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Downloaded From M. Atmodjo The charter of Dayankayu In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 128 (1972), no: 2/3, Leiden, 257-280 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 08:52:41AM via free access THE CHARTEROFDAYANKAYU l l he charter of Dayankayu was discavered on March lst, 19ó4 when I was invited by the people of Bañjar Gambah l to transcribeT and give ani explanation d the prasasti ("charterJ', "inscrip- tion") which is kept there. BaEjar Gamban is one of the ten bafijars2 in the village of Mëfiwi, Badwi regency, South Bali. It is a srnall ba%jar lying in. easy reach, me12 km. north-west of Denpasar on the side of the road running ta Baturiti. During my visit there I was accumpanied by the Head of the Indo- nesian Archaeoloigical Service in Jakarta, mme officials of the Archae- ological Branch Service in Bali, and also some students of the University of Udayana in Den~asas.~We were warmly welcomed by the inhabitants who had prepared a great ceremony which they desuibed as uttamuni& uttama, i.e. "the greateet of .the greatest". The day wincided with the so-called Baiíu Pinaruh,4 which was the day following the piodalan ("birth-day") of San-hymì Aji Sar~ati.~ The chanter is k* in the gëdm pëñ2mpënanB (&is gëdon has a hluree4iered d (wzeru tuwzpmi tiga)o in the Pura Dalënz Majapahit,' wrapped in white cloth (Mod. Bal. rurub) in a srnall box (Mod. Bal. kropak), and is still regard& as sacred. As we hm,the Bal'1ynese 1 The bañjar is a smaller unit than the desa in Bali. The members of the bañjar are called krama bañjar and of the desa, called krama desa. Gambavì is a music- instrument made of wood. 2 The names of these baMjars are: 1. Br. Gamban, 2. Br. Pande, 3. Br. Batu, 4. Br. Mungu, 5. Br. Perge, 6. Br. Sërarian, 7. Br. Lëbah Pankun, 8. Br. Pëniasan, 9. Br. Lod BGlagun, 10. Br. Alah Kajën. The present author is Head of the Archaeological Branch Service in Bali (Bedaulu, Giañar), and a Lecturer at the State University of Udayana in Denpasar. The explanation of Bañu pinaruh is still uncertain. Is it derived from Bañu p2nuro (pinama)? Paro: "a half", "divided int0 two parts". Bañu: "water". The piodalan of San-hyan Aji Saramati which is dedimted to literature ("lontar-manuscripts") falls always on Saturday (Sakcara), Bañu pinuruh on Sunday (Dite), which is followed by Coma Rbëg on Monday (Soma). 6 Gëdon pëñimpënan is a smal1 building used for preserving holy relics. Many Balinese temples or gëdmis ("buildings") are named after Majapahit, Maospahit or Maspahit. Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 08:52:41AM via free access M. M. SUKARTO K. ATMODJO Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 08:52:41AM via free access THE CHARTER OF DAYANKAYU 259 I temples which are designatecl as Pura Dalëms are particularly devoted h Bhatarï Durgä, i.e. "The Goddess oh Death''. Mast d these "Dmtih Temples" are built in *he vicinity of cem&erias (Md. Bal. setra). The cbrter msists of mly rtwo be-plaites, rnea.suiring : 42.2 X 9 cm. @late A) and 42.6 x 9.4 cm. (plate B), and with an average thick- ness of 0.2 m. Each side is inscribed with 7 lines using Old Javanese script. It is written in Old Javanese. The numerals 4 (plate A) and very probably 9 @late B) are seen on the left sidess It is to be con- jectured that in former times this incomplete charter must have consisted of at least 10 plates. Unfmtunately the prasasti is not in a good state of preservation. Many aksaras ("letters") are illegible and in some places totally obliterated, which makes transcription very difficult or impoissible. But cm line 4 of the first phte (A, verso), Dauyankayu, @he name of the karänzan ("village"), is still reaáable. Now fm convenience sake I cal1 this prmmti the "Charter of Dayankayu", narning it after the kardwn mentioned in this bronze-plate. It is a pity that no date is found in this charter. Mmeover the king's name is n& mentioned either. As was briefly noted above, the prasasti is incomplete; usually the iadication of the date and also the king's name are found at the beginning of a charter, that is to say on the first plate of the group. Folrtunately I have been able to determine an approximate date for this charter in three ways: 1. Bmed on Dr. Goris' suggestion. As Goris has already poinct& out: the Balinese prasascis (topper ar brcmze) which were inscribed with 7 lines on each side belong to a group of ~emarkablecharters. This suggestion is based, however, on the fact tbt up til1 now only a few of those charters have been, dis- covered, e.g. the charters of Katulikup (Man& A, Ç. 1099),1° Sabhuyo (Tejakzda, C. 1077),1l Buman (Mantrin C, C. 1103),12 Bahli (BanE Pura Këhën C, C. 1126),13 Lubanan (Tëba Km C, noi d3k),l4 Baraha (NisJ no date),16 Daiyankayu (Bagjcw Gamban, no date) and Bugbug 8 It is a pity that it is impossible to check the charter again, because the people beliwe that they have had difficulties since the first reading (e.g. "divorce"). Goris, Praisasti Bali I, p. 32 (Goris No. 601). 10 Ibid. l1 Ktut Ginarsa, Prarasti baru radja Rägajäya 6 April 1155, p. 14. l2 Goris, op. cit., p. 39 (Goris No. 666). 13 Ibid., p. 41 (Goris No. 705). l4 Ibid., p. 49 (Goris No. 1007). 16 Ibid., p. 48 (Goris No. 1004). Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 08:52:41AM via free access 260 M. M.SUKARTO .K. ATMODJO (Bugbug, Ç. 1103).16 According to him,17 these charters are to be dated from the beginning d king Jayapanus' reign or some years later (C. 1W- Ç. 1103). But ilt must be understood that the charters of Dayankayu, Sabhaya and of Bugbug were discovered long after Goris' books were published (Prasasti Bali I, 11). 2. Based on pdaeography. Palaeographically the type of the aksaras closely resembles that of the prasardis issued during the reign of Marakata-pahkaja'(~.944 - Ç. 943, Anak Wunçu (C. 971 - Ç. 999), Jayaçakti (C. 1055 - Ç. 1072), Rágaj~ya(circa Ç. 1077) and Jayapanus (C. 1099 - Ç. 1103). The aksaras viz. ya, ra, la, ha, ma, ka have the same forms. Also the pëmëgulan (Jav. pankon), suran (Jav. Zayar), guuk (Jav. cakra), nania (Jav. pmikal), suku (Jav. suku), ulu (Jav. ulu), pëpët (Jav. pëpët) and cëcaik (Jav. cëcak) are of the same type. 3. Based on the language. In gemrail, the oompsifion d the charter shows sirnilarities wiûh that of the prarastis issued during the reign of king Marakata-pankaja up to the time of Jayapahus. But in some cases a certain number of phrases are closely related to the charters issued by king Jayaçakti and Jayapanus. Som examples are : a. Tihe phrase tka rii nuïgha dnawmzi r& kärttikantara püma- bhyasa k~Iayaransalmaranya frequently occurs in the prmmti of Patiu- pëtan,18 Bahun-tririan,lD Indrapura,2O Landih,2l Jhuha~an,2~and once l6 This bronze-piate inscription was discovered by the present author at Bugbug in East Bali (Regency Karanasem) on November 15th 1970, which rnentioned for instance: 1. The village-name Bugbug and its surrounding border-villages; 2. King layapanus and his two Royal Spouses; 3. The name of a king unknown before, namely Bhatara Çn Luh-in Akz~n(literally "The Illustrious King of the Tears of the Lovelorn"), etc Presurnably Bhapra Cr; Lz~h-inAkun is an indigenous name for ÇH Mahdräja Çn Rägajäya, whose inscription is still preserved at Tejakula. Räga (SM.) = kun (Old Jav.). The root kun means: "sexual love", "amorous love", "pangs of love". Cf. Klunkun = Smara-pura (Käma: "God of Love"). An article on this important charter of Bugbug is still in preparation by the present author. l7 Goris, op. cit., p. 48. l8 Njornan Poeger, Radja Jayaçakti di-Bali, p. 10. l9 Goris, op. cif., p. 29 (Gons No. 552). 20 Ibid., p. 30 (Goris No. SS), Njornan Poeger, op. cit., p. 94. 21 Ibid., p. 35 (Goris No. 630). 22 Ibid.., p. 33 (Goris No. 623). Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 08:52:41AM via free access THE CHARTER OF DAYANKAYU 261 in the last charter of Anak Wunçu, i.e. Bw~h.~~But in the other prasastis of Marakata-paiikaja (i.e. Batur~m),2~Anak Wuriçu (Jalan- tix~h),2~and Rägajäya (Sabhaya) the phrase is slightly madified; the same phrase alco occurs. in the Dayankayu charter. b. ?;he phrase tahihkmnya riG pakirakirun rin cetra matlu occurs in the prasastis d PaGupëtan, Bahui-trihan, Canic~yan,2~ as ah ha ra and Dayankayu. Taking al1 the information quoted above int0 consideration, it might be assumed that the charter of Dayankayu was issued by one of the following kings: Anak Wunçu, Jayaçakti, Rägajäya or Jayapnus. This means from about the year Ç. 975 - Ç. 1100 (e1050 A.D. - ie: 1178 A.D.). As has already been mentioned, Goris has suggested that the sevm-line inscriptionis were issued du~ingithe reign d Jayapafius. But afterwards, Ktut Ginarsa concluded that the Dayankayu charter was in fact issued by Jayapahus' predecessor, in other words by king Cri R~gajüya.~~This conclusion is based m the newly discovered charter of Rägajiiya by Ginarsa in one of the ternples at Tejakula (in 1967). This prasasti, tm, is inscribed with 7 lines. Also the measurements are almost the Same as those of Dayankay~.~~In short, the two above- mentioned arguments lead to Ginarsa's conclusion.
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