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University Microfilms International 300 N.Zeeb Road Ann Artor, Ml 48106 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made Tram a copy or a document sent to us Tor microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality ofj the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on his reproduction. 1.The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Pagc(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing pagc(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the fil it is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a targe sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continuedn-beginning aga below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that inotcar be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic print; can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any docunient may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has beened. filn University Microfilms International 300 N.Zeeb Road Ann Artor, Ml 48106 8403572 Siegel, Sanford J. THE EMERGING INFLUENCE OF PAN-INDIAN ELEMENTS ON THE TRIBAL IDENTITY OF THE GROS VENTRE OF NORTHCENTRAL MONTANA The Ohio State University PH.D. 1683 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Atfoor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Siegel, Sanford J. All Rights Reserved M S EMERGING INFLUENCE OF PAN-INDIAN EIEMENTS ON THE TRIBAL IDENTITY OF THE OROS VENIRE OF NORTHCENTRAL MONTANA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of- the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sanford J. Siegel, B.A., M.A. The Chio State University 1983 Reading Conmittee: Approved By Dr. Daniel T. Hughes Dr. Chung-Min Chen Dr. Amy Zaharlick J). Adviser Department of Anthropology To Susan, Aaron, and David ACKNCWIEDGMENTS I was awarded small grants by the Ohio Acadeny of Science and the Society of Signa Xi and wish to acknowledge their support of this dis­ sertation research. Special recogiition is given to the Jesuit Priests and the Dominican and Franciscan Sisters who accepted Susan and me, and allowed us to live and work at St. Paul's Mission. Their open-minded­ ness and genuine concern made our stay at the mission enjoyable and rewarding. I would also like to thank Mike Ley and Bill Chanbers for their encouragement and support of the research project. I wish to express appreciation to ny reading conmittee from the Department of Anthropology at The Ohio State University: Drs. Daniel T, Hugies, Chung-Min Chen, and Any Zaharlick, for their time and effort in reading and coimenting on the text. While they reviewed the disserta­ tion, I, alone, am responsible for its contents. My thanks to Ouita M. Tomlin for typing and editing the dissertation. I would like to express ny heartfelt appreciation to ny wife, Susan, for her support and encouragement throughout the dissertation research. Her two years of work in the field and five years of patience and sacrifice made the fieldwork research possible. Above all, ny gratitude and thanks go to the Port Belknap Oomnunity, the Gros Ventre tribe, and the people of Hays, Montana. Their cooperation and hospitality made possible the dissertation research. They taught us the true meaning of the word generosity. iii VITA Sanford J. Siegel Personal Data 1205 Carolyn Avenue Date of Birth: July 15, 1951 Columbus, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio (61*0 262-6381 Married, two children Education Bachelor of Arts, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1973 Major: Anthropology Master of Arts, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1974 Major: Anthropology Awards and Honors 1973 Elected member, Phi Beta Kappa 1973 Elected member, Alpha Kappa Delta, Anthropology-Sociology Honor Society, elected president, Miami University Chapter 1973 Graduated cum laude, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 1976 Research grant, The Society of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society of North America 1976 Research grant, The Ohio Academy of Science 1980 Elected member, The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi Fieldwork Experience August 1976 - June 1978 Research on acculturation and ethnic identity with the Gros Ventre Tribe and French- Chippewa-Cree on the Port Belknap Reservation. Bnploym&nt and Teaching Experience January 1974 - June 1976 Graduate Teaching Associate Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University. September 1976 - June 1977 Instructor Intertribal Education Center, Branch of the College of Great Falls Port Belknap Reservation August 1976 - June 1978 Social studies teacher, bus driver, janitor, conminity recreation supervisor St. Paul's Mission, Fort Belknap Reservation September 1978 - August 1980 Graduate Teaching Associate Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University August 1980 - Forecasting and Information Division of Ehergy Qrio Department of Development iv Publications and Professional Experience 1976 Instructor's Manual and Test Book to Accompany Cultural Anthropology. New York‘.Harper's College Press November 1977 "Contemporary Life on the Port Belknap Reservation," Address to the Chinook Historical Society, Chinook, Montana. May 1978 "Acculturation Studies and the Native American," Lectures to the Port Belknap Reservation Headstart Program Instructors, Port Belknap Agency. April 1979 "Health Care Delivery and the Native American," Lecture, Workshop: Nursing Process: Expanding Knowledge Base for Culturally Diverse Clients, Affirmative Action Comnittee, Hie Minority Nursing Project, School of Nursing, Hie Ohio State University. Professional Memberships American Anthropological Association Society for Applied Anthropology Fields of Study Major Field: Cultural Anthropology Studies in North American Indians. Professor Amy Zaharlick Studies in Culture Change. Professors Daniel T. Hughes and Chung-Min Chen Studies in Psychological Anthropology and Ethnic Identity. Professor Daniel T. Hughes v TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWIEDGMENTS...................................... ill V I T A ............................................ iv LIST OP FIGURES....................................... vlii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION: ACCULTURATION AND ETHNIC IDENTITY .... 1 Acculturation and Ethnic Identity: A Literature Review ....................... 3 Acculturation and Ethnic Identity: The Gros Ventre C a s e ....................... 22 II. FIELDWORK AND METHODS ......................... 39 The Original Research Proposal................ 39 The Study of Gros Ventre Ethnic Identity........ 47 Our Role in the Community and the Collection of Ethnographic D a t a ........................ 53 III. HISTORY OP GROS VENTRE ACCULTURATION.............. 63 Gros Ventre Culture and Culture Change: A Literature Review........................ 64 From the Saskatchewan River Valley to the Fort Belknap Reservation................... 72 Missionaries Among the Gros Ventre ............. 78 The Loss of Traditional Gros Ventre Culture .... 80 Federal Government Policy and the Fort Belknap Reservation................... 92 IV. ACCULTURATION: THE GROS VENIRE PERSPECTIVE........ 103 vi Page V. GROS VENIRE ETHNOGRAPHY.......................... 126 Economic Organization........................ 128 Political Organization....................... 1*10 Education System ............................ 148 Kinship, Marriage and the F a m i l y ............... 155 Religion and Rites of Passage.................. 165 Conclusion................................. 175 VI. TOE SIGNIFICANCE OF PAN-INDIAN ELEMENTS TO GROS VENIRE TOIBAL IDENTITY................................. 177 White-Grlented Gros Ventre.................... 182 Indian-Oriented Gros Ventre ................... 185 Pan-Indian-Qriented Gros Ventre................ 187 Pan-Indianlsm: A Literature Review............. 190 Pan-Indianism and the Pan-Indian-Oriented Gros V e n t r e .................................. 195 VII. TOE GROS VENIRE TRIBAL IDENTITY.................... 212 Special Status and Ties to the Reservation...... 213 Gros Ventre Treaty C o n m i t t e e .................. 215 Cultural Retentions and the Sense of Shared History . 217 Inherited Tribal Membership.................... 218 Socialization ............................... 221 Pan-Indian Elements.......................... 222 Conclusion .......................... 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................... 235 vli LIST OP FIGURES Figure 1. Montana's Indian Reservations . 2. IVie Fort Belknap Indian Reservation CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: ACCULTURATION AND ETHNIC IDENTITY The focus of this dissertation is the relationship between acculturation and ethnic identity.
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