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Regional Geography and Economy of the European Countries Regional Geography and Economy of the European Countries Textbook for the course 293NPADV362B by Istvan Tózsa Read by Chris Rajkowsky Corvinus University of Budapest Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies International Study Program Budapest Hungary 2014 Contents Europe – an Overview 04 Regional Economic Conditions of the European Countries 13 Regional Summaries of the European Union Countries Austria (Österreich) 24 Belgium (Belgique / België) 27 Bulgaria (Bălgarija) 30 Croatia (Hrvatska) 32 Czechia (Česco) 34 Cyprus (Kypros) 37 Denmark (Danmark) 39 Estonia (Eesti) 41 Finland (Suomi) 43 France 45 Germany (Deutschland) 51 Greece (Ellada) 57 Hungary (Magyarország) 60 Ireland (Éire) 64 Italy (Italia) 66 Latvia (Latvija) 73 Lithuania (Lietuva) 75 Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg / Luxemburg) mini state 77 Malta 78 Netherlands, The (Nederland) 80 Poland (Polska) 83 Portugal 86 Romania (Romậnia) 89 Slovakia (Slovensko) 92 Slovenia (Slovenija) 95 Spain (España) 97 Sweden (Sverige) 103 United Kingdom (The UK) 107 Regional Summaries of the Non EU – European Countries Abkhazia (Абхазия) unrecognized 113 Albania (Shqipëria) 115 Andorra mini state 117 Armenia (Hayastan) 118 2 Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan / Азəрбајҹан) partly European 120 Belarus (Беларусь / Biełaruś) 121 Bosnia Herzegovina (Bosna i Hercegovina / Босна и Херцеговина) 123 Georgia (Skartvela) 125 Iceland (Ísland) 127 Kazakhstan (Қазақстан / Qazaqstan) partly European 129 Kosovo (Kosovё) unrecognized 131 Liechtenstein mini state 132 Macedonia (Македонија / Makedonija) 133 Moldova (Молдова) 134 Monaco mini state 136 Montenegro (Црна Гора / Crna Gora) 138 Nagorno-Karabakh (Нагорный Карабах) unrecognized 140 North Cyprus (Kibris) unrecognized 142 Norway (Noreg) 143 Russia (Россия / Rossija) partly European 145 San Marino mini state 150 Serbia (Србија / Srbija) 151 South Ossetia (Южная Осетия) unrecognized 153 Switzerland (Schweitz / Suisse / Svizzera) 155 Transnistra (Приднестрóвска) unrecognized 158 Turkey (Türkiye) partly European 160 Ukraine (Україна / Ukraïna) 162 Vatican, The (Vaticanum) mini state 164 Regional differences in Europe’s economic development 165 The greatest regional economic impact in Europe 166 Information society 167 Sources 168 3 Europe – an Overview As the cradle of European civilization was the Prehellenic Island of Crete in the Mediterranean, it is evident that the name of Europe comes from the ancient Greek, too. Europa was originally a princess of Phoenicia in the Near East, where Mediterranean commerce was first developed. She was a daughter of the first Phoenician king, Agenor, and a nymh, symbolising North Africa, Lybia. She was so beautiful that the king of gods, Zeus wanted to seduce her in the image of a white bull with golden horns. Zeus, in the form of a bull, took Europa to the island of Crete, where their descendants founded the first European civilization, the Minoan, under the rule of King Minos. The name Europe has two Greek interpretations. One is ’Eur opé’ meaning ’wide face’ referring to the full moon. The other is more interesting from a geographic point of view: ’Eu ropé’ meaning ’good for the willow tree’. What land is good for the willow? The land which is rich in water of course, and this is true for the European continent, indeed. The European Continent is the smallest but is the most dissected, containing numerous bays and inland seas, peninsulas, high mountain ranges, large rivers. Since geographical conditions are not ideal (the soils are poor, winters are cold, summers are hot) early men in Europe were forced to find ways to protect themselves from the weather by clothing, to improve agricultural production through the invention of iron tools and domestication of animals from a very early time. This led to specialization of skills and the formation of craftmanship very early on. The specialization of labour produced extra goods such as clothing, ironware, pottery etc. Because of the continent’s high degree of dissection large empires like those in Egypt, China, India, Peru etc. could not emerge. A lot of small kingdoms and duchies were founded instead. This is reflected by the very large variety of languages spoken in such a small continent, too. Since there was no super kingdom or a large empire occupying the whole continent, surplus goods were not collected by any strong central power, instead, they were taken to market places, thus starting to form a market economy as early as the middle ages. The bourgeois class rose at an early stage of history, no wonder the industrial revolution started in Europe, in England as early as the seventeenth century. Thus Europe came to be the workshop and the first industrial power of the world. Colonalization further helped the leading European nations (the Spanish, Dutch, French and English) to become the rulers of the world. After all we can say the fostering geographical conditions and the great degree of geographical dissection made Europe the first economic power in the world up until World War 1 and the rise of the USA. The geographic boundaries of Europe are, from north to south: the Polar Ocean, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The Eastern boundary of Europe and Asia is marked by the water divide of the Ural Mountains and the River Kama flowing to the inland Kaspi Sea. There are 51 countries occupying the territory of Europe, from the world’s tiniest state (Vatican City) to the world’s largest country, Russia. However, this latter is situated only partly in Europe and partly in Asia. There are two other countries of the 51 with only a small part in Europe and most of their territory in Middle Asia and Asia Minor. These are Kazakhstan and Turkey respectively. There are again two countries that are not recognized by international law, still they exist under unstable political circumstances. They are North Cyprus (part of the island of Cyprus) and Kosovo (a former part of Serbia). Also, there are 7 countries that are so small with respect to their population and territory that they are referred to as mini states (Malta, Luxembourg, Lischtenstein, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City). Thus we can say there are 39 ’pure European’ and normal sized countries in Europe. Their number increased after the collapse of the Soviet system in Central and Eastern Europe, when 18 new, independent republics were formed in the former Soviet Union (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, the Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan) and Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo). Also Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. And one country, the so called East German Democratic Republic could reunite with the former ’West’ Germany. 4 The countries of Europe, with the 27 European Union member states in light blue. The geographic boundaries of Europe, from North to west: Polar Ocean, Norwegian Sea, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea (Africa), the coasts of Asia Minor, Black Sea, water divide of the Caucasus Mountains, Kaspi Sea, River Kama, the water divide of the Ural Mountains (Siberia). 5 The customs situation of Europe regarding the impact of the Schengen Agreement (S. A.) facilitating the free flow of citizens among countries Fully Schengen members, having implemented the S. A. 22 EU member states Associated non EU Schengen members, having implemented the S. A. Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, ministates EU members not having implemented the S. A. Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Romania EU members having applied some Schengen laws Ireland, the UK non EU countries not having applied Schengen laws non EU states Source: Wikipedia; Schengen Area Eurozone Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, countries Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia Latvia, Estonia ERM1 members Denmark, Lithuania, EU member, with currency pegged to the Bulgaria euro EU member with Croatia, Czech, Hungary, Poland, free floating Romania, Sweden, the UK currency non EU Albania, Armania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, member, not Croatia, Georgia, Iceland, Kazakhstan, pegged to the Macedonia, Moldova, Norway, North Cyprus, euro Russia, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, non EU member, Montenegro, Kosovo, Lichtenstein, using euro Monaco, Andorra, San Marino, Vatican non EU member, currency pegged to the Bosnia euro Herzegovina Currencies related to the Euro in Europe Source: Wikimedia; Atlas of Europe 1 ERM = Exchange Rate Mechanism; the rate of exchange of the currency belong to the European Monetary System and is defined by the European Committee 6 Language relations and barriers in Europe Spoken languages can help international trade and thus economic development, especially if they are overlap the political boundaries of countries. In old times Latin was the universal European language to support communication, as it was taught in all schools all over the continent. Today in Europe Russian, German, French, English, Spanish, Ukrainian, Italian and Polish are spoken by the largest groups of people. The most frequent means of international communication is, however, English in Europe, like elsewhere in the world, followed by French and German. The majority of the languages spoken in Europe belong to the Indo-European Language Family, with the exception of some Ural- Altaic ones and a Semitic one (Jewish). See the main subdivisions and the actual languages of the Indo-European Family below: West Branch of the
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