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Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk Region: Do They Correspond to Each Other?

Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk Region: Do They Correspond to Each Other?

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Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 1 (2012 5) 112-126 ~ ~ ~

УДК 332.146:330.322

Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Region: do they Correspond to Each Other?

Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova and Valentina F. Lapo* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 1

Received 4.11.2012, received in revised form 11.11.2012, accepted 16.12.2012 The present article analyses the tendencies in the territorial structure of investments into the economy of Krasnoyarsk region by branches, kinds of activity and sources of financing. It studies to what degree the structure of investment corresponds to the developed territorial structure of population settlement over the territory of the region. The article reveals the basic tendencies, arising problems and consequences of the territorial disproportions. Keywords: investments, population, territorial structure

The present research was carried out as a part of project “Scenarios of macroeconomic development of Krasnoyarsk region till the year 2020 in the conditions of demographic crises and social-demographic asymmetry, and invention of some innovative models of economic growth” supported by project KF-99 financed by Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund for Supporting Scientific Research and Technical Research Activities.

Introduction extension of the territory of the region from the The territory of Krasnoyarsk region situated north to the south, its climatic conditions also in the valley of the river Yenisei, covers a great part vary from the most kindly for settlement in the of , East Siberian highland, central and southern areas till the arctic climatic Yenisei ridge, Altai and Sayan , and zone in the northern areas. The length of the stretches to the shores of the . The main water artery of the region, the river Yenisei, territory of the region covers 2355,8 thousand which flows from the south to the north, is 4092 square kilometres. It extends from the north to kilometres. Just like the Yenisei, almost all of the south for 3000 kilometres and covers several the rivers of the region are deep, navigable and climatic zones: arctic, , taiga, which is suitable for constructing hydro power stations. the major part of the region’s territory, forest According to the Krasnoyarsk Statistic Service, steppe and steppe zones. The vast territory is the population of the region is more than 2893 rich in various natural resources. Due to the great thousand people.

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved – 112 – Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Over a long period of time, the spatial This mix of various tendencies has to structure of the Krasnoyarsk region economy the population being distributed in the region in has been developing divergently, with different a spotted manner. The majority of settlements is factors dominating certain development stages: located in the central and southern areas of the the need for natural and mineral resources, the region, along the water and traffic arteries. The need for energy resources, meeting the general main cities of the region are concentrated in 10 needs of the population. Several main tendencies per cent of the territory, with 82 per cent of the of territory development can be pointed out: population living there. The exception is – development of the forest resources; city that is an isolated urban complex situated – development of the mineral resources; beyond the , with the population of – industrialization and development of the about 176 thousand people. The main part of the industrial capacity; rural population (about 95 per cent) is settled in – agricultural development. the territory to the south from the , which Development of forest resources resulted in counts up to 21 per cent of the region territory. the foundation of many settlements in the taiga The negative processes that occurred during area of the region. Some of the towns were formed the after-reform period also left their mark on the as logistic centres of the forest resources supply, spatial structure of the region economy. In the and as centres of processing the forest resources. beginning of the reforms in the regions of Agricultural production is concentrated in the and the Far East, an intensive outflow of the regions that enjoy better climatic conditions and population began. Since the 90s of the past century, form a farming zone in the central, western, the population of the region has been decreasing eastern and southern parts of the region. In the 90s along with the change of the population settlement of the previous century, along with the intensive pattern. The decrease in agricultural production process of industrialization, the processing and depopulation of some rural settlements can industry was developing rapidly along with the be illustrated by the following data: according to extracting industry. As the location of the population census carried out in Krasnoyarsk facilities usually depends on the geographic region in the year 2010, there are more than location of the mineral deposits, extracting 120 disbanded settlements with the population industry enterprises have often been built in not exceeding 10 people. The major part of the unpopulated areas without proper infrastructure, disbanded and small towns with the railway and other kinds of transport, along with population of 1 to 10 people is concentrated in the severe climate areas like, for example, Norilsk following provinces: Birulussky (9), Yeniseisky city. Processing enterprises have always been (8), Achinsky, Yemelyanovsky, Mansky (7) and concentrated in the cities located in better Nizhneingashsky (6). The decrease of industrial climatic conditions, like Krasnoyarsk, , production and the close-down of industrial , , , Sharypovo and enterprises in the cities, the outflow of the other cities. Intensive process of industrialization, population from the rural area and from the development of the extracting industry requires a region as a whole, along with concentration of the stable flow of labour resources. The population working population in the capital of the region of the region grows not only by means of natural are obvious at the moment. increase, but also due to the labour migration of As we can see, the process of development people from other regions. of the region has a contradictory character. – 113 – Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Though, in its turn, it has considerably influenced We regard the “KATEK” mine the spatial structure of the population settlement engineering company and the Kingash cluster that has formed itself by the year 2011. What as a part of the faster growth zone of the Eastern is the future of the regional economy? How subregion; its basic branches of industry, such will the spatial structure of the population as nuclear chemistry, wood processing and food settlement change due to the territorial changes industry, still do not lose their significance. The in the economical structure of the region? It is development of the Western subregion is closely important to analyse, how the spatial structure of connected with the development of “KATEK”, region economy development and the territorial along with the basic branches of thermal settlement structure correspond to each other. engineering, agriculture, machine engineering, We will try to find out whether the economic non-ferrous metal industry and food industry. development perspectives and the present spatial The Southern subregion traditionally specializes structure of the population settlement match each in agriculture and food industries, electrical other. engineering, thermal engineering, extracting and processing iron , extraction. Methods The development perspectives are connected The analysis is broken down by “subregions” with the construction of Kuragino- railway outlined in the territory of the region: Central, and with the development of recreation, sports Western, Eastern, Southern, Angara (Lower and tourism areas in “Ergaki” park and “Borus” Angara region) and Northern subregions; the list centre of winter sports. The perspectives of of the subregions is presented in the appendix, the Angara subregion are connected with the table A1. Each of the subregions has its own industrial development of the Lower Angara historically formed specialization and upcoming area, construction of Boguchany and Motygino trends of faster growth (see table A2). Hydro Power Stations, construction of non- The faster growth zone in the Central ferrous metal enterprises and development of subregion is the Krasnoyarsk agglomeration, wood processing industry. The perspectives of the which includes non-ferrous metals, power Northern subregion are extracting oil and gas and industry, wood processing, machine engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy. Development projects of and food industry enterprises; specialization the Lower Angara area and development of the in high technology branches of industry is Vankor basin are the most promising trends of developing, like in GLONASS and “Solar territorial organization of the region. Silicium” projects, along with the education sector represented by SibFU. Strategic objectives Results of creating the Krasnoyarsk agglomeration are: In the last few years, the population decrease providing a multiple-option connection between has slowed down (see Table 1). In the years around the municipalities and provinces of the region 2010, a slight growth of the average annual for the sake of the growth of the public welfare; population was observed. forming urban environment with comfortable In the subregions, the situation is less living conditions, comfortable for business and obvious. In certain subregions, considerable attractive for workers; forming a commercially population growth is noticed (see Fig. 1). So, viable, innovative economy; solving geopolitical in the Southern zone the population growth in and economic problems of Russia. the years 2007-2010 was 7,3 per cent, in the – 114 – Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Table 1. Dynamics of population growth in Krasnoyarsk region.*

Population, thousand people2 1) Year total urban rural 1970 2512,4 1558,8 953,6 1979 2700,2 1879,1 821,1 1989 3038,6 2216 822,6 2002 2966 2245,7 720,3 2005 2925,3 2220,7 704,6 2008 2890,3 2192,3 698 2009 2889,8 2186,3 703,5 2010 2893,9 2195,5 698,4

* Krasnoyarsk regional statistic annals (1-12) / Federal State Statistic Service. Territorial body of state statistics for Krasnoyarsk region (KRASNOYARSKSTAT). – Krasnoyarsk, 2010. ** The data for the year 1970 is provided in conformance with the population census of January 15, for the year 1979, with the population census of January 17, for the year 1989, with the population census of January 12, for the years 2004-2009 it is the estimation data for the January 1 of the corresponding year.

Central zone it exceeded 4,4 per cent. In other degree determined by the volume of investments subregions the population decreased, and the made into the economy of the region; so, let dynamics of the decrease was also different. us concentrate on the analysis of the territorial For example, in the years 2007-2010 the structure of the investments that have been made population of the Eastern subregion decreased for development of the subregions in the past few for 3,6 per cent, in the year 2009 the ratio years. counted a 2,3 per cent increase. In the Western, In spite of the crisis, the investment volume Lower Angara and Northern subregions the has been growing rapidly within the last five population increased for about 5 per cent in the years. As witnessed by the data presented in the years 2007-2010. Table 2, the investment volume has increased At the present time the major part of the both in current and comparable prices. region population is concentrated in the Central Within the last years, the branch structure of subregion and is slowly increasing (Fig. 2). In the investments has considerably changed in favour year 2010, 42,3 per cent of the resident population of extracting branches and producing electric of the region was concentrated in the Central power. So, according to the types of economic subregion, the second and the third places being activity (without regarding small business occupied by the Western (14,8 per cent) and entities and unofficial activity parameters) the Northern (14 per cent) subregions, but the in the year 2005 around 35,9 per cent of the ratios of these areas are inevitably decreasing. investments contributed to the processing The Southern subregion, which enjoys the most industries, construction (7,5 per cent), transport kindly conditions for residence, counts up to 8,8 and communication (23,5 per cent). In the year per cent of the population, the Eastern – around 2010 the share of the listed branches in the total 12 per cent, and the Lower Angara – 8 per cent of amount of investments dropped to 19,8, 0,6 and the region population. 9,2 per cent correspondingly. The percentage of The immediate and sometimes even long- the investments made into the sphere of mineral run prospects of the territories are to a great resources extraction has dramatically increased – 115 – Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Picture 1 – The dynamics of average annual resident population in Krasnoyarsk region and the Fig. 1. The dynamics of average annual subregions,resident populationper cent (year 2006in Krasnoyarsk = 100%)3 region and the subregions, per cent (year 2006 = 100%)1 At the present time the major part of the region population is concentrated in the Central subregion and is slowly increasing (Fig. 2). In the year 2010, 42,3 per cent of the resident population of the region was concentrated in the Central subregion, the second and the third places being occupied by the Western (14,8 per Table 2. Investmentscent) into and thethe permanentNorthern (14 capital per cent) of Krasnoyarsk subregions, region*but the ratios of these areas are inevitably decreasing. The Southern subregion, which enjoys the most kindly conditions for residence, counts up to 8,8 per cent of the population, the Eastern – 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 around 12 per cent, and the Lower Angara – 8 per cent of the region population. Investments into the permanentThe immediate and sometimes even long-run prospects of the territories are capital, million roublesto a great (in degree determined by the volume of investments made into the economy current prices) of the region; so, let71387,50 us concentrate92587,40 on the analysis120833,20 of the territorial204170,70 structure247788,80 of the 245618,30 investments that have been made for development of the subregions in the past few Per cent ratio in years.comparison with the previous yearIn (in spite of the crisis, the investment volume has been growing rapidly within comparable prices)the last five years. 129,50 As witnessed116,60 by the data113,00 presented in141,40 the Table 2,118,50 the 102,00 investment volume has increased both in current and comparable prices. * Data provided by Krasnoyarskstat. Table 2 – Investments into the permanent capital of Krasnoyarsk region4 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Investments into the permanent capital, million roubles (in 71387,50 92587,40 120833,20 204170,70 247788,80 245618,30 current prices) from 8,5 per centPer cent up ratio to in comparison 32,7, as with the 129,50investment 116,60 113,001) The 141,40 share 118,50 and the 102,00 general volume of ratio for production3 Hereafter and all the distributioncalculations and diagrams of electric are based on the thedata provided investments by municipal statistics made department in the of Central subregion Rossstat for Krasnoyarsk region. 4 Data provided by Krasnoyarskstat. power, gas and water increased from 5,3 up 6 is considerably decreasing. Within the period to 19,4 per cent due to the large-scale projects between the year 2006 till the year 2010 the share on development of oil basins, construction of of the investments has fallen from 37,4 till 13,2 Boguchany hydro power station, and others. The per cent; structure of investments according to the types of 2) The share of investments made in the economic activity has confirmed the raw material Northern subregion has increased, its percentage focus of the regional economy. in the general structure of investments has In Fig. 2 you can see the structure of the increased from 34,7 to 53,6 per cent; investments made into the permanent capital 3) The general volume of investments according to the subregions of Krasnoyarsk made in the Lower Angara subregion made in the region within the years 2006 and 2010. years 2006-2010 has grown along with the share: As we can see, several trends can be from 11,2 to 21,3 per cent; easily observed in the spatial structure of the 4) The investment share for the other investments: subregions (Western, Eastern and Southern) – 116 – the previous year (in comparable prices)

Within the last years, the branch structure of investments has considerably changed in favour of extracting branches and producing electric power. So, according to the types of economic activity (without regarding small business entities and unofficial activity parameters) in the year 2005 around 35,9 per cent of the investments contributed to the processing industries, construction (7,5 per cent), transport and communication (23,5 per cent). In the year 2010 the share of the listed branches in the total amount of investments dropped to 19,8, 0,6 and 9,2 per cent correspondingly. The percentage of the investments made into the sphere of mineral resources extraction has dramatically increased from 8,5 per cent up to 32,7, as the investment ratio for production and distribution of electric power, gas and water increased from 5,3 up to 19,4 per cent due to the large-scale projects on development of oil basins, construction of Boguchany hydro power station, and others. The structure of investments according to the types of economic activity has confirmed the raw material focus of the regional economy. In Fig. 2 you can see the structure of the investments made into the Evgenia B. Bukharova,permanent Irina capital P. Vorontsova… according Spatial to the Structure subreg ionsof Investment of Krasnoyarsk and Population region Settlement within the in Krasnoyarsk… years 2006 and 2010.

Fig. 2. The share of investements made into the permanent capital of the subregions, % Fig. 2. The share of investements made into the permanent capital of the subregions, % As we can see, several trends can be easily observed in the spatial structure of the investments: 1) The share and the general volume of the investments made in the Central has largely droppedsubregion from 16,1 is considerably to 11,9 decreasing. per WithinType theof activity:period between producing the year and distributing 2006 till the year 2010 the share of the investments has fallen from 37,4 cent. till 13,2 per cent; of electric power, gas and water, with

The positive side of the growth of 7 multidirectional trends in the spatial distribution investments made in the Northern and Lower of the investments. The share of the Central Angara subregions is the increase of these subregion, which used to be high in the years 2006- territories’ contribution into the economy of 2007 (around 45-56 per cent), in the years 2008- the region and of the country as a whole. The 2009 decreased till 25-30 per cent. The Southern negative consequences of the territorial structure subregion, though receiving a considerable share of the investments are mainly connected with of investments in the years 2006-2007 (22-28 the considerable inconformity between the per cent), has lost its positions, and in the years investment structure and the present settlement 2008-2009 the share of the Southern subregion scheme of Krasnoyarsk region area-wise. The counted around 7-13 per cent. The share of the major part of the population which counts up to Low Angara subregion has drastically increased, 78 per cent lives in the Central, Western, Eastern from 3 per cent in the year 2006 up to 61 per cent and the Southern subregions that enjoy the most in the year 2009 (see Fig.4). kindly climatic conditions for residence, while the Since the year 2006, the share of the investments are mostly forwarded to the northern investments into the processing industries of the areas and the areas of the Lower Angara. Central subregion has been steadily growing, The changes of the spatial investments from 27 per cent in the year 2006 till 35 per cent structure are noticed in all the main spheres of in the year 2009, which in general corresponds the economic activities. to both the processes of the spatial concentration So, the spatial structure of the investments of the population in Krasnoyarsk city situated in into the extracting sector changes from one year the Central subregion, and the specialization of to another, but the capital investments are mostly the city in the area of processing industries. It concentrated in the Northern subregion and in the is worth noticing that the population share that Lower Angara. The share of these two regions in is settled in the Central subregion (42 per cent) the years 2006-2009 was more than 80 per cent of is still higher than the share of the investments the investments (Fig. 3). made in the processing industries of the Central – 117 – 2) The share of investments made in the Northern subregion has increased, its percentage in the general structure of investments has increased from 34,7 to 53,6 per cent; 3) The general volume of investments made in the Lower Angara subregion made in the years 2006-2010 has grown along with the share: from 11,2 to 21,3 per cent; 4) The investment share for the other subregions (Western, Eastern and Southern) has largely dropped from 16,1 to 11,9 per cent. The positive side of the growth of investments made in the Northern and Lower Angara subregions is the increase of these territories’ contribution into the economy of the region and of the country as a whole. The negative consequences of the territorial structure of the investments are mainly connected with the considerable inconformity between the investment structure and the present settlement scheme of Krasnoyarsk region area-wise. The major part of the population which counts up to 78 per cent lives in the Central, Western, Eastern and the Southern subregions that enjoy the most kindly climatic conditions for residence, while the investments are mostly forwarded to the northern areas and the areas of the Lower Angara. The changes of the spatial investments structure are noticed in all the main spheres of the economic activities. So, the spatial structure of the investments into the extracting sector changes Evgenia B. Bukharova,from oneIrina year P. Vorontsova… to another, but Spatial the capital Structure investments of Investment are mostly and Population concentrated Settlement in the in Krasnoyarsk… Northern subregion and in the Lower Angara. The share of these two regions in the years 2006-2009 was more than 80 per cent of the investments (Fig. 3).

Type of activity: producing and distributing of electric power, gas and water, with multidirectional trends in the spatial distribution of the investments. The share of the Central subregion, which used to be high in the years 2006-2007 (around 45-56Fig.3. Theper sharecent), of investmentsin the years into 2008the permanent-2009 capitaldecreased with all till the 25-30financing per resources. cent. TheSector C. Fig. 3. The share of investments into the permanentExtracting capitalmineral resources, with all % the financing resources. Sector C. Extracting Southern subregion, though receiving a considerable share of investments in the mineral resources,years 2006-2007 % (22-28 per cent), has lost its positions, and in the years 2008- 2009 the share of the Southern subregion counted8 around 7-13 per cent. The share

of the Low Angara subregion has drastically increased, from 3 per cent in the year 2006 up to 61 per cent in the year 2009 (see Fig.4).

Fig. 4. The share of investments into the permanent capital for the expense of all the financing sources. – Fig. 4. The share of investmentsSector E. Production into and the distribution permanent of the capital electric forpower, the gas expense and water, of % all the financing sources. – Sector E. Production and distribution of the electric power, gas and water, % Since the year 2006, the share of the investments into the processing industries of the Central subregion has been steadily growing, from 27 per cent in the year 2006 till 35 per cent in the year 2009, which in general corresponds to both the processes of the spatial concentration of the population in Krasnoyarsk subregioncity amongsituated in all the the Central investments subregion, into and the the specialization per cent of correspondingly. the city in the area With all that, during of processing industries. It is worth noticing that the population share that is settled processingin theindustries Central of subregion the region, (42 perwhich cent) count is still the higher whole than period the shareof the ofyears the 2006-2009 the share up to 35investments per cent. made in the processing industries of theof theCentral Northern subregion subregion among all in the investments has the investments into the processing industries of the region, which count up to 35 Comparisonper cent. of the share of the population always remained large (around 40 per cent), while and the shareComparison of the investmentsof the share of madethe populati intoon andonly the 14 share per centof the of investments the population is settled in the made into the other subregions located in advantageous climatic conditions does the othernot subregions speak in the located favour of in the advantageous territories. The shareregion of (Fig.5). the population of the climaticWestern conditions subregion does isnot 15 speakper cent, in whilethe favour the share of theNevertheless, investments is 6the per Central cent. subregion remains of the territories.The figures Thefor the share Eastern of the subregion population are 12 of and 9the per leader cent, a innd thefor totalthe Southern volume of investments into the Western subregion is 15 per cent, while9 the such spheres as food production, including drinks share of the investments is 6 per cent. The figures and tobacco (57-79 per cent within the period for the Eastern subregion are 12 and 9 per cent, 2006-2009). The investments into the pulp and and for the Southern subregion they are 8 and 5 paper industry, editing and polygraphic activities – 118 – subregion they are 8 and 5 per cent correspondingly. With all that, during the whole period of the years 2006-2009 the share of the Northern subregion in the Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk… investments has always remained large (around 40 per cent), while only 14 per cent of the population is settled in the region (Fig.5).

Fig. 5. The share of investments made into the permanent capital with all the financing sources – Fig. 5. The share of investments madeSECTOR into D: the processing permanent industries, capital % with all the financing sources – SECTOR D: processing industries, % Nevertheless, the Central subregion remains the leader in the total volume of investments into such spheres as food production, including drinks and tobacco (57-79 per cent within the period 2006-2009). The investments into the pulp and paper industry, editing and polygraphic activities are distributed between the Central (from 63 to 72 per cent of the investments) and the Lower Angara subregions (from 23 to 35 per cent). Agriculture receives around 1,6 per cent of all the investments of the region. From the territorial point of view, the investments made into the Western subregion prevail. The regional share has been steadily growing since the year 2006: in the year 2006 its share was 39 per cent, but by the year 2009 it has reached 63 per cent. However, the share of the Central and the Eastern subregions in the investments has decreased within the same period, from 23 to 11 per cent and from 20 to 10 per cent correspondingly. The share of the Southern subregion remains stable: 16-18 per cent (see Fig.6).

Fig. 6. The share of the investments into the permanent capital with the whole sources of Fig. 6. The sharefinancing of the – investments SECTION A-01: into agriculture, the permanent hunting and capitalservices provided with the in thesewhole spheres, sources % of financing – SECTION A-01: agriculture, hunting and services provided 10in these spheres, % It is expectable that the major part of the investments made into the  development of the forest sector are concentrated in the Lower Angara subregion and counts up to more than 80 per cent of the general volume of investments for the region in this sphere of activity. are distributedThe between investments the Central made into (from constructio 63 to n arewithin distributed the samein a spotty period, manner from 23 to 11 per cent all over the regional territory, the share of the Central subregion is steadily high. 72 per centDue of to the the investments) newly formed and requirements the Lower in the and development from 20 toof 10 the per branch, cent correspondingly. a The Angara subregionsconsiderable (from share 23 of to the 35 investments per cent). is forwardedshare into of thethe construction Southern subregion of the remains stable: Lower Angara subregion (Fig. 7). Agriculture receives around 1,6 per cent 16-18 per cent (see Fig.6). of all the investments of the region. From the It is expectable that the major part of the territorial point of view, the investments made investments made into the development of the into the Western subregion prevail. The regional forest sector are concentrated in the Lower share has been steadily growing since the year Angara subregion and counts up to more than 80 2006: in the year 2006 its share was 39 per cent, per cent of the general volume of investments for but by the year 2009 it has reached 63 per cent. the region in this sphere of activity. However, the share of the Central and the Eastern The investments made into construction subregions in the investments has decreased are distributed in a spotty manner all over – 119 –

11

 Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Fig. 7. The share of investments into the permanent capital with the whole sources of financing – Fig. 7. The share of investments into SECTORthe permanent F. Construction, capital % with the whole sources of financing – SECTOR F. Construction, % Within the years 2006-2008 the domination of the Central region in the investments made into transportation and communication has been noticed; the share of the investments made into the region as a whole exceeded 70 per cent. In the year 2009 the share of the Lower Angara grew up to 29 per cent, and the share of the Northern subregion grew up to 13 per cent, which considerably decreased the share of the Central subregion from 70 to 40 per cent, and the share of the Eastern subregion from 25 to 9 per cent (see Fig. 8). In the branches connected with social sphere, health and education, the spatial concentration of investments is different. Education receives around 1 per cent of the general investment volume. Geographically, the major share of the investments is concentrated in the Central subregion, and its share has been growing steadily, from 37 per cent in the year 2006 up to 74 per cent in the year 2009 (Fig. 9).

Fig. 8. Share of investments into the permanent capital with the whole sources of financing – SECTOR I: Fig. 8. Share of investments into the permanentTransport capital and withcommunication, the whole % sources of financing – SECTOR I: Transport and communication, %

the regional territory, the share of the Central grew up to 29 per cent, and the share of the subregion is steadily high. Due to the newly12 Northern subregion grew up to 13 per cent, which formed requirements in the development of the considerably decreased the share of the Central branch, a considerable share of the investments subregion from 70 to 40 per cent, and the share is forwarded into the construction of the Lower of the Eastern subregion from 25 to 9 per cent Angara subregion (Fig. 7). (see Fig. 8). Within the years 2006-2008 the domination In the branches connected with social sphere, of the Central region in the investments made health and education, the spatial concentration into transportation and communication has been of investments is different. Education receives noticed; the share ofFig. the 9. Share investments of investments made into the into perman entaround capital with 1 perthe whole cent sources of theof financing general – investment SECTOR M: Education, % the region as a whole exceeded 70 per cent. In volume. Geographically, the major share of the year 2009 the shareIn the of spatial the Lower concentration Angara of thethe investments investments into is health concentrated sphere along in the Central with community facilities, social and personal service the dynamics are the same. The health sphere enjoys around – 1,7 120 per – cent of the general volume of the investments made into the permanent capital. A considerable part of the investments into the health sphere is concentrated into the Central subregion, the share of which has increased from 39 per cent in the year 2006 up to 63 per cent in the year 2009. The share of investments for the sector O: providing other 13



Evgenia B. Bukharova,Fig. 8. Share of Irina investments P. Vorontsova… into the permanent Spatial cap Structureital with the ofwhole Investment sources of financingand Population – SECTOR Settlement I: in Krasnoyarsk… Transport and communication, %

Fig. 9. Share of investments into the permanent capital with the whole sources of financing – Fig. 9. Share of investments into the permanentSECTOR M: Education, capital % with the whole sources of financing – SECTOR M: Education, % In the spatial concentration of the investments into health sphere along with community facilities, social and personal service the dynamics are the same. The health sphere enjoys around 1,7 per cent of the general volume of the investments made into the permanent capital. A considerable part of the investments into the health sphere is concentrated into the Central subregion, the subregion, share and of its which share has increased has been from growing39 per cent inconditions the year 2006 of up theto 63 poorly per cent populated subregions steadily, fromin the37 yearper cent 2009. in The the share year of2006 investme up tonts forthat the have sector no O: infrastructure; providing other 13 74 per cent in the year 2009 (Fig. 9). 3) investments into the objectives of social  In the spatial concentration of the investments infrastructure, health and education are more and into health sphere along with community facilities, more concentrated in the Central subregion, the social and personal service the dynamics are the attractiveness of which has been rapidly growing, same. The health sphere enjoys around 1,7 per strengthening the tendency of population cent of the general volume of the investments concentration in Krasnoyarsk city and Central made into the permanent capital. A considerable subregion as a whole. part of the investments into the health sphere is It is interesting to mark the trends in the concentrated into the Central subregion, the share spatial concentration of the investments in the of which has increased from 39 per cent in the region, forwarded from different sources of year 2006 up to 63 per cent in the year 2009. The financing: share of investments for the sector O: providing 1) Since the year 2007, the share of other communal facilities, social and personal the Central and Northern subregions has services, counts up to 1,3 per cent in the general been decreasing due to the own funds of the investments’ volume. The share of the Central enterprises. The decrease from 28 to 21,2 per subregion in the investments has grown from 19 cent was observed in the year 2007 in the Central up to 69 per cent within the period 2006-2009. subregion, and the decrease from 41,3 to 38,4 per cent was witnessed in the Northern subregion; Conclusions and recommendations 2) The share of financing with the own This way, there are several trends that can funds of the Lower Angara subregion has been be pointed out: growing, from 11,9 per cent in the 2006 up to 19,4 1) redistribution of the investments in favour per cent in the 2009; of extracting branches; 3) The decrease of the share of financing 2) changing the spatial structure of the with the raised money in the Central district is investments in favour of more severe climatic quite obvious, as it dropped from 36 to 25 per cent, – 121 – Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk… along with the increase in the share of financing So are the branches of processing industries with the raised money in the Lower Angara (from aimed at the basic needs of the population like 12 up to 16 per cent) and the Northern subregions producing food, including drinks and tobacco, (from 28 to 55 per cent); pulp and paper production, publishing and 4) The Central subregion is the one to polygraphy services and some other activities, develop more rapidly at the expense of the federal the share of which is not obviously seen in the target programs (at the expense of all the financing investments. sources), which is from 57 to 74 per cent of all the So, Krasnoyarsk region has again returned to funds; the initial point in the development of its economy, 5) The funds of the region programs are which is priority development of natural resources distributed between the subregions in a more against the development of processing industry equal manner. In some years, the subregions have and other secondary branches of economy. The advantages in financing. In the year 2006 the developed resources basins and the raw material priority was received by the Central subregion, sources planned for developments are mostly and in the ear 2007 it was received by the Central concentrated in the hard to reach territories and Western subregions, while in the years that do not have roads or infrastructure. New 2008 and 2009 the share of the Southern and the vacancies appear in the places where the climatic Eastern subregions in comparison with some conditions for population settlement are contrary other territories raised little bit; or unfavourable, without permanent settlements 6) The distribution of the investments into and social infrastructure. If on the early stages the permanent capital of the municipal property the resource development in the region could be organizations looks more or less steady, while the regarded as a site for building up the industry and priority of financing is enjoyed by the Central, industrial branches of economy, the return to the Northern and Eastern subregions. resource focus dramatically changes the territorial So, we can see that the investments are structure of labour resource requirements and largely forwarded into the subregions in the territorial settlement structure. The solution accordance with economic priorities and hardly is well-balanced development of extracting react to the present territorial structure of the and processing industries in the region, in the population settlement. The priority types of development of modern branches of transport activities and industry branches are extracting and communication, constructing roads and mineral resources, producing and distributing railways, development of the construction branch electric power, gas and water, construction, on the basis of the latest technologies. Regional forestry and various services provided in and municipal executive organs are trying to these fields. The exceptions are the types of compensate the disproportions in the development activities aimed at serving the population, like of the regional economy, but the main role in this education, health, social and personal services. issue is played by businesses. Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Appendix Table P1 – Subregions of Krasnoyarsk region

№ Subregions Municipal entities 1. Central subregion Krasnoyarsk city, city, closed administrative-territorial entity Zheleznogorsk city, Sosnovoborsk city; Berezovsky, Bolshemurtinsky, Yemelyanovsky (together with the closed administrative-territorial entity Kedrovy ), Mansky, Sukhobuzimsky municipal entities. 2. Western subregion Achinsk city, city, Nazarovo city, Sharypovo city, Achinsky, Birilussky, Balakhtinsky, Bogotolsky, Bolsheuluysky, Kozulsky, Nazarovsky, Novoselovsky, Tyukhtetsky, Sharypovsky, Uzhursky (together with the closed administrative-territorial entity Solnechny village) municipal entities 3. Eastern subregion Kansk city, Borodino city, Zaozerny city (as a part of Rybinsky province), closed administrative-territorial entity Zelenogorsk city, Abansky, Dzerzhinsky, Ilansky, Irbeysky, Kansky, Nizhneingashsky, Partizansky, Rybinsky, Sayansky, Taseyevsky, Uyarsky municipal entities 4. Southern subregion Minusinsk city, Yermakovsky, Idrinsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky, Krasnoturansky, Minusinsky, Shushensky municipal entities 5. Angara subregion Yeniseisk city, Lesosibirsk city, Boguchansky, Yeniseisky, Kezhemsky, (Lower Angara Motyginsky, Severo-Yeniseisky, Kazachinsky, Pirovsky municipal entities subregion) 6. Northern subregion city, Norilsk city, Turukhansky, Evenkiysky, Taymyrsky municipal entities Table P2 – Specializations and basic functions of the subregions of Krasnoyarsk region and the faster development zones (according to the Territorial Planning Scheme of Krasnoyarsk Region)

Faster Specialization, basic functions and projects development Subregions zones of federal Most developing settlements (their most of the region Basic Developing Prospective and regional developing project specialization) significance 1 2 3 4 5 6 Central Krasnoyarsk Non-ferrous High technology industries (GLONASS and Gold Krasnoyarsk (high technologies, consumer subregion agglomeration metallurgy, power “Solar Silicium” projects), processing industry, extraction goods); Zheleznogorsk (high technologies); industry, chemistry, transport and logistics, modern consumer Berezovka (wood processing); Yemelyanovo deep wood sector, education sector (SibFU), tourism, (transport and logistics); Sosnovoborsk processing, machine recreational facilities (power industry); Divnogorsk (tourism and engineering and recreational facilities); Yemelyanvsky province metal working, food (transport and logistics, wood processing, industry, agriculture ferrous metals, power industry) Eastern KATEK, Food industry, Coal mining, forming a new coal mine Gold Kansk (power industry, wood processing, subregion Kingashsky ore nuclear chemistry, (Kanskaya TPS), power stations and road extraction, education), Uyar (transport, logistics, cluster deep wood construction, non-ferrous metallurgy ore mining petrochemistry), Nizhnyaya Poyma (transport processing, (Kingashsky ore cluster), education sector, industries and logistics), Orye (settlement centre, non- agriculture petrochemistry ferrous metallurgy) Western KATEK Thermal engineering, Forming a coal mining centre of federal - Achinsk (petrochemistry, non-ferrous subregion agriculture, food significance (finishing construction of BGHPS metallurgy), Nazarovo (agricultural and industry, machine nad construction of TPS-2), coal mining transport machine engineering, metal engineering and (Berezovsky open-pit coal mine, Sereulsky processing, energetic), Sharypovsky province metal processing, open-pit coal mine), transport machine (power industry, transport and logistics, non-ferrous engineering (Nazarovo), recreational facilities labour resources for rotational job, recreational metallurgy (Sharypovsky and Balakhtinsky provinces), facilities), Bogotol (machine engineering, construction industry, petrochemistry and metal processing) petrol processing, logistics, education sector Southern “Ergaki” natural Agriculture, Transport and logistics (Kuragino-Kyzyl Forming Minusinsk (wood processing), Shushenskoe subregion park, Yuzhny oar food industry, railway complex), tourism, recreational Yuzhny (tourism and recreational facilities), cluster electrotechnical and sports facilities (“Ergaki” natural park, coal-mining Artemovsk (gold extraction), Kuragino machine engineering, “Borus” winter sports centre), deep wood centre, ferrous (transport and logistics, construction complex), thermal engineering, processing metallurgy Krasnokamensk (iron ore dressing), Aradan extracting and (transport, tourism and recreational facilities) Table P2 continuation 1 2 3 4 5 6 processing of iron ore, gold extraction Angara “Lower Angara” Ore extraction Forming hydro power complex (Boguchany Ferrous Lesosibirsk (wood processing and resin subregion industrial centre industry, gold and Motygino HPS), thermal engineering, metallurgy, industry, transport and logistics), Yeniseisk extraction, wood forming a forestry complex (Boguchansky, extraction of (wood processing), Boguchany (wood processing, coal Yeniseisky, Kezhemsky provinces, hydrocarbons processing and resin industry, power industry, mining Lesosibirsk city), forming the federal centre (Boguchansky, logistics), Gremuchy and Krasnogoryevsky of gold extraction based on the gold fields Kezhemsky, (gas chemistry and gas processing), of the Yenisei range, non-ferrous Yeniseisky, Tayozhny (non-ferrous metallurgy, wood metallurgy, transport and logistics (North- Severo- processing), Angarsky (wood processing, Siberian way complex), forming gas and gas Yeniseysky transport and logistics), (power chemistry centre, extraction and processing of provinces), industry, wood processing, ferrous and rare mining and chemical raw materials, extraction rare metals’ metals’ ore dressing), Motygino (power and dressing of non-ferrous and rare metal ore dressing, industry, construction complex), Razdolinsk ores, construction complex. development (ferrous metallurgy, power industry, mining of bauxites’ and chemical industry, gold extraction), basins, Novoangarsk (non-ferrous metallurgy), Severo- development Yeniseisky (gold extraction, rotational job of germanium centre), Kuchetkan (transport and logistics), basin Bryanka (rotational job centre, transport) Northern Bolshekhetsky Extraction and Forming centres of hydrocarbon extraction of Hydrocarbon Norilsk (non-ferrous metallurgy), subregion oil and gas processing of , federal significance (Bolshekhetsky cluster extraction (transport and logistics, motor fuel extraction , and South Evenkia cluster, (Taymyrsky production), Igarka (rotational job centre, complex, ores, gas extraction, traditional kinds of economic and province), gold transport), (transport), Khatanga Southern transport logistics, environmental management extraction (logistics, thermal engineering, venison Evenkia oil and traditional kinds in the Arctic processing), Dixon (logistics, arctic mineral gas extraction of economic and areas resources development centre), Tura (thermal enterprises environmental engineering, venison processing) management Evgenia B. Bukharova, Irina P. Vorontsova… Spatial Structure of Investment and Population Settlement in Krasnoyarsk…

Пространственная структура инвестиций и расселения в Красноярском крае: соответствуют ли друг другу?

Е.Б. Бухарова, И.П. Воронцова, В.Ф. Лапо Сибирский федеральный университет Россия 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79

В статье проанализированы тенденции в территориальной структуре инвестиций в экономику Красноярского края по отраслям и видам деятельности, источникам финансирования. Рассмотрено. в какой степени структура инвестиций соответствует сложившейся территориальной структуре расселения в крае. Выявлены основные тенденции и возникающие проблемы и последствия формирующихся территориальных диспропорций. Ключевые слова: инвестиции, население, территориальная структура.

Работа выполнена в рамках проекта «Разработка сценариев макроэкономического развития Красноярского края до 2020 года в условиях демографического кризиса и территориальной социально-демографической асимметрии с использованием имитационных моделей экономического роста» при поддержке ККФПНиНТД, проект КФ-99.

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