DOCSLIB.ORG

The Polish Country Section of the Special Operations Executive 1940-1946: a British Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Polish Country Section of the Special Operations Executive 1940-1946: a British Perspective The Polish Country Section of the Special Operations Executive 1940-1946: A British Perspective. Jeffrey Bines. 0022331 2008 This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Stirling 1 CONTENTS Page, 7 Summary 8 Acknowlegments 9 Introduction Chapter 1 1939-1940 13 Beginnings 28 Summary Chapter 2 1941 31 (January - February) Initial attempts to secure liaison flights 33 Birth of the Minorities Section 34 Reasons for the refusal of Kot's personal radio equipment and the Mikicinski case. 38 Finance 39 The first flight to Poland 43 (March - June) The first attempted Polish drop onto France Courier transportation problems 44 Proposed Minorities section spheres of operation. 46 (June - August) Agent training for Polish operations and early discussions on flights 47 The German invasion of the USSR 50 Some consequences of Polish Government resignations. 53 Minorities sections ADJUDICATE and ANGELICA 54 (August - December) 57 Kot's departure and the various departments working with SOE 58 The political situation in Poland as seen by SOE during September. 59 October air liaison 61 SOE, Polish and NKVD clandestine relations 62 Changes made due to Kot's replacement 63 Rudnicki replaces Smolenski at the Sixth Bureau 64 The third agent drop to Poland. 65 Further problems with air operations 66 Planning for future operations 68 Summary Chapter 3 1942 75 (January) Situation reports 2 76 Soviet/Polish relations E/UP Minorities section work, ADJUDICATE and ANGELICA 80 Air 1 83 (February - May) Arrival of Selborne Resumption of operations 84 Polish Flight 85 Dissatisfaction with the head of the Sixth Bureau 88 Replacement of the head of the Sixth Bureau 89 Air 2 90 Fear of Soviet objections to Polish support 91 Air 3 92 (May - June) The arrival of Hambro 93 Wireless communication and production Air 4 94 (July - August) Stores delivery 95 Introduction of regular meetings 96 Air 5 97 Minorities operational change to MONICA 99 Invasion plans and their effect on the Poles 100 US involvement 101 (September - December) September moon period operations 102 October/November moon operations 103 Plans for the retaking of Poland 106 Late October operation 108 Disbanding of ADJUDICATE North African Campaign 110 Middle East training 111 Reports from Poland including first report on the German retreat Conclusions for 1942 Chapter 4 1943 116 (January - July) E/UP 118 Home Army strength 120 Soviet interest in Poland 121 SOE's thinking on Polish/Soviet relations and their effect on Polish troops 122 Air Operations 123 Recognition of the importance of Poland's secret army by British Chiefs of staff and the WILDHORN proposal 125 Effectiveness of radio aids to air navigation 126 Field reports 128 Polish forgery carried out at Audley End Stanmore 129 Plans to assist RAF bombing operations 130 US supplies to Poland 131 Death of Sikorski 132 Cabinet crisis 133 (July - August) 3 Mikolajczyk's possible alterations to the Sixth Bureau 135 (September - October) E/UP Air operations 136 Gubbins becomes head of SOE Air (Mediterranean) and supply 137 Polish resistance strength 138 Air operations 140 Selborne's involvement in flights to Poland 141 WILDHORN Air operations deployment to the Mediterranean 142 (November - December) Air: Polish Flight 143 Poles in the German Army 144 Proposal for a British Military Mission to Poland Summary Chapter 5 1944 148 January - July) E/UP 149 Polish/ Soviet relations following EUREKA (Tehran Conference) 151 Communist sympathies in Poland 152 Polish Flight 153 Stanmore production and censorship requirements 155 WILDHORN 157 Mediterranean operations 158 Air supply and finance 159 British prisoners of war in Poland 160 Minorities 162 Bombing of Poland to disguise special operations Plans for March/April/May supply drops 164 Finance 165 JULA and EWA 166 MONICA 167 Air operations Italian based operations and WILDHORN I 169 Censorship 170 E/UP 172 Reports on the Home Army Air 173 Security measures in Italy 174 Future of agents Soviet knowledge of Polish action 175 State of the Home Army in May 1944 177 WILDHORN II Censorship 178 BARDSEA 179 Lifting of the ban Mikolajczyk in the USA 180 British Chiefs of Staff withdraw advice 181 Russian claims on Poland 182 EUREKA allocation 4 The need for a new directive 183 WILDHORN III 185 Poles in the Maquis 187 Air Polish/Soviet relations 188 Thoughts on sending a British mission to Poland 189 MONICA 190 Warsaw 191 Summary Chapter 6 1944 195 (August - December) Warsaw rises 212 Future of Polish section 214 Proposed Soviet recriminations 216 Polish /Soviet liaison 218 Departure of Sosnkowski 219 August - November BARDSEA/MONICA 226 October - December Lack of support from Italy 227 Future of Polish operations 228 Moscow conference Winding up of MONICA 229 WILDHORN IV 231 Additions to 1586 Flight 233 Proposed work behind the lines Flights to Poland 237 Resignation of Mikolajczyk 239 German report on Soviet Strategy 240 Censorship 242 Reduction of air support potential 243 Pickles's thoughts on Poland's future 245 US approval of DUNSTABLE 246 Soviet co-operation? 247 Supplies delivered during 1944 248 Summary Chapter 7 1945 - 1946 254 Lublin and the observer parties 256 BARDSEA 257 Flights to Poland 258 Disbanding of the Home Army 259 ME22 / SPU22 Freston mission news 260 Yalta 262 Winding up the Sixth Bureau affairs 264 Ward arrives in Britain Lublin Government 272 1946 5 277 Conclusion Appendices 281 Appendix 1. Air Operations to Poland to drop Agents. 291 Appendix 2. British Staff. 293 Appendix 3. SOE Code Names and Symbols 294 Bibliography 298 Glossary 6 Summary This study provides a history of the Polish Section of the Special Operation Executive (SOE) throughout its existence from 1940 until 1946. The Polish Section of SOE was a British organisation. For this reason, what follows is told from a British perspective. The effectiveness of SOE's work should not be judged purely from any accomplishment of direct support. It was involved in far more. In this it differed greatly from other country sections, where it needed only to supply the requirements of, in many cases, its own agents. As far as the Polish effort was concerned though, it supported a resistance force it knew only through other administrative offices, the Polish Ministries of the Interior and National Defence. The story of the Polish Section of SOE remains an open-ended one, because SOE rarely learned the results of its endeavours. It was imperative that the organisational work undertaken by the Polish Section of SOE was kept secret. Copies of files were not issued to any department of the British Civil Service, simply in case they might have an interest in their contents, as may happen with other organisations. For this reason, the official files and histories retained in The National Archive's (TNA) vaults remain the most valuable sources of reference. In order to follow the development of the organisation from an initially very amateur set-up to a highly professional and efficient force, and its relationship with the Polish Governmental departments especially the Sixth Bureau, episodes are related largely in chronological order. Specific dates mentioned are accurate, but monthly period headings given in the text should be regarded solely as approximate indicators. 7 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the following people who, through their support and encouragement helped me to complete this study. Firstly my wife Barbara, for her patience; Prof. Chris Cooper, for proof reading; David Curgenven, for his computer skills; the staff at Stadium Polski Podziemnej especially the late Mrs. Jadwiga Olszewska, for a valuable introduction; Prof. Peter Stachura, for making it all possible; Mr. Duncan Stuart of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Dr. Andrzej Suchcitz of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum; the late Mrs. Irene Thornton, for her introduction to Prof. Stachura at Stirling University; our ‘gang’ at the National Archive (Public Records Office) for their support. Lastly, to all those I interviewed, many of them in their own homes and on many occasions, who related to me secrets they had kept for over fifty years. 8 Introduction The history of the formation of SOE during the early years of the Second World War has been adequately covered in a number of reliable publications,1 the most notable of which are studio written long after the war’s end by those who took part, especially ‘Setting Europe Ablaze’ by Douglas Dodds-Parker, ‘Foreign Fields’ by Peter Wilkinson, and ‘Gubbins and SOE’ by the same author, in conjunction with Joan Bright Astley. Briefly, the organisation was set up in 1940 in order to carry out clandestine, subversive operations behind enemy lines in such a way as to cause maximum disruption to enemy efficiency. Its charter was drawn up by ex-Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, in what proved to be his last important parliamentary act before his death on 9th November 1940. Whilst many of the various country sections of SOE are quite well represented in various publications, the Polish Section, especially with regard to work written in English, lacks coverage. The exceptions are the works already mentioned and, particularly, ‘Poland, SOE and the Allies’, by Polish author, Józef Garliński.The reason why the Polish Section should be so relatively unknown is something of a mystery, especially as throughout the war, the Poles had the largest and most efficient resistance organisation anywhere in occupied Europe. The mystery can perhaps be solved, however, when consideration is given to the following: 1/ the lack of archival material; 2/ the secrecy involved, leading to the prohibition of literature following the war's end (only lifted in recent years); and finally 3/ the political situation and public feelings that prevailed at the termination of hostilities and the subsequent 'Cold War'.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commemorating the Overseas-Born Victoria Cross Heroes a First World War Centenary Event
    Commemorating the overseas-born Victoria Cross heroes A First World War Centenary event National Memorial Arboretum 5 March 2015 Foreword Foreword The Prime Minister, David Cameron The First World War saw unprecedented sacrifice that changed – and claimed – the lives of millions of people. Even during the darkest of days, Britain was not alone. Our soldiers stood shoulder-to-shoulder with allies from around the Commonwealth and beyond. Today’s event marks the extraordinary sacrifices made by 145 soldiers from around the globe who received the Victoria Cross in recognition of their remarkable valour and devotion to duty fighting with the British forces. These soldiers came from every corner of the globe and all walks of life but were bound together by their courage and determination. The laying of these memorial stones at the National Memorial Arboretum will create a lasting, peaceful and moving monument to these men, who were united in their valiant fight for liberty and civilization. Their sacrifice shall never be forgotten. Foreword Foreword Communities Secretary, Eric Pickles The Centenary of the First World War allows us an opportunity to reflect on and remember a generation which sacrificed so much. Men and boys went off to war for Britain and in every town and village across our country cenotaphs are testimony to the heavy price that so many paid for the freedoms we enjoy today. And Britain did not stand alone, millions came forward to be counted and volunteered from countries around the globe, some of which now make up the Commonwealth. These men fought for a country and a society which spanned continents and places that in many ways could not have been more different.
    [Show full text]
  • Stony Brook University
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force.
    [Show full text]
  • British Clandestine Activities in Romania During the Second World
    British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War This page intentionally left blank British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War Dennis Deletant Visiting ‘Ion Ra¸tiu’ Professor of Romanian Studies, Georgetown University, USA © Dennis Deletant 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978–1–137–57451–0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Outline of Polish and Polish American History - Part 1
    A Brief Outline of Polish and Polish American History - Part 1 120,000 B.C. - First records of Protoslavic cultures in the 1683 - John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Vienna. Ojcow region of Poland. 1745 - Casimir Pulaski is born in Poland. 1300 B.C. - First evidence of Lusatian culture, the progenitor of modern Polish and Slavic cultures. 1746 - Thaddeus Kosciuszko is born in Poland. He attended school in Lubieszow and later the Cadet 700 B.C. - Biskupin Settlement is built in central Poland Academy in Warsaw and then undertook engineering in what is now the voivodeship of Torun. It is now a studies in Paris. museum in Poland featuring the oldest settlement. 1776 - Thaddeus Kosciuszko came to America to offer 100 A.D. - Contact with Roman Danubian provinces his services to General George Washington. He was made by Slavic peoples, although Rome never expands appointed engineer of the Continental Army with the into their territories. rank of Colonel. He distinguished himself throughout the American Revolutionary War. His engineering and 500 - West Slavic tribal federations begin to form. fortification skills along the Delaware River and at 850 - Polanie and Wislanie tribal groups appear, Saratoga, N.Y., helped win battles for the Continental eventually merging together into the first state of Poland. Army. Kosciuszko is well known for his fortification at West Point, which is the site of West Point Military 966 - Duke Mieszko accepts Christianity for himself and Academy. The name General Thaddeus Kosciuszko is for Poland and the documented history of Poland begins. listed on organizations, bridges, schools, and other local and national landmarks.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Visions and Historical Scores
    Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres.
    [Show full text]
  • 0714685003.Pdf
    CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics.
    [Show full text]
  • Missing … Believed Killed!
    Missing … Believed Killed! The Story of Flight Sergeant Leonard James Smith, Air Gunner, R.A.F.V.R. By Terry Maker Missing - Believed Killed Terry Maker is a retired computer engineer, who has taken to amateur genealogy, after retirement due to ill health in 2003. He is the husband of Patricia Maker, nee Gash, and brother in law of Teddy Gash, (the cousins of Fl/Sgt L.J. Smith). He served as a Civilian Instructor in the Air Training Corps, at Stanford le Hope from 1988 until 1993.The couple live in Essex, and have done so for 36 years; they have no children, and have two golden retrievers. Disclaimer The contents of this document are subject to constant, and unannounced, revision. All of the foregoing is ‘as found’, and assumed to be correct at the time of compilation, and writing. However, this research is ongoing, and the content may be subject to change in the light of new disclosure and discovery, as new information comes to light. We ask for your indulgence, and understanding, in this difficult, and delicate area of research. There is copyright, on, and limited to, new material generated by the author, all content not by the author is, ‘as found’, in the Public Domain. © Terry Maker, 2009 Essex. Front Cover Watermark: “JP292-W undergoing routine maintenance at Brindisi, 1944” (Please note: This photograph is of unknown provenance, and is very similar to the “B-Beer, Brindisi, 1943” photo shown elsewhere in this booklet. It may be digitally altered, and could be suspect!) 2 A story of World War II Missing… Believed Killed By Terry Maker 3 To the men, living and dead, who did these things?” Paul Brickhill 4 Dedicated to the Memory of (Enhanced photograph) Flight Sergeant Leonard James Smith, Air Gunner, R.A.F.V.R.
    [Show full text]
  • ZA WARSZAWĘ! Nieznane Karty Historii Powstania Z 1944 Roku
    www.polska-zbrojna.pl NR 8 (868) SIERPIEŃ 2018 INDEKS 337 374 ISSN 0867-4523 CENA 6,50 ZŁ (W TYM 8% VAT) ZA WARSZAWĘ! Nieznane karty historii powstania z 1944 roku ADRENALINA, PRĘDKOŚĆ I DU- ŁowcyMA, CZYLI TAJNIKI SŁUŻBY PILOTÓW marzeń MYŚLIWCÓW Wszystkie oblicza lotnictwa – F-16, MiG-29, casa,ISSN 08674523 hercules i Mi-24 na polskim niebie ISSN 08674523 Z SZEREGU WYSTĄP IZABELA BORAŃSKA- -CHMIELEWSKA WIELKA PASJA, ODWAGA I MIŁOŚĆ DO LATANIA – TO NIEZMIENNIE OD STU LAT PRZYMIOTY POLSKICH PILOTÓW WOJSKOWYCH. echami wspólnymi wszystkich pilotów, zarówno myśliwców, jak i śmigłowców, są: Cbłysk w oku, kiedy opowiadają o swej pracy, duma z bycia lotnikiem i całkowite odda- nie misji oraz celowi, którym jest sumienne wykonanie zadania. Polscy piloci mają też wspaniałe wzory – bohaterów lotnictwa, którzy podczas II wojny światowej odwagą iumie - jętnościami pokazali, czym jest honor i umiłowanie ojczyzny. W bieżącym numerze przed- stawiamy Państwu naszych podniebnych asów, przybliżamy ich codzienną służbę i szko- lenia. W rozmowie z Ryszardem Kornickim, synem płk. Franciszka Kornickiego, przenosi- my się do lat młodości jednego z najlepszych polskich pilotów. Rozmawiamy także z żyjącymi legendami – jedną z nich jest niewątpliwie ostatni pilot myśliwca, weteran II wojny, mjr pil. Jerzy Główczewski, uczestnik bitwy nad Gandawą. Jesteśmy wdzięczni Panu Jerzemu, że mimo przeszkód i odległości, która dzieli Warszawę od Nowego Jorku, gdzie teraz mieszka, zgodził się opowiedzieć nam o swoich doświadczeniach i wojennych losach. Gorąco zapraszamy do lektury. Świętujmy razem stulecie lotnictwa! Kiedy zapytaliśmy por. Juliusza Kuleszę, ostatniego żyjącego żołnierza PWB17/S z załogi Polskiej Wytwórni Papierów Wartościowych, co czuje szesnastoletni chłopak, który idzie do walki w powstaniu warszawskim, odpowiedział: „naczytałem się o insurekcji kościusz- kowskiej, powstaniach, a jednocześnie byłem świadomy, że to jest dla mnie abstrakcja.
    [Show full text]
  • “A Licenced Troubleshooter” James Bond As Assassin
    “A Licenced Troubleshooter” James Bond as Assassin ROGER PAULY If a pollster were to ask the average person on the street “What does James Bond do?” the response would almost certainly be that he is a spy. his is the most ba! sic defnition of the dashing British literary and "lm hero. But is it accurate? #o Bond$s activities represent spying or something else? %ecent studies have borne fruit by looking at the character of Bond outside of the basic parameters of the “spy” persona. &or example, )atharina *agen +,-./0 analysed Bond as a pirate; while #avid 2egram +,-./0 viewed him through the lens of an extreme athlete. 3f particular interest to this essay is Mathew edesco$s observation5 “6t7here$s no getting around it 8 James Bond is an assassin” +,--9( .,-0. edesco does not e'! plore this point in depth however( since his study is primarily devoted to the moral ethics of killing and torture. &urthermore, his characterisation of James Bond as an assassin is a decided anomaly in Bond scholarship and the spy classi! "cation remains predominant. &or example, Liisa &unnell and )laus #odds refer to Bond as a “British super spy” in a recent work +,-.;( ,.<0. his article will de! velop more fully edesco$s brief identi"cation by directly exploring the historical roots of Bond as an assassin. argeting key individuals for murder is an ancient and well-established el! ement of political and military history( and the Second World War was no e'cep! tion. In his capacity as an intelligence ofcer( Ian &leming had knowledge of ?l! Roger Pauly is /n Asso0i/*e Pro1essor o1 2is*or3 /* *he Uni5ersi*3 o1 ,en*r/l Ar6/ns/s% 2e is mos*ly 6nown 1or his 7or6 on *he his*or3 o1 1ire/rms bu* 4/s /lso wri**en on su('ec*s /s di5erse /s 8/r0us G/r5e39 8/u 8/u9 /n+ Mi- ami Vice% Volume 4 · Issue 1 · Spring 2021 ISSN 2514 21!" DOI$ 10%24"!!&'bs%)" Dis*ribu*ed under ,, -Y 4%0 U.
    [Show full text]
  • August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2s2002bg No online items Register of the August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981 Processed by Michael Jakobson; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 1998 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Register of the August Zaleski 80163 1 Papers, 1919-1981 Register of the August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981 Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Contact Information Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] Processed by: Michael Jakobson Date Completed: 1989 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1998 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: August Zaleski Papers, Date (inclusive): 1919-1981 Collection Number: 80163 Creator: Zaleski, August, 1883-1972 Collection Size: 29 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box, 1 envelope (13 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Correspondence, dispatches, memoranda, and reports, relating to interwar Polish diplomacy, conditions in Poland and diplomacy regarding Poland during World War II, and postwar Polish emigre life. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Language: Polish. Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible.
    [Show full text]
  • Cichociemni – Elita Polski Podziemnej
    CICHOCIEMNI – ELITA POLSKI PODZIEMNEJ QUIZ POWTÓRZENIOWY 1. Spośród dróg, którymi przyszli cichociemni dążyli z ziem polskich na Zachód, najczęściej wykorzystywany był szlak wiodący przez: a/ Ukrainę, Turcję i Egipt b/ Czechy, Austrię i Szwajcarię c/ Węgry, Jugosławię i Włochy 2. Głównym inicjatorem rozpoczęcia szkolenia oficerów dla potrzeb konspiracji w kraju, a następnie przerzucania ich drogą lotniczą do Polski, był: a/ gen. Władysław Anders b/ kpt. Maciej Kalenkiewicz c/ gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski 1. Quiz powtórzeniowy CICHOCIEMNI – ELITA POLSKI PODZIEMNEJ 3. Nazwa cichociemny wywodzi się stąd, że: a/ przyszłych skoczków uczono cichego, potajemnego zabijania wrogów b/ przyszłych skoczków uczono cichego poruszania się w ciemności c/ oficerowie, którzy zostali zakwalifikowani na kurs spadochronowy, opuszczali swe macierzyste jednostki dyskretnie, zachowując cel w ścisłej tajemnicy 4. Mianem „małpiego gaju” określano: a/ miejsce zrzutu spadochronowego skoczków, ponieważ nigdy nie było do końca wiadomo, co może ich spotkać na miejscu b/ teren ćwiczeń sprawnościowych podczas kursu dywersji c/ gęsto zalesiony rejon w Puszczy Białowieskiej, w którym grupa cichociemnych stoczyła dwudniową bitwę z Niemcami 5. Znany polski artysta grafik, Marian Walentynowicz, który zaprojektował znak cichociemnych, zasłynął przed wojną jako autor ilustracji do: a/ Przygód Koziołka Matołka Kornela Makuszyńskiego b/ Krzyżaków Henryka Sienkiewicza c/ Przedwiośnia Stefana Żeromskiego 6. Typowe szkolenie cichociemnych obejmowało między innymi: a/ naukę języków
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence
    Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 3. Israeli Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana, 2006. 4. International Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2006. 5. Russian and Soviet Intelligence, by Robert W. Pringle, 2006. 6. Cold War Counterintelligence, by Nigel West, 2007. 7. World War II Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2008. 8. Sexspionage, by Nigel West, 2009. 9. Air Intelligence, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2009. Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 9 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trenear-Harvey, Glenmore S., 1940– Historical dictionary of air intelligence / Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of intelligence and counterintelligence ; no. 9) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5982-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5982-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6294-4 (eBook) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6294-8 (eBook) 1.
    [Show full text]