SubheadThe Forgotten here Senses
The Forgotten Sense – Proprioception
This is first in a series of articles by David Brown, Education Specialist with California Deaf-Blind Services, exploring the part that the less well-known senses play in our development and the lives we lead
Introduction BCPVUUIFTFAPUIFS *XPVME JOBTTFTTJOHBOEXPSLJOH 5IFSFJTTUJMMNVDIUIBUXF TBZAGPSHPUUFO TFOTFTXJMM POUIFTFPUIFSTFOTPSZ EPOUVOEFSTUBOEBCPVUFBSMZ HJWFZPVBEJGGFSFOUXBZPG TZTUFNT ZFUUIFZUSBEJUJPOBMMZ CSBJOEFWFMPQNFOU BCPVU MPPLJOHBUZPVSTFMWFTBOEBU SFDFJWFOPUSBJOJOHBUBMM UIFEFWFMPQNFOUPGTFOTPSZ PUIFSQFPQMF BOETIPVMEBMTP JOEFBGCMJOEOFTT TPXF QSPDFTTJOHBCJMJUJFT BCPVU IFMQUPNBLFDIJMESFOXJUI XPVMEBMMCFOFmUGSPNB UIFXBZXFEFWFMPQUIF EFBGCMJOEOFTTMFTTQV[[MJOHJO UXPXBZFYDIBOHFCFUXFFO BCJMJUZUPVTFBMMPVSTFOTFT UIFJSCFIBWJPST FEVDBUJPOBMJTUTBOEUIFSBQJTUT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZXJUIPVU *OUIFmFMEPGEFBGCMJOE UPTIBSFPVSLOPXMFEHFCBTFT DPOGVTJPO BOEBCPVUUIF FEVDBUJPOXFIBWF UIBUBSFDPNQMFNFOUBSZZFU DPNQMFYJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIFTF USBEJUJPOBMMZ BOEGPS SBSFMZNFFU$POTJEFSBUJPO BCJMJUJFTXJUIQFSTPOBMJUZ PCWJPVTSFBTPOT GPDVTFE PGBMMUIFTFOTPSZTZTUFNT UZQF BOEXJUIFBSMZMJGF POUIFTFOTFTPGWJTJPOBOE BOEUIFXBZTUIBUUIFZ FYQFSJFODFT8IFOXF IFBSJOHBOEPOTUSBUFHJFT XPSLUPHFUIFS DBOIFMQVT DPOTJEFSUIFTFJTTVFTGPS GPSJNQSPWJOHUIFVTFPGBOZ UPCFNPSFFGGFDUJWFJOPVS DIJMESFOXJUIEFBGCMJOEOFTT SFTJEVBMGVODUJPOUIBUNBZ FEVDBUJPOBMBTTFTTNFOUT PVSLOPXMFEHFJTFWFONPSF CFQSFTFOUJOCPUIPGUIFTF BOEJOPVSUFBDIJOH BOEDBO MJNJUFE UIFQPQVMBUJPOJT EJTUBODFTFOTFT"UUIFTBNF DMBSJGZUIBUDPNQMFYTJUVBUJPO FYUSFNFMZEJWFSTFJOUFSNT UJNFXFIBWFBMTP BT*IBWF XIFSFCZ PGBCJMJUZBOEEJTBCJMJUZ BOE TBJE QBJETPNFBUUFOUJPO JODSFBTJOHMZXFTFFDIJMESFO UPUIFTFOTFPGUPVDIBT “The brain, the organ that XIPEFNPOTUSBUFEJGmDVMUJFT BOJNQPSUBOUJOGPSNBUJPO is responsible for your XJUIBMMTFOTPSZTZTUFNT DIBOOFMUIBUDBOIFMQUP conscious experience, is OPUKVTUXJUIWJTJPOBOE DPNQFOTBUFGPSMPTTPGWJTVBM an eternal prisoner in the IFBSJOHCVUBMTPXJUIUIF BOEBVEJUPSZJOGPSNBUJPO solitary confinement of APUIFSTFOTFToUIFUPVDI 5IFPUIFSTFOTPSZ the skull…and must rely UBTUF TNFMM QSPQSJPDFQUJWF TZTUFNT UIFUBTUF TNFMM on information smuggled BOEWFTUJCVMBSTFOTFT"QBSU QSPQSJPDFQUJWF BOEWFTUJCVMBS into it from the senses…the GSPNTPNFXPSLPOUPVDI TFOTFT IBWFSFDFJWFEWFSZ world is what your brain UIFSFIBTCFFOWFSZMJUUMF MJUUMFBUUFOUJPOGSPNVT FWFO tells you it is, and the SFTFBSDIUPMPPLBUBOZPG UIPVHIUPHFUIFSUIFZQSPWJEF limitations of your senses UIFTFAPUIFSTFOTFTJOUIJT UIFFTTFOUJBMGPVOEBUJPO set the boundaries of your EJWFSTFHSPVQPGDIJMESFO VQPOXIJDIBMMPGPVSIJHIFS conscious experience.” CVUXFEPLOPXGSPN WJTJPO IFBSJOH BOEUPVDI Coren, Porac & Ward FYQFSJFODFUIBUEJGmDVMUJFT TLJMMTBSFCBTFE5IFTFPUIFS Sensation and perception XJUIWFTUJCVMBSBOE TFOTPSZTZTUFNTBMTPPGGFS (1984, p2) QSPQSJPDFQUJWFGVODUJPOJOH WBMVBCMFDIBOOFMTUPUIF JOQBSUJDVMBS BMXBZTOFFE DIJMESFOGPSMFBSOJOHBOEUP 5IFTFUPQJDTBSFVTVBMMZ UPCFBEESFTTFEmSTUJGUIF VTGPSUFBDIJOH*OUIFmFME DPOTJEFSFEUPCFUIF DIJMESFOBSFUPNBLFUIFCFTU PGPDDVQBUJPOBMUIFSBQZ TQFDJBMJTUBSFBPGQIZTJDBM QPTTJCMFQSPHSFTTJOVTJOH QIZTJDBMUIFSBQZ BOETQFFDI UIFSBQJTUTBOEPDDVQBUJPOBM UPVDIBOESFTJEVBMWJTJPOBOE UIFSBQZUIFTJUVBUJPOJTRVJUF UIFSBQJTUT CVUBTBUFBDIFS* IFBSJOHFGGFDUJWFMZ,OPXJOH UIFSFWFSTF5IFSBQJTUTIBWF IBWFCFFOTUVEZJOHUIFNGPS MPOHCFFOUSBJOFEBOETLJMMFE UISFFEFDBEFTJOUIFDPOUFYU
t%C*3FWJFXtJULY – DECEMBER 2006 The Forgotten Senses
In order to use her residual vision to look at fine details in a book Amy needs to be horizontal with her entire body and head fully supported: having one ankle up on the other knee sends her brain a strong message, through the proprioceptive sense, that her lower body is fixed and stable and not moving.”
PGXPSLJOHXJUIBMBSHFBOE BMTPATFFUIFNJOPVSNJOET MFBSOFEUISPVHIFYQFSJFODF WBSJFEQPQVMBUJPOPGDIJMESFO FZF XJUIPVUBDUVBMMZIBWJOH BOEJNQSPWFEUISPVHI XJUIEFBGCMJOEOFTT TPUIJT UPUPVDIUIFNXJUIBIBOEPS QSBDUJDF 1SPQSJPDFQUJPOJT JTEFm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mOHFSPO JODMVEJOHQSPQSJPDFQUJPO VQJONFEJDBMBOEUIFSBQZ ZPVSOPTF BOEUIFOUPVDI BTXFMMBTQFSDFQUJPOPG SFQPSUTPOUIFDIJMESFOXJUI UIFTBNFmOHFSPOUPUIF UPVDI QBJO UFNQFSBUVSF XIPNZPVMJWFBOEPSXPSL UJQPGZPVSMFGUUIVNC UIF BOEWJCSBUJPO*OGBDUUPVDI QSPQSJPDFQUJWFTFOTFJTOPU JTBTZTUFNUIBUQSPWJEFT The sense of JOGBMMJCMFTPZPVNBZNJTT VTXJUITPNBOZEJGGFSFOU Proprioception ZPVSUBSHFUTBMJUUMF CVUXJUI GPSNTPGJOGPSNBUJPO XJUI SFQFBUFEQSBDUJDFZPVSBJN TPNBOZDPNQMFYBOE 5IFXBZXFDBOAGFFMXIFSF XJMMJNQSPWFTJHOJmDBOUMZ DPOUSBEJDUPSZFMFNFOUT UIBU BMMPVSCPEZQBSUTBSFJO XIJDISFNJOETVTUIBU TPNFXSJUFSTIBWFTBJEJU SFMBUJPOUPFBDIPUIFS BOE QSPQSJPDFQUJWFBCJMJUJFTDBOCF NBZBDUVBMMZCFNJTMFBEJOH
JULY – DECEMBER 2006t%C*3FWJFXt The Forgotten Senses
Nick is seeking strong WJTVBMTFOTFT BMMDIBMMFOHFT proprioceptive information UIBUBSFWFSZDPNNPOJOUIF to help him know where QPQVMBUJPOPGDIJMESFOXJUI his body is - strong EFBGCMJOEOFTT8FIBWFBMM pressure from the swing FYQFSJFODFEUFNQPSBSZMPTT on his stomach,upper PGQSPQSJPDFQUJWFQFSDFQUJPO and lower body streching XIFOBMFHAHPFTUPTMFFQ undergravity, and both arms inside his tee shirt for BGUFSXFIBWFCFFOTJUUJOH extra pressure. GPSBXIJMFXJUIJUGPMEFE CFOFBUIVT XJUIUIFSFTVMU UIBUUIFCMPPEDJSDVMBUJPOUP UIFMFHIBTCFFODVUPGG GPS BCSJFGQFSJPEXFDBOUAGFFM UIFMFHPSUIFGPPUBUBMMBOE UPTQFBLPGBEJTUJODUATFOTF UIFGPSDFBQQMJFE BOEUIF JUJTWFSZEJGmDVMUUPTUBOEBOE PGUPVDI0UIFSXSJUFSTIBWF EJSFDUJPOPGUIFTUSFUDIJOH CFBSXFJHIUPOJUCFDBVTF DMBJNFEUIBUQSPQSJPDFQUJPO PSDPNQSFTTJPO BOEBMTP UIFBOLMFBOEUIFLOFFSFGVTF JTBDUVBMMZBTQFDJBMJ[FE EFQFOEJOHVQPOUIFBOHMF UPMPDLBOESFNBJOTUBCMF WBSJBUJPOPGUIFTFOTFPG PGFWFSZKPJOU8FUBMLBCPVU GPSVT8FVTFBWBSJFUZPG UPVDIUIBUFODPNQBTTFTUIF UIJTTFOTFFOBCMJOHVTUP CFIBWJPSTMJLFTIBLJOHUIF TFOTBUJPOTPGKPJOUNPUJPO AGFFMXIFSFPVSCPEZQBSUT MFH SVCCJOHJUmSNMZXJUI LOPXOBTLJOFTUIFTJB BSF CVUUIJTEPFTOPUNFBO PVSIBOET QBUUJOHJUIBSE BOEUIFTFOTBUJPOTPGKPJOU AGFFMJOHMJLFAUPVDIJOHPOF XJUIUIFIBOET PSUSZJOH QPTJUJPO LOPXOBTKPJOU CPEZQBSUXJUIBOPUIFSoJUJT UPTUBNQUIFGPPUPOUIF QPTJUJPOTFOTF "T*UBML BOFOUJSFMZJOUFSOBMTFOTBUJPO nPPSoBOEBMMPGUIFTFBSF BCPVUQSPQSJPDFQUJPOZPVXJMM TUSPOHQSPQSJPDFQUJWFTUJNVMJ OPUJDFIPXPGUFO*NFOUJPO Why does it go wrong, oJOPSEFSUPSFTUPSFOPSNBM UIFTFOTFPGUPVDIBTXFMM and what happens TFOTBUJPOBOEGVODUJPOBT TJODFUIFZPQFSBUFUPHFUIFS when it does? RVJDLMZBTQPTTJCMF TPDMPTFMZ "OPSNBMSBOHFPGNVTDMF 8IFOBDIJMEIBTB QSPQSJPDFQUJWFTFOTFUIBUJT The proprioceptors UPOFJTOFFEFEGPSUIJT TFOTPSZTZTUFNUPXPSL OPUXPSLJOHQSPQFSMZTPNF 5IFSFDFQUPSTPGUIF FGmDJFOUMZBOEFGGFDUJWFMZ DPNNPOPVUDPNFTNBZCF QSPQSJPDFQUJWFTFOTF TPBOZUIJOHUIBUDBVTFT O"OJOBCJMJUZPSBSFMVDUBODF XIJDIBSFLOPXOBT BCOPSNBMNVTDMFUPOF UPQVTIVQPOUIFIBOET UIFQSPQSJPDFQUPST BSF XJMMJOUFSGFSFXJUIUIF BOEBSNTXIFOMBZJOHGBDF MPDBUFEJOUIFNVTDMFT FGGFDUJWFXPSLJOHPGUIF EPXOEVFUPMPXNVTDMF BOEKPJOUTUISPVHIPVU QSPQSJPDFQUPST*OKVSZ UPOFBOEBOJOBCJMJUZUP UIFCPEZ BOEUIFZBSF TVSHFSZ BSUISJUJT DFSFCSBM AGFFMBOEDPOUSPMUIF TFOTJUJWFUPTUSFUDIJOHBOE QBMTZBOEPUIFSLJOETPGCSBJO KPJOUTJOUIFmOHFST UIF UPDPNQSFTTJPO8IFOUIJT EBNBHF QPPSDJSDVMBUJPO XSJTUT UIFFMCPXT BOEUIF TFOTFJTXPSLJOHFGGFDUJWFMZ BOEQPPSMZNPEVMBUFENVTDMF TIPVMEFST UIFCSBJO BUBMMUJNFT IBT UPOF UIBUJT NVTDMFTXIJDI O"OJOBCJMJUZPSSFMVDUBODF BOBXBSFOFTTPGXIFSFUIF BSFUPPTUJGGPSUPPn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mDVMUJFT O'SFRVFOUVTFPGUIFBSNT QSPQSJPDFQUPSTBSFCFJOH XJUIUIFWFTUJCVMBSTFOTF BOEIBOETUPQSPQUIF TUSFUDIFEPSDPNQSFTTFE BOE BOEXJUIUIFUBDUJMFBOE IFBEPSUIFVQQFSCPEZ
t%C*3FWJFXtJULY – DECEMBER 2006 The Forgotten Senses
PSGSFRVFOUMZOFFEJOHUP HSBEFENPWFNFOUT As I talk about proprioception MFBOBHBJOTUGVSOJUVSF XIFOUPVDIJOH QBUUJOH “ XBMMT QPTUT USFFT PSPUIFS HSBTQJOH QVTIJOHBOE you will notice how often I QFPQMF QVMMJOH BOEMJGUJOHPS O)FBWZGPPUTUBNQJOH QMBDJOHUIJOHT5IFDIJME mention the sense of touch TPNFUJNFTTFWFSBMUJNFT NBZBEPQUBCOPSNBMMZIJHI XJUIFBDITUFQ XIFO NVTDMFUPOF VTFTUSPOH as well, since they operate MFBSOJOHUPXBMLoMJUFSBMMZ NPWFNFOUT BOPWFSmSN AGFFMJOHUIFGFFUUISPVHI HSJQ BOEFYDFTTJWFGPSDFJO together so closely” BDPNCJOBUJPOPGUBDUJMF NBLJOHDPOUBDUXJUIQFPQMF TFOTBUJPOBOE FTQFDJBMMZ PSPCKFDUT BMMPGXIJDI POFBOLMFVQSFTUJOHPOUIF UIJTTUSPOHQSPQSJPDFQUJWF NBZCFNJTJOUFSQSFUFEBT PUIFSLOFF PSUIFMFHTUJHIUMZ JOQVU BHHSFTTJWF SPVHI DMVNTZ DSPTTFE PSUIFMFHTUXJTUFE O1BSBEPYJDBMMZ BGUFSNPOUIT PSJOBUUFOUJWFCZPUIFST BSPVOEUIFDIBJSMFH PSUIF PSZFBSTPGGPSDFGVMnBUGPPU O4FFLJOHTUSPOHQSFTTVSFPS mOHFSTDSPTTFEPSCVODIFE TMBQQJOHPOUIFnPPSXIJMF TUSFUDIJOHJOQVUT&YBNQMFT UPHFUIFS PSUIFIBOETUJHIUMZ JOEFQFOEFOUXBMLJOHJT XPVMEJODMVEFTRVFF[JOH mTUFE PSUIFBSNTGPMEFE EFWFMPQJOH TPNFDIJMESFO JOUPUJHIUTQBDFTMJLFB JOGSPOUPGPSCFIJOEUIF PODFXBMLJOHJTNBTUFSFE DBSECPBSECPYPSVOEFSB CPEZ 5IFTFQPTUVSFTQSPWJEF EFWFMPQBOEQSFGFSBUJQ DIBJS DSPTTJOHPSUXJTUJOH FTTFOUJBMFYUSBUBDUJMFBOE UPFCBSFGPPUTUZMF UIFCBSF MJNCTBSPVOEFBDIPUIFS QSPQSJPDFQUJWFJOGPSNBUJPO GFFUNBYJNJ[JOHUBDUJMF CJOEJOHCPEZQBSUTXJUI UPUIFCSBJOBCPVUXIFSFUIF TFOTBUJPO BOECFJOHPO DMPUIPSTUSJOHPSSVCCFS DIJMETMJNCTBSFJOTQBDF BOE UJQUPFNBYJNJ[JOHUIF CBOET QVMMJOHUIFUFFUI UIFZBMTPDPOmSNGPSUIFDIJME QSPQSJPDFQUJWF QSFTTVSF BOEMPXFSKBXEPXOXBSET UIBUUIFJSCPEZJTTFDVSFMZ JOQVUUISPVHIUIFGFFU HSJOEJOHUIFUFFUI UBQQJOH AmYFEBOEOPUNPWJOHPS UIFBOLMFT UIFDBMWFT UIF UIJOHTPOUIFUFFUI nPBUJOHBSPVOE LOFFT UIFUIJHIT BOEUIF CBOHJOHPOUIFGBDFPS CVUUPDLTBEJGGFSFOUXBZ IFBE DMBQQJOHPSnBQQJOH What can we do to PGAGFFMJOHUIFNVTDMFTJO UIFIBOET TXJOHJOHUIF help? UIFMFHTBOEUIFGFFUCZ MFHTUISPVHITQBDFXIJMF O$POTVMUBUJPOXJUIBO TFBUFE IBOHJOHEPVCMFE UJHIUFOJOHUIFNVQTPUIBU PDDVQBUJPOBMUIFSBQJTU PWFSBCBSPSTXJOHJOHGSPN UIFCSBJOLOPXTFYBDUMZ QSFGFSBCMZUSBJOFEJO JUCZUIFBSNT KVNQJOHVQ XIFSFUIFZBSFBOEXIBU 4FOTPSZ*OUFHSBUJPO BOEEPXOXJUIUIFBOLMF UIFZBSFEPJOH 5IFSBQZ BOEBQIZTJDBM BOELOFFKPJOUTBTMPDLFE O$MVNTZ QPPSMZDPPSEJOBUFE UIFSBQJTU TIBSJOHBOZ BTQPTTJCMF IBNNFSJOHBO NPWFNFOUT TPUIBU PCTFSWBUJPOTZPVIBWF PCKFDUPOUIFnPPSPSPOB TPNFUJNFTUIFDIJMENVTU NBEFPGUIFLJOETPG UBCMF LJDLJOHIFBWZPCKFDUT NBLFTFWFSBMBUUFNQUT CFIBWJPSTNFOUJPOFE MJLFGVSOJUVSFPSEPPST UPBDIJFWFUIFEFTJSFE BCPWF"TXFMMBTTQFDJmD PVUDPNF$IJMESFONBZ &YDFTTJWFMZIJHIPSMPX UIFSBQZTVHHFTUJPOT VTFTQFDJmDTFMGUBVHIU NVTDMFUPOFJTVTVBMMZ UIFUIFSBQJTUTNBZIBWF TUSBUFHJFTUPNJOJNJ[F BTTPDJBUFEXJUIQPPSMZ JEFBTPOFOWJSPONFOUBM FSSPST TVDIBTDMPTFWJTVBM NPEVMBUFEUBDUJMFBOE BEBQUBUJPOTUIBUXJMM TDSVUJOZ PSTMJEJOHUIFIBOE QSPQSJPDFQUJWFTFOTFTJOUIFTF GBDJMJUBUFCFUUFSDPOUSPMPG PSBSNBMPOHBXBMMPSB DIJMESFO UBDUJMFEFGFOTJWFOFTT NPWFNFOUT PSJEFBTUP UBCMFJOPSEFSUPSFBDIGPS NBZCFQSFTFOU BOE NBLFJUFBTJFSGPSUIFDIJME BOPCKFDU XIJDIQSPWJEFT BXBSFOFTTPGUPVDI QBJO UPTVDDFFEBUBSBOHFPG UBDUJMFJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVU BOEUFNQFSBUVSFNBZCF BQQSPQSJBUFNPUPSBDUJWJUJFT UIFJSNPWFNFOUTBOEIFMQT QPPS PSnVDUVBUJOH GPSFYBNQMF TJNQMJmFE UPTUBCJMJ[FUIFBSN BTUIFZ $IJMESFOPGUFOBEPQU FRVJQNFOU TJNQMJmFEUBTL SFBDI TQFDJmDQPTUVSFT GPS QSPWJEJOHFYUSBQIZTJDBM O6TFPGUPPMJUUMFGPSDF PS FYBNQMF nBUPOUIFCBDL TVQQPSUT QSPWJEJOHB PGFYDFTTJWFGPSDF QPPSMZ XJUICPUIMFHTCFOUBOE IFBWJFSTQPPOPSCBTFCBMM
JULY – DECEMBER 2006t%C*3FWJFXt The Forgotten Senses
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t%C*3FWJFXtJULY – DECEMBER 2006