Proprioceptors

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Proprioceptors equilibrium and balance are maintained by complex interactions between simple receptors and complex proprioceptor organs and vision simple receptors embedded in deep tissues; muscles, tendons, joints, etc Pacinian corpuscles muscle spindle fibers Golgi Tendon organs joint receptors they monitor slight changes in pressure as we shift positions stretching of various internal organs positions of limbs wrt rest of body more complex proprioceptor organs are found in the inner ear as part of special senses inner ear is a multiple sense organ in addition to hearing also has receptors for equilibrium static equilibrium orientation wrt gravity: position, orientation dynamic equilibrium changes in movement located in “vestibular apparatus” of inner ear otolith organs utricle – linear acceleration ?ck? saccule – rotational acceleration ?ck? semicircular canals part of membranous labyrinth Static Equilibrium within vestibule of inner ear is fluid filled sac = utricle contains patches of hair cells = macula embedded in gelatinous matrix (membrane) Human Anatomy & Physiology: Senses; Ziser, 2004 1 also in gelatinous material are small particles of calcium carbonate = otoliths as head moves these otoliths shift positions and stimulate different hair cells tells position and orientation Dynamic Equilibrium semicircular canals branch off vestibule fluid filled each canal is oriented along a different plane at right angles to each other at bases of each are swelling = ampulla each ampulla contains a patch of hair cells = crista ampullaris movement of fluid in these canals causes bending of crista ampullaris detect acceleration and deceleration detect turning, changes in motion detect direction of the change continuous movement in same direction cannot be detected eg. we are spinning on surface of earth at ~1000 mph eg. elevator Human Anatomy & Physiology: Senses; Ziser, 2004 2.

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Electromagnetic Field and TGF-Β Enhance the Compensatory
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Electromagnetic feld and TGF‑β enhance the compensatory plasticity after sensory nerve injury in cockroach Periplaneta americana Milena Jankowska1, Angelika Klimek1, Chiara Valsecchi2, Maria Stankiewicz1, Joanna Wyszkowska1* & Justyna Rogalska1 Recovery of function after sensory nerves injury involves compensatory plasticity, which can be observed in invertebrates. The aim of the study was the evaluation of compensatory plasticity in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) nervous system after the sensory nerve injury and assessment of the efect of electromagnetic feld exposure (EMF, 50 Hz, 7 mT) and TGF‑β on this process. The bioelectrical activities of nerves (pre‑and post‑synaptic parts of the sensory path) were recorded under wind stimulation of the cerci before and after right cercus ablation and in insects exposed to EMF and treated with TGF‑β. Ablation of the right cercus caused an increase of activity of the left presynaptic part of the sensory path. Exposure to EMF and TGF‑β induced an increase of activity in both parts of the sensory path. This suggests strengthening efects of EMF and TGF‑β on the insect ability to recognize stimuli after one cercus ablation. Data from locomotor tests proved electrophysiological results. The takeover of the function of one cercus by the second one proves the existence of compensatory plasticity in the cockroach escape system, which makes it a good model for studying compensatory plasticity. We recommend further research on EMF as a useful factor in neurorehabilitation. Injuries in the nervous system caused by acute trauma, neurodegenerative diseases or even old age are hard to reverse and represent an enormous challenge for modern medicine.
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For more information, call the Hearing Aid Services office nearest you: Comprehensive hearing aid related services Barbourville Bowling Green are available to children diagnosed with (800) 348-4279 (800) 843-5877 permanent childhood hearing loss (PCHL). (606) 546-5109 (270) 746-7816 Elizabethtown Hazard Who should be referred to the OCSHCN (800) 995-6982 (800) 378-3357 Hearing Aid Services program? (270) 766-5370 (606) 435-6167 Children who are in need of new or Lexington Louisville replacement hearing aids and want to (800) 817-3874 (800) 232-1160 receive hearing aids and related services (859) 252-3170 (502) 429-4430 through a OCSHCN audiologist and wish to Morehead Owensboro receive Otology care outside of the (800) 928-3049 (877) 687-7038 clinical Otology program. (606) 783-8610 (270) 687-7038 What audiology services are available Paducah Prestonsburg (800) 443-3651 (800) 594-7058 through the OCSHCN Hearing Aid Services (270) 443-3651 (606) 889-1761 program? Licensed, certified audiologists conduct Somerset (800) 525-4279 periodic comprehensive hearing evaluations, (606) 677-4120 hearing aid checks, hearing aid repairs and Audiology and hearing aid evaluations according to ASHA best practices guidelines. Comprehensive Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services Hearing Aid Services Office for Children with Special Health Care Needs reports are provided to the managing 310 Whittington Parkway, Suite 200, Louisville, KY 40222 otolaryngologist on an on-going basis; Phone: (502) 429-4430 or (800) 232-1160 FAX: (502) 429-4489 additional follow up testing will be http://chfs.ky.gov/agencies/ccshcn Information for Parents and Equal Opportunity Employer M/D/F completed at physician request.
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