482, Greece see also Nordic countries 1483, 1484 8th-6th centuries BCE, 1609-19 GROS see General Register Office, gods, classical, 1208 5th-3rd centuries BCE, 1619-20 Scotland gold 3rd-lst centuries BCE, 1620-1 gross domestic product (GDP) Australia, 632 1830s to present, 1602-9 Africa, 479 Brazilian mines, 2435, 2443 Albanian migration, 2073, 2075 Central America, 970 Caribbean migration, 2857—8 Albanian-speaking migration, 497 critique of data, 1395-6 slave trade, 2762-3 ancient era colonization, FSU states, 2682 Gonzalez, Elian, 1137-8 1609-22 hometown associations, 1664 GOPIO see Global Organisation Archaic period, 1609-19 groupism, 2986 for the People of Indian asylum-seekers, 1271, 1605 growth see economic growth; Origin Byzantium, 789-92 population growth GOR see Government Office cities, 1202-3, 1205-6 Guadeloupe Region citizenship, 1614 African slavery, 2077 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1149 classical period, 1202-3, 1205-6, Chinese/Indian migration, 1741 Gordimer, Nadine, 2449 1619-20 French-speaking migration, Gordon, M., 609, 2711 demographic shifts, 1604-5 864-6 gospel music, 2251 economic crisis, 1602, 1606 see also Caribbean Goths, 1591-3, 1594, 2466 employment, 1605 Guatemala government/governance Hellenistic period, 1620-1 1960s to present, 902-7 Cameroon, 796-7 illegal immigration, 1604, 1605 civil war, 1558 failure and remittances, 2554 integration policy, 1607 domestic violence, 1255 integration policy, 1597 land reform, 1602 gendered migration, 897-901 receiving country support, Macedonia and, 779-80 indigenous migrations, 1782, 1594-9 mass emigrations, 1602-3 1797-8 sex work, 2741 Ottoman period, 3002-3 see also Central America 3228 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V guest-worker programs Gulf War (1990-91), 2196 Havana, Cuba, 1127-8 Asia and gender, 581-6 Gupta monarchs, India, 1718—19 Hawaii, 2478 Austria, 643 The Gurage, 1669-71 HDI see Human Development hospitality workers, 1673 Gurkhas, 1721 Index Netherlands, 2296 Guyana, 1741, 1742 Head, Bessie, 2448 guest workers gypsies headscarves, 1424 1970s to present, 1622-5 Gypsy question, 2616, 2617-18 health care, 1640-6 agriculture, 1419, 1420 Romania, 2616, 2642-3, 2645 Africa, 437-44 Balkans, 652, 654 see also Roma migrations child migration, 940-6 barriers, 1623 consequences of migration, BLA types, 706, 707-8 H-IB visas, 1747 1645 Bulgaria, 780-1 HI visas, US, 2055-6 doctor migration, 1247-51 Canada, 1624 H2 visas, US, 2055 European immigrants, 1357-8 China, 1626 habitat loss/change, 715-16 exploitation of workers, 1538 Czechoslovakia, 1152 hacienda relations, 502-3 female migration, 3158, 3159 definition, 1622 Hague Process, 1714 Filipino migrants, 2406-7 East Asia, 1625-9 Hague Programme, 1630-2 gender, 1536-9 employer sponsorship, 1624-5 discrimination, 1631-2 global stock, 1641-2 Europe, 1351, 1622-3,2109 EU, 1630-2 impact of migration, 1645 Germany, 1577, 1581 human rights, 1630-1 labor demand, 1537 Gulf States, 1624-5 security, 1630-1 Latinos in US, 1636-40 Japan, 1627 Haithabu settlement, Baltic, migrant hosting countries, literature, 2341-2 659-60 1642 Malaysia, 1628 Haiti national policies, 1249-50 marriage migration, 2110-11 migration to Canada, 874 Pacific Islands, 2370 Nigeria, 1307-8 French-speaking migration, 866 Pakistan, 2384 North America, 1623-4 refugees, 2450-1 population mobility, 1640, 1641 railroads, 2497-8 slave revolution, 1314 remittances, 2552 restrictions, 1623 migration to US, 2268-9, selection of migrants, 1637 Singapore, 1626-7 2786-7,3153 skilled worker recruitment, 2757 skills, 2757 see also Saint-Domingue colony Southern Africans, 2840 Southeast Asia, 1625-9 hajj, 1633-6 undocumented migrants, 3027-8 South Korea, 1627 global communities, 1634-5 US, 1636-40, 3027-8, 3089 Taiwan, 1627-8 mediterranean migration, 2135 see also public health Thailand, 1628 pilgrimage, 2418 health-care professionals, 2343-6 Turkey, 3010-11 poetic imagination, 1635-6 Global Nursing Care Chain, UAE, 1624-5 social revolution, 1633—4 2344-5 US, 1623-4 see also Islam...; Muslim... migration gains/losses, 2344 Western Europe, 1622-3 Hakka migrations, China, 998 nurses, 2343-6, 2406-7 women spouses, 2109 Halbwachs, Maurice, 2159 policy responses, 2345 Guinea-Bissau, 524 Hall, Ken G., 1435 shortages of, 2344 Gujarati communities, 2814—15 Hall, Stuart, 741-2, 1224-5 see also doctors Gulag labor system, 542, 729-30, handcart companies, 2234—6 health products, 2475 1097-8 Handsworth Songs (Akomfrah, health risks, 2474-5 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 1986), 1450-2, 1471 "healthy migrant effect," 2474-5 535-8 Han dynasty, 966-8, 972, 996, 999, Hebrides, 2320, 2321, 2324 Asian regional migration, 576 1005,2751 Hellenistic world, 1620-1, 1948-9 India, 1733-4 Haneke, Michael, 1474 Helms-Burton Act 1966, US, 1137 religion, 2520 Hanseatic League, 663 Helvetii people, 2465-6 Gulf States Hansen, Marcus Lee, 817 herdsmen, 489, 1742 Central Asian migration, 922-3 Hanson, Pauline, 640 see also Fulbe people expatriate workers, 1517 Harff, Arnold von, 2611, 2613 Herero people, 1553, 3147 Filipino migrants, 2407 Hark, Tsui, 1458 hermits, 566, 567 guest workers, 1624-5 Harlem Renaissance, 1452-3, 2340 Herodotus, 1207, 1611-12, 1619, Indian migration, 1733-5, Hart-Celler Act 1965, US, 2182, 2607 1748-9 3053,3060,3071,3150 Herzog, Werner, 1429-30 labor migration, 1060, 1624-5, Harvey, David, 3125 Hesiod, 1609, 1611 2195-7 hate crimes, 1118, 1863-4, 2275 heterodox perspectives, 2979 remittances, 2196 hat production, 1309 HHP see Hispanic Health Paradox INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3229 hidalgo status, Spain, 2851 Algeria, 480 hospitality workers, 1673-6 Hidden (Haneke, 2005), 1474 definition, 478, 1655-6 Hospitallers, 2151 highly skilled IT workers, 1646—51 demographics, 1656 hospitals in Pakistan, 2384 brain circulation, 1649 exposure, 1656-9 host countries conscious bias, 1650 female migration, 3158, 3159 internal foreign-born migrants, decision to migrate, 1648 gender, 1659-63 1825 developmental impacts, 1648-9 People Living With HIV-AIDS, labor migration, 3136—8 earnings, 1649-50 1656 Turkish immigrants, 3011-12 economic impacts, 1648-9 sub-Saharan Africa, 1659-63 "household head" status, 2827 immigration policies, 1648 Hmong refugees, 1814—15 household registration systems, movement, 1647-8 HMR see Housing Market Renewal 1050-1 return migrations, 1649 program housing supply, 1647-8 Hokkien language, 1019-21 European immigrants, 1357-8 high-skilled workers, 2757 Holland see Netherlands migrant communities, 1679-81 brain-drain/gain/waste, 2758-9 Hollywood remittance policies, 2525 European policies, 1984-5 gangster films, 1471-2 reparation, 2568-9 Latin America, 2037 immigrant film-makers, 1482 return migration, 2590-1 migration as source of, 1980-1 as key center, 1456-7 UK immigration, 3042 remittance policies, 2522-3 science fiction, 1472-3 undocumented migrants, Southern African migration, Holocaust 3026-7 2839-41 genocide/displacement, 1555, US 1965 to present, 1676-9 high-technology sectors, Indonesia, 1557 US Great Black migrations, 1818-19 Jewish emigration, 1240 3065 hijra doctrine, 1873-4 local Nazi collaboration, 1242-3 Housing Market Renewal (HMR) HINDRAF see Hindu Rights holy war, Spain, 2847 program, UK, 1564 Action Force homeland letters, 2066, 2068 Howard, John, 640 Hindu-Brahmanical culture, 1724 see also letters of immigrants Hoxha, Enver, 495 Hindu Rights Action Force Homer, 562, 1610-11 HR see human rights (HINDRAF), 1754 hometown associations (HTAs), HTAs see hometown associations Hindus 1663-8, 2220-1 hub and spoke social networks, ascetics, 566 collective social remittances, 2781 Burma, 1773 1666-7 Hudibras (slave ship), 2747 forced migration, 2610 development actors, 1664-5 Hughes, Langston, 1452-3 French-speaking Caribbean, Latin American diaspora, 2038 Huguenots, 2430 865-6 Maya America, 1796-7 Hui.Ann, 1441 Gurkhas, 1721 political impacts, 1665-6 hui kuan (migration office), 1006 hippy trails, 1652 home-working, 1542 hukou system, China, 981-6 pilgrims, 569 homophily, 2777 1977-present, 1036 Roma migrations, 2610 homophobia, 1535 institutional oppression, 1030-1 hippy trails, 1651-5, 2998-9 homosexuality internal migration, 992, 2073 accounts, 1652-3 criminalization, 1535 international migration, 2073 commercialization, 1653-4 discrimination, 1534-5, 2062-3 migrant series (A), 982-4 corporatization of travel, 1653—4 LGBT migration, 2061-6 rural migration, 1013 counter-culture, 1651-2 marriage migration, 2111 human activities, 1077-83 routes, 1652 see also gay migration see also anthropology travel, 1653-4 Honduras human capital hiring biases, 3087 1960s to present, 902-7 children as, 945-8 Hirschman, Albert O., 2783-4, gendered migration, 897-901 earnings convergence, 1145 2789 Hurricane Mitch, 718 internal foreign-born migrants, Hispanic Health Paradox (HHP), see also Central America 1825 1636-8 Hong Kong migration model, 3135, 3137—8 Hispanic migrants, 2656-7, 3055, Chinese rule, 600-1 human cargo, slaves as, 2875 3101-2 film, 1442, 1456, 1458 Human Development Index (HDI), Hispaniola, 2857-8 Hong Kong-Shenzhen 2331 historical linguistics, Africa, 453-4 borderland, 736 human immunodeficiency virus historical materialism, 2113 profit-driven institutions, 1007 (HIV) see HIV-AIDS history in film, 1449-54 Hongwu, Emperor, China, 1001 humanitarian considerations, 810, HIV-AIDS, 1655-9 Horn of Africa, 1668-73 1270, 1714-15,3144,3149 African population growth, 478 see also Africa; Ethiopia human mobility see mobility 3230 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V human rights (HR), 1687-91 husband/wife relationships, Protection of the Rights of activism, 1681—6 2540-1, 2544 all Migrant Workers and application to migrants, 1838—9 hybridization Members of their Families children, 948-53, 1841 arts and music, 564 ICRC see International Committee Chilean migration, 958-9 borderlands, 741-2 of the Red Cross citizenship, 1073, 2348-9 medieval Japan, 1935-7 ICTR see International Criminal cosmopolitanism, 1112—16 hydraulic model, exit—voice Tribunal for Rwanda criminalizing activists, 1685 relationships, 2783 ICTY see International Criminal definition, 1687 hymns, 2249 Tribunal for Yugoslavia detention of activists, 1684—5 hypergamy, 2106 ID see index of dissimilarity emigration/immigration hypogamy, 2106 ideas transmission, 2790—3 symmetry, 1529 identity ethnic cleansing, 1331-2 IADB see Inter-American film festivals, 1503 GCC migrant workers, 536-7 Development Bank globalization, 2079 Hague Programme, 1630-1 IAMM see International Agenda on Indians in UK, 887 Indian migration, 1753-5 Migration Management second generation, 2710-17 indigenous peoples, 1801 Iberia sports migrants, 2862 interpretations, 1688-9 migration to America, 2849—53 transculturalism, 2969 key terms, 1687-8 Berbers/Arabs, 697-700 transmigrants, 2985 open borders, 1685 Jewish migration, 1954-5 transnational families, 2974-6 practice of, 1688 Roma migrations, 2614 West Indians in US, 3153 reparation, 2567—8 Western colonization, 2151 world-systems analysis, 3164-5 statelessness, 2871-4 see also al-Andalus; Spain; youth migration, 2702-3 theory, 1688 Spanish... ideology, 1703-6,2574-6 trafficking, 2959 Ibo people, 1557 I DPs see internally displaced UDHR, 1528 ICC see International Criminal persons Ukraine, 3023 Court IFRC see Federation of Red Cross undocumented migrants, ICCPR see International Covenant and Red Crescent Societies 3028-9, 3033-5 on Civil and Political Rights IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (IG- universal, 950-1, 1112-13 ICE see Immigration and Customs BAU), 2929 see also international human Enforcement IHCI see immigrant human capital rights; multilateralism; Iceland investment model rights... Arctic migrations, 541 IIRAIRA see Illegal Immigrant human smuggling, 1691-6 immigration 1990-2010, 2316 Responsibility Act crime, 1692-4 North Atlantic migration, 2320, IIRIRA see Illegal Immigration definition, 1691-2 2321,2322-3,2324 Reform and Immigrant people smuggled, 1692 Vikings, 3131-2 Responsibility Act policy trends, 1694-5 see also Nordic countries IITs see Indian Institutes of see also trafficking ICEM see Intergovernmental Technology human trafficking see trafficking Committee for European Iliad (Homer), 562, 1610 Huna nomads, 1718-19 Migration Illegal Immigrant Responsibility Hungary, 1696-702 ICERD see International Act (IIRAIRA) 1996, US, 1956 revolution, 1697-8 Convention on the 3073 Britain, 1700 Elimination of all forms of illegal immigrants see illegal Canada, 1698-9 Racial Discrimination migrants/migration emigration, 1696-7, 1700-1 ICESCR see International Covenant Illegal Immigration Reform and medieval colonization, 1295,1296 on Economic, Social and Immigrant Responsibility Romania and Moldova, 2642-4 Cultural Rights Act (1996) (IIRIRA), 1253, steppe peoples, 2878-85 ICISS see International 1261 Sweden,1699-700 Commission on illegal migrants/migration Transylvania, 2640, 2642 Intervention and State air travel, 493 World War II, 1697 Sovereignty Albanian-speaking migration, 497 Hung, Sammo, 1440 ICLE see Instituto Nazionale di Asian migration, 577 Hun migrations, 678, 2878-85 Credito per il Lavoro asylum, 616 Hunt, Courtney, 1488 Italiano all'Estero Caribbean to US, 855, 860 Huntington, Samuel P., 2241 ICMC see International Catholic Chinese migration, 1008-9, Hurricane Andrew 1992, 1230 Migration Commission 1441, 1442-3 Hurricane Katrina 2005, 1229 ICPRMW see International cinematic depiction, 1479, Hurricane Mitch, 718 Convention on the 1492-3 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3231

deportation, 1184-5 Immigration and Naturalization income DRC, 1103 Service (INS), India, Brazil and inequality, 766 Greece, 1604, 1605 1732-3 convergence/divergence, 1589 human rights, 1683, 1687 immigration policies Pacific Islands/Australasia, 2371 Mediterranean migrations, 2145 Asian migration to West, 574 US poverty, 2655-6 Mexican migrants, 2180-4 Belgium, 691-3 see also remittances multilateral management, Britain, 769 incomplete migration, 927, 928 2244-5 Canada, 801-3, 807, 809-13, incorporation, 608-14 nativism, 2279 821-2,876 Central American migrants, Netherlands, 1182 Cuban migrants to US, 1136 904-6 Pakistan, 2380-1 family migration, 1403—4 second generation, 2718 regularization programs, 1525, Ghana, 1304 Spanish Caribbean, 883-4 2513-18 highly skilled IT workers, 1648 transnational migrants, 2985 Roman world mobility, 2629-30 LGBT exclusion, 2061 indentured migration see also irregular migrants/ liberalism, 769, 802 Asians to Caribbean, 595-9 migration; smugglers; Nigeria, 1304 Atlantic migrations, 618-19 trafficking; undocumented Spain, 2853-6 Caribbean, 842, 865 migrants/migration immigration processing centers, Chinese migration, 1163 Illinois, US, 2230-1 1684 globalization of, 721-2 illness, 437-43, 940-5 Immigration Reform and Control Indian migrations, 1727, 1758-9 see also HIV-AIDS; medical... Act (IRCA), US, 3072-3 Indian Ocean, 1761-5, 1768-9 ILO see International Labor internal migration, 3081 injustices of system, 597-8 Organization labor markets, 3084-5 Malayan plantations, 2812 IMA see International Migrants Mexican migration, 2182-3 movement limitations, 722-3 Alliance regularization programs, systems of indenture, 596-7 IMGs see international medical 2514-16 trade impacts, 2939-40 graduates undocumented migration, 3032, as trafficking, 2737 IMILA see Investigation of 3039 see also bonded labor; serfdom International Migration in Immigration and Refugee independence Latin America Protection Act (IRPA), Africa, 462-3, 2838 The Immigrant (Chaplin, 1917), Canada, 807, 825 Baltic States, 667 1482 Immigration Restriction League, Burma, 1772 immigrant human capital US, 3096 Fiji, 1759-60 investment model (IHCI), imperialism, 579, 2498-9 Southern Africa, 2838 3137-8 see abo colonial...; colonization independent cinema, 1471 immigrant rights movement, Import/Export (Seidl, 2008), index of dissimilarity (ID), 3109 1260-5 1479-80 indexes of segregation, 3109-10 activism, 1263-4 import substitution India representational conflicts, industrialization (ISI), 1940s to present, 1730-6 1263-4 2030-4 current scenario, 1730-1 US DREAM Act, 1260-5 agricultural context, 2030-1 developed countries, 1731-3 immigrant writers' movements, internal migration, 2031 the Gulf, 1733-5 2083-4 labor migration, 1995 historical context, 1730—1 Immigration Act 1864, US, 3069 Latin America, 2030-2, 2033-4 Bangladesh borderland, 737-8 Immigration Act 1924, US, 2180, impression management, 2305 Bay of Bengal, 2397^01 2238,3096 imprisonment, 1714-17 Bengali refugees, 2374-6, 2448 Immigration Act 1965, US, 2182, criticisms, 1716 bonded labor, 721-5 3071-3, 3089 economic dimensions, 1714-15 British empire, 2940 Immigration Code 1857, Turkey, effects, 1716-17 consequences of migration, 3004 theoretical notes, 1715 2003 Immigration and Customs see also detention statistics, 2001 Enforcement (ICE), US, 493 IMT see International Military types of migrant, 2002 Immigration and Nationality Act Tribunal Brahmans, 2400-1 1952, US, 1624, 1674 INA see Indian National Army brain-drain/gain, 743—9 Immigration and Nationality Act In America (Sheridan, 2003), British Africa migrations, 1965, US, 3090-1 1485 1726-30 see also Hart-Celler Act 1965, US Inca empire, 1785,2119 British colonialism, 1370 Immigration and Naturalization incola (legal migrant type), 2628, Buddhism, 2399-401 Act 1952, US, 2181 2632 Chinese diaspora, 1026 3232 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

India (cont'd) Gulf States, 1748-9 British colonialism, 1737 doctor migration, 1249, 1250 indentured migration, 595-9, cinematic depiction, 1497-8 dowries, 1545 1163 fictional narratives, 2447-8 early writing, 2399-400 IT entrepreneurs, 589 forced migration, 1736-9 ethnic cleansing, 1329 Malaysia, 1750-7, 2811-14 mass migration, 1737—8 film,1494-501 colonial-induced migration, politics, 1736-7 Bollywood, 1495-6 1751-2 unintended migration, 1738-9 Calcutta industry, 1498 historical antecedents, 1751 violence, 1738 hybridity of imagery, 1500 human rights, 1753-5 see also Bangladesh; Pakistan Kerala industry, 1496 independence, 1752—3 indigenous peoples/migrations, micro-industries, 1499-500 right of access, 1753—5 1800-5 non-resident Indians, 1495—8 World War II, 1752-3 across-border migration, 1802—3 Partition migrations, 1497—8 Pakistan-Bangladesh partition African health systems, 441—2 Punjabi hegemony, 1497 refugees, 2374-6 Americas, 1780-4 southern film industry, 1497 post-independence, 1744 Asia and slavery, 2764 urban vigilante drama, 1499 professional migration, 1744-8 Australia, 632, 637, 639 fishing communities, 2397-8 Singapore, 1750-7 Canada, 813-15, 1789-93, gender, 1545 colonial-induced migration, 1805-10 kingship, 2399-400 1751-2 Aboriginal cultures, 1789, languages, 2021 historical antecedents, 1751 1790-1 medieval era, 1717-26 human rights, 1753-5 background, 1789-90 economic migrations, 1721-3 right of access, 1753-5 evidence, 1791-2 political-military migrations, World War II and urbanization, 1790-1 1717-21 independence, 1752—3 communities, 1801 religious migrations, 1723—4 Southeast Asia, 2810-11, 2815 cross-border migrations, 1803—4 megalithic sites, 2398-9 South Pacific, 1757-61 Cuba, 1126-7 merchant networks, 2171 ethnonationalism, 1759-60 definitions, 1800-1 mobility post-4th century BCE, indentured labor, 1758-9 ethnic cleansing, 1327 2397-401 independence, 1759-60 human rights, 1801 New Delhi construction military intervention, 1760 international migration, 1803 industry, 2646-50 nineteenth century, 1757-8 Maya America emergence, Pakistan-Bangladesh partition, racial division, 1760 1793-800 2374-6 students, 1746-8 community, 1796-7 Portuguese possessions, 2436 UK, 886-91, 1744-5 diasporas, 1794 remittance policies, 2528 US, 1745-6 metropolis, 1794-5 return migration, 591-2 Indian National Army (INA), mobility, 1795-6 sailing communities, 2397-8 1752-3,1772 prospects, 1798 stone inscriptions, 2399, 2400-1 Indian Ocean trends, 1798 trade networks, 2398-400 10th to 17th century, 2817 Mexicans to US, 1775-9 travel post-4th century BCE, 16th-19th century, 1765-9 Otavalo diaspora, 1784-9 2397-401 circumnavigating, 2817 rainforests, 2501, 2502 see also South Asia colonialism, 2819 respect for people, 1246 "Indian Act," Canada, 1807-8 convict migration, 1768-9 rural-to-urban migration, Indian Institutes of Technology European slave trading, 1766—8 1805-10 (IITs), 744, 1647 indentured labor, 1761—5 US, 1805-10 Indianization, 1722 indentured migration, 1768—9 individual identity, 1345 Indian migrants/migration, independence, 2819 Indochina 1744-50 Muslim merchants, 2171 1954 flood,1811-16 1947 to present, 1744-50 slave trade, 482-3, 1766-8, Asians to Australia, 600—1 Africa south of Sahara, 462 2764-5,2818 first wave of migration, 1812-13 Asia and gender, 579-81 South-South migrations, high tide 1979, 1813-14 Burma, 1770-4 2816-20 historical context, 1811 Canada, 1745—6 trade networks, 2088-9, 2101 mid-20th century to present, Caribbean, 595-9, 842, 865, transoceanic migration, 1765-9 1811-16 1739^3 tsunami 2004, 1230 war, 600-1 CIMO paradigm, 1750, 1754 Indian Removal (Native Indo-Europeans circular migration, 1746-8 Americans), 3047, 3048-9 classical antiquity, 1201 diasporas, 1222 Indian writers, 2082-3 Dutch East Indies, 1272, 1273 gender and Asia, 579-81 India-Pakistan partition Silk Road migration, 2749-50 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3233

Indonesia "in one's own community," 1117 intergovernmental processes, 1969 to present, 1816-21 INS see Immigration and 1855-6 Asia and gender, 581-4 Naturalization Service internal displacement, international decolonialism, 524-5 Institute of Mexicans Abroad, 2221 human rights norms, 1841 economic effects, 1819-20 institutional oppression, 1030-1 internal foreign-born migrants, employment, 1817-18 institutional racism, 475 1824-7 European colonialism, 1370, Instituto Nazionale di Credito per internally displaced persons (IDPs) 1371 il Lavoro Italiano all'Estero armed conflict, 554 famine migration, 1406 (ICLE), 1883-4 reparation, 2567—9 from China, 1026-7 instrumental adapters, 2791 wars, 3140-2 laborer characteristics, 1818-19 instrumental rights, 2027 women, 3155 macroeconomic performance, Insulindian people, 2091 see also displaced persons 1817 insurrections internal migration social effects, 1819-20 Chinese workers, 1033-4 Africa, 434, 450-3 industrialization shipboard, 2744-8, 2874-8 Australia, 632-6 Canada, 823-4 slaves, 2744-8, 2874-8, 2965 Brazil, 755-62, 764-6 Europe, 1360-2, 1375-8 integration, 608—14 Cameroon, 795—7 Germany, 1576 assimilationist model, 1597 Canada, 813-17 labor migration, 1992, 2908-9, Austria, 644 Caribbean, 868 2911,2979-80 Belgium, 693 children, 937 Native Americans, 3048 Chinese migrants, 1051-2 China, 980-95, 1030-5, 1036 Nordic countries, 2312, 2908-9, economic factors, 1143, 1144 Czechoslovakia, 1152—3 2911 Europe, 1355-6 demography, 1169-70 North-South migration, 2330-1 ideologies, 1705 developed countries, 1834-8 Russian urbanization, 2675 Indians in Burma, 1770-4 DRC, 1104-5 Sweden, 2908-9, 2911 internal migration, 1836-7, East Africa, 1277-8 US Great Black migrations, 2071-2 gender, 434, 868, 2827-8 3063 internal-international links, international migration links, see also North-South migration 2071-2 2070-7 Industrial Revolution, 2328 Italy, 1899-900 1SI model, 2031 Industrial Workers of the World language protection, 2027-8 Italy, 1875-80 (IWW), 2017, 2919-20 memory, 1139—40 Latin America, 2031, 2047-50 inequality, 1687-91 multiculturalist model, 1597 nationality policies, 2271 Brazilian Nikkeijin women, Netherlands, 2296-7 NGOs, 2307 1904-5 policies, 693, 1355-6, 1705, overview, 1834—8 corporate profits, 1396-7 2296-7, 2855-6 postcolonial theories, 2454 gender, 1552, 2044-5 receiving country support, poverty/inequality, 2000—5, labor migration, 1394-5, 1594-9 2656-7 2000-5 religion, 2519-20 Russia, 2671-7 mobility, 2227-8 Spain, 2855-6 - - Southern Africa, 2827-8, neoliberal globalization, 2291-2 see also assimilation 2830^1 remittances, 2548-9, 2552 intentional communities, 3125 Turkey, 3001, 3003, 3007-8 trafficking, 2877 Inter-American Development Bank UK, 1827-34 wealth distribution, 2877 (IADB) Ukraine, 3021 see also equality hospitality workers, 1675 US, 2656-7, 3075-84 informal labor, 1822-4, 2006-7, Latin America, 2038 see also domestic migration; 2011,2536 remittance finance, 2532-3, 2547 rural-urban migration information exchange, 2781, 2995 interconnectivity, 1150-1 international adoption, 424-5 information technology (IT) interculturalism, 1246 International Agenda on Migration business/professional migrants, interdependent relationships, Management (IAMM), 784 713-14, 1149 703-5,1855-6 highly skilled workers, 1646-51 interdisciplinary approaches international agreements Indian brain-drain, 589, 746-8 sociology, 2795 statelessness, 2872 in-migration, 2050-1 transculturalism, 2968 trade, 3167-72 "inner exiles," 2953 Intergovernmental Committee for International Catholic Migration innovation European Migration Commission (ICMC), 2225 neoliberal globalization, 2291 (ICEM), 1708, 1886 International Commission on scholars, 2695-7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Intervention and State social remittances, 2790-1 Change (IPCC), 1084 Sovereignty (ICISS), 1560 3234 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

International Committee of the international marriages, 2104-6, Pacific Islands, 2359-62, 2370-1 Red Cross (ICRC), 1859 2864-5 Pakistan, 2378-80 International Convention on the international medical graduates Polynesia, 2360-2 Elimination of all forms of (IMGs), 1248-9, 1250 recent trends, 1195-6 Racial Discrimination International Migrants Alliance remittances, 2535-9 (ICERD), 1233, 1235, (IMA), 2308-9 rights protection processes, 1838-9 international migration 1851-7 International Convention on the 1960-2010, 1194 Russia, 2677-85 Protection of the Rights of Africa, 434, 1195 SAPs, 2886-90 all Migrant Workers and age distribution, 1171 social theory, 1846—51 Members of their Families Asia, 1196 20th century perspectives, (ICPRMW), 1234, 1853-4 Australasia, 1196 1847 international cooperation, 2461-2 Brazil, 1870-1930, 762-4 assimilation, 1848 International Covenant on Civil Britain, 768 multiculturalism, 1848 and Political Rights Cameroon, 797-9 settlement, 1848 (ICCPR), 1682, 1838 Caribbean, 868, 1195 students, 2895-6 International Covenant on children, 937 theories, 1194-5,2470 Economic, Social and climate change, 1086 trends, 1195-6 Cultural Rights (ICESCR), cold war, 1368 International Military Tribunal 1838 controlling migration, 2214 (IMT), Nuremberg, 1555-6 International Criminal Court cross-cultural bonds, 1119-22 International Organization for (ICC), 1559 demography, 1170-1 Migration (IOM) International Criminal Tribunal for developed countries, 1178 Berne Initiative, 703—4 Rwanda (ICTR), 1559 developing countries, 1171 circular migration, 1054, 1059, International Criminal Tribunal for DRC, 1106 1061 Yugoslavia (ICTY), 1558 East Africa, 1280 ILO and worker rights, 1708 International Development economic development, 1193-7, nativism, 2279 Committee, UK, 1054-5 2460 regional migration, 916-21 international human rights, economic problems/policies, rights protection, 1852 1838-42 1842-6 undocumented migration policy, broad applications, 1838-9 development policy, 1844-5 3034 children, 948-50, 1841 inward migration, 1843 International Parliament of crime victim protection, 1840-1 outward migration, 1843 Writers, 2450 internal displacement, 1841 remittances, 1844-5 International Polar Years (IPYs), migrant worker rights, 1840 return migration, 1844 540-1 women migrants, 1841 transportation, 1844 International Refugee Organization see also human rights worker skill, 1843 (IRO), 1241, 1243 internationalism, 2011 Europe, 1196 international relations, 2216, internationalization, 1671—2, future aspects, 1196 2242-3 2505-7 gender, 434 international retirement migration International Labor Organization global mobility of labor, 2980 (IRM), 2585-7 (ILO) historical overview, 1193—4, international trafficking constitution, 2243 2213-15 definition, 2738 human rights, 1682, 1840 human rights, 1687, 1851-7 see also trafficking international standards, 1851-4, India to UK, 886-91 Internet 1855 indigenous peoples, 1803 African diasporas, 470-1 manufacturing and service internal migration links, 2070-7 business/professional migrants, workers, 2981 labor migration, 1978-81, 784-5 Migrant Workers Convention, 2535-8 cultural/social memory, 1140, 2244 Latin America, 1195, 2036-7 1141 NGOs, 2308 main causes of, 2887 internment camps, 1096, 1857—61 temporary workers, 2923—4, Micronesia, 2359 see also concentration camps 2928 nationality policies, 2271 interprovincial migration, 987, worker rights, 1706-11, 2308 NGOs, 2307 988-91, 990 international law North America, 1195 see also internal migration ethnic cleansing, 1331-2 Oceania, 1196 interregional migration, 796, 2996 genocide, 1553, 1555-60 overview, 2213-15 see also internal migration INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3235 inter-state migration systems, 2996 immigration post-late 18th 1967 War, 2388-9 interwar Balkan emigration, 652 century, 1870-1 Chinese migrants, 1009, 1010 interwar Britain, 2082—3 imprisonment/punishment, 1716 creation of state, 2387-8 In This World (Winterbottom, late 18th century to present, ethnic cleansing, 1329 2002), 1502 1866-73 ethnic return migration, 2594-5 intolerance, 1861—5 migration to New Zealand, independence declaration, 2144 see also nativism; xenophobia 2298-9 Jewish diaspora, 1225—6, 2145 intra-national social fields,2072-3 , Norse settlements, 775 North African Jews, 2145 2076 post-independence, 1869-70 Palestinian expulsions, 2388-9 intra-regional movement potato famine, 1407, 1867-8 remittance policies, 2528 Caribbean, 837-8, 852, 854, 868, pre-famine migration, 1867 "silent" land transfers, 2388 869 US, 731-2, 1121-2,3069 see also Jewish...; Palestine; East Africa, 1277-8 Vikings, 3131,3132 Zionism gender, 868, 869, 2043 women migrants, 1352 Istanbul, 2138 Latin America, 2035-6, 2043 IRM see international retirement see also Byzantium intra-South transnationalism, migration IT see information technology 2992-3 IRO see International Refugee Italy Investigation of International Organization 7th—11th century, 700-1 Migration in Latin America iron industry, 427-8, 1377 1 lth—13th century, 701 (IMILA), 2037 IRPA see Immigration and Refugee 1815 to present, 1880-92 investments, 1217, 1218-19, Protection Act 1990s to 2010s, 1892-903 2527-8 irregular migrants/migration, Albanian-speaking migration, involuntary immobility, 3139 1822-4 497 involuntary migration Belgium, 692 migration to Argentina, 2023 Caribbean migrants, 839 Caribbean, 840-1 migration to Australia, 636-7, children, 937 child health, 943 638, 1436 imprisonment/punishment, 1714 definitions, 1687 Belgian migration agreement, wars, 3142 informal labor, 1822-4 691 see also forced migration South America, 2808 Berbers/Arabs, 700-1 inward migration, 1843 Southeast Asia, 2820 migration to Brazil, 763-4 inyangas (native doctors), 1727 Ukraine, 3023-4 city-states, 2152 IOM see International see also illegal migrants/ film of migration to US, 1484 Organization for Migration migration; undocumented foreign residents, 1351 IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel migrants/migration migration to France, 2722 on Climate Change Isfahan, Iran, 2169 gay migration, 1532-3 IPYs see International Polar Years ISI see import substitution internal migration, 1875-80 Iran, 1865-6,2256-7 industrialization Jewish migration, 1954 see also Persians; South Asia Islam, 1873-5 migration to , 2144 Iranian Zoroastrian diaspora, America, 1874 medieval era, 700-1, 1954, 2766, 1865-6 Belgium, 694 2949-51,2953-5 Iraq Byzantium, 790-3 Normans, 3133 Egyptian labor, 2195-6 Europe, 1874 North African migrants, 2145 ethnic cleansing, 1329-30 hijra doctrine, 1873-4 pre-Norman period, 700-1 Muslim Arab settlement, 2256 medieval slave trade, 2761, 2763, Roma migrations, 2618 IRCA see Immigration Reform and 2765 Roman colonization, 2620—3 Control Act migration obligation, 2259-60 slave trade, 2766 Ireland Muhammad the Prophet, 2254 migration to Sweden, 2909 Anglo-Norman settlements, origins, 2254 migration to Switzerland, 2913, 777-8 Switzerland, 2916 2914 migration to Britain, 768—70, see also Muslims itinerant merchants, 2950 772 Islamic law, 425 itinerant preachers, 567 convict labor emigration, 1108 Islamic states, 2131, 2132 IWW see Industrial Workers of the emigration post-late 18th Islamic-Turkish migrations, World century, 1867-70 3016-19 EU labor migrants, 1389, 1393 isolation, cultural, 1120 Jackson, Mahalia, 2251 famine migration, 1407, 1867-8 isotope dental studies, 1124 Jackson, President Andrew, 3048-9 film of migration to US, 1485-6 Israel Jackson, Rev. Jesse, 532-3 3236 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Jalisco, Mexico, 1665 Greek conquests, 1947 jus sanguinis principle, 1063-5, Jamaica, 858-9, 1741 mobility, 1947-8 1071-2, 1266 see also Caribbean religious tradition, 1949-51 jus soli principle, 1063-4, 1066, Japan societal integration, 1948—9 1071-2, 1265 early 20th century, 2932-3 synagogues, 1948 "just emigration" concept, 2631—2 1981 amendment, 1920-1 Austrian Jews, 2288 justice, 2566-7, 2568, 2692 1989 amendment, 1920-1 Babylonian exile, 2175 Justinian, 2149 anarchism/syndicalism, 2920 Britain, 768, 770 Jutes, 508, 510 Brazilian migration, 751, 763 Denmark, 1172-3 Brazilian Nikkeijin women, diaspora, 1209, 1221, 1225-6 gypsies, 2616 1904-8 ethnic cleansing, 1327 Kanadai Magyar newspapers, migration to Canada, 818-19 ethnic composition in Israel, Hungary, 1699 capitalist globalization, 2933 3175 kangani system, 2812-13 , Chinese migrants, 1019, 1020, genocide, 1555, 1557 Kastrioti, Gjergi (Skanderbeg), 494 2890-5 Holocaust, 1555, 1557 Kazakhstan, 921-3 collapse of empire, 1908-15 medieval era, 1952-9 see also Central Asia colonization, 1915-19, 1972-3 Byzantium, 1953—i Kechiche, Abdellatif, 1474 control policies, 1919-25, 1940 Eastern Europe, 1956 Kenya, 1276-82, 1285 foreigner ambivalence, 1921 England, 1955 see also East Africa new millennium, 1921-3 Europe, 1956-7 Kerala, India, 591-2, 1496, 1545 post-war immigration, 1920-1 France, 1955 Kethly.Anna, 1700 Filipino migrants, 2402—6 Germany, 1955-6 Kharijite movement, 696 Filipino Nikkeijins, 2403 historical survey, 1953 Khmer Rouge, 1557-8 guest workers, 1627 Iberia, 1954-5 Khoi Khoi people, 2835 Korean colonialism, 1972-3 Italy, 1954 KhusrawII, 2177 Korean migrants and film, 1439 Middle East, 1957-8 Kievan Rus people, 2771-2 Korean Zainichi migration, Northern Africa, 1957-8 killing fields, Cambodia, 1813 1925-30 Spain, 2137, 2845, 2846-7 Kimball, Heber, 2233 cultural identities, 1928-9 Netherlands merchant kingship concept, 773—4 culture evolution, 1926-7 communities, 2170 Kingston, Maxine Hong, 2340 political identities, 1928-9 Palestine, 2386-7, 3148, 3173-5 Kinshasa, DRC, 1104, 1105 skilled professions, 1927-8 return to Israel, 2594 kinship labor migration, 1627 Romania and Moldova, 2640, Caribbean migrants, 871 Latin American migrants, 2036 2641, 2642-4 letters of immigrants, 2066-7 medieval era, 1930-8 Roman world, 2206-7, 2632 sexuality/family and, 2063 cultural exchange, 1934-5 second-/third-generation see also family... cultural hybridization, 1935—7 religion, 2519 kisans (gardeners), 1742 frontiers, 1935-7 Surinam migration, 1273-4 klezmer music, 563, 564 slave trade, 2764 Sweden, 2909, 2911 knowledge state formation, 1931-4 Switzerland, 2914 medieval scholars, 2693-701 trade, 1934-5 US, 1484-5, 2155-6 narratives/realities of, 2694-5 transmigration, 1935-7 Jewish pilgrims, 569 social networks, 2781 Nikkeijin people, 1904-8, Jewish prisoners, 1099, 3148 see also information... 1939-43, 2403 Jewish refugees, 642, 1240-1, knowledge worker migration, 785, Tokyo and foreigners, 2932-6 2285-90, 2567 2888 undocumented migrants, 1943-7 Jewish segregation, 3112—14 Know Nothing Party, US, 3069, Japanese migrants Jin dynasty, China, 997, 999-1000 3093 Californian farm workers, 1415 jobs see employment Kolkata see Calcutta US, 1415, 3059, 3070 Johnson, Joseph "Blind" Willie, Korea legislation in US, 3070 2250 post-late 19th century, 1972-7 women migrants, 3059 Johnson-Reed Act 1924, US, 638, Chinese migrants, 1019 Java, 1406 2238 ethnic enclaves, 1334-5 jazz, 2251-2 Jones, Tommy Lee, 1488 Japanese colonization, 1972-3 Jerusalem, Israel, 1123-4, 2388-9 , 2197 Japanese empire collapse, Jewish migrants/migrations Jordanes (6th century writer), 1912-13 19th century to present, 1959-71 1591 migration to Japan, 1439, antiquity, 1947-52 journeymen, Swedish, 2908-9 2932-3, 2935 diasporas, 1948-9 The Joy Luck Club (Wang, 1993), minorities in Asia, 1973—4 dispersal, 1947, 1948 1486 monoethnic/multiethnic, 1976 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3237

post-colonial political economy, ethnic enclaves, 1338-9 1850-1948, 1023-4 1974-6 ethnic niches, 1337-8 1977-present, 1037 US child adoption after war, 424 host country, 3136-7 capital accumulation, 1029-35 see also South Korea international migration, 2887 Chinatowns, 1017 Korean Zainichi migration, labor force participation, 1979 definitions, 981-6 1925-30 research, 2575 guest workers, 1626 Koreatown, Los Angeles, 1334—5 restructuring, 2924-5 Marxism, 2116 Koroyo Saram people, 1973-4 return migration, 2595 politics, 1049-50, 1052 Kosovo, 494-7, 1324 social capital, 2777-80 profit-driven institutions, see also Central and Eastern US, 3084-8 1005-11 Europe labor migration, 1986-2000 Singapore, 2754-5 Kosovo-Albanians, 2915 air travel, 493 Song era, 979-80 Kozole, Damjan, 1479 Algeria, 2143, 2197-9 students, 2894 Kurds Andean migration, 502—3 circular, 1053-62, 2588-9 Maghreb, 697 Arabs, 2194-200 citizenship, 1394-5 refugees and film, 1480 ASEAN, 2820-2 collective action, 2016-21 Turkey, 3008 Asia, 573 consequences of, 2003-4 Kuwait, 2196 asset development programs, convicts, 1107-11 Kyrgyzstan, 921-2 2382 Czechoslovakia, 1152-3 see also Central Asia Australia, 628-9 day laborers, 1156-9 Austria, 643 demographic deficit, 1160 labor from Bangladesh, 671-5 Denmark, 1173-4 agricultural requirements, 488—9 barriers, 1394, 1586 destinations, 3135-8 Arab diaspora in US, 530-1 to Belgium, 690-2 discrimination, 1234—5 Chilean nationality/gender, 957 bilateral agreements, 706-11 doctors, 1247-51 co-ethnic employees, 1087-91 bonded labor, 721-35 domestic workers, 1257-60 distribution in China, 1047 Bracero program, 3059-60 East Asia, 1625-9 flow regulation, 1996-7 brain-drain, 1385 economic aspects, 1143—4, free movement limitations, from Brazil, 749-55 2796-7 722-3 to Britain, 769-70 development, 1197-200 Hague Programme, 1631-2 building trades, 1377-8 drivers, 2186, 2190-1 India, 721-5, 2001-3, 2940 from Bulgaria, 781 ECOWAS, 1305-6 Indians in Fiji, 1758 Burma, 2263 Egypt, 2195,2196-7 Indonesia, 1818-19 Canada, 809-13 eldercare, 1536-9 Marxism, 1988-9, 1991, 2581-5 20th-century, 822-5 equality rights, 1394-5 Marx's reserve army of labor, bonded labor, 733, 1624 Europe, 1374-93, 1981-6 2581-5 guest workers, 1624 exploitation, 1393-8 Nazi concentration camps, 1099 Live-in Caregiver Program, family migration, 1402—6 neoliberal globalization, 2291 804-5 famine, 1409 regional regimes, 2994 migration to US, 819-20 feminization, 1422 restructuring, 2005-8, 2924-5 seasonal workers, 805-6 France, 1522-8 resurgence, 2010-13 Cape Verde, 2441 free movement, 1381-93 sociological perspectives, 2796-7 capitalism, 1991-2 GCC, 535-8 strikes/militancy, 530-1, 2016-21 care workers, 1536-9 gender, 1539-50 theory of value, 2114 Caribbean discrimination, 3158 trade, 2939 20th century to present, gendered programs, 1060-1 trafficking, 2737, 2959 848-9, 875-6 Latin America, 2042-7 vulnerability, 2535-8 agriculture, 831-5 US care workers, 1536-9 see also employment; individual gender, 868 global South workers, 1997 types; work... intra-regional movement, 837 guest workers, 1622-9 labor agreements, 706-11, 2820-2 post-World War II, 875 Gulf States, 535-8, 1060, 1624-5, labor associations see labor temporary/short-stay, 838 2195-7 organizations from Caucasus, 894—5 healthcare, 1536-9 labor force participation, 1978—81 from CEE countries, 927, 931 Indian construction industry, labor laws from Central America, 907-16 2646-50 Canada, 819 Central Asians, 922—4 Indians to Malaya, 2811-14 China, 1031 children, 933-6 international standards, 2199 labor markets China iron and steel industry, 1377 assimilation, 610 c.1400-1950, 1045-7 Japan, 1627 3238 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V labor migration (cont'd) skills, 2363-5, 2757-60 challenges/opportunities, 2926-7 Jordan, 2197 Slovakia, 1154 Chinese workers, 1032—3 Kuwait, 2196 social formation, 1988-9 collective action, 2016—21 Latin America, 2035-40 socialist countries, 2116 global North/South, 2005-15 gender, 2042-7 social protest, 1979-80, 2783-5 local-global scale, 2927-30 implications, 2056-7 source countries consequences, scales of, 2927-30 migration corridors, 2051 3136 temporary migrant workers, postcolonial theories, 2455 South America, 1994, 2807 2925-32 socioeconomic factors, 2055-6 Southeast Asia, 1625-9 US women migrants, 3058-9 ,2197 South Korea, 1627 see also trade unions low-skilled migrants, 2363-5 Spain, 2853^ LABORSTA, ILO, 2981 low-wage labor, 1980-1 sports, 2861-3 l'Acadie, 417-19 Maghreb, 2197-9 Sri Lanka, 2866-7 see also Acadian migration Malaysia, 1628, 2095-7 state authority, 1379-80 La Garde-Freinet (Fraxinetum), Malta, 2140 students, 2896 700 marriage migration, 2104-5 Sweden, 2907-11 La Graine et le Mulet (Kechiche, Marxist theory, 2115 Switzerland, 2913-16 2006), 1474 Mediterranean, 2142, 2143 Syria, 2197 Lahiri, Jhumpa, 2448 mercantilism, 1989 Taiwan, 1627-8 Laibach (Slovenian artists), 2251 Mexico, 2179-82, 2185-90, temporary, 2922-5 Lamerica (Amelio, 1994), 1473-5, 2192^4,2204 Thailand, 1628 1478 Middle East, 2194-200 theoretical foundations, 1986-7 Lammas Eco Village, Wales, 3127 militancy, 2016-21 trade impacts, 2939-40 land cultivation, China, 967 Moldova and Romania, 2644-5 trade unions, 1385 land ownership Morocco, 2197-9 transnationalism, 2978-84 America, 686-7 movement numbers, 2000—1 transport, 1375 Canada, 814 Napoleonic empire, 2268 transregionalism, 2996-7 Caribbean, 833^ national approaches, 3137 , 2197-9 Chinese migrations, 1001 nation building, 1979 Turkey, 3003-4, 3006-7, 3009-15 Uruguayan immigrants, 3122 Netherlands, 1181 types of migrants, 2001-3, land purchase, 2525, 2553 New Zealand, 630 3135-8 land reclamation, 1290-8 non-Jewish migrants in Israel, UK immigration, 3042 land restoration, 2568—9 3177 Ukraine, 3021 Landsmanshaften (HTA), 1663, Nordic countries, 2313-14, 2315 undocumented migration, 1665 to North America, 1992^ 3030-1 land use, 510, 3106 North-South wages, 1395-6 urbanization, 3117—18 language, 2021—5 Norway, 2333-5 US Africa, 453 overview, 1986-2000 from Canada, 733 Bantu, 454, 456-7 Pacific Islands, 2358, 2362-6 care workers, 1536-9 barriers, 2074, 2664 Pakistan, 2379-80, 2382, 2384 contemporary migration, Caucasus, 891 Philippines, 2403-4, 2406-8 3089-90 constitutional rights, 2027-8 policy trends 1980-2010, guest workers, 1623—4 Cuban people, 1127 1983-5 health care, 1536-9 economic factors, 1145 Portugal, 2435, 2439, 2440-1 internal migration, 3082 European ability, 1356 poverty/inequality, 2000-5 legislation, 3070-1 experiences, 2021-5 Puerto Rico, 2478-80 poverty, 2655 globalization, 2079 reasons for, 2003 wages, 1395-6, 3135-9 Inner Asia, 973, 974 recruiting agents, 2380 West Africa, 1305-6 Latin, 509 remittances, 2535-8 from West Indies, 3150 maintenance, 2023-4 restrictions, 1382, 1383, 1394 worker organization, 2005—15 medieval era, 453, 2664 risk management programs, worker rights, 2199 multidisciplinary perspectives, 2382 Yemen Arab Republic, 2196 2021-3 Romania and Moldova, 2644—5 see also economic migrants/ Old English, 509 Ruhr district, 1576 migration; employment; perspectives, 2021—5 rural sector, 2202-3 highly skilled IT workers; regions, 2994 Russia, 725-30, 2684 indentured migration; rights, 2025-9 SAPs, 2889 work... rural-urban migration, 2664 seasonal workers, 2705-10 labor organizations Scottish Isles, 2322 Singapore, 1626-7 anarchism, 2918-21 Silk Road, 2749, 2750-1 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3239

slaves, 2874 negative acculturation, 1637, legal status sojourner experiences, 2801 1638 Caribbeans to US, 855 state requirements, 2026-7 population in US, 3100-1 Central American migrants, subjective experience, 2021 sociocultural protection, 904-6 variations in experience, 2023—4 1637-8 Chinese migrants, 1050-1 language skills see also Central America; circular migration, 1055 Brazilians in US, 753, 754 individual countries; citizenship, 1071-7, 2723 business/professional migrants, Latino...; South America Latin American migrants, 2053, 786 Latin colonies, 2621-3 2055,2808 Canadian immigrants, 811 Latin Europe, 2881, 2882-3, 2884-5 slaves, 2766 student migration, 2896 Latin language, 509 South American migrants, 2808 West Indians to US, 3152 Latino migrants/migration statelessness, 2871-2 La noire de ... (Sembene, 1966), Arab diaspora, 530 temporary workers, 2922-3 1431,1490 contemporary migration, 3089 unaccompanied children, Laos/Lao refugees, 1811-12, intolerance, 1863^ 951-2 1814-15 military service, 2805 legislation La Placita, Arizona, 2160 remittances, 2542 Africa, 444-50 large-scale migration, 764-6 urbanization, 3110 Argentina, 548, 550 see also mass migration see also Latin America; United Australasia, 627-31 Las Cases, Emmanuel de, 1599-601 States Chile, 957-9 Last Train Home (Fan, 2009), 1491 "Latino Threat Narrative," 520-1 China, 968-72 La Tene culture, 2464 Latter-Day Saints see Mormons New Zealand, 629-30 Latin America Latvia, 666-7, 668 regularization programs, 2516 agriculture, 2030-5, 2055 see also Baltic States; Central and remittance policies, 2523 Caribbean migration, 838 Eastern Europe sex work, 2741 Chinatowns, 1016 law South America, 2806-10 Chinese diaspora, 1016, 1025 Chilean reforms, 957-9 Switzerland, 2914 Czechoslovakian migrants, 1151 discrimination, 1233, 1234, US, 3068-75 demographic transformation, 2062-3 worker rights and NGOs, 2308 1165 domestic violence, 1253—4 see also individual laws; law development, 2035^1 ethnic cleansing, 1331-2 Le Grand Derangement, Acadian ethnic identity, 2240 genocide, 1553, 1555-60 migration, 419-20 ethnic selection, 1340-5 German immigration, 1580-1 Lemkin, Raphael, 1554-5, 1556 film,1460-9 guest-worker programs, 1624 Leon the Professional (Besson, gender, 2042-7, 2057 homosexuality, 2062-3 1994), 1457-8 historical migration, 1462-3 immigrant rights movement, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender immigrant identity, 1237 1260-5 (LGBT) migration, 2061-6 Indian labor, 721, 722 international, 1331-2, 1553, see also gay migration internal migration, 2031, 1555-60 letters of immigrants, 2066-70 2047-50 jus sanguinis laws, 1266 as communication, 2066-7 international migration, 1195 jus soli laws, 1265 content, 2068 intra-regional migration, 2043 refugee status, 2428-31 definition, 2066 ISI model, 2030-4 Russian serfdom, 728 historical value, 2068-9 Jewish refugees, 2289 trafficking, 2958 historiographic trends, 2069 labor migration, 2455 see also legal...; individual laws; utility of, 2067-8 migration patterns, 2035—7 legislation Levantine city-kingdoms/coast, outmigration, ISI model, Law, Clara, 1440, 1441 1613,2411-15 2031-2 Law of Emphyteusis, 1294 Levittown concept, 2900-1 population, 1165, 1460, 1461 Lawrence, Lieutenant-Colonel lexicostatistics, 1781 regional cooperation/migration, Charles, 419-20 LGBT see lesbian, gay, bisexual, 2039-40, 2043 lay associations, 2224-5 transgender migration migration to/from Spain, 2853, laymen, 2694, 2698, 2952 liberal Canadian immigration 2854 LCP see Live-in Caregiver Program reforms, 802 structural reforms, 2887-8 leading questions, 2883-5 liberalism migration to US, 1466 learned citizens, 2695 Canadian citizenship, 811 gender, 2043-5 Lebanon,2143, 2197 China, 1039, 1044 health, 1636-40 legal absence, 2630-1 citizenship, 811, 1068-9 HHP, 1636-8 legalization programs see immigration policies, 769, 802 migration flows,2050-6 0 regularization programs see also neoliberalism 3240 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

liberal market economies, 1595-6 merchant communities, 2170 African countries, 477-81 liberation missionaries, 1149—50 Olympic Games 2012, 1565-6 Berbers/Arabs, 695-702 Liberia, 3050-1 Swedish students, 2912 migrants in France, 2721-8 see also Africa see also England labor migration, 2197-9 Libya Looking for Langston (Sankofa Film medieval era, 695—702 Egyptian migrant labor, 2195, Collective, 1989), 1452-3 see also Africa; Mediterranean... 2196 "loose packing" slave transportation magic realism, 2341 Italian migrants, 2144 method, 2875 Magyar tribes, 1696 see also Africa, Maghreb Los Angeles, US, 1334-5, 3081 "mail-order" brides, 493, 576, 2104, life courses, 1836 loss, movement as, 2799 2105,2737 life-cycles, 716-17 Lourdes pilgrimages, 2416-17 mail services, 2067 life events, 2800 Louisiana, US, 417-23 Malagasy language, 2090, 2091 life satisfaction, 516-17 love exiles, 2111 malaria, 2207 Likely to Become a Public Charge low-cost airlines, 493 Malawi, 2345 (LPC), 3059 Low German-speaking merchants, see also Africa Lima, Peru, 500-5 662-4 Malaya/Malaysia Lincoln, Abraham, 1316, 1317 low-skilled migrants, 2757, 1970s to present, 2094-9, 2095 Lindisfarne monastery, 2322, 3132 2759-60 Asia and gender, 579—81, linguistics European policies, 1984-5 583-4 anthropology, 2022-3 Latin America, 2037 CIMO paradigm, 1750, 1754 medieval Africa, 453-4 Pacific Islands, 2363-5 diaspora, 2097-9 see also language... recruitment policies, 2758 guest workers, 1628 Link, Caroline, 1432—3 remittance policies, 2522—3 immigration, 2094-5 literature, 2081-7 undocumented migration, Indian migration, 1750—7 arts and music, 563-4 3031 colonial-induced migration, child refugees, 2510-11 US black immigrants, 3053-5 1751-2 definitions, 2338 low-wage labor historical antecedents, 1751 globalization, 2077-81 African Americans vs human rights, 1753-5 migration studies, 2338—9 immigrants, 3054 and independence, 1752-3 novels and memoirs, 2338-42 Canadian demand, 875-6 plantation labor, 2811—14 recognition of, 2082-4 Chinese students, 2894 right of access, 1753-5 rethinking studies, 2085 Latin America, 2056 World War II, 1752-3 tourism, 2937-8 migration as source of, 1980-1 labor migration, 1628, 2095-7, see also novels and memoirs US legislation, 3070-1, 3072 2096 Lithuania, 666-7, 669 loyalty merchant communities, see also Baltic States; Central and exit—voice relationships, 2783, 2814-15 Eastern Europe 2789 migrant workers, 2095, 2097 little Italies, 1883 impeding use of voice, 2784 non-Malaysian citizens, 2094 lived space, 2969 nationality policies, 2271-2 return migration, 2098 Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP), voice development, 2785-6 Sikh migration, 2814 804-5, 1061 LPC see Likely to Become a Public Maldoror, Sarah, 1432 livelihood approach, sustainability, Charge male-biased histories, 868-9 2904 Luso-Brazilian slave trade, 2442—7 Male slave revolt, Brazil, 2446 Liverpool, England, 1564 Mali, 458, 1231 living conditions, 3135 Macedonia, 779-80, 1207 see also Africa loans, 606-7 Madagascar Malik, Yunus, 1499 local government, 2832-3 Austronesian migration, Malta, 2139, 2140 localism, 2905, 2970-4 2089-91 Mamluks/Mamluk empire, 697, local-place associations, 1007-9 Indian Ocean slavery, 1766-7 2120,2257 local-global links, 1150-1, medieval Africa, 457 managed migration, 2114-15 2927-30 slave trade growth, 1288-9 managerial occupations, 1732 location decisions, 1143-4, 2889 , island of, 2434, 2438 Manchuria, China, 1042, 1912-13, Lockwood, David, 1113-14 Mafia 2498-9 Lombard migrations, 678 history, 2354-5 Manifest Destiny belief, 3047, Lombroso Mafia myth, 2352-7 Lombroso myth, 2352-7 3049-50 Lom people, 2614-15 mythology adaptations, 2355-6 Manila, Philippines, 1663 London Magdeburg Law, 1294—5 manufacturing workers, 2979-82 Chinatown, 1017 Maghreb Mao Zedong, 1013, 1035-6 Clays Lane housing estate, 1565 7th-9th centuries, 695-6 maps INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3241

barbarian invasions, 1599-602, same-sex partners, 2111 community, 1796-7 7600 terminology, 2104-6 diasporas, 1794 geographies of migration, Martin company, 2235-6 indigenous migrations, 1570-2, 7577 Martinique, 864-6, 1741 1793-800 Mapuche people, 1782 see also Caribbean metropolis, 1794-5 Mapungubwe (African kingdom), martyrdom, 568 mobility, 1795-6 456-7 Marxism, 2112-17 prospects, 1798 maquiladoras (export assembly critiques of, 2115—16 trends, 1798 plants), 1199,2191 development and migration, Maya people maquila exports, 911—13, 972 2459-60 Guatemalan genocide, 1558 Marcuse, Peter, 1563 economic drivers of migration, indigenous migration, 1782 margin alization 2113-14 Mayan-speaking peoples, 1781 Chinese migrants, 1051-2 labor medieval era people, 2119 •' cinematic depiction, 1478-80 associations, 2018-19 May Day rallies, US, 2019-20 labor migration, 2006 labor migration, 1988-9, 1991 McCarran-Walter Act 1952, 2181 political exiles, 2953 restructuring, 2006 MDBs see migration development Mariel boatlift, Cuba, 1131-2, 1135 theory of value, 2114 banks maritime migration, 2099-104 profit and wages, 2114 Mecca, 2254, 2258 China and trade, 1001-2, 1019 US nativism, 3094 mechanization, 489, 2581-4 Phoenician travel, 2412-13 Marx's reserve army of labor, media technology, 1139—43 prehistoric migration, 2099 2581-5 medical anthropology, 521 slave trade, 482, 486-7, 2875 army of labor, 2582-3 medical brain-drain, 743-9 transportation, 482, 486-7, 2875 capitalist political economies, medical evacuation, 437—44 see also boat...; sea...; ship... 2581-2 medical expertise, 441 market access, GATS, 3169-71 contemporary capitalism, medical migration, 1247—51 market economies, 1029, 1052, 2583-5 see also care workers; doctors; 2989 economic expansions, 2584 health care; nurses market forces, globalization, 2905 economic growth, 2581 Medici family, 2954 Marlborough (slave ship), 2747 latent reserve, 2582-3 medieval era, 2117-26 Maronite Christians, 2143 migrant political rights, 2584—5 see also under individual topics Maroon people, 874 working class, 2582-3 Medina, 2254, 2258 MARRI see Migration Asylum masculinity, 798-9, 803-4 Mediterranean, 2126-55 Refugees Return masculinization, 2825 19th century, 2140-3 marriage mass exits, 2783-5 African slaves, 2140 foreign marriages, 2864—5 Massey, Douglas, 2210 agriculture, 2138 Indian migration, 1545, 1747-8 mass migration ancient era, 1210-13, 1609-22, preindustrial era, 1360 Basque, 686-7 2126-9 US "marriage bar," 3058 Chinese, 965-6, 1001-2, 1042 Arab-Islamic expansionism, 2150 Vietnam, 1544 Cuba, 1131 Barbarian invasions, 2149 West Africa, 1307 displacements, 1553-62, 3149 Berbers/Arabs, 701 marriage migration, 2104-12, 2118, genocide, 1553-62 classical cities, 1202-5 2864-5 India-Pakistan partition, 1737-8 climate, 2139-40 arranged marriages, 2111 Italian migration, 1880-3, 1884 corsair economy, 2139 Asia, 2105, 2106-7 large-scale migration, 764—5 droughts, 2141 Belgian route, 2111 Manchuria, 1042 expulsions/relocations, 2136-7 citizenship, 2110 medieval era, 2120-3 fatalities among migrants, 2145 discrimination, 2107 Qin China, 996 fondacos, 2152 eldercare, 2106 Romania and Moldova, 2644-5 gay migration, 1532-3 Europe, 2108-12 Song China, 977-80 gender, 2132 gender, 2107, 2110 transnationalism, 2216-17 geography, 2130 "GI brides," 2105 wars, 3149 Grand Tour, 2142 guest workers, 2110-11 West Indies-US, 3149-55 Greek colonization, 1609-22 international marriages, 2104-6 see also ethnic cleansing ; forced historical frameworks, 2131 labor migration, 2104—5 migration illegal immigration, 2145 love exiles, 2111 matchmaking agencies, 2106 indentured labor, 2142 "mail-order" brides, 493, 576, Maula Jat (Malik, 1979), 1499 Islamic states, 2131-6, 2150 2104,2105,2737 Maupin, Armistead, 1533 labor migration, 2140, 2142, 2143 Netherlands, 2109-10 Mauritius, 1768-9 Latin-Christian expansionism, "power geometry," 2105-6 Maya America, 1793-800 2150-2 3242 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Mediterranean (cont'd) mental maps, 2577 Institute of Mexicans Abroad, maritime transport, 2130-1 MEO see Military Evacuation 2221 medieval era, 701, 1125, 2148-55 Organization labor migration, 2179-82, Muslim empire, 2131, 2132, mercantilism, 1989, 2950 2192-4,2204 2133-6, 2150 Mercer, Kobena, 2084-5 1980s to present, 2185-90 navigability of sea, 2130—1 merchants, 2168-73 educational attainments, 2187, north to south migration, 2141 Baltic Sea migrations, 662—4 2193 Ottoman empire, 2138-40 Burma, 2814-15 employment sectors, 2187 Pax Romana, 2132-3 Chinese migrations, 1007-8, geographic distribution, 2188 Phoenicians, 2411-15 1020-1 poverty, 2187, 2193 population, 1210-13, 2128 communities, 2168-73 sending states, 2187-8 religious migration, 2137 Genoese in Caribbean, 2858 temporality, 2188 resources, 2130 German-speaking, 662-4 trends, 2188-9 Roman world mobility, 2627—8, Malaya, 2814-15 maquiladoras, 1199, 2191 2636-7 medieval era, 2947—56 migration corridors, 2050-1 sailing, 2130-1 Mercia (English kingdom), 774, migration patterns, 2036 Silk route, 2133, 2748-53 775 NAFTA, 2183-4 sugar industry, 2138 MERCOSUR, Argentina, 550 remittances, 2194, 2218-20, topography, 2130 Merinid dynasty, 699-700 2526-9, 2547-9, 2554, 2558, tourism, 2142 Mesoamerica, 2119 2564 trade, 2134, 2140, 2152, 2748-53 Mesopotamian migration, 2173—9 rural-urban migration, 1420 transportation, 2130-1, 2133 metallurgy in prehistory, 3162 second generation, 2718-19 trans-Saharan trade, 2140 methodological nationalism, 2272 socioeconomic factors, 2052, World War I, 2143-4 Metis people, 1789 2054-6 megalifhic sites, India, 2398-9 metropolitan areas Spanish rule, 2849, 2850 Mekong borderlands, 736-8 African Caribbeans in Europe, migration to US, 1775-9, 2179-94 Melanesia, 2358-9 828-9 "alien" migrants, 1776 melting pot theory, 2155—8 Brazil, 758-9, 759, 760, 767 Bracero Program, 3059-60, assimilationism, 2155 commuting, 1091—5 3071 cultural diversity, 2156-7 definition, 2899 cinematic depiction, 1487-8 equality, 2155 settler migration, 2733—4 contribution to economy, historical origins, 2155—6 Mexican-origin immigration, to 2192-4 ideological views, 1703 United States, 1775-9 dynamics, 2191-2 as mythology, 2158 Mexican populations, US housing, economic drivers, 2186, racial diversity, 2156—7 1965 to present, 1677-8 2190-1 social cohesion, 2155 Mexico/Mexican migrants farm workers, 1414, 1415, memoirs see novels and memoirs agrarian change, 2203-5 1416 Memorandums of Understanding Anglo-American immigration, internal migration, 3078, 3081 (MOUs), 708 505-8 intolerance, 1862 memory, 2158-64 19th to early 20th century, nativism, 2277 cultural, 1138-43,2159 505-8 surplus transfers, 2193—4 and history of film, 1449—54 "colonization" law, 506 undocumented migrants, "lieux de memoire," 2161-3 Diaz regime, 507 3037-8 mediated flows, 1140-1 Mexican independence, 506 US border, 735, 738-9, 2050-1 migration museums, 2161-3 US-Mexican War, 507 war with US, 507, 3049 research, 2159 Bracero Program, 1416-17, 1419 see also Central America; Latin social, 1138-43 coffee production, 1400—1 America theories, 2159 consular services, 2220—1 Mfecane (Difaqane) period, mendicant orders, 2698 disguised maquila, 2191 Southern Africa, 2836 Mengestu, Dinaw, 2450 economic development, 2218-21 Michoacan, Mexico, 1665 Mennonites, 1575 economy, 2186, 2191 microenterprises, 2527-8, 2551 mental health, 2164-8 ethnic selection, 1342 microfinance, 2561 children's migration, 941—2 export assembly plants, 1199 Micronesia, 2359 enhancers, 2166—7 fair trade, 1399, 1400-1 MIDA see Migration for historical context, 2165 farm workers, 1416-17 Development in Africa misdiagnosis, 2165 film, 1456, 1487-8 Middle Ages, 2693 stressors, 2166-7, 2470 HTAs, 1663, 1664-6 see also medieval era see also psychological aspects, illegal migration, 2180—4 Middle East disillusionment indigenous migrations, 1798 cities, 2258 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3243

cultural change, 2259 migration development banks Seleucid empire, 2728 Filipino migrants, 2407 (MDBs), 895 Siberian colonization, 2667 human rights activism, 1684 migration flow see also armies India, 1731 China, 987 Ming period, China, 1000-1, 1005, Jewish migration, 1957-8 definitions, 981, 986 1020-2, 1039, 1040-2, 1044 labor migration, 2194-200 Europe, 1982, 2943 mining activities, 2825 medieval era, 1123-6, 1957-8, Latin America, 2036, 2050-60 Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs 2253-61 regulating labor flows, 1996-7 (MOIA), 1735 outmigration, 2197—9 Sri Lanka, 2865-6 minority banks, 603-8 Pakistani migrants, 2379-80 types in Europe, 2943 minority groups plague, 2254, 2255 migration industry, 2877 forced migration, 1512 plantation slavery, 2258 Migration Laws, Argentina, 550 victimization of, 1118 Sri Lankan migrants, 2866—7 migration management, 917—19, see also ethnic enclaves ; ethnic Turkish migrants, 3010 966-8, 1194 niches wars, 3140-1 migration museums, 2161-3 minority writers, 2084-5 middleman minorities, 1728-9, migration networks, 1825 MISIFEN law, France, 1524 2796 migration policies missionaries, 565, 567-71, 2222-6 Middle Nile valley, 454-6 Australia, 628-9 effects of, 570-1 Middle Passage, 2744-8 Berne Initiative, 702—6 medieval era, 565, 567-71 MIF see Multilateral Investment Europe, 1982-5, 2217, 2916 remaining/returning, 569-70 Fund New Zealand, 629-30 societies, 2224-5 migrant categories, 2423 poverty/inequality, 2004 Missionaries of St. Charles Migrante International, 2309-10 security issues, 2216 (Scalabrinians), migrant mobilization debate, terrorism, 2216 2224-5, 2689-93 2349-51 transformation, 2215—16 Mississauga, Canada, 1681 migrant organizations, 1596 west Africa, 1304-5 Mississippian culture, 2119 migrant rights see rights of zero-migration policies, 1982 Mithridates, massacre of, 2127 migrants see also immigration policies mleccha (foreign invaders), migrant workers migration scholarship, 2986-7 1718-20 African immigration, 448-9 Migrations (Salgado), 2453-8 MNCs see multinational Chinese, 1029-35, 1052 migration stock, 981, 986, 1982 corporations collective action, 2016-21 migration-development nexus, mobilities approach, social theory, labor market adaptation, 1339 3155-6 1848-9 literature, 2341-2 migratory agents mobility, 2226-9 precariousness of, 1997-8 diplomats as, 2946 African medical evacuation, 442 rights, 2307-9 settlement/trading networks, circular migration, 1055-6 temporary, 2922-32 2946 continuum, 2998 trafficking, 2959 translocalism, 2972 costs of, 2228 unions, 2350 see also recruiting agents definition, 3161 wages, 3135-9 Mike and Stefani (Williams, 1952), economic development, 2461 see also labor migration 1435-6 everyday forms, 2226 Migrant Workers Convention, 1683 Mikmaq people, 417, 420 feminization, 2839 -Migration Asylum Refugees Return militancy gender, 2827-8 (MARRI), 648-9 Chinese workers, 1034 global inequality, 2227-8 migration control, 2208—17 see also protest; strikes India, ancient era, 2397-401 conceptual features, 2211-12 militarization process, 2803 Inner Asia, 974 empirical features, 2211-12 Military Evacuation Organization labor migration, 1143-4, 2000-1, institutional approaches, (MEO), 1737 2980-2 2209-10 military issues Melanesia, 2358 means of, 2210-11 Chilean migration, 954-5 nationality policies, 2273 political approaches, 2209 China/Chinese students, 975-6, regulation, 2273 state capacity, 2208-11 2891 research, 2226-7, 2573-4 see also border control citizenship, 2802-6 settler migration, 2734-5 migration corridors, 2050-1 crusades, 1123-6 Silk Road, 2749 migration decisions, 1143-4, 2889 dictatorships, 954-5 slavery, 2964 migration definitions, 1143, 1359, expeditions, 1123-6,2953 Southern Africa, 2827-8 1428-9,3161 Indians in South Pacific, 1760 Tang China, 974 Migration for Development in military service, 2802-6, 2891 theory, 2227-8 Africa (MIDA), 472 Russian conscription, 729-30 transition model, 2071-2 3244 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V modern era see under individual gay migration, 1533 critiques of, 2241 topics gender order, 1544 cultural diversity, 2239 modernization HTAs, 1665 differences of endowment, 2240 Andean migration, 502 illegal migration, 1182 equal opportunities, 2240 marginality concept, 2006 labor migration, 2197-9 evolution of term, 2237 North-South migration, 2327 migration to Netherlands, 1182 film,1478-80 MOIA see Ministry of Overseas Operation Moroccan Workers France, 2726 Indian Affairs Abroad,2219 ideologies, 1705 Moldova remittances, 2218-20 integration, 1597 1990 to 2010, 2644-5 see also Africa, Maghreb Norway, 2335 mass migrations, 2644-5 mortality rates race relations, 2238-9 before World War I, 2641 concentration camps, 1096, resistance to, 1355—6 World War II to 1990, 2643 1098, 1100 social policy, 2240 see also Balkans; Romania and demographic change, 1164 social theory, 1848 Moldova slave ships, 2964 theories, 1848, 2237, 2239-41 Moluccan migrants, 2295 mortgages, 606-7 use of term, 2237 monasteries, 788, 2400-1 Moscow whiteness, 2241 monastic culture, 2696, 2698 17th-19th centuries, 2669 women migrants, 1350-1 money transfer operators/ Grand Duchy of Moscow, 2666 see also diversity organizations (MTOs), Russian internal migration, 2676 multigenerational ethnic 1844, 2523, 2526-7 motivations formations, 1121-2 money transfers internal—international links, Multilateral Investment Fund African diasporas, 469, 471, 474, 2075-6 (MIF), 2038 476 sanctuary activists, 2687 multilateralism, 2242-8 African migration to UK, 474, Southern African migrations, cooperative migration 476 2830-2 governance, 2245, Armenian diaspora, 559 for travel/migration, 2998, 3000 2246-7 see also financial...; remittances MOUs see Memorandums of free movement of people, 2243 Mongols Understanding global regime development, Chinese migrations, 974, Mozambique 2243-4,2245 999-1001, 2752 environment migration, 1079, illegal migration, 2244—5 medieval era, 2122-3, 2878-85 1080 regional governance, 2245-6 Silk Road, 2752 film,1431-2 trade agreements, 2922 Steppe people, 2878-85 HIV-AIDS migration, 1661 see also bilateral labor monks, 2123-4 Indian Ocean slave trading, agreements; human rights; monocentric urban model of 1766-7 rights... commuting, 1092 Portuguese migrants, 2436, 2440 multinational corporations monsoons, 2816 refugees, 2449 (MNCs), 1177 Montevideo, Uruguay, 3121-2 slave trade, 1286, 1766-7 multinationalization of citizenship, , 2845 women and wellbeing, 1422 1075 moral contagion, 638-9 MTOs see money transfer multiple citizenship, 1064-5 moral entrepreneurs, 1715 operators/organizations Mumbai, India, 1565 moral resources, migrant rights, Mudejares people, 2506, 2507 music, 2248-53 1113-14 Muhammad the Prophet, 2254 Britain, 770-1 Moravians, 1221,2771-2 multicentered diasporas, 1120-1 globalization, 2079 moriscas (newly converted multicultural education, 2703^ see also arts/crafts/music Muslims), 2858 multiculturalism, 2237-42 Muslim empire Moriscos, Maghreb, 697 affirmative action, 2240 Christian conflict, 2133, 2134-5 Mormons anthropology, 520 medieval migration, 2120 founding of Mormonism, assimilationism, 2237—8 Mediterranean colonization, 2229-30 Australia, 639-40 2133-6,2150 migration to Utah, 2229-36 Belgium, 693 Muslims Pioneer Company, 2231, Canada, 811-12, 822, 1246 amsar, 2256 2232-3 Chinatowns, 1017 armies, 2255 Morocco citizenship, 1069-70 Balkans, 3015-20 African diasporas, 470 color-blind/conscious policies, Belgium, 693-4 banking, 2219 2240 Byzantium, 790-3 circular migration, 1061 contemporary theory, 2239—41 camp-cities, 2256 economic development, 2218-20 cosmopolitanism, 2239-40 Caribbean, 2858 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3245

Chinese migrations, 996, 1002 dislocations, 2267-8 literature, 2081-2 cultural change, 2259 French emigres, 2267 Ottoman period, 3002 diaspora, 1121 imperial administrations, 2267-8 nationes (trader groups), 2952 dress, 1423-4 labor migrations, 2268 nationhood, Bulgaria, 779—80 Europe, 1068, 1356, 1423 Mediterranean, 2140 nation-states forced migration, 656, 2257-8, political refugees, 2266 citizenship, 1063-77 3001-3 revolution, 2266—7 cosmopolitanism, 1112-16 foreign soldiers, 2257 war, 2140, 2266-9 Norway, 2333—5 France, 1424, 1521 narratives, 2694-5 trade unions and, 2011 French Maghrebi, 2725—6 nation transculturalism, 2967 Fulbe migrations, 431 building, 1979, 2081-2, 3002 translocalism, 2971 hajj, 1633-6, 2418 memory, 2159-60 transnational social ties/spaces, headscarf ban, 1424 silence, 2160-1 2986 Indian Ocean migrations, 2817 see also state... Native Americans, 1802-3, 3047-50 India-Bangladesh border, 737 national borders Central America, 902 integration into Europe, 1423 Asia, 736-8 Cuba, 1126-7 Iranian Zoroastrian diaspora, citizenship, 649—50 discrimination, 2157 1865-6 cultural bonds, 739-42 displacement, 3048-9 Islamic religion, 1423—4, shifts of, 735-6 Manifest Destiny, 3047, 3049-50 2259-60, 2520 national cinema, 1454-5, 1458-9, northbound slave trade, 2961 Maghreb, 695-702 1477-8,1504-9 resistance, 3047-8 medieval era, 2137, 2253-61, national cultures, 843, 2084-5 native doctors, 1727 2763, 2765, 2845-7 national development, 2532-4 nativism, 2275-81 merchant networks, 2171 national identity 18th-19th centuries, 2276 .military expansion, 2254-6 Bulgaria, 779 Europe, 2277-8 nativism, 2279 ideological views, 1703-4 film,1472-3 Reconquista, 2503-7 transculturalism, 2969 post-nationalism, 2279 religion, 1423^, 2259-60, National Institute of Information transnationalism, 2279 2520 Technology (NUT), 1647 US, 1861-4, 2276-7, 3093-8 scholars, 2258-9 nationalism see also xenophobia slave trade, 2257-8, 2763, 2765 conflict research, 3146 nativity, 2281^4 Spain, 2137, 2845, 2846-7 ethnic pride, 1324-7 natural disasters, 1228-32, 1515 traders, 2951 forced migration, 655-6, 3002 children, 935, 938 Turkey, 3001^4, 3005 Germany, 1576—7 Chinese migrations, 999 urbanization, 3114 nativism, 2276 outmigration, 1230 see also Islam racism, 2484 protection against, 1229 Mussolini, Benito, 1883^ scholarship, 2986 rapid-onset disasters, 1228 Myanmar, 2261-5 Turkey, 3002 research, 1229, 1231 economic migration, 2262-3 see also transnationalism resilience, 1231 ethnic conflict, 2261 nationality slow-onset disasters, 1228 forced migration, 2261-2, 2822 Chile, 957 Southern Africa, 2832 future of migration, 2263—4 civic nationality, 1268 tsunamis, 1230, 1942 Indian assimilation, 1770—4 policies, 2270-5 types, 1228 labor migration, 2263 race, 2491-5 vulnerability to, 1229, 1230 merchant communities, 2814—15 statelessness, 2871-2 natural experiments, 3137 military rule, 2261 see also citizenship naturalization refugees, 2262 Nationality Law, China, 969-71 Canada, 811 myths, 2123 National Museum of African citizenship, 1265, 1266 American History and Europe, 1358 Nadir Shah, 2178 Culture, 2162 legal status, 1072-3 Naficy, Hamid, 1507 national-origin quotas, US, 1863 policies, 1066 NAFTA see North American Free National Origins Act (1924), US, practices, 811, 1063^4, 1066, Trade Agreement 2180 1072-3 , 1553 National Origins Quota Acts, US, rates, 1066 see also Africa; Southern Africa 3096 natural persons, GATS, 3167-8, Nanbeichao period, China, 997-8 national pride, 1324—7 3170 Napoleonic empire, 2266-70 national security, US, 3073 natural resources aftermath of war, 2269 nation building Arctic migrations, 547 Caribbean revolution, 2268-9 labor migration, 1979 DRC exploitation, 1105 3246 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Naucratis, Egypt, 1618 deportation, 1179-83,7787, HTAs, 1663,1666 Nauvoo, Illinois, 2230-1 2294 Puerto Rican migrants, 2478-9, Nava, Gregory, 1487, 1492-3 displaced persons, 2297 2480 navvies, Swedish, 2909-10 Dutch colonial empire, 2295 West Indians, 3150, 3152 ndyaka (military leader), 1721 Dutch East Indies, 1272-3, 2295 New York Protocol (refugee status), Nazi Germany, 2284-90 emphasis on emigration, 2295 3045 1933-37, 2285-7 European migration to, 2294 New Zealand 1938-41, 2287-90 gender patterns, 1352-3 19th century to present, Austria, 642 guest-worker programs, 2296 2298-301 flight dynamics from, 2285-90 illegal immigrants, 1182 CER with Australia, 2941 Nazis integration policies, 1355, changes of policy, 2299 concentration camps, 1099—100 2296-7 Chinese migrants, 1025 deportation, 1184 Jewish refugees from Nazi contemporary immigration, displaced persons, 1242-3 Germany, 2288-9 2298-9 forced labor, 1577 labor migration, 1181 emigration, 2300-1 genocide, 1555, 1577 marriage migration, 2109-10 Fijian migrants, 2363 Nazism, Soviet-Nazi War 1941-45, mixed marriages, 2109-10 film, 1435, 1437 2672 Moroccan illegal immigrants, immigration policy, 2362 Neanderthals, 712-13 1182 labor market access, 2362-6 negative acculturation, 1637, 1638 post-World War II, 2295 legislation, 629-30 negative life events, 2800 refugees, 1182,2297 employment migration, 630 negative population growth, 1168 registration, 2294 family migration, 629 negative self-selection, 3135-6 restrictions, 2294 labor migration, 630 neglect, 2784 Sephardic Jews, 2170 migration policies, 629-30 negotiation, 741-2, 2634-6 sex workers, 2743 Samoan Quota Scheme, 630 Negritude, 2340-1 Surinam colony, 1273—4, 2296 management policies, 2299-300 Negro spirituals, 2249 Suriname, 848-9, 1273-4, 2296 Pacific-Island-born population, neoclassical economics undocumented children, 3027 2365 labor migration, 3137 see also Dutch... populations by birthplace, 2300 migration explanations, 2979 networks, 2780-2 seasonal worker programs, social networks, 2795 British immigration, 769 2365-6 urbanization, 3117 internal-international links, NGOs see nongovernmental neocolonialism, 523-7, 1177, 2484 2075-6 organizations see also imperialism labor market outcomes, 2777—8 Nicaragua neoliberal globalization, 2290-4 research on migration, 2576 1960s to present, 902-7 basic features, 2290-1 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2692 Costa Rican border, 918-19 forced migration, 2292-3 Southern African migrants, 2841 fair trade, 1400 unequal development, 2291-2 transnationalism, 2989 gendered migration, 897-901 neoliberalism war-created diasporas, 2804 see also Central America agriculture, 2032—4 see also social networks; trade niche labor markets, 1979 Caribbean migrants and, 851 networks NIEs see newly industrialized globalization, 2290-4 New Caledonia, 1109, 2395-6 economics Latin American, 2032—4 "New Commonwealth" Niger, 1079, 1080-1 migration restrictions, 1199 immigration, 525-6 see also Africa public health, 2471 New Delhi, India, 2646-50 Nigeria, 2301-6 structural reforms, 2887-8 New Europe, 1476-81 agriculture, 490-1 see also liberalism New Guinea, 1437-8 Biafran civil war, 1557, 2449 Nepal, 1721, 1724 New Labour, UK, 1564 causes of migration, 2303 see also South Asia newly industrialized economics civil war, 1557 Nestorian Tablet, 571 (NIEs), 2866-7 continental mobility, 2301-2 Netherlands new migration, 2291 culture, 2305 19th-20th centuries, 2294-8 New Sanctuary Movement (NSM), development/underdevelopment, Antilles colony, 1274-5 2687 2304-5 asylum-seekers, 1182 New South Wales, 2395 migration to DRC, 1104 migration to Caribbean, New Spain, Mexico, 2850 economic integration, 1303 848-50 New World see North America; experience of migration, 2304 circular migration, 2296 South America exploitation, 2303-4 colonial migration, 1271-5, New York City forced migration, 2302-3 1370-3 day laborers, 1157 Fulbe migrations, 432-3 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3247

guest workers, 1307-8 non-refoulement principles, 1684, European migration, 2100 Ibo genocide, 1557 1839-40 film,1481-9 immigration policies, 1304 non-resident Indians (NRIs), guest workers, 1623—4 legislation, 446, 447-9 1495-8 international migration, 1195 post-independence era, non-status people, Canada, labor migration, 1992-A 2302-3 1789-90 Mississippian culture, 2119 poverty, 2303-4, 3157 Nora, Pierre, 2159 Nordic migrants, 2910 refugees, fictional narratives, Nordic countries, 2311-20 penal colonization, 2394 2449 19th-20th century, 2312-13 rural migration, 2650—4 regional mobility, 2301—2 cultural diversity, 2316-18 seasonal migration, 1623-4, women and poverty, 3157 Eastern European migration, 2707 Nikkeijin people, 575, 1904-8, 2316 Swiss migrants, 2913 1939-43 Icelandic immigration 1990- transatlantic migration, 1365-6 Nile valley, 454-6 2010,2316 see also Canada; United States NISRA see Northern Ireland immigration, 2312—13, 2314, North American Free Trade Statistics and Research 2316 Agreement (NAFTA), 879, Agency mass emigration, 2311, 2312 1777-8,2183-4,2488 Nkrumah, President Kwame, migration to US, 2313-15, 2910 North Atlantic migration 523-4, 1303 opposition to immigration, early history, 2321 Nobel Peace Prize, 3046 2316-18 Faroes, 2320, 2321, 2322 nobility migration, 664—5, 2908 post-Soviet Union migration, Greenland, 2320, 2323 noblemen, 2699 2316 Iceland, 2320, 2321, 2322-3, La noire de ... (Sembene, 1966), post-World War II immigration, 2324 1431, 1490 2315 maritime trade, 2101 Nok people, 461 restrictions to immigration, Northern and Western Isles, nomadism, 2879-80 2316-18 2321-2 African agriculture, 489-90 transnationalism, 2316-18 raiding vs colonizing, 2323-4 borderlands, 740 see also individual countries trade, 2102-3 communities, 2879-80 Normandy, Duchy of, 3132—3 Viking Age, 2320-6 concept of, 740 Normans, 3129-34 Vinland, 2323 definition, 3161 Britain, 776-8 see also Atlantic... deportation, 2178 Italy, 701 Northeast Asia, 1026, 1973-4 Fulbe migrations, 430 Mediterranean conquests, 2136, see also Asia Latin Europe, 2881-5 2150-1 Northern Ireland Statistics and Silk Road, 2749-53 Norman Conquest, 776—7, 2121 Research Agency (NISRA), tribesmen, 430, 2178 Norse migration/settlements, 1828 Turks, 790-3, 3018 774-5, 2323-4 North-South divide non-binding standards, 1855-6 see also North Atlantic migration "global apartheid," 1397 noncitizens see statelessness North Africa pilgrimage, 2418 non-EU nationals, 1854 immigration legislation, 447 super-exploitation, 1397 nongovernmental organizations Jewish migration, 1957-8 wage differentials, 1395-6 (NGOs), 2307-11 Roman colonization, 2624—5 North—South migration, 2326—32 advocacy model, 2308-9 trade, 2134 changing causes, 2329-30 Balkans, 647-8 World War I, 2143 historical overview, 2327-8 BLA roles, 709 see also Africa; Mediterranean intervening opportunities, 2329 child human rights, 949 North America modern global migration, diaspora development, 1189 Alaska 541, 543 2328-9 empowering migrants, Anasazis people, 2119 understanding relations, 2330-1 2309-10 British colonialism, 1366 see also South-North migration enhancing democracy, 2311 British migrants, 1108 northwestern Europe, labor formed by migrants, 2309 Caribbean migrants, 845, 850-3 migration, 1982 integrating models, 2310 Chinatowns, 1016, 1017 Norway models, 2307-11 Chinese diaspora, 1024-5 19th century to present, 2332-8 rights of workers, 2307-9 convict labor/transportation, early 21st century, 2336—7 services for migrants, 2310 1108,2394 career migrants, 2332-3 undocumented migrants, 3027 cross-cultural bonds, 1121-2 dynastic states, 2332-3 non-hukou population series B—G, demographic change, 1162—3 emigration, 2337 China, 984-6, 992 ethnic pride, 1325 labor migration, 2333-5 non-nationals, 1704, 1706 European migrants, 813—14 nation-state, 2333-5 3248 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Norway (cont'd) OIC see Organization of the Ottoman empire North Atlantic migration, 2320 Islamic Conference 18th-20th century Turkey, post-World War II, 2334 oil, 535, 1310 3001-5 refugees and welfare state, Okies farm laborers, 1415-16 Albanian-speaking migration, 2335-6 Old , 509 494-5 Swedish migrants, 2909, 2912 Old Kingdom, Romania/Moldova, Arab diaspora in US, 528 undocumented migration, 2640, 2641 Armenian genocide, 1553 3034-5 Olympic Games, 1565-6 Byzantium, 788, 791, 792 before World War I, 2333-4 Omani Arabs, 1284 medieval era, 2131, 2138-40 see also Nordic countries; omitted variable bias, 2655 Mediterranean, 2131, 2138-40 Scandinavia Once upon a Time in China and Muslim migrations, 3015—20 no-slaving zones, 2761-2, 2765-6 America (Hung, 1997), Roma migrations, 2612, 2614, novels and memoirs, 2338—43 1440 2615 genre boundaries, 2339—40 One Nation Party, Australia, 640 slave trade/slavery, 2139 Harlem Renaissance, 2340 ONS see Office of National World War I, 2144 magic realism, 2341 Statistics outmigration migrant/guest worker literature, Ontario, Canada, 1808-9 Bulgaria, 781-2 2341-2 open borders, 1685 Canada, 817 Negritude, 2340-1 open slavery systems, 2761 DRC, 1102-4 novels and stories, 2447-52 Operation Exodus, 1812 Latin America, 2031-2, 2050-1 No via Scotia, 418-19 Operation Moroccan Workers Ottoman period, 3003 see also l'Acadie Abroad, 2219 sub-Saharan Africa, 3156—7 Nowhere in Africa (Link, 2001), Operation Wetback, 1862, 2182 systems research approach, 1432-3 OPF see Overseas Pakistanis 2577-8 NRIs see non-resident Indians Foundation see also external migration NSM see New Sanctuary Opium Wars, China, 1023, 1045 outsourcing Movement oracle bone records, 962—3 domestic work, 1544 Nuba genocide, Sudan, 1558 oral memories, 2159 Marx's reserve army of labor, Nubia, medieval Africa, 454—5, 459 oral traditions, 962—3 2582,2584 nuclear family model, 2976-7 Orderly Departure Program (ODP), of production, 1395, 1397 nuclear meltdown, Japan, 1942 Indochina, 1814 services, 1590 Nuremberg war crimes trials, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, outward migration, 1843 1555-6 US, 3069 "overforeignization" debate, nurses, 2343-6, 2406-7 ordination of clerics, 2694 2914-15 see also health-care professionals Organisation of African Unity overpopulation, 2903—4, 3156 Nyamwezi people, 1288 (OAU), 462, 464 overseas contract workers (OCWs), Organisation for Economic 2867 OAU see Organisation of African Co-operation and overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), Unity Development (OECD) 2406-8 Obama, Barack, 533 health-care professionals, 2343 overseas migration Obejas, Achy, 2451 Pacific-Island-born population, Balkans, 651-2 the Occident, 3015-20 2368 China, 1001-2, 1006, 1028 Oceania, 1196 temporary workers, 2922 see also international migration see also Pacific Islands organism life-cycles, 716-17 Overseas Pakistanis Foundation oceanic migration see maritime Organization of the Islamic (OPF), 2382 migration Conference (OIC), 1635 Octavian, Roman Emperor, 2623-4 organized crime, 2352—7 Pacific Islands, 2358-73 OCWs see overseas contract organized migration, 623—4 20th century, 2359-62 workers Orientalism (Said), 2342, 2456-7 brain-drain, 2369-70 ODA see official development origin countries of US foreign- care workers, 2370 assistance born population, 3098-103 Chinese migrants, 1025 Odyssey (Homer), 562, 1610-11 Orkneys, Scottish Isles, 2320 diaspora, 2367-9 OECD see Organisation for orphan trains, 423—4 doctor migration, 2370 Economic Co-operation OSA see Other South Asians employment opportunities, and Development Osomalo men, 427 2360-1,2371 Office of National Statistics (ONS), Ostrogoth migrations, 678, 1592 European traders, 2358 England/Wales, 1828 Otavalo diaspora, 1784—9 French convict labor, 1109 official development assistance "otherness" concept, 2607-9 future of, 2370-1 (ODA), 2547 Other South Asians (OSA), 1829 health workers, 2370 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3249

international migration, Israel, creation of, 2387-8 Pe//e the Conqueror (August, 1988), 2359-62, 2370-1 Jewish migrants, 2386-7, 3173-7 1490 labor migration, 2358, 2362-6 music, 2251 Pellizzari, Monica, 1436 New Zealand immigration, 2299 partition, 3148 Peloponnese, Greece, 2151 population, 2361-2 Zionist settlement, 2386-7 penal colonization, 2393-7 remittances, 2367—9 see also Israel Australia, 2394-5 return migration, 2370 panafricanism, 469, 475, 524 French Guiana, 2395—6 short-term visits, 2370 Panama New Caledonia, 2395-6 urbanization, 2371 1960s-present, 902-7 origins and rationale, 2393—4 migration to US, 2366, 2367 Chinese community, 2160 see also convicts; imprisonment women migrants, 2370 see also Central America Pena, Rodi Alvardo, 616 World War II, 2359 Panama Canal, 879 pendular migration, 1059 see also Oceania Panama hat production, 1309 peonage, 721, 722 Pacific Rim, 1908-9 Pan-Arabism, 529 people of Indian origin (PIO), Pact of Steel, 1884 paper industry, 733 1754 padrone system, 732, 1882 Papua New Guinea (PNG), 2363 People Living With HIV-AIDS Page Act 1875, US, 3059, 3070 Paraguay, 2390-3 (PLWHA), 1656 paisanos, 2541-2 migration to Argentina, 549-51 People's Republic of China see Pakistan/Pakistanis Brazilian immigrants, 750-1, China 1970s to present, 2378-85 2391 perceived space, 2969 Asian development, 591, 592 depopulation, 2390 pereginatio (legal absence), asset development programs, economy, 2390 2630-1 2382 emigration, 2391-2 peregrini (legal migrant type), Bangladesh partition, 2373-8 European immigrants, 2390-1 2628-9, 2635 diaspora, 2384—5 population, 2390, 2391, 2392 periodization, 1931 doctors, 2384 migration to Spain, 2392 permanent business emigration flows,2378-8 0 Parana, Brazil, 764, 765-6 representatives, 2944, fictional partition narratives, parental coping with child refugees, 2945-6 2447-8 2510-11 Permanent Forum on Indigenous film, 1497, 1498, 1499 parent-child relationships, 2540, Issues (UN-PFII), 1801 government policy, 2381—2 2544-5 permanent migration health care, 2384 parent-child separations, 2976 circular migration, 1054 illegal migration, 2380-1 , France, 1374, 1533-4, 1542 definition of migration, 2879 international migration, Park, Robert Ezra, 3108-10 Latin American migrants, 2054 2378-80, 2382-5 Parr slave ship, 487 legal status, 2054 labor migration, 2379-80, 2382, parthenogenesis, 2607-8 and temporary, 2922-5 2384 partially persistent cultures, 1121 transnationalism, 2990 Middle East, 2379-80 partition migrations, 1497-8, permanent residency, 1643, 1644, Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, 3174 2923 2382 partnerships, 2951-2 Perpetual Emigration Fund (PEF), remittances, 591, 2382-4 passenger Indians, 1727, 1728 2234 risk management programs, The Passion of Remembrance persecution 2382 (Sankofa Film Collective, asylum, 614,616-17 socioeconomic impacts, 2381, 1986), 1452 fear of, 1078-9 2382-5 pastoralists, 2879 refugees and war, 3141 UK internal migration, 1829 see also Fulbe people Roma migrations, 2613—14 see also South Asia Patrick, St., 2124 Persians, 2173-9 "Palava Hut Process," 2568 Paulista coffee plantations, 763-5 16-18th centuries, 2177-8 Palchong, Korean monk, 570 Paul VI, Pope, 2223 migration to China, 1002 Palermo Protocols, 917 paupers, 2582-3 deportation, 2176-8 Palestine, 2385-9 see also poverty geographic expansion, 2175-7 1948-1970S, 3175 Pax Romana, 2132-3 Persian empire, 1206-7 Arab diaspora in US, 529, 531 Payen, Nikdl, 2451 see also Iran... British Mandate, 2144 peace and reparation, 2568-9 Personal Responsibility and Work dispossession, 2387-9 peasant migration, China, 1012-14 Opportunity Reconciliation ethnic cleansing, 1329, 2387-8 peasant serfdom, Russia, 727-9 Act(PRWORA) 1996, US, expulsion of Palestinians, pediatric health care, 942-3 3073 2388-9 see also child... persons of Indian origin (PIO), forced emigration, 3175 PEF see Perpetual Emigration Fund 1749 3250 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Peru medieval era, 565, 568-71, 2948 Polanski, Roman, 1459 Andean migration, 500-5 Mediterranean, 2135, 2137 poleis (city-states), 2728, 2729 Basque migrants, 682-3 North-South divide, 2418 Poles see Poland indigenous migration, 1786-7 postmodern pilgrims, 2417-19 police migration to Argentina, 550 remaining/returning, 569-70 deportations, 1180-1, 1182 Otavalo diaspora, 1786—7 tourism distinctions, 2937, domestic violence, 1255 Spanish rule, 2849, 2850-1 2998-9 raids on migrants, 2424—5 peruleros status, 2851 transport, 2416-17 Sikh migrants, 2814 pervasive abuse, 948 see also hajj policies see individual types Peter the Great, Russia, 2667-8 PIO see persons of Indian origin policy-making, 1114, 1812-13 phenology, 716 Pioneer Company, 2231, 2232-3 polis (city-state), 1202-3, 1205, Philippines, 2402-11 piracy, 2139 1614 Asia and gender, 581—6 Pirenne, Henri, 2131 political activism, 871-2, 2687 Asian development, 592 Pithekoussai, Greek colony, 1614, see also activism migration to Australia, 2409-10 1615 political affiliations, Hungary/ brain-drain, 588-9 Pius X, Pope, 2223 Canada, 1699 British Caribbean, 1740 Pius XII, Pope, 2223, 2225 political asylum, 1134, 1152 migration to Canada, 2409 place, social construction, 2928 see also political refugees care workers, 1249, 1537-8, plague, 2254, 2255 political boundaries, Americas, 2406-7 Plantagenet dynasty, 2121 1781-2 child migrants, 2402-3 plantations political economy Chinese migrants, 1021 Brazil, 2444 Caribbean slave trade, 826-7, doctor migration, 1249 family migration, 2603 842-3 education, 2408 Indians in Malaya, 2811-14 Korea, 1974-6 gender, 581—6 Kenya, 1285 labor migration, 1986-7 geography, 2406 Middle East, 2258 refugees, 2428-33 health-care workers, 1249, slavery, 2444 remittances, 2546-50 1537-8, 2406-7 songs, 2250 political geography of Balkans, migration to Japan, 2402-6 Surinam, 1273, 1274 647-8 labor migration, 2403-4, 2406-8, Zanzibar, 1285 political history 2821 plant biodiversity, 713-15, 718 Caucasus, 892-3 migration to Middle East, 2407 Platform for International China, 1049-53, 2892 nurses, 2406-7 Cooperation on exiles, 2953 overseas workers, 2406—8 Undocumented Migrants political identities, 1928-9 skilled worker recruitment, (PICUM), 3026 political ideology, 1703-6, 2598-9 2757 plural citizenship, 1073-5 political instability, 804-5 women migrants, 1352, 2402-3 pluralism, 1848, 2985 political issues see also Filipino migrants PLWHA see People Living With Asians to Australia, 602 Phillips, Caryl, 2449-50 HIV-AIDS China and participation, 969-70 Phocaeans, 1203 PNG see Papua New Guinea Chinese students to Japan, 2893 Phoenicians, 1617, 2411-15 POE see Protectorate of Emigrants Fulbe migrations, 430-1 boats, 2412-13 poetic imagination, 1635—6 HTAs, 1665-6 cities, 1202-3 points systems, 802, 810, 1985 India-Pakistan partition, 1736-7 colonization, 2414-15 Polabian Marches, 1293-5 Maghrebis in France, 2723 economic activities, 2411 Polabians, 659-60 sociological perspectives, 2795 land pressure, 2411—12 Poland, 2419-23 Switzerland, 2914-15 maritime travel, 2412-13 19th century, 2419-20 UK immigration, 3042-3 population growth, 2411-12 migration to Britain, 768, 2420, US intolerance, 1863-4 trade networks, 2413 2422 politically driven mobility, CEE, photography, 2453-8 deportations to Russia, 2420 927 "picture brides," 2105 medieval era, 2771-2 political machinery, 2353-4 PICUM see Platform for migration to Europe, 2420-2 political migration, 1717-21, International Cooperation migration to Germany, 2421 2419-20 on Undocumented partition period, 2419-20 political organization, Inner Asia, Migrants political emigration, 2419-20 974 "pig trade," 1046 post-World War II, 2420-1 political refugees pilgrims/pilgrimage, 2415-19 migration to US, 2421 Caucasus, 893-4 effects of, 570-1 US immigrants, 515 Cubans, 1134 Mecca and Medina, 2258 World War II, 2420 Czechoslovakians, 1152 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3251

Europe 1848-49, 2598-600 UN estimate, 1170 post-apartheid era, South Africa, Napoleonic empire, 2266 urbanization, 1169 2826-7 see also refugee... US, 1537, 3098-103 post-cold war, 2708-9 political traditions, 2735 see also demography postcolonialism, 1849 polycentricity, 1093 Population Censuses, Australia, postcolonial period polygamous practices, 2111, 3159 632-3 Asia and gender, 581-6 polygenesis, 2484 population displacement decolonialism, 525 Polynesia/Polynesians, 2118, conflict research, 3146-7 French-speaking Caribbean, 863, 2360-2 environmentally induced, 866 poncho markets, 1786 1077-83 labor migration, 1995 Pontifical Commission for Migration famine migration, 1411-12 narratives, 2447-52 and Tourism, 2223 wars, 20th century, 3146-9 political economy, Korea, 1974-6 poor countries, 2556-61 population diversification, 1130-1, postcolonial theories, 2454-6 see also developing countries; 2817-18 postcolonial theories, 2452-9 poverty population exchange, Hungary, colonial legacies, 2453 "poor" sick people in Africa, 438 1697 feminism, 802 popular culture, 2496—7 population growth postcolonial migration, 2454-6 population China poverty, 2456 age structures, 1164-5, 1168-9 1400-1950, 1047 subaltern concept, 2457-8 aging trend, 1159, 1160 rural-urban migration, 981 posted workers, EU, 1385 annual global growth rate, 1168 Tang era, 974 post-independence migration, Australian redistribution, 635 DRC, 1101-2 1744, 2838 Baltic States, 667-9, 668-9 Europe, 1361 postmemory, 1445 Brazil, 755-62 sustainable, 2903-7 post-migration aspects, 1121-2 Canada, 823 population movement postnationalism, 1075, 1112 classical antiquity, 1210-13 management post-traumatic stress disorder Denmark, 1174 Balkans, 648-9 (PTSD), 941,2165, 2510 Dutch Caribbean, 849 CEE countries, 926-8 post-World War II ethnic composition, 1165-6 see also mobility Caribbean migration, 875 Europe, 19th century, 1375 port cities, 2100, 2141, 2817-18 CEE countries, 926-33 famine migration, 1407—9 Port Royal, Canada, 417-18 concentration camps, 1100 fertility rates, 1159, 1163-4 Portugal/Portuguese, 2433-47 Czechoslovakian migrants, France, 686, 1519 1974 Revolution, 2440-1 1151-2 freedom of movement, 1529 migration to Africa, 2436, 2440 Italian migration, 1884-5 geographic concentrations, migration to Brazil, 2434-5, Japan-China connections, 2893 1159-60 2436, 2440 labor force participation, 1978 geographies of migration, 1568 Brazil, 762-4 labor migration, 1994—7 global growth rate, 1168 colonization/settlement, 2433-6, Latin American agriculture, 2030 indicators, 1168 2438^2 literature, 2082 internal migration, 1169-70 decolonization, 2440-1 population displacement, international migration, 1170-1, migration to Europe, 2436, 2440 3148-9 2214 foreigners resident, 2441 seasonal migration, 2707-8 Japan, 751 Indian possessions, 2436 strikes, 2019 Latin America, 1460, 1461 labor migration, 2435, 2439, suburbanization, 2900 low-fertility countries, 1165-6 2440 Swedish migrations, 2910-11 Mediterranean, 2128 population, 2433 Swiss policies, 2915 migration rates, 1169 post-World War II, 2440 poverty, 2459-63 mortality rates, 1164 regional flows,2439-4 0 Africa and gender, 434-5 negative growth, 1168 return migration, 2440—1 African Maghreb, 478-9 Pacific Islands, 2361-2 Revolution, 2440-1 Asian migration, 587 Paraguay, 2390, 2391, 2392 slave trade/slavery, 482, 484-7, Bangladesh, 673, 675-6 Phoenicians, 2411-12 1582, 2439, 2442-7, 2961-2 bonded labor, 722-4 Portugal, 2433 migration to Toronto, 1681 Caribbean, 828, 829-30, 883-4 post-Soviet Russia, 2681-2 trade, 2438-9 Central America, 904-6, 907 projection of trends, 1166 migration to US, 2435, 2436 children, 935, 942-3 rural—urban migration, 1170 Portus, ancient migration, 2206 Chile, 956 sex ratios, 1159, 1168-9 positive self-selection, 3135—6 exploitation, 2303—4 Spain, 686 positivist approach, student female migration, 3157 trend projection, 1166 migration, 2896 global South, 1987-8, 1997 3252 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V poverty (cont'd) Indian migration, 1745-8 psychosocial approaches, child labor migration, 1986, 1987-8, Southern African migrants, refugees, 2510 2000-5 2839-41 PTSD see post-traumatic stress Nigeria and exploitation, Sri Lankan migrants, 2866 disorder 2303-4 structural reforms, 2888 public health pediatric health care, 942-3 transnationalism, 2989 definitions, 2468-9, 2473 postcolonial theories, 2456 US women migrants, 3060 economic development, 2468—72 public health, 2474-5 professional networking, 1217-18 ethnicity, 2475 Puerto Rico, 2480 professional occupations, India, forced migration, 2471, 2473-4 remittances, 2551—61 1732 globalization, 2471 Southern African migrations, professional sectors, Indonesia, governance, 2471 2838 1818-19 health products, 2475 trade unions, 2012 profit, 1004-11, 2114, 2830-1 health risks, 2474-5 US, 2654-60 profit-driven institutions, China, "healthy migrant effect," 2474-5 see also poor 1004-11 humanitarian crises, 2473-4 power prohibitionist model, sex work, 2742 institutions, 2469 gender, 803 proletarianization, 1991-2 migrant health status, 2474 language, 2022-3 promotion of emigration, 1004—11 neoliberalism, 2471 neoliberal globalization, 2291 property, 426 poverty, 2474—5 Spain, 2847-8 see also housing; land... refugees, 2473-4 sports migration, 2861, 2863 propiska (permits), 2675-6, 2678 transnational cultures, 2475 POWs see prisoners of war prosthetic memory, 1446 see also health care... Pratt, Orson, 2233, 2234 prostitution public perceptions of migrants, praxis, social theory, 1848, 1849 Chinese, 1441, 1442-3, 1551 2877-8 PRC see China deportation, 1180 public services, UK, 3042-3 preachers, 567 Europe, 2740^ puddling techniques, 1377 precapitalist migration, 2113 trafficking, 2736-40, 2956-61 Puebla, Mexico, 2204 precariat, 2005-9 US women migrants, 3059 Puebla Process precolonial African diasporas, victimization, 1117 multilateralism, 2246 469 Protectorate of Emigrants (POE), regional migration, 916, 918 preferential trade agreements, India, 1735 rights protection, 1855-6 GATS, 3171 protest Puerto Rico, 2477-82 pre-frontier control strategies, 918 Europe 1848-49, 2597 Caribbean migration, 878, prehistory, 1201, 2099, 3162-3 Russian serfdom, 729 880-1, 884 pre-industrial Sweden, 2907-8 social, 2783-90 economy, 2479, 2480 preservation-based language Protocol Relating to the Status of film of migration to US, 1486 protection, 2027-8 Refugees 1967, UN, 3045 labor migration, 2478—80 primary-level student migration, protohistory "Pilgrims of Freedom," 2477-8 2897 archaeological evidence, 2464 poverty, 2480 primitive accumulation, capital, causes of migration, 2467 "revolving door," 2480 1029-35 Europe, 2463-8 US invasion/occupation, 2477 primordialism, 1346, 1347-8 world-systems analysis, 3162-3 pull factors prisoners of war (POWS), 1096-8, Prussia, urbanization, 1375 Chinese migrations, 1004 2774-5 PRWORA see Personal Responsibility imprisonment/punishment, private businesses, BLAs, 709 and Work Opportunity 1714 private households, 2901 Reconciliation Act slave migration, 2766-7 private property, 426 psalms, 2249 temporary workers, 2924 see also housing; land... psychological aspects women and reproduction, 3155 proactive migrants, 1512 child refugees, 2510 punishment, 1714—17 processing centers, human rights disillusionment, 512—18 economic dimensions, 1714-15 activism, 1684 coping mechanisms, 516—17 effects of, 1716-17 process of movement, social differentials, 515-16 theoretical notes, 1715 theory, 1846-7 immigrant vulnerability, Punjab, India, 887-90, 1737-8 Proclamation of 1763, US, 3047 513-14 Punjabi dalits, UK, 887-90 production workforces, 2114 major causes, 514-15 purposeful innovators, 2791 professional migrants/migration, sojourner experiences, 2800-1 push factors 783-6 transnational family studies, Chinese migrations, 1004 Africa and gender, 436—7 2976 definition, gender context, 3155 African immigration, 448-9 see also mental health imprisonment/punishment, 1714 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3253

slave migration, 2766—7 racialization forced migration, 2502 temporary migrant workers, Caribbean, 884-5 indigenous displacement, 2501, 2924 Chile, 959 2502 push-pull models/theories, 1775, racial segregation, 2824-5, 3110 sustainability, 2501 1776, 1846-7 racial-states, 1689 Ramacandra (Indian king), racism, 2483-91 1719-20 Qin empire, China, 965-6, 996 African migration to UK, 475 Ranch commune, 3127 Qing government, China, 969 Belgium, 693 Randow, A. von, 2570 expansion/mobility, 1040—2 categorization of migrants, 2485 Rasrakuta ruler, India, 1719, 1720 fall of, 2754-5 Chinatowns, 1016 Ra, Sun (Herman Poole Blount), labor migration, 1023 colonialism, 2483-5 2251-2 student migrations, 2891 colonization, 2328 ratios of masculinity (RM), 798-9 turmoil, 2753 color, 2485-6 Ravenstein, E.G., 1548, 2329, 2570 qualitative research, 2792, 2976 early ideas, 2483 Raymont, Peter, 1433 qualitative sociology, 2974, 2975 forced migration, 2487—8 RCPs see Regional Consultative quality of life, 2586-7, 3124-5 globalization, 2487-8 Processes on Migration quantitative family studies, 2976 ILO, 1707 reactive migrants, 1512 quasi-citizenship, 1065, 1074 India, 1732 readmission agreements, 3032-3 , Canada Italian migration, 1886 real-estate development, 606—7 Canadian migration, 822 modern racism, 1238, 2486—7 see also housing...; land...; Caribbean migration to, 875 phenotypes, 2484 property Hungarian migration, 1699 post-9/11,2486-7 rebellions, 1023, 2753, 2965 nationalism, 1324-5, 1326 racially typecast jobs, 2486 rebetiko music, 563 see also French Canadians research on migration, 2571-2 re-bordering process, 735 "queer migration" see lesbian, gay, settler colonies, 2485—6 receiving countries, 1193-7, bisexual, transgender US, 1236, 1863-4, 2238 1594-9 migration West Indians in US, 3153-4 receptor areas, housing, 1679 Quota Acts (1921, 1924), US, 1367 see also discrimination...; recession, 2520, 2584 quota migration, 623, 625-6 nativism recipient observers, 2790 radio, 2250-1 Recognised Seasonal Employer race, 1687-91 radiocarbon dating, 510 (RSE) scheme, Arab diaspora in US, 531 raiding, 2766-7, 2769-70 New Zealand, 2365-6 capitalist political economy, railroads/ways, 2495-500 Reconquista, 2503-8 2493-4 Canada, 815 8th to 11th centuries, 2505 Caribbean to Canada migration, circular migration, 2497—8 11th to 13th centuries, 2505-7 876-7 construction workers, 2499 13th to 15th centuries, 2507 commuting choices, 1093 facilitation of trade, 428 al-Andalus, 2503, 2504-5 critical race theory, 2703 guest workers, 2497-8 Christian "reconquest," 2505-7 current understanding, 2492 imperialism, 2498-9 internationalization, 2505—7 and identity, 611 laborers, 2495-6, 2499. _ Muslim conquest to 11th Indian migration, 2810 long-distance migration, 2497 century, 2504-5 LGBT migration, 2061 mobility, 2495 need for immigration, 2505-6 and nation, 2492 pilgrimage, 2416—17 repartition of booty, 2507 nationality, 2491-5 popular culture, 2496-7 recorded music, 2250 periodizing history, 2493 precolonial Africa, 427-8 recruiting agents research on migration, 2574—6 return migration, 2589 Bangladesh, 673 sociology of migration, 2797 South Manchurian Railway, China 1400-1950, 1046 US classification, 531 2498-9 labor migration, 2380 West Indians to US, 3151, transportation networks, 2496 maritime migration, 2102 3153-4 travel, 2496-7 seasonal migration, 2706 world-systems analysis, 3164 US, 2236 translocalism, 2972 race riots, 3065 rainbow nationhood, 1848 US, 731-2, 733-4, 1157 racial discrimination, 1236—9 rainfall, 714, 715, 716 see also migratory agents African Caribbean diaspora, rainforests, 2500-3 recruitment 827-8 depletion of, 2502 Malayan plantations, 2812, 2873 Canada, 812 destruction of, 2501—2 skilled workers, 2757-8 Indian in South Pacific, 1760 ecological destruction, 2501 Spanish American migrants, US, 2156, 2179-80 economic growth, 2501-2 2859 racial ghettoization, 3110 economic subsistence, 2501 US labor markets, 3086-7 3254 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Red Casas del Migrante housing Nazism, 2285-90 European labor migrants, 1982—3 network, 2691-2 reparation, 2567 Latin American migrants, 2035—7 redemptioner system, 2101, "lack of protection" concept, regionalism, 735, 2994-7 21 Ore-education camps, 2429, 2432 regional issues Indochina, 1813 legal status, 2428-31 agreements, 2820-4, 2872 reform era, China, 1036-8, 1049, migrant comparison, 1299 Berne Initiative, 704, 705 1051 Napoleonic empire, 2266 Brazilian growth trends, 766 Reform Immigration for America Netherlands, 1182,2297 Cameroon, 796-7 (RIFA), 1263 New York Protocol, 3045 Central Asia, 923 refuge, 1780-1, 2519-20 North-South migration, 2330 child human rights, 948-9 Refugee Convention and Protocol, Norway, 2335-6 Chinese coalitions, 975-6 UN, 615, 617 novels and stories, 2447-52 labor agreements, 2820-2, 2922 refugee management OAU protocol, 462, 464 Latin America, 2039-40, 2806-7 Balkans, 648-9, 655 Pakistan-Bangladesh partition, Southeast Asia, 2820^ Cameroon, 799, 800 2374-7 statelessness, 2870 Canada, 804-5, 807, 810, 825 perceptions of, 1513 trade agreements, 2941 refugees political economy perspective, regional migration African immigration, 448-9 2428-33 Argentina, 550 Africa south of Sahara, 462^ public health, 2473-4 Asia, 575-7 armed conflict, 553-6 quota migration, 625 Caribbean English-speaking, ASEAN, 2822 "refugee aggression," 2376 858-62 and asylum, 615, 1269-71 refugee institutions, 2431—2 Central America, 916-21 Australasian resettlement, 628 reparation, 2566—70 China post-10th century, 980 Australian multiculturalism, 640 residual conceptualization, extra-regional migrations, Austria, 642, 643 2428-9 835-7, 852, 854, 870 Balkans, 2567 returned overseas Chinese, 2592 Nigeria, 2301-2 Burma, 2262 Scandinavia, 2315, 2909, Southern Africa, 2826-8, 2835, camps, 3143—4 2910-11 2841-2 Caribbean, 841, 2268-9 as security threat, 2376 see also internal migration; Caucasus, 893-4 Southern Africa, 2838 intra-regional movement Central America, 902—4 state obligations towards, 2426 regional trade agreements (RTAs), child health, 941 state policies, 2430—1 2941 child refugees, 424, 2508-13 status, 2428-31 regions of refuge, 1780-1 China, 974, 1046-7, 2592 Sweden, 2909, 2910-11 registration cold war, 2431-2, 3148-9 Switzerland, 2913, 2914-16 Chinese migrant status, 1050-2 Convention refugees, 1510, 1511 Turkey, 3005-6 Japanese foreign population, 2934 Cuba, 1134-5 UK immigration, 3044 medieval name registers, 1124 Czechoslovakia, 1152 Ukraine, 3023 regularization programs, 2513-18 decolonialism, 526 UN Conventions, 1510, 1511, advantages/disadvantages, definitions, 553, 841, 1078-9, 2428,2429,2431,3045- 2514-15 1243, 1510,2428,3155 undocumented migration, 3031 effects of, 2515-16 Denmark, 1173 UNHCR, 3045-7 evolution of, 2516 detention, 2424 US, 3072, 3090-1 Greece, 1606-7 disease outbreaks, 2375-6, 2471 warehousing, 3143 motivation for, 2514-15 Europe 1848-49, 2597-600 wars, 2430, 3139^44, 3147-8 program structure, 2514 families, 2508-13 World War I, 2430, 3147-8 in the West, 2514 fictional narratives, 2447—52 see also asylum/asylum-seekers; regular migrants, definition, 1687 French Caribbean colonies, child refugees; displaced regulated migration, 2811 2605 persons; forced migration; regulationist model, sex work, 2742 globalization, 2432 political refugees regulatory regimes, trafficking, 2958 Greece, 1271, 1602 refugee warriors, 2804, 3141 relationships, family, 2974-6 human rights activism, 1684 Regional Consultative Processes on Relief and Rehabilitation India, 1731, 2374-6 Migration (RCPs), 916-17 Administration, UN, 1239, Indochina, 1813-15 regional distribution 1240, 1241 Israel, 3177 Brazilian population, 756-7, religion, 2518-21 Japan, 1940 765 act of migration, 2518 Jewish Cameroon migrants, 796—7 adaptation, 2518-19 Austria, 642 Caribbean migrants, 835-8, 852, Americas, 1782 displaced persons, 1240-1 854 assimilation, 610 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3255

Britain, 770 Central America, 913—14 skills of migrants, 2522-3 Canadian immigrants, 812 economic, 1197-9, 1200,2460, social remittances, 2790—4 congregations, 2224-5 2461 socioeconomic structure, diversity, 770, 973, 2751-2 finance, 2531-5 2539-45 Eastern religions, 1652 diasporas, 2527 sources of, 2522 French secularism and dress, 1424 disasters, 1231, 2558 Southern Africa, 2827-8 future migration, 2520-1 early 21st century, 2522-31 Sri Lankan migrants, 2868, 2869 hippy trails, 1652 East Africa, 1280 Tajikistan, 577 Inner Asia, 973 Ecuador, 7377,2551-6 Tonga, 2368 integration, 2519-20 Egypt, 2195 top ten recipients, 2524 Jewish traditions, 1949—51 El Salvador, 2526-7, 2554, 2558 translocalism, 2972-3 minority forced migration, 1327 exports, 2559 transmittance, 2523, 2525-6, psychological disillusionment, flows/characteristics, 908-9, 2528, 2555, 2560 516 2523-4 transnationalism, 2991 second generation, 2519 friends, 2541-2 Turkey, 3009-15 segregation, 3107, 3111-12 GATS, 3170 undocumented migration, 2561, Silk Road, 2751-2 Greece, 1603 2563-5 Switzerland, 2913 growth of, 2546-7 US, 2522, 3090 US nativism, 3093 Gulf States, 2196 see also compensation; income; Utopian communities, 3126 historical aspects, 2973 wages see also individual religions HTAs, 1666-7 reparation religious migration increase of, 2562 civil war, 2569 hajj, 1633-6,2135,2418 Indonesia, 1819-20 creating/maintaining peace, medieval India, 1723—4 inequalities, 2548-9, 2552 2568-9 Mediterranean, 2137 informal transmittance, 2548, definitions, 2566 see also pilgrims/pilgrimage 2564-5 insufficiency, 2569 religious practices international agenda, 2559—61 late 20th century cases, 2567-8 medieval scholars, 2694-9 international levels, 2547-8 refugees, 2566-70 sanctuary movements, 2686-9 international migration, 1844-5, restorative justice, 2568 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2535-9 transitional justice, 2566-7 2689-93 investment policies, 2527—8 war and human rights, 2567-8 relocations, 963-5, 1808 labor vulnerability, 2535-8 repatriation re-migrant migration, 1441—2 Latin American diaspora, 2038-9 Central Asians, 922 remigration, 818 macroeconomics, 2559 decisions, 1143 remittance-receiving households magnitude of, 2522 Japan, 1908-15 (RHs), 590-1 Mexico, 2194, 2218-20 replacement migration, 1161 remittances Morocco, 2218-20 repression, 2617 Africa, 436, 489-91 motivation for, 2524-5, 2539-46 reproduction, human, 3155-60 Asia, 590-1, 592, 924 multiplicative effects, 2528-9, Republican era, China, 1040 assessments, 2522, 2525-7 2549 republican periods, 1040, 1785-6 Bangladesh, 674-6, 675, 2551-6 natural disasters, 1231, 2558 Republic of China (ROC), 1040, Brazilian workers, 751, 754 negative effects, 2551, 2562 2754 Bulgarian migrants, 782 Nigeria, 2304-5 see also China calculator, 2526 non-bank account holders, Republic of Indonesia see capital market access, 2561 2526-7 Indonesia Caribbean agricultural workers, Pacific Islands, 2367-9 research, 2570-81 831-2 Pakistan, 2382^ 1990s to present, 2576-8 Caucasus labor migration, 895 policies, 2522, 2525-7 Central America, 916-17 Central America, 907-16 political economy, 2546-50 embeddedness, 2578 Central Asian migrants, 924 poor countries, 2556-61 family and gender, 2573 choice of recipient, 2542-3 positive effects, 2551, 2558-9, gender, 2573, 2574-6 circular migration, 1056 2562-3 human mobility, 2573—4 consequences, 2003, 2543-5 poverty relief, 2551-61 nation-states, 2967 cost of transmittance, 2525-6, programs, 2525-7 poverty and development, 2459 2528 recipient types, 2552 race/class/gender/ideology, data flows, 2560 remittance decay hypothesis, 2564 2574-6 destinations of flows, 2523-4 research, 1200 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2691 development RHs, 590-1 social problems, 2571-3 Asia, 590-1 sender motivation, 2524-5 typology of migrants, 2574 3256 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Reseau Education Sans Frontieres Latino migrants, 1637 ROC see Republic of China (RESF), 3026 Malaysia, 2098 Rodgers, Graeme, 1431-2 reserve army of labor see Marx's motivations, 2589-90, 2593 Rohingyas people, 2262 reserve army of labor Pacific Islands, 2370 Roma migrations, 2607-20 reserve service, Marxism, 2114 Portugal, 2440-1 19th century, 2615-17 RESF see Reseau Education Sans Roma migrations, 2611-12 1900-45,2617 Frontieres selection model, 3136 1950-90,2617-18 residence skill levels, 2590 1990 to present, 2618-19 Brazilian population, 756-7 Southern Africa, 2842 Balkans, 2612 Chinese migrants, 1050-1 Spain, 2854 cinematic depiction, 1480 New Zealand temporary, Sweden, 2910 conditional inclusion, 2617—18 2299-300 transnationalism, 2988-91 Denmark, 1172 rural migration, 2651, 2653 transportation, 2589 Dom and Lom peoples, residencies, Indian doctors, 1748 Turkey, 3007, 3012-13 2614-15 Residency Agreements, South Ukraine, 3022 European lands, 2612-13, America, 2806-7 reverse culture shock, 2594 2615-17 resident alien status, 853-4 reverse migration see return European Union, 2618-19 resilience migration exclusion, 2617-19 international migration, 2536—7 revolutions, 2596-606 forced migration, 2542—3 psychological disillusionment, Europe 1848-49, 2596-601 forest dwellings, 2614 515-17 exiles, 2599 Gypsy question, 2616, 2617-18 stressful situations, 2166 political ideology, 2598-600 narratives of origins, 2610-14 resistance practices popular movements, 2597—8 persecution, 2613-14 slaves, 2874 refugees, 2597-600 repression, 2617 social conditions of immigrants, US immigration 1840-60, reverse migration, 2611-12 2017 2598-9 Romanian Roma, 2642-3, 2645 see also shipboard insurrections working-class ideology, security, 2618-19 respect, 2519-20 2598-9 soldier-servitors, 2610, 2612 restorative justice, 2568 France 1789, 2602-6 statistical information, 2619 restructuring labor, 2005-8, 2924-5 eve of revolution, 2602—5 as thieves and vagabonds, 2613 resurgence of labor, 2010-13 impact of revolution, 2603-5 Venetian wars, 2612 retirement migration, 2585-8, 2999 hajj, 1633-4 Roman Catholics, 2689-93 advantages/disadvantages, 2587 Hungary, 1697-8 see also Scalabrinian African immigration, 448-9 RHs see remittance-receiving Missionaries economic considerations, 2586 households Roman colonization, 2620-7 factors behind increase, 2586 Richmond, A.H., 1511-12 conquest of Italy, 2620-3 individualized retirement, 2586 RIFA see Reform Immigration for early imperial period, 2624-5 Spain, 2853 America Late Republic, 2623^ tourism, 2587 right of access, 1753—5 Mediterranean, 2128 retornados (returnees), 2441 rights of migrants Roman empire returned overseas Chinese academic debate, 2348-9 barbarian invasions map, migrants, 2591-2 conventions, 2347-52 1599-602 return migration, 2588-96 cosmopolitanism, 1112-16 Carthage, 2133 anarcho-syndicalism, 2920—1 migrant workers, NGOs, 2307—9 Celtic settlements, 1211 Asian development, 591-2 organizations, 2347—52 citizenship, 1206, 1210, 2631-2 Brazil, 759-60 protection of, 1851-7 city-states, 1207-9 Caribbean, 833-4, 835, 839, racism, 2486 cosmopolitization, 2637 854-5 South America, 2806-7 forced migrations, 1208 Central Asia, 922 see also human rights; individual Germanic migrations, 2465-6 China, 1046, 1047-8, 2590-2 rights mass migrations, 1211—12 circular migration, 1054-5, "right-to-work" laws, US, 3085-6 Mediterranean, 2127-8 2588-9 right-wing politics, 2278 Pax Romana, 2132-3 economic crises, 2588-9 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 767, 2444-5 population movements, 1211 ethnicity, 2593-6 riots, 1033^4, 1052, 1524, 3065 Roma migrations, 2612-13 failed migration, 2590 risk management, 2382 slave trade/slavery, 1209, 2127 Great Return Migration, 2657-8 Risorgimento era, Italy, 1880 urbanization, 1208 highly skilled IT workers, 1649 RM see ratios of masculinity Vandals, 1593 Indian brain-gain, 745-8 road building, 2602 Visigoths, 1592 international migration, 1844 Robert (slave ship), 2746 see also Roman world INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3257

Romania rural migration population aging, 1160 film, 1477 China, 1011-15 Russian internal migration, forced migration, 656 1400-1950, 1045 2675-6 gender order, 1544 internal migration, 981-6 Southern Africa, 2832 gypsies, 2616, 2642-3, 2645 Song era, 977-8 sub-Saharan Africa, 3156 labor migration, 1388 Tang era, 973-4 Sweden, 2911 see also Balkans definitions, 2650-1 Turkey, 3007-8 Romania and Moldova, 2640—6 economy, 2650-1 see also urbanization 19th century to present, 2640-6 Europe, 2650-4 Rus people, 2122, 2771-2 1990-2010, 2644-5 heterogeneity, 2653 Russia historical context, 2540-1 North America, 2650-4 17th-19th centuries, 2665-71 interwar period, 2641-3 residential preferences, 2651, bonded labor, 725-30 mass migrations, 2644—5 2653 Caucasus migration, 891-7, 3002 post-World War II, 2643-4 US poverty, 2654-60 Central Asian migration, 921-3, pre-World War I, 2641 rural places/regions 2752 territorial exchange, 2642 internal migration, 1836 Civil War 1917-23,2672 World War II, 2641-3 labor migration, 2202-3 convict labor, 1109-10 see Roma Seleucid colonization, 2729-30 deportations to, 2420 migrations rural spouses, 1657 film of migration to US, 1484-5 Roman world, 2627-39 rural-urban migration French Revolutionary Wars, 4th century, 2634 agriculture, 491 2268 accumulation of identity, 2637 ancient Rome, 2206 internal migration, 2671—7 ancient Rome, 1410, 2205-8 arts and music, 563 control systems, 2675—6 Byzantium's beginnings, 787 Australia, 632 early 20th century to present, classical antiquity, 1208—10 Brazil, 755, 758 2671-7 commercial negotiation, 2635—6 children, 946-7 eastward migration, 2673-5 control of mobility, 2628, China, 576, 1013-14 forced migration, 2672-3, 2629-30, 2632-7 inequality/poverty, 2000 2674 cosmopolitization of empire, internal migration, 981, 985-6 urbanization, 2675—6 2637 Song era, 977-80 international migration, 2677-85 creation myth, 2128 climate change, 1086 20th century, 2677-85 fall of, 677, 679, 772-3, 789 developing countries, 1170 Bolshevik revolution, 2678-9 foreign arrivals, 2632-4 DRC, 1104-5 border controls, 2678 historiography, 2627-9 Europe, 1376 ethnic Russians, 2679, 2683 information networks, 2633-4 Indian construction industry, late Tsarist-era, 2678 "just emigration," 2631-2 2646-50 migration statistics, 2679, legal absence, 2630-1 indigenous peoples, 1782, 2683 legal/illegal migration, 2629-30 1805-10 modernization of controls, Mediterranean, 2627-8, 2636-7 international migration, 2071 2684 mobility, 2637-9 Latin America, 2035-6, 2042-3, post-Soviet patterns, 2681-4 mortality rate, 2207 2048 post-World War II, 2679, 2681 negotiation, 2634—6 medieval era, 2660-5 medieval colonization, 1296-7 right to leave, 2630-2 chronological overview, Moldovan migrants, 2644 slaves, 2206 2660-1 Nordic migration, 2312 territorialization, 2635-6 countermeasures, 2662-3 seasonal migration, 1379 see also Roman empire Early and High Middle Ages, structural reforms, 2887-8 rom-com films, 1484 2661-2 Ukraine migration, 3022 Rosengrenska (Swedish health-care effect on rural regions, 2663 unfree labor, 725-30 charity), 3028 environmental disasters, 2663 see also Soviet... rotational labor migration, 1060 individual migration, 2664 Russian Arctic, 541—3 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2170-1 Late Middle Ages, 2661-2, Russian Armenian diaspora, 560 Royal Navy, 483-4 2664 Rust Belt, US, 3105 RTAs see regional trade agreements migration as a constant, Ruthenia, medieval colonization, rubber industry, 763-4, 2811-14 2661-2 1296 Ruhr district, Germany, 1576 mobility, 2663-4 Rwanda ruling elite, China, 975-6 push and pull factors, 2662 genocide, 1433, 1559, 1560 Rundlings (circular villages), 2775 sources, 2661 migrant/refugee dichotomy, rural communities, Latin America, urban-rural migration, 2663 1299 2048 Mexico, 1420 refugee warriors, 3141 3258 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

S&E see science and engineering savings, 970, 974, 3013-14 SC/T see Schedule Castes/Tribes SADC see Southern African see also remittances sea-based issues Development Community SAWP see Seasonal Agricultural BLAs, 708 safe zones, 3142 Worker Program sea-level rises, 716, 777, 718, Said, Edward, 2342, 2456-7 Saxons, 508-11, 679, 772-4 1085 Saigon, Vietnam, 1812-13 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2224—5, see also boat...; maritime sailing, 2130-1, 2397-8 2689-93 migration; ship... St Columba the Older, 567 core values for action, 2692 seals, carnelian, 2399 Saint-Domingue colony foundation/development, Seasonal Agricultural Worker France 1789,2602,2604-5 2689-91 Program (SAWP), Canada, French-speaking migration, programs/services for migrants, 805-6, 876, 1060, 1624 862-5 2691-2 seasonal migration, 2705-10 migration to US, 2268 Scalabrini, Giovanni Battista, 2224 African agriculture, 489-90 1 see also Caribbean Scalabrini International Migration Balkans, 651-2, 653 St Louis (Hamburg liner), 2288-9 Network (SIMN), 2692 BLA types, 707-8 St Patrick of Ireland, 570 Scandinavia Canada, 805-6, 813, 876, 1060 St Petersburg, Russia, 2312, 2667, British invasions, 774—6 Caribbean, 838 2669, 2676 employment of immigrants, definitions, 2705-7 St Raphaels-Verein zum Schuzte 1356 European labor, 1376, 1377-9 Katholischer Deutscher labor migration, 1982 France pre-1789, 2602, 2603-4 Auswanderer, 2224 medieval slave trade, 2763 GATS Mode 4 coverage, 3170 St Sabas of Vatopedi, 567 nobility migration, 664-5 North American labor, 1623—4 Salesian society, 2223-4 North Atlantic migration, 2322 return migration, 2589 Salgado, Sebastiao, 2453-8 Vikings, 3129-32 Russia, 728, 729 salmon hypothesis, 1637 see also individual countries; Sweden, 2909 Salonika, Macedonia, 2137 Nordic countries Switzerland, 2914 Salt Lake City, US, 2234 scarcity of resources, Central see also circular migration; Salvador see El Salvador America, 904 farming/farm workers; Samarra, Iraq, 2258 Scarface (De Palma, 1983), 1482, temporary migration Sambizanga (Maldoror, 1972), 1432 1483 seasonal worker programs same-sex migration, 2063—4, 2111 Schedule Castes/Tribes (SC/T), Australia, 2365—6 Sami people, 539 India, 887 Canada, 805-6, 876, 1060, 1624 Samnite people, 2621-2 Schengen agreement, 781, 782, New Zealand, 2365-6 samnydsa ascetics, 566 1354, 2335-6 secondary-level student migration, Samoan Quota Scheme, 630 schizophrenia, 515 2897 Samples of Anonymised Records Schlesinger, Arthur M., 2241 secondary migrants, China, 1047—8 (SARs), 1828 Schnabel, Julian, 1487 second-generation migrants sanctuary movements, 2686-9 scholars/scholarship assimilation, 611-12 contemporary, 2686—7 historical traditions, 2695-7 cinematic depiction, 1493 historical examples, 2687—8 knowledge quest, 2693-701._ Europe, 2717-21 sanctuary incidents, 2687 medieval era, 2135, 2693-701 identity formation, 2710-17 San Francisco, US Muslims, 2258-9 Italy, 1901-2 gay migration, 1533 universities, 2697-9 Maghrebis in France, 2721—8 indigenous migration, 1808, 1809 schooling, 2694-5, 2701-5, 2719 religion, 2519 Maya America, 1797 science and engineering (S&E), 745 terminology, 2721-3 Sankofa Film Collective, 1452-3 science fiction films, 1472—3 US, 2710-21,3064, 3154 Sankofa (Gerima, 1993), 1430, 1492 science and race, 2491 wages, 3138 San people, 2835 scientific racism, 2238, 2276-7 West Indians in US, 3154 Sao Tome, Portuguese settlement, Scotland Second World War see World War II 2434 Baltic trade, 2169 secret armies, Indochina, 1814-15 SAPs see structural adjustment England relationship, 777-8 The Secret of the Grain (Kechiche, policies/programs Norse settlements, 774 2006), 1474 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 1524-6 see also Britain; Hebrides; North secularism, 1424 SARs see Samples of Anonymised Atlantic migration; Secure Fence Act, US, 3073 Records Orkneys, Scottish Isles; security Sao Paulo, Brazil, 763-4, 766-7 Scottish Isles; United ethnic cleansing, 1330-1 satyagraha concept, 1727-8 Kingdom Hague Programme, 1630—1 Saudi Arabia, 535 Scots Gaelic, 2465 imprisonment/punishment, see also Gulf... Scottish Isles, 3131 1714-15 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3259

Italy, 1896-7 communities, 2690, 2945-6, forms of, 2875-6 migration policies, 2216 2949-50 historical practice, 2875-6 police/detention/deportation, countries, 1704, 1731 imperatives, 2745—6 2423-7 irregular workers, 1822—3 outcomes, 2746-7 poverty and development, 2462 Japan, 1909-10, 1911-12, roles in, 2746 refugees, 2376 1915-19 successful, 2746-7 Roma migrations, 2618—19 New Zealand, 2298 unsuccessful, 2747 Roman world mobility, 2636 policies, 809-13, 862-7 shipbuilding, 2100 sedentarization, 974, 2878-85 political traditions, 2735 shipping sedreh-koshti dress, 1866 social theory, 1846—8 agents, 2101-2 segmented assimilation, 611, trade network agents, 2944, cartels, 2102 2712-13,2717-18,2796 2945-6 companies, 2102-3 Segou: les murailles de terre see also Australia; Canada; St Louis liner, 2288-9 (Conde), 2080 United States slaveship conditions, 2964—5 Seidl, Ulrich, 1479-80 Seven Years War, US, 3047 steamships, 2102, 2589 Selchuk—Byzantine interactions, 790 Sevilla, Nimon, 1456 Thomas slave ship, 2747 selection hypothesis, birth rates, 2282 sex industry tramp ships, 2101 selection model Caribbean, 869 see also boat...; maritime labor migration, 3135-6 CEE, 2741-4 migration; sea... return migration, 3136 contemporary legislation, 2741 Shoah see Holocaust selective migration, 2799-800 Europe, 2740-4 short-stay migration, 838 Seleucid empire, 2728-32 health concerns, 3158, 3159 see also temporary migration self-employment, 592, 1817-18 law enforcement, 2958 SHS see Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes self selection, 3135-6 trafficking, 2743 shuttle migration, 1059 Sembene, Ousmane, 1431 sex ratios, 1159, 1180, 1548-50 Siberia Seminole Native Americans, see also gender 16th-19th centuries, 2666-7, 3048-9 sex trafficking, 2736-40, 2956-61 2669 semiskilled workers, 1734-5, 1818, historical antecedents, 2737-8 Arctic migrations, 541 1820 numbers trafficked, 2957 colonization, 2666-7, 2669 see also skills/skilled workers; sex workers, 2743 convict labor, 1110 unskilled labor Southern Africa, 2839 early 20th century to present, senators, Roman world, 2629, see also trafficking 2673-5 2630-1 sexual identity-based asylum, 2062, Russian internal migration, Senegal, 524 2063-4 2673-5 see also Africa sexual migration, LGBT, 2061-6 siblings, 2540, 2645 sequential migration, 2076, 2576 sexual orientation, 2061-6, 3060 Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (SHS), sexual tourism, Thailand, 1534 Berbers/Arabs, 700-1 1697 Shah Abbas I, 2177 medieval era, 700-1, 2766 serfdom, 721, 722, 726-9, 2667-9 Shake Hands with the Devil Muslim colonization, 2135-6 see also bonded labor; (Raymont, 2004), 1433 - Norman colonization, 2136 indentured migration Shakers, 3126 slave trade, 2766 service sector Shang dynasty, China, 960—4 migration to US, 2783-4 GATS, 3167-72 Shanghai, China, 1565 see also Italy global trade, 1586-7 shape-up call, 1158 sickness, 437-43, 940-5 outsourcing, 1590 Shapur I/II, 2177 see also HIV-AIDS; medical... transnational labor, 2981-2 sharecroppers, US, 731 Sidhwa, Bapsi, 2448 servitude Sheffer, Gabriel, 1223-4 Sierra Leone, 3051 globalization of, 721-2 shelter rights, 951 see also Africa see also slave... Shenzhen-Hong Kong borderland, Sikhs, 889, 2814 settlement experiences 736 Silesia (medieval colony), 1295-6 medieval Spain, 2845-9 Sheridan, Jim, 1485 see also Poland Seleucid empire, 2728-32 Shetland islands, 2320, 2321 Silk Road/Route, 2748-53 Sikh migrations, 2814 see also Scotland China, 975-6 Slavic forced migrations, 2774-5 Shifa International Hospital, culture, 2750-1 West Indies-US, 3150-2 Pakistan, 2384 environmental migration, 2749 youth migrants, 2702 shipboard insurrections, 2744-8, languages, 2749, 2750-1 settlers/settlement 2874-8 Mediterranean migration, colonies, 1127-9,2485-6, consequences for slave trade, 2133 2732-6 2876 religious beliefs, 2751-2 3260 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V silver galleon fleets, 1128 Cuba, 1317 prostitution, 2737-8 SIMN see Scalabrini International East Africa, 1289 racism, 2328, 2483-4 Migration Network French empire, 1315-16 Rome/Romans, 1209, 2127, Singapore French-speaking Caribbean, 2206 British rule, 2755 865, 866 Russia, 726 Chinese migration, 2753-6 Guadeloupe, 2077 sex ratios, 1549 guest workers, 1626-7 Indian bonded labor, 721 shipboard insurrections, 2744—8, independence, 1752—3, 2755 shipboard insurrections, 2745 2874-8 Indian migration, 1750-7 transatlantic trade, 2965 slave products, 2963—4 colonial-induced migration, US, 1316-17,2939,2963-5 Slavic forced migration, 2774-5 1751-2 Africans slaving zones, 2761-5 historical antecedents, 1751 African Americans, 3050—1 songs, 2249-50 human rights, 1753-5 African diaspora, 468-9 steerage, 2874-8 independence, 1752-3 maritime transportation, Surinam, 1274 right of access, 1753-5 482-8 trade impacts, 2939 World War II, 1752-3 precolonial Africa, 426 and trafficking, 2876-7 labor migration, 1626-7 Southern Africans, 2835-6 transatlantic trade, 1365, 2744-8, Sinhalese Buddhist cultures, 1724 south of Sahara, 461-2 2961-5 situational ethnic identity, 2240 migration to UK, 473—4 see also Atlantic slave trade situational refugees, 3141 Uruguayan slaves, 3121, Slavs Skanderbeg (Kastrioti, Gjergi), 3123^ 7th-l lth century, 659-60 494 arts and music, 562-3 12th-14th century, 660-2 skills/skilled workers, 2757-60 Brazil, 762, 763 assimilation impulse, 2772-3 Asian migration, 575, 588 Caribbean, 826-7, 842-3 Baltic Sea colonies, 659-62 economic problems/policies, French-speaking, 862—5 in Bulgaria, 779 1843 gender, 868 Byzantium invasion, 789-90 Europe, 1355, 1377-8, 1984-5 Maroons, 874 central Europe expansion, female migration, 804 post-emancipation, 858 2770-1 Fiji, 2363, 2369 colonization, 2962-3 Eastern Europe colonization, France, 1525 Cuba, 1128-9 1291-2 GATS, 3168 demand for, 2963^ forced migration, 2774—5 immigration programs, 784-5 demographic impact, 1163 lands, slave trade, 2763-4 Latin America, 2037, 2055-6 Dutch Antilles, 1274 lower Danube, 2769-70, migration as source of, 1980-1 early northbound trade, 2961—2 2772-3 professionals, 1744-8, 1927-8 East Africa, 482-4, 1283-90 medieval migration, 2769-76 recruitment, 2757—8 Europe, 484-6, 1766-8, see also Central and Eastern SAPs, 2889 1989-90 Europe semiskilled workers, 1734-5, extrusive mode, 2761 Slovakia, 1151-5 1818,1820 film, 1429-30 see also Central and Eastern skill levels, 2522-3, 2590 Ghana, 1582 Europe; Central Europe social skills deficit, 2800 globalization, 2078 Slovenia, 1479 Southern African migration, growth in 19th century, 1283 see also Central and Eastern 2839-41 Haitian revolution, 1314 Europe; Central Europe South-North migration, 1177-8 as human cargo, 2875 smallpox, Acadian, 421 Sri Lanka, 2866-7 Indian Ocean, 482-3, 1766-8, Smith, Anthony, 2732 Uruguayan urban laborers, 3123 2764-5, 2818 Smith, Joseph, 2229-31 see also unskilled labor intrusive mode, 2761 SMS see Special Migration SLAs see statistical local areas labor force participation, 1978 Statistics slash-and-burn practices, 2501 medieval era, 2120, 2761-9 smugglers/smuggling, 1691-6 Slaughter, Anne Marie, 2247 Mediterranean, 2139, 2140 Chinese migrations, 1005, slavery/slave trade and mobility, 2964 1008-10 abolition, 1313-18 modern era emancipation, human rights, 1840-1 1776-1825, 1314-15 1313-18 trafficker distinction, 2957 1825-48, 1315-16 mortality rates, 2100 undocumented migration, 3030, 1848-88, 1316-17 Muslims, 2257-8 3033-4 19th-20th centuries, 1990-1 nomadic migrants, 2883, 2884 see also forced migration; Brazil, 1317-18 northbound trade, 2961-2 trafficking British empire, 1315-16 North-South migration, 2329 snowball sampling, 1322 Caribbean, 595 Ottoman empire, 2139 social capital INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3261

Asian minority banks, 605-6 Brazil, 767 socioeconomic factors labor market outcomes, 2777-80 social networks, 2781-2 assimilation, 610 second generation, 2780-2 West Indians-US, 3152 Atlantic slave trade, 620-1 social remittances, 2791 social movement unionism, 2008, Bangladeshi migration, 672-3, Social Charter, EU, 1392-3 2012-14 674 social cohesion social networks, 2780-2 circular migration, 1056 citizenship education, 1069 anthropology, 519 climate change, 1077 commuting problems, 1094 Balkans, 652-3 Cuba, 1132 melting pot theory, 2155 Caribbean migrants, 850—2, English Canadians, 820 social Darwinism, 2492 877 labor migrants, 2002 social dumping, 2929 circular migration, 1053 Latin American migrants, 2036, social factors cosmopolitanism, 1112 2051-6 Africa and status, 442 cumulative causation, 2796 remittances, 2539—45 assimilation, 3107-9, 3114-15 digital media, 1141-2 student migrations, 2890 assistance, 2691 economics, 2795-6 urban sprawl, 3104-5 Caucasus, 892, 894-6 Indian construction industry, West Indians to US, 3151, Chinese worker rights, 1033—4 2648 3152-3 conditions and militancy, 2017 international migration, 2887 sociolinguistic studies, 2022 culture and norms, 1146 labor diasporas, 2010 sociological perspectives, 2794-9 exclusion and human rights, labor market outcomes, 2777-8 cosmopolitanism, 1112-16 1682-3 research, 2782 transnational family studies, hajj and revolutions, 1633-4 Southern Africans, 2833 2974, 2975 Indonesia, 1819-20 student migrations, 2892-3 sociopolitical aspect, Fulbe inequalities, 1093-4, 2291-2 US, 3081, 3086 migrations, 430-1 international migration, 2887 see also connections sojourners, 2799-802 labor migration, 1979-80, social protest, 2783-90 adjustment, 2799-800 1988-9 see also protest Chinese migration, 1441 letters of immigrants, 2069 social remittances, 2790-4 disciplinary perspectives, memory, 1138-43 anthropology, 519 2799-800 multiculturalism, 2240 expansion of concept, 2793 expectations, 2800 research, 2571-3 HTAs, 1666-7 experiences, 2800-1 social constructions, 2928 normative structures, 2791 soldiers social fields,2072-3 , 2076, observation, 2790-1 citizens, 2802-6 2984 problems, 2793-4 Germany, 1575 social insurance, 1161 see also remittances Roman colonies, 2623-5 social reaction theory, 1715 Social Security Agreements (SSAs), see also armed conflict; armies; social services, 1674-5 707 wars social skills deficit, 2800 social theory, 1846-51 solidarity crimes, 1685 sojourner support, 2800 20th century perspectives, 1847 , 1671,2450 Spanish migrant integration, assimilation, 1848 see also Africa 2855 multiculturalism, 1848 sonars (jewelers), 1742 stratification, 1050-1, 1246-7 settlement, 1848 Song China, 977-80, 998-1000 strife, 1979-80 social welfare see also China suburban populations, 2899 Australian multiculturalism, Song of the Exile (Hui, 1990), transnational ties, 986 639 1441 urbanization, 3116-17 civic stratification, 1114-15 songs, 2249-50 West Indians in US, 3153-4 regularization programs, Sopron forestry school, Hungary, see also socio... 2515-16 1698-9 socialism societal integration, Jewish soul force, 1727-8 Bulgaria, 780-1 migration, 1948-9 the South China, 1049 societal studies, transcultural, inequality, 2000-5 Eastern Europe, 1135-6 2968-9 intra-South transnationalism, Indians to British Africa, 1729 Society of Christ for Emigrants 2992-3 labor migration, 2116 from Poland, 2225 poverty, 1987-8, 1997, 2000-5 US nativism, 3094 Society of St. Francis de Sales social networks, 2780 socialization hypothesis, birth (Salesians), 2223^ transnational families, 2974 rates, 2281-2 sociocultural aspects, 1637-8, worker organization, 2005-15 social justice cinema, 1502 2800-1 worker poverty, 1997 social mobility sociodemographics, Chile, 956 see also North-South migration 3262 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

South Africa doctor migration, 2840 sovereignty, settler migration, Boer war concentration camps, European colonization, 2836—8 2733-5 1097 gendered migration, 2824-30, Soviet Union brain circulation, 2840 2839 Arctic migrations, 542—3 European colonization, 2837-8 independence struggles, 2838 Caucasus, 892-3 fictional narratives, 2448—9 internal migration, 451, 2827-8, Central Asia, 921-2 film, 1431-2 2830-4 demise of, 922 Indians to British Africa, 1726-8 inward migration from regions, deportation, 1184 legislation, 446, 447-9 2835 displaced person repatriation, Portuguese migrants, 2436 medieval Africa, 459 1240 post-apartheid era, 2826-7 original inhabitants, 2835 ethnic cleansing, 1327-8, 1329 racial segregation, 2824—5 passage migration, 2830-2 Finland and immigration, 2315, refugees, 2448-9 post-independence migration, 2316 see also Southern Africa 2838 FSU, 2680, 2682^, 3176-7 South America protection, 2830-1, 2832 Gulag system, 1097-8 Basque diaspora, 682-3, 687 regional migration, 2826-8, pre-1990 population film, 1504-5 2835, 2841-2 movements, 926 immigrant legislation, 2806-10 slave trade, 2835-6 rural migration, 2652 labor migration, 1994 see also Africa; individual Russian migration, 2679 restrictions, 2808 countries successor states map, 2680 Spanish rule, 2849 Southern African Development see also individual countries; Swiss migrants, 2913 Community (SADC) Russia US resident status, 2054 countries forming, 2835 Soviet-Nazi War 1941-45, 2672 women migrants, 2042, 2044 regional migration management, Soysal, Yasemin, 1112 .world-systems analysis, 3163 2841-2 space/spatial aspects see also Central America; Latin rights protection, 1854-5 assimilation theories, 1680,1825 America Southern Common Market see geographies of migration, South Asia MERCOSUR 1568-72 1850s-1970s, 2810-16 South Indian plantation labor, social construction, 2928 migration to Australia, 600-1 2811-14 transculturalism, 2968-9 bonded labor, 722-3 South Korea transnational social ties, 2986 borderlands, 737-8 migration to Argentina, 549 travel/migration, 2998 migration to Canada, 1089-90 Central Asian migrants, 922-3 urbanization, 3107-9 Chinese migrants, 996, 1002 Employment Permit System, Spain convict labor, 1109 1627 1450-1750,2849-53 film, 1494-501 guest workers, 1627 1960s-present, 2853-7 postcolonial narratives, 2447-8 labor migration, 1627 Acadian migration, 421—2 UK identity, 887 RHs, 591 African Maghreb, 480 see also Asia; individual countries; South Manchurian Railway, migration to Brazil, 763 Southeast Asia 2498-9,2573 migration to Caribbean, 878-86 Southeast Asia South-North migration, 1177-8, Chinese settlers in Philippines, ASEAN/regional agreements, 1551-2, 1995,2461 1021 2820-4 South Pacific circular migration, 1061 Buddhist cultures in India, 19th century, 1757-8 colonial concentration camps, 1724 migration from China, 1025 1096-7 Chinese migration, 996, 1002, ethnonationalism, 1757—61 commuting, 1093^ 1019-20, 1022-3, 1026-7, indentured labor, 1758-9 convivencia, 2136 1044-9 independence, 1759-60 migration to Cuba, 1129-30 gender, 579-82 Indian migration, 1757-61 early modern migration, guest workers, 1625-9 military intervention, 1760 2857-61 Indian migration, 2810-11, 2815 racial division, 1760 empire, 2849-53 Japan, 1934-5 south of Sahara, 460-7 foreign residents, 1351 labor migration, 1625-9 South-South migrations, 2816-20 future prospects, 2855-6 medieval era, 1724, 1934-5 Southwest Africa, 1097 immigrant reception, 2855 Sikh migration, 2814 see also Africa Jewish expulsion, 2137 see also Asia; individual countries; Southwest Asia, 535-8 medieval era, 2137, 2845-9 South Asia see also Asia; South Asia; Mexican northern frontier, Southern Africa Southeast Asia 505-6 7th century to present, 2834-45 sovereign states, ideologies, 1704 migration trajectory, 2851-2 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3263

Moroccan women migrants, state agencies domestic work/workers, 1256 1544 Balkans, 653 irregular workers, 1822-3 Muslim colonization, 2134—5 BLAs, 706-11 public health, 2474 Muslim expulsion, 2137 Canadian migration, 822 refugees, 1299, 1510,2428-31, Paraguayan migrants, 2392 Chinese migrant "problem," 3045 population growth, 686 1051-2 TPS, 2052 remittances, 2527 language requirements, 2026-7 US resident status, 2054 social protest, 2785-6 trafficking, 2958-9 see also individual types; legal Spanish America, 2857-61 state authority status undocumented migrant women, deportation, 1185 status people, 1789-90 3028 film,1465 status traders, 1786 see also Iberia freedom of movement, 1529-30 steamships, 2102, 2589 Spanish America integration policy, 1597 steel industry, 1377 16th-18th centuries, 2857-61 labor migration, 1379-80 steerage, 2874-8 early modern migration, migration control, 2208-11 Steppe people, 2878-85 2857-61 state-centred transregionalism, stereotypes, French Maghrebis, 2724 license records, 2858-9 2995-6 stigmatization, 496 Spanish colonization state control, 1040, 1043, 2797-8 stone inscriptions, India, 2399, 16th-18th century, 2857-61 state economies, translocalism, 2400-1 Americas, 680-3, 685-8, 2970 story-telling, 1138—43 2849-53 state-enforced labor laws, 1031 stratification see civic stratification; Cuba, 1127-8 state formation, medieval Japan, social factors, stratification slavery, 2962-3 1931-4 "street children," 423—4 Spanish-American war, 879-80, state-in-exile refugees, 3141 stress, 512-13, 2166-7, 2470 1096-7 state language protection, 2027-8 strikes, 530-1, 1033-4, 2016-21 Spare Parts (Kozole, 2003), 1479 statelessness, 2871-4 structural adjustment policies/ spatial mismatch hypothesis, international agreements, 2872, programs (SAPs) commuting, 1093—4 3167-72 DRC, 1102 specialist tours, 2938 international rights, 1234-5, hospitality workers, 1674—5 specialization, trade, 2939 1839-40 international migration, 2886—90 Special Migration Statistics (SMS), protection conventions, 2872 labor migration, 1995-6 1828 uneven global response, 2872-3 Latin American agriculture, spiritual songs, 2249 UNHCR, 3046 2030, 2032 Spitz, Andrea, 1431-2 state-making, 2430-1 Nigeria, 2303 sports migration, 2861—3 state-organized migration World Bank, 435 spouses China, 995-6, 998, 1000-1 structuralist theory, 2459 HIV-AIDS exposure, 1657 circular migration, 1059-60 structural reforms, neoliberal, internal migration, 1836 Seleucid empire, 2728 2887-8 spouse migrations, 2864-5 state reactions to migration, structuration theory, 1848, 1849, The Squatter's Daughter (Hall, 2423-7 2576 1933), 1435 state recognition of child migrants, students, 2895-9 Sri Lanka 937-8 Belgium, 692 1960s to present, 2865-71 state regulation, trafficking, 2877 Chinese migrants, 1037, 1442, Asia and gender, 582 state socialism, end of, 1135—6 2890-5 gay migration, 1533 state social welfare, 1114-15 emerging trends, 2897-8 medieval era India, 1721 stationes (spaces), Roman world, Indian brain-drain, 743-9 return migration, 592 2632-3 Indian emigration, 743-9, see also South Asia statistical local areas (SLAs), 633 1746-8 SSAs see Social Security statistical systems institutional context, 2890, 2892-3 Agreements Japanese foreign population, research suggestions, 2897-8 stability concept, medieval era, 2933-4 Roman world, 2633-4 2694-7 labor migration, 2000-1, 2003, Southern Africa, 2841 Stability Pact, EU, 647-8 2982 Sweden, 2908, 2912 stable isotope studies, 1124 Southern African migrations, 2831 transnationalism, 2990-2 stagecoaches, 1375 see also data Turkey, 3006 stagnant pool, Marxism, 2582-5 status UK immigration, 3041 Stalin, Joseph, 1098 Africa, 442 undocumented, 1261, 1262—3 the state see government...; Chinese migrant registration, see also tertiary education; nation...; state... 1050-2 universities 3264 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V study centers, 2691 livelihood definition, 2904 TAMPEP research, sex workers, Sturge, Joseph, 1315 population growth, 2903-7 2741 subaltern concept, 2457-8 rainforests, 2501 Tang China, 997-8 subnational development reproduction, 3156 Cantonese people, 1015 institutions, 1189, 1192 sustenance rights, 951 cosmopolitan cities, 973—4 sub-Saharan Africa Swahili people, 1287-8 late Tang movements, 998-1000, migration to Argentina, 549 Swaziland, 1661 1002 migration to EU, 478-80 see also Africa; Southern Africa profit-driven institutions, 1005 gender, 1659-63 Sweden rural migrations, 973—4 HIV-AIDS, 1659-63 19th century to present, see also China internal migration, 450 1699-700, tango (dance), 563 medieval Africa, 459 2907-13 Tanzania, 1276-82, 1287-8 migration types, 3156—7 EU-10 migrants, 1383 see also East Africa reproduction trends, 3158-9 Hungarian migrants, 1699-700 Tasmania, 2168 socioeconomic crisis, 481 Jewish refugees from Nazi Tattare (Swedish travelers), 2617 see also Africa Germany, 2288 Taubira Law, 2078 subsistence farming, 2501 Roma migrations, 2617-19 tax revenues, 2514-15 see also farming/farm workers; undocumented migrants, technical occupations, 1732 poverty 3027-8,3034-5 technology suburbanization, 2899-903 see also Nordic countries; cultural/social memory, 1139—43 challenges/future prospects, Scandinavia mail services, 2067 2902 swidden (slash-and-burn remittance transmittance, 2560 characteristics, 2899 practices), 2501 transnationalism, 2991 commuting, 1091-5 Swiss Guards, 1575 see also information technology history of, 2899-900 Switzerland telecommuting, 1094 main drivers, 2901 19th century-present, 2913-17 temp agencies, 1157 patterns of migration, 2901-2 Berne Initiative, 702-6, 2244 temple asylum, 614 terminology, 2899 immigrant legislation, 2914 temporal aspects West Indians in US, 3152 Italian migration, 1887 English-speaking Caribbean, see also urban sprawl Jewish refugees from Nazi 853-4 Sudan,1558, 1559-60, 1671 Germany, 2288 internal/international links, see also Africa migration museum, 2162-3 2075 sudden-onset climate events, 1084 Portuguese migrants, 2436—7 travel, 2998 sugar-beet cultivation, 1379 synagogues, 1948 see also time... sugar industry syndicalism temporary admission leading to Asian migration, 595-6 anarchism, 2917-21 citizenship, 1064 Brazil, 2443, 2444 East Asia, 2919-20 temporary migration Caribbean, 595-6, 858-9, 879 influence of migrants, business/professional, 785 Cuba, 1128-9 2918-19 Caribbean, 838 Mediterranean, 2138 return migration, 2920-1 Caucasus, 894 suicide, 2874 Syracuse, 1614-15 China, 984 sultans, Muslim world, 2257 Syria circular migration, 1623 Sun Belt, US, 3105 Arab diaspora in US, 527-8 economic development, 2461 supercargos, 2944 labor migration, 2197 European policies, 1985 supply-side economics, 2939 Muslim Arab migration, GATS Mode 4 coverage, 3170 support from receiving countries, 2255-6 gendered programs, 1060-1 1594-9 systems analysis/theory, 1847, global trade, 1586-7 supranational citizenship, 1065-6 2574-5, 3160-7 outmigration and famine, 1410 Suriname Szelig, Imre, 1700 public health, 2474 Dutch colonization, 1273—4 socioeconomic mobility, 1056 Dutch migration to Caribbean, Taiping Rebellion, China, 1023, transnationalism, 2988-92 848-9 2753 Turkey, 3005-6 Netherlands, 848-9, 1273-4, Taiwan, 1627-8 see also circular migration; 2296 Tajikas people, 1719 seasonal migration; slave trade/slavery, 1274 Tajikistan, 576-7, 921, 923 temporary workers see also Latin America; South see also Central Asia Temporary Protective Status (TPS), America Tallensi people, 1346 Latin America, 2052 surrealism, 1149-50 TAM see Andean Migration Card temporary residence, New Zealand, sustainability Tamerlane (Timur), 2177 2299-300 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3265 temporary return migration, ticket-credit system, 1006, 1024-5 trade, 2938^3 2989 see also credit-ticket system barriers to migration, 1586 temporary workers, 1978 tied migrants, 1836 Bay of Bengal, 2398-400 20th century to present, 2922-5 "tight packing" slave caravan routes, 1582 Canada, 822, 825 transportation, 2875 China causation, 2923-4 Time and Judgement (Ceddo Film 1400-1950, 1044-6 European policies, 1985 Collective, 1988), 1450 early emigration, 1019 Japan, 751 timescales and transculturalism, expansion, 1002 labor organization, 2925—32 2968-9 restrictions, 1001 low-wage labor, 1980 time/space compression, temporary fair trade, 1399-402 methodological issues, 2923-4 workers, 2925 FDI, 1590 trade networks, 2943-4, 2945 Timur (Tamerlane), 2177 globalization, 1587, 2941-2 see also guest worker...; Tlatli, Moufida, 1429 gravity models, 1589 temporary migration TNCs see transnational historical background, 2939^0, Teotihuacan city, 2119 corporations 2947-56 tephras, Iceland, 2322-3 Tokten see Transfer of Knowledge "home goods" effects, 1589 territorial asylum, 615 Through Expatriate income convergence/divergence, territorialization, 1461, 1463-4, Nationals 1589 1466, 2635-6 Tokyo, Japan ancient India, 2398-400 territory concept, 2803 early 20th century, 2932-3 Indian Ocean network, 2088-9 terrorism ethnic transformation, 2936 international migration, AEDPA, 3073 foreigners in, 2932-6 1585-91 deportation, 1184 as global city, 2933 medieval Japan, 1934—5 migration policies, 2216 major nationality groups, Mediterranean, 2134, 2140, tertiary education, 784, 785-6, 2933-6 2152 837 see also Japan multilateral negotiations, Testament (Akomfrah, 1988), Toltec people, 2119 1587 1491-2 Tonga, 2368 NAFTA, 2488 Testo unico (Italian statute), 1894-6 "Tong Yun Gai" see Chinatowns North Africa, 2134 Teutons, 2466 toponymy, 789, 790, 1123^ outsourcing services, 1590 Texas,, 506-7, 1414 Toronto, Canada Phoenicians, 2413 textile industry, 3058 gateway city, 810, 811 Portugal, 2438-9 Thailand housing, 1681 positive migration effects, Burmese labor, 2263 rural-to-urban migration, 1589-90 gay migration, 1534 1809 in services, 1586-7 guest workers, 1628 Totalization Agreements see Social medieval Spain, 2847 labor migration, 1628 Security Agreements temporary migration, 1586-7 sexual tourism, 1534 "total wars," Europe, 3147 theoretical background, 2939 Theodoric, Ostrogoth king, 678, totoks (Chinese migrants), 1026-7 theories, 1587-9 1592 tourism, 2470-1, 2937-8 . . WTO/GATS, 3167-72 Theraean people, 1611 Caribbean, 846, 854 see also merchants; slavery/slave The Woman Warrior (Kingston), China, 1037-8 trade 2340 as cultural practice, 2998-9 trade agreements thieves, 2613 expansion of, 2937-8 GATS, 3167-72 third-country nationals, 1854, 1984 late 19th century to present, regional, 2941 third-generation migrants, 3138 2937 temporary workers, 2922 third-party interventions, 3141 Mediterranean, 2142 trade liberalization "third space," culture, 2968 pilgrimage, 2416, 2417 BLAs, 707 Thomas (slave ship), 2747 religious tourism, 2416, 2417 China, 1044 Thomas, William I., 2068 retirement migration, 2587 global trade, 1586-9 threat-based decision model, 554-5 sexual tourism, 1534 theoretical models, 1587-8 The Three Burials of Melquiades sojourning contrast, 2799 West Africa, 1305 Estrada (Jones, 2005), 1488 Southern Africa, 2841 trade networks, 2943-7 Three-for-One initiative, Mexico, specialized forms, 2938 trade route see Silk Road/Route 2554 town planning, 2625 traders Thucydides, 1611-12, 1619 town scholars, 2699 Malaya/Burma, 2814-15 Thule migration, 539 Toynbee, Arnold, 1222 medieval era, 2947—56 Tiananmen Square protests, 600-1 TPS see Temporary Protective modern age, 2951-2 Tibet, 1724 Status Otavalo diaspora, 1786, 1787-8 3266 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V trade unions indigenous peoples, 1802—4 transnational corporations (TNCs), collective action, 2016—21 precolonial Africa, 426 2862, 2942 European migration to Uruguay, see also cross-border migration transnational cultures, 2475 3123 transculturalism, 2966-70 transnational families free movement of labor, 1385 conceptualization of, 2967 Caribbean migrants, 838-9 global North-South, 2005-15 definitions, 2967-9 family migration, 1404—5, human rights activism, 1684 trans-disciplinary approaches, 1906-7 migrant workers, 1356, 1357 2968 family studies, 2974, 2975 support for immigrants, 1596 trans-Eurasian migration route, future research, 2977 temporary workers, 2928—9 2750 meaning shifts, 2974—6 United Farm Workers Union, transferability voting hypothesis, measuring outcomes for, 2976 1420 1711-12 relationships, 2974-6 US labor markets, 3086 Transfer of Knowledge Through research/scholarship, 2974—8 'workers, 2350 Expatriate Nationals role shifts, 2974-6 see also labor organizations (Tokten), 472 transnationalism, 2988—94 traditional medicine, 2475—6 transfer of remittances see money anthropology, 519-20 traditional settler societies, 2298 transfer...; remittances assimilation, 612 see also settlers/settlement transformationalist view, 2942 Caribbean, 838-9, 877, 884-5 trafficking, 2736-40, 2956-61 transgender migration, 2061-6 cross-border migration, 2983-7 Africa and gender, 436 transhumance, Fulbe people, 430 debates on nature of, 2985-6 Caribbean, 839-40 transitional justice, 2566—7 definition, 2984 children, 2510 transitional systems governance, dynamic conflicts of interest, China to Singapore, 2754 1148-9 2991-2 cinematic depiction, 1479 transit migration globalization, 1199-200 as crime, 2958 economic problems/policies, migration as immigrant activity, definition, 2737 1844 2985 forced migration, 2292—3 Southern Africans, 2831—2 nationality policies, 2272—3 forms of, 2737 Ukraine, 3021-2 Nordic countries, 2316-18 history of term, 2956-9 translocalism, 2970-4 numbers of migrants, 2985-6 human rights, 1840-1 communities of origin, 2972-3 refugees in Sweden, 2909 labor perspective, 2959 Southern African migrations, religion, 2519 Nigeria, 2304 2831-2 retirement migration, 2587 numbers trafficked, 2957 sports migration, 2862 sociological perspectives, 2797-8 "pig trade," 1046 sustainable population growth, student migration, 2896—7 removal stage, 2739 2905 transnational labor migration, Russia, 730 transmigration 2978-84 sex workers, 2743 Canada to US, 818, 820 transnational marriages see slavery similarities, 2876-7 definition, 2984 international marriages Southern Africa, 2839 identities, 2985 transnational multiculturalism, Sri Lanka, 2868-9 medieval Japan, 1935-7 1478-80 stages of, 2739 transmission of social remittances, transnational social fields,2072—3 , undocumented migration, 3030, 2790-3 2076,2984 3033-4 transnational accumulation of transnational social networks, US, 733-4 remittances, 909-10 850-2,877, 1112 see also anti-trafficking...; forced transnational business, 784 see also transnational migration transnational capital model, connections "tragedy of the commons," 2904 912-13 transnational spaces, 1186-7 trailing spouses, 1836 transnational cinema, 1444—5, transnational studies, 2966 tramp ships, 2101 1458-9, 1466, 1506-7 transoceanic migration see Atlantic transaction costs, 1144 transnational connections migrations; Indian Ocean; transatlantic migration Caribbean migrants, 871-2 slavery/slave trade family migration, 1402 circular migration, 1053 transportation film,1429-30 letters of immigrants, 2068 agriculture, 1414 Spanish America, 2857—61 social networks, 2780—2 commuting, 1091-2 see also Atlantic slave trade trade globalization, 2942 European migrations, 2940 trans-border migration see also transnational social labor migration, 1375 cultural bonds, 2970-1 networks Mediterranean, 2430-1, 2133 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3267

mobility, 2226, 2227-8 Ottoman period, 3001-5 amnesties, 3032 penal, 2393-7 remittances, 3009-15 asylum, 3031-2 pilgrimage, 2416-17 republican period, 3005-8 causal variables, 3030-1 return migration, 2589 Romania and Moldova, 2642 children, 949-51, 3026-7 slaves, 2875 as slaves, 2765 citizenship, 2009 trafficking stages, 2739 Turkish-Germans, 1445 education access, 3026—7 Vikings, 3130 Turkish Seljuks, 2257 effective practices, 3034 see also air travel; railroads/ways; Turkmenistan, 921 exploitation, 1118 ship... see also Central Asia fair working conditions, Transportation Act, 1718, 1108 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 2156, 3028-9 transregionalism, 2994—7 3049 gender-based violence, 3028-9 economic migration, 2996-7 typhoons, 1230 health care, 3027-8 multifarious factors, 2994-5 housing access, 3026-7 state-centred approaches, 2995-6 UAE see United Arab Emirates human rights, 3033-5 Trans-Tasman Travel Agreement, UCB see United Commercial Bank IRCA, 3072 2300 U-curve model, sojourners, 2799 Japan, 1943-7 Transylvania, 2640-3 UDHR see Universal Declaration of mixed flows, 3031-2 see also Romania... Human Rights overview, 3030-6 trauma, 941,2165 Uganda, 525, 1276-82 policy responses, 3032-3 travel, 2997-3001 see also East Africa remittances, 2547, 2561, 2563-5 hippy trails, 1653—4 Uighur people, 975, 979 restrictive policies, 3031 railroads, 2496-7 UK see United Kingdom scope of, 3030 shaping by/of migration, Ukraine/Ukrainian migrants, social support, 3028-9 2999-3000 3021-5 US, 3036-41 traveller-traders, 2948-9 cross-cultural bonds, 1122 see also illegal migrants/ Treaty of London 1923,495 early 20th century to present, migration; irregular Treaty of Paris, 421 3021-5 migrants/migration Treaty of Trianon, 1696-7 emigration figures, 3022—3 unemployment Treaty of Utrecht, 418 history, 3021 Bangladesh, 674 Triangular Trade, 485 migration statistics, 3021 forced migration, 2293 tribute missions, 1044 non-traditional migrants, 3023 France, 1521 Trinidad, 1741, 1742, 1743 policy framework, 3024 Indonesia, 1817, 1819 see also Caribbean... three modern periods, 3022-4 neoliberal globalization, 2293 Trojan myth, 2123 Ulu Burun shipwreck, 2126 Western Europe, 3011-12 troubadours, 562 Umayyad caliphs, 696-8, 2120, unfamiliarity, 1149 truth force concept, India, 1727—8 2256-7 unfree labor Truth and Reconciliation umma (community), 1634-5 Europe, 1990-1 Commissions, 2568 UMNO see United Malays National Russia, 725-30 Tsarist era, Russia, 2678 Organisation slavery, 2767 tsunamis, 1230, 1942 UN see United Nations terminology, 721 Tuareg people, 2302 unaccompanied children, 951-2, US, 732-3 Tucson, Arizona, 2160 1104,2509-10 see also bonded labor; forced Tunisia see also child... migration; indentured labor migration, 2197—9 UNAIDS, 1656 migration; serfdom; slavery/ , 2134, 2135 see also HIV-AIDS slave trade see also Africa; Maghreb unauthorized migrants see illegal UNHCR see United Nations High Turkey/Turks migrants/migration; Commissioner for Refugees 18th-20th centuries, 3001-9 undocumented migrants Unidos por la Solidaridad, HTAs, in Bulgaria, 779, 780-2 the uncanny, Freud, 742 1665 in Byzantium, 790-3 unconscious bias, 1650 unintended migration, 1738-9 ethnic cleansing, 1328 UNCTAD see United Nations, unions see trade unions future prospects, 3014 Council on Trade and United Arab Emirates (UAE), 535, Greece and population exchange, Development 1624-5 1602, 2144 underclass in China, 1051 see also Gulf... in Maghreb, 697 underdevelopment, 1197-201 United Commercial Bank (UCB), medieval era, 2122 undocumented migrants/ 605 in the Occident, 3015-20 migration, 1822-4, 3026-30 United Farm Workers Union, 1420 3268 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

United Hands for El Salvador Convention on the Prevention Asian migrants, 1237, 1367, 3101 initiative, 2554 and Punishment of the assimilation, 610-11, 2237-8, United Kingdom (UK) Crime of Genocide, 1556-7 3095-6 1990s to present, 3041-5 Convention Relating to the Austrian migrants, 642 African migration, 473-7 Status of Refugees, 1299, Balkan migrants, 653 asylum-seekers, 1115, 3041, 3045 Basque migrations, 680-3, 685-8 3042 Convention on the Rights of All bilingualism, 2024, 2028 Caribbean migrants, 836, Migrants and Members of birth in US, 2283 843-5 Their Families, 2307-8 black history museum, 2162 1950s to present, 850-7 Convention on the Status of black-immigrant competition, film, 1450-2 Refugees and Stateless 3052-7 women, 870 Persons, 2428, 2429, 2431 bonded labor, 730-5 World War II, 860-1 Council on trade and Border Patrol, 2180, 2181 causal factors, 3044 Development, 479 Bracero Program, 1416-17, 1419, circular migration, 1054—5 CRC, 949 1623, 2180-2 citizenship, 1265 Decade of Women, 1423 Brazilian migrants, 752—4 destination patterns, 3042 female equality/rights, 1423 Bulgaria, 781-2 East African Asians, 2455 General Assembly High-Level Bureau of Indian Affairs Direct Eastern Europeans, 2420, 2422, Dialogue on International Employment, 1808 3041 Migration and business/professional migrants, ethnic groupings, 475, 1827—34 Development, 706 785 EU labor migrants, 1383, 1389, human rights, 1682, 1687-8 Californian farm workers, 1393 indigenous peoples, 1800-1 1415-16, 1419 Filipino migrants, 585 International Criminal Tribunal Canadian migration, 810, 815, gentrification in cities, 1564 for Rwanda, 1559 817-21, 1488 impact of migration, 3043—4 International Criminal Tribunal care workers, 1536-9 Indian migrants, 886-91, 1744-5 for Yugoslavia, 1558 Caribbean migrants, 836 labor migration, 3042 New York Protocol, 3045 capitalist development, migrant experiences, 3044 population displacement, 859-60 "new migration," 3041-2, 3043 3148-9 Caribbean African diaspora, Nigerian migrants, 2302 Refugee Convention and 829 policy and politics, 3042—3 Protocol, 615, 617 cinematic depiction, 1483-4 Polish migrants, 2420, 2422 refugees, 615, 617, 1299, 1510, culture, 845 public services, 3042—3 3045 English-speaking, 850-3, 855 racism, 2487 Relief and Rehabilitation socioeconomic factors, 2054 refugees, 2449-50, 2455 Administration, 1239, 1240, Spanish-speaking, 880-3 sanctuary movements, 2686-7 1241 women, 870 South Asian migrants, 1496 statelessness, 1234, 2428, 2429, World War II expansion, Swedish migrants, 2912 2431 860-1 Ugandan refugees, 2455 trafficking, 2737 Central American migrants West Indian migrants, 2455 UNCTAD, 479 cinematic depiction, 1487—8 see also Britain; England; UNHCR, 553-4, 1243, 1852, expansion 1970s-2010, 902-7 Northern Ireland; Scotland; 2244, 2873, 3045-7 gender, 897-901 Wales UN-PFII, 1801 population figures, 3100-1 United Malays National UNTOC, 1691 remittances, 907-8 Organisation (UMNO), United States (US) Chinese migrants 1753 1965 to present, 1676-9 pre-1948, 1024-5 United Nations High 9/11 attack, 2486-7, 3073-4, Chinatowns, 1016, 1017 Commissioner for Refugees 3091 Chinese Exclusion Act, 818, (UNHCR), 3045-7 abolition of slavery, 1316-17, 1992, 2162, 3070 armed conflict, 553-4 2939, 2963-5 cinematic depiction, 1486 displaced persons, 1243 Acadian migration, 417-23 gender, 3058-9 multilateral approaches, 2244 adoption, 423-4 housing, 1677-8 rights protection, 1852 African Americans, 1428, immigration legislation, 3070 statelessness issues, 2873 2657-8, 3050-1, 3101 intolerance, 1862 United Nations (UN) African colonization, 3047, labor migration, 1992 CEDAW, 1839, 1841 3050-1 late 20th century, 1008-10, CERD, 1233^1, 1235 agriculture, 1413-17 3095-6 climate change policy, 1086 Arab diaspora, 527-34 nativism, 3095-6 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3269

CIR bill, 1261-2, 1263 Europe, 3098-100 labor demand, 2179-82, 2192^1 citizenship growth and impact, 3101-2 labor markets, 1157, 3084-8 birth in US, 2283 Hispanic/non-Hispanic 1990 to present, 3084-8 DREAM Act, 1260-5 whites, 3101-2 characteristics, 3085-6 education, 1067-8 French colonization, 685—8 immigrant incorporation, Filipino immigrants, 2408-9 gay migration, 1533, 1534 3084,3086-7 civil rights movement, 2239 gender, 2043-5, 3058-61, 3090 implications of new markets, cold war, 1368, 3096-7 gentrification in cities, 1564 3087 commuting, 1091—4 Great Black migrations mechanisms of incorporation, contemporary migration, 1900-70, 3061-8 3086-7 3088-93 agency viewpoint, 3065—6 new destinations, 3084—5 1965 to present, 3088-93 causes of migration, 3063—4 new markets, 3084-7 borderlands, 3091 demographics, 3062-3 labor migration economy restructuring, migrant cities, 3064-6 gendered discrimination, 1543 3089-90 guest workers, 1623-4 guest workers, 1623-4 fiscal impacts, 3091 Haitian migrants, 2786-7 Mexican immigrants, gender, 3090 health care, 1536-9, 1636-40 2179-82,2185-94 impact of, 3090-1 highly skilled IT workers, trends and policy, 2188-9 labor migration, 3089-90 1647-8 labor militancy, 2016—21 cross-cultural bonds, 1121-2 Hispanic migration, 2656—7 land ownership, 686-7 Cuban migrants, 1126, 1130 hospitality workers, 1673, 1674 language requirements, 2026 1957-present, 1134-8 housing, 1676-9 Latin American migrants cinematic depiction, 1486-7 HTAs, 1663, 1664-6, 2220 development, 2036 Cuban refugees, 2451 human rights, 1235 discrimination, 1237 Czechoslovakian migrants, illegal migration, 2180-4 film, 1466 1151-2 Immigration Act (1924), 2180 gender, 2043-5 day laborers, 1156-9 Immigration Act (1965), 2182, health, 1636-40 deportation, 1253, 2180, 2182 3071-3 migration flows,2050-6 0 discovery of, 685-6 Immigration and Nationality military service, 2805 displaced persons, 1241-2, 1243 Act, 1624 legislation, 3068-75 domestic violence, 1253—4 Immigration and Naturalization anti-immigration, 3073^ Dominican Republic migrants, Act, 2181 Immigration Act 1965, 3071-3 2793 Immigration Reform and IRCA, 3072-3 DRC migrants, 1103 Control Act, 2182-3 low-wage labor, 3070-1 DREAM Act, 1260-5 independence, 1367 national security, 3073 East Asian migrants, 1486 Indian migrants, 743-9, 1731, nativist revolt, 3069-70 Eastern European migrants, 1732, 1745-6, 1748 post 9/11, 3073-4 1484-5, 2421 Indian Removal, 3047, 3048-9 LGBT migration, 2061 economic aspects, 2186, 2886-8 indigenous peoples, 1775—9, low-wage labor, 1980-1, 3070-1 eldercare work, 1536—9 1802-3, 1805-10 Maghrebi-French designation, ethnic selection, 1343 Indochina, 1812-13, 1814-15 2725 European displaced persons, internal migration, 2656-7, Manifest Destiny, 3047, 3049-50 1241-2, 1243 3075-84 Marxism, 3094 European migrants, 784, 1367-8, ACS statistics, 3077-80 May Day rallies, 2019-20 3098-100 causal factors, 3080-2 melting pot theory, 2155-8 European refugees 1848—49, group differentials, 3078-80 Mexican migrants, 2179-94 2598-9 measurement/magnitude, 1980s-2010, 2190^ expansionism, 1367 3075-8 cinematic depiction, 1487-8 farm workers, 1413-17 migrant characteristics, 3077 contribution to US economy, Filipino migrants, 584, 2406-9 new destinations, 3075—8 2192-4 film, 1466, 1481-9, 1505 intolerance, 1861-5 deportation, 2180, 2182 financial crises, 2886-8 IRCA, 2514, 2515, 2516, 3072-3 labor force characteristics, foreign-born population, Irish migrants, 1485-6 2186-8 3098-103 Islam, 1874 Mexico border, 735, 738-9 Africa, 3101 Israel, 1226 migration museums, 2161—2 Asia, 3101 Italian migrants, 1484, 1883 military, 1812-13, 1814-15, 2805 census information, 3099-100, Japan, 2934 minority banks, 603-7 3102 Jewish migrants, 2155-6 Mormon migration to Utah, Central America, 3100—1 Johnson-Reed Act 1924, 638 2229-36 3270 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

United States (US) (cont'd) socialism, 3094 UNRRA see Relief and multiculturalism, 2237-42 social security system, 2193 Rehabilitation NAFTA, 2183-4 sociological perspectives, 2794-5 Administration, UN National Origins Act, 2180 Spanish colonization unskilled labor Native American displacement, 16th-18th century, 2857-61 Indian migrants, 1734-5, 1744 3048-9 1450-1750, 2849-53 Indonesian laborers, 1818, 1820 nativism, 2276-7, 3069-70, Basque migrations, 680-3, Latin America, 2056 3093-8 685-8 Sri Lanka, 2867-8 anti-Catholicism, 3093—4 slavery, 2962-3 see also skills/skilled workers anti-Chinese/Asian migrants, Spanish-American war, 879-80, UNTOC see Convention against 3095-6 1096-7 Transnational Organized assimilation, 3095-6 students, 1261, 1262-3 Crime cold war nativism, 3096-7 suburbanization, 2900-1 Unyamwezi, Tanzania, 1287-8 • Marxists and socialism, 3094 syndicalism, 2919 urban agglomerations see opposition to foreign radicals, threats to culture, 2241 metropolitan areas 3094 trade unionism, 2012 urban anthropology, 519 racial nativism, 3094-5 translocalism, 2971-2 urban ethnic neighborhoods, religious origins, 3093 undocumented migrants, 3030, 1334-7 Nordic countries, 2313-15, 2910 3036-41 urbanization, 3107-20 nurses, 2406—7 amnesties, 3032 agricultural effects, 490 Okies farm laborers, 1415-16 immigration policies, 3037—9 Balkans, 652, 654-5 Pacific migrants, 2366, 2367 integration policies, 3038-9 Brazil, 755-62, 766-7 Polish migrants, 2421 restrictive policies, 3037 Canada, 814-16, 1790-1 population, 1537, 3098-103 rights/advocacy, 3026, 3030, child migrants, 946—7 Portuguese migrants, 2435, 2436 3036-41 China, 977-80, 981, 985-6, 1012, "postcolonial" migration, 526 students, 1261, 1262-3 1014 poverty, 2654-60 trends beyond US, 3039-40 Chinatowns, 3110-11 Puerto Rican migrants, 1486, urban sprawl, 3103-5 classical antiquity, 1204-5 2477-82 visas, 1254, 1624 definition, 1375-6 race relations, 2238-9 West Indian migrants, 1236-7, demography, 1169 racial categories, 1236-9 3149-55 DRC, 1104-5 racism, 1236-9, 2156, 2179-80, world-systems analysis, 3163 economic development, 3116-17 2238 see also Americas; North ethnic segregation, 3107—16 railways, 2236 America ethnoburbs, 3110-11 refugees, post-World War II, United We Dream (UWD), European, 1361-2, 1375-8, 3110 1241-2, 1243 1262-3 global South, 3118-19 remittances, 2522, 3090 universal application of standards, indexes of segregation, 3109-10 rights, 1235, 1260-5, 3026 1852-4 Jewish segregation, 3112—14 rural migration, 2654-60 Universal Declaration of Human Latin America, 2035-6, 2042-3, 1945 to present, 2651-2 Rights (UDHR) 2048 African-American return discrimination, 1235 Latino migration, 3110 migration, 2657-8 freedom of movement, 1528 mobility index, 1376 Hispanic migration, 2656-7 human rights norms, 1838 Pacific Islands, 2371 internal migration, 2656-7 rights protection, 1852 Park, Robert Ezra, 3109-10 migration as cause, 2654-6 statelessness, 2871 population growth, 2905-6 poverty, 2654—60 see also human rights racial ghettoization, 3110 spatial distribution, 2654 universal human rights, 950-1, racial segregation, 3110 Russian Jewish migrants, 1112-13 refugee camps, 3144 1484-5 universities religious segregation, 3107, Saint-Dominguan refugees, 2268 Indian doctors, 743—9 3111-12 sanctuary movements, 2686—7, medieval era, 2697—9 research, 3118 2688 Southern Africa, 2841 Roman empire, 1208 Scalabrinian missionaries, 2690 University of Chicago, 2572 Russian migration, 2675-6 seasonal migration, 2707-8 see also scholars/scholarship; social assimilation, 3107-9 second generation, 2717-21 students; tertiary education social dislocation, 3116-17 securitization of migrants, 2425 unmarried couples, 2541 Southern Africa Sicilian migrants, 2783-4 UN-PFII see Permanent Forum on gender, 2827-8 slavery/slave trade, 1314, 2939, Indigenous Issues internal migration, 2830-3 2962-5 unregulated systems, 1055, 1058-9 post-independence, 2838 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3271

spatial concentration, 3107-9 Vandals, 678, 1593-4 globalization, 2078 sustainable population growth, Varangian people, 2122 India—Pakistan partition, 1738 2905-6 varna systems, 1718 nativism, 2275 Sweden, 2908, 2911 Vassanji, M.G., 2450 sex work, 2744 theories of, 3117-18 VAWA see Violence Against Women slave ships, 2964 travel, 3000 Act soldiers and citizens, 2802-6 Turkey, 3007-8 VCAs see vulnerability and capacity Southern African migrations, see also cities; gentrification; assessments 2832 rural—urban migration; Vedic Aryas, 1718 undocumented migrant women, suburbanization; urban... Vellis, Aleksi, 1436 3028-9 urban migration Venetian wars, 2612 see also conflicts; terrorism; wars China, 1049-53 Venezuela, 2054, 2690 Violence Against Women Act , see also rural—urban migration see also Latin America; South (VAWA), US, 1253 urban mobility, 933^, 1045 America virtual communities, 1141 urban places, 1836 Venice, Italy, 2170, 2949-51, visas urban regeneration see 2954-5 African Maghreb, 477-9 gentrification verlan (backslang), 2724 Bulgaria, 780 urban-rural migration, 2663 veteran soldier colonies, 2623-5 business/professional migrants, see also counter-urbanization victimization, 1116-19 785 urban spatial structures, 1091-5 cultural crimes, 1117-18 Central America, 898-9 urban spouses, 1657 susceptibility of migrants, 1117 China, 1037-8 urban sprawl, 3103-7 understanding migrants, 1118 EU policies, 1354 causes, 3105 victimology, 1116-17 exit visas, 780, 898-9, 1037-8 debate, 3104 victim precipitation, 1117 US, 752, 785, 1254, 1624, 2055-6 definition, 3104 victim proneness, 1117 UVisa, 1254 future aspects, 3106 see also discrimination Visigoths, 677-8, 1592, 2504 history, 3104-5 Victor of Vita, 1593 visitors, 448-9, 853-4 outside US, 3105 Videla Law, Argentina, 550 Vlach people, 789, 790 remedies, 3106 Vietnam VOC see Dutch East India US, 3103-5 migration to Bulgaria, 780-1, Company urban—urban migration, 758 782 voice urban vigilante films, 1499 Chinese migrants, 1019 development through exit, Uruguay, 3120-4 migration to Czechoslovakia, 2785-6 1820 to the present, 3120-4 1152 exit-voice relationships, 2783-9 Afro-Uruguayans, 3121, 3123-4 environmental migration, 1079, increasing in tandem with exits, migration to Argentina, 551-2 1081-2 2787-9 demographics, 3121-2 flood of 1954, 1811-14 mass exits impeding use, 2784-5 emigration, 3123 marriage, 1544 Voices across the Fence (Rodgers ethnic diversity, 3122 see also Indochina; Southeast and Spitz, 2002), 1431-2 European immigration, 3120-3 Asia Volga Bulgars, 2122 geographic diversity, 3122 Vietnamese boat people Vb'lkerwanderung (barbarian work locations, 3122-4 Asians to Australia, 600, 602 migrations), 676-80, 789 US see United States Australian multiculturalism, 639 voluntaristic free markets, 2979 USSR see Soviet Union Norwegian immigration, 2315 voluntary migration Utah, US, 2229-36 undocumented migration, Caribbean migrants, 839 Utopian communities, 3124—8 3031-2 children, 937, 938-9 counter-cultural, 3126-7 Vijayanagara empire, 1720, 1721 concept validity, 2077-8 religious communities, 3126 Vikings, 3129-32 imprisonment/punishment, rural life, 3126, 3127 Frankish empire, 2121 1714 Utopianism, 3125-6 Greenland, 2118 Malaya, 2873 Uttar Pradesh, India, 1740-1 invasions of Britain, 774-6 return migration, 839, 2854 U Visa, US, 1254 Lindisfarne sacking, 2322 smuggling, 2957 UWD see United We Dream North Atlantic migration, Southeast Asia, 2811 Uzbekistan, 921-3 2320-6 Spanish migrants, 2854 see also Central Asia Varangians, 2122 Turkey, 3001, 3003-5 Vinland, 2323 wars, 3142 vagabonds, 979, 2613 violence von Harff, Arnold, 2611 value clashes, 2800 domestic violence, 1251-6 von Randow, A., 2570 see also assimilation German anti-foreigner, 1580 voting, 533, 1711-14 3272 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Voyager spacecraft, 2250 wealth distribution, 2877 ethnic German migration, voyeurism, 2938 weaponry in Africa, 427-8 1579-80 Vryonis, S., 791-2 weaving industry, 1787-8 foreign-born residents, 1579 vulnerability Weber, Max, 1346-7 see also East Germany; Germany climate change, 1085—6 Wei dynasty, China, 997-8 West Indian Company (WIC), irregular migration, 2808 Weimar Republic, 1576 1272 labor migration, 2535-8 Weir, Peter, 1484 West Indies trafficking, 2739 welcome programs, 2692 Bermuda, 859 vulnerability and capacity welfare Canada, 824-5 assessments (VCAs), 2536 Africa and legislation, 449 Cuba, 859 Bangladesh, 673-4 Dominican Republic, 859 wages civic stratification, 1114-15 film,1450-2 labor migration, 3135—9 labor migration, 3135 identity, 1236-7 North-South divide, 1395-6 programs, 673-4, 1114-15, 3012, slaveholding, 1315 Pacific Islands/Australasia, 2371 3135 US, 3149-55 profit relationship, 2114 Turkish migrants, 3012 see also Caribbean wage slavery, 2737 see also care... West Indies Central Labor see also earnings; remittances welfare states Organization (BWICLO), Wagrian people, 659-60 demographic deficit, 1161 1674 Wales, 777-8, 1375 migrant support, 1595, 1596 West Side Story (Bernstein), 1486 see also Britain; United Kingdom Norway, 2335—6 West-East migration, Seleucid Wang, Wayne, 1486 well-being, 945, 2003 colonization, 2731 ward level migrations, 1830-1 West Africa wet/dry feet policy, 1137 warehousing refugees, 3143 border crossings, 1305 whalers, 683 War Refugee Board (WRB), 1241 civil conflict, 1302 When Rain Clouds Gather (Head), wars, 3139-46 economic integration, 1302, 2448 Balkans, 647-8 1303 White Australia policy, 599-600, Caucasus, 892 immigration legislation, 447 637, 639^1,2276 Central America, 902-4 internal migration, 450-1, whiteness, multiculturalism, 2241 concentration camps, 1096-110 1306-7 white slavery, 2737-8 diasporas, 2804, 3142-3 labor migration, 1305-6 see also sex trafficking displaced persons, 3141, 3146-9 marriage, 1307 WHO see World Health DRC, 1103, 1105 medieval kingdoms, 457-9 Organization economic effects, 1994—5 national policies, 1304—5 WIC see West Indian Company ethnic cleansing, 1328 trade liberalization, 1305 widows in white, 1883 forced migration, 2774-5, tribes, 1307 wife/husband relationships, 3140-1, 3146-9 see also Africa; Economic 2540-1, 2544 Indian Ocean, 2819 Community of West Wild Geese (Irish mercenaries), migration induced by, 3141—2 African States; Fulbe people 1867 population displacement, West Bank, 2388 William the Conqueror, 776-7, 3146-9 Western Armenian diaspora, 560 3130,3132,3133 refugee studies, 3139—44 Western Development program, Williams, Maslyn, 1435-6 reparation, 2567-8 China, 991 Willie company, Mormons, 2235, slavery pull factors, 2766-7 Western Europe 2236 Slavic forced migrations, Eastern European migrants, Winterbottom, Michael, 1502 2774-5 2786 WMO see world migrant South Africa, 2837 guest workers, 1622—3 organization medieval Spain, 2847 labor migration, 1982-3, 2757 women Spanish-American, 879-80, seasonal migration admissions, Africana Womanism, 1432 1096-7 2708 agriculture, 491 voluntary/involuntary migration, skilled workers, 2757 Albanian-speaking, 497 3142 suburbanization, 2900 asylum, 616-17 "war brides," 2105 Turkish migrants, 3006-7, Basque diaspora, 686-8 see also civil wars; individual 3009-15 bonded labor, 731 wars; World War... see also Europe; individual Brazil, 755 water resources in Spain, 2845, countries Canadian migrants, 801-9 2847-8 Western family models, 2976-7 Caribbean migrants, 868—73 water vapor and climate, 714 West Germany, 1577, 1579-80 Central American migrants, Watts, Isaac, 2249 Aussiedler migrants, 1579-80 897-901 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V 3273

Chinese migrants, 1021 workforce feminization, 2042-7 Albanian-speaking migration, circular migration, 1058-62 working-classes 495-6 citizenship, 1423-5 Europe 1848-49, 2598-9 Australia, 638 commuting, 1094 Marx's reserve army of labor, Belgium, 690 Cuba, 1129 2582-3 Bulgaria, 780 day laborers, 1157 organizations, 2018-19 Canadian migration, 810-11, domestic violence, 1251-6 see also labor organizations 824-5 DRC, 1104 working conditions, 3028—9 Caribbean migration, 860-1 El Salvador, 1422 workplaces child refugees, 2509 European migrants, 1349-54 co-ethnic concentration, 1088-9 Chinese migrations, 1047 feminism, 1421-5 ethnic enclaves, 1338—9 concentration camps, 1097—110 feminization of migration, support for migrants, 1596 convict labor, 729-30 1350-1 work site management, 1031-2 Czechoslovakian migrants, 1151 gendered patterns, 1540-1 World Bank, 435, 1675 displaced persons, 1239^1 guest workers, 654 World Commission on the Social economic effects, 1994-5 human rights, 1841 Dimension of Indians in Burma, 1771-2 India-Bangladesh border, 737 Globalization, 2243 Indians in Malaysia/Singapore, inequality/poverty, 2001 World Health Organization 1752-3 Latin America, 2042-7, 2057 (WHO), 2473 internment camps, 1859, 1860 Malayan plantations, 2812-13 world migrant organizations Jewish migration to Palestine, marginalization, 1550-1 (WMOs), 2554 3174 marriage migration, 2864-5 world music, 2079 labor force participation, 1978 Muslims and dress, 1423-4 World Organization of the African Mexican migration corridor, Nigerian migrants, 2303-4 Diaspora, 471 2050-1 Pacific Islands, 2370 world-systems analysis/theory, migration patterns, 1362 phenomenon of migration, 3160-7 Nordic countries, 2315, 2334 3155-6 ancient era, 3162-3 Norwegian migration, 2334 Philippines, 2402-3 capsule summary, 3161-2 Pacific Islands, 2359 religious dress, 1423-4 international migration, 1847 Poland, 2420 reproduction, 3155-60 research, 2574—5 population displacement, 3148 researchers, 2573 World Trade Organization (WTO), Romania and Moldova, 2641-3 sex work, 2740—4 1675, 1854, 3167-72 Russian migration, 729—30, Sikh migrants, 2814 World War I 2672,2679 skilled workers, 2757 aftermath, 2509 seasonal migration, 2707-8 slave trade, 2746, 2764-5 Arab diaspora in US, 528-9 Spanish Caribbean, 879 social remittances, 2793 Argentina, 548 statelessness, 2871 Southern African migrants, Australia, 637-8 Swiss policies, 2914 2824-30, 2839 Balkans, 653-4 trade effects, 707 Spanish migrants, 2852 Basque migration, 685 US Great Black migrations, Sri Lankan migrants, 2867—9 Canadian migration, 824 3063 Swedish migrants, 2909 forced labor, 1576 see also post-World War II Swiss labor migration, 2913-14 ILO, 1707-8 WRB see War Refugee Board temporary workers, 2923 internment camps, 1858-60 The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), trafficking, 2736-40, 2956-61 Mediterranean, 2143-4 2456 transculturalism, 2966 migration patterns, 1362 writing undocumented migrants, 3028 Norwegian migration, 2333^ advent in China, 962 US bonded labor, 731 population displacement, early writing in India, 2399-400 violence against, 1251-6 3147-8 medieval Africa, 453 see also African women; POW camps, 1097 nomads, 2880-1 female...; gender refugees, 2430, 2509 writers in exile, 2450 Woo, John, 1456 Romania and Moldova, 2641 see also literature work see employment; work... Spanish Caribbean, 879, 880 WTO see World Trade worker organization, 2005—15 statelessness, 2871 Organization see also labor organizations Switzerland, 2914 Wudai period, China, 998-1000 worker rights, 1706-11 Turkey, 3003 see also human rights; rights of US Great Black migrations, xenophobia, 2275-81, 2337 migrants 3062-3 see also nativism worker rotation mechanisms, 2706 World War II Xia dynasty, China, 960-3 workers see individual types aftermath, 2509 Xuanzang pilgrims, 1724 3274 INDEX TO VOLUMES II-V

Yemen Arab Republic, 2196 ethnic pride, 1324, 1326 1880-1948,3174-5 see also Arab... ICTY, 1558 1948-70s, 3175-6 yerbamate plantations, 2390 war and reparation, 2567 post-1990s, 3176-7 Yiddish literature, 563-4 - see also Balkans early statehood migration, Yijing pilgrims, 1724 3175-6 Young, Brigham, 2231-4 Zacatecas state, Mexico, 1665 ethnonational conflict, 3178 youth migration Zafiraminia people, Madagascar, FSU immigrants, 3176 Maghrebis in France, 2724 2091 ideological views, 1704 schooling/education, 2701—5 Zainichi (ethnic Korean) Israel's immigration regime, types of, 937 migration, 1972-3 3177-8 see also child... Zangwill, Israel, 2155-6 origins of movement, 2386 Yuan period, China, 1000-2, 1044 Zanzibar, 482-4, 1284-6 patterns of immigration, 3174-7 Yugoslavia see also East Africa pre-statehood migration, 3174-5 Albanian-speaking migration, zero-migration policies, 1982 return of diaspora, 3178 495-6 Zheng He see Ming period Znaniecki, Florian, 2068 migration to Australia, 643, Zhou dynasty, China, 960-2, Zogby, James, 532-3 644 963-5 Zolberg, Aristide, 2210 ethnic cleansing, 1329 Zionism, 3173-9 Zulu kingdom, Africa, 1287