Rigorous Curriculum Design Unit Planning Organizer
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present Ernesto Silva Kennesaw State University, [email protected]
Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective Volume 7 Number 2 Pervuvian Trajectories of Sociocultural Article 13 Transformation December 2013 Epilogue: Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present Ernesto Silva Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Silva, Ernesto (2013) "Epilogue: Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present," Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: Vol. 7 : No. 2 , Article 13. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol7/iss2/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emesto Silva Journal of Global Initiatives Volume 7, umber 2, 2012, pp. l83-197 Epilogue: Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present Ernesto Silva 1 The aim of this essay is to provide a panoramic socio-historical overview of Peru by focusing on two periods: before and after independence from Spain. The approach emphasizes two cultural phenomena: how the indigenous peo ple related to the Conquistadors in forging a new society, as well as how im migration, particularly to Lima, has shaped contemporary Peru. This contribu tion also aims at providing a bibliographical resource to those who would like to conduct research on Peru. -
First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E
c h a p t e r t h r e e First Civilizations Cities, States, and Unequal Societies 3500 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E. “Over 100 miles of wilderness, deep exploration into pristine lands, the solitude of backcountry camping, 4-4 trails, and ancient American Indian rock art and ruins. You can’t find a better way to escape civilization!”1 So goes an advertisement for a vacation in Utah’s Canyonlands National Park, one of thousands of similar attempts to lure apparently constrained, beleaguered, and “civilized” city-dwellers into the spacious freedom of the wild and the imagined simplicity of earlier times. This urge to “escape from civilization” has long been a central feature in modern life. It is a major theme in Mark Twain’s famous novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, in which the restless and rebellious Huck resists all efforts to “civilize” him by fleeing to the freedom of life on the river. It is a large part of the “cowboy” image in American culture, and it permeates environmentalist efforts to protect the remaining wilderness areas of the country. Nor has this impulse been limited to modern societies and the Western world. The ancient Chinese teachers of Daoism likewise urged their followers to abandon the structured and demanding world of urban and civilized life and to immerse themselves in the eternal patterns of the natural order. It is a strange paradox that we count the creation of civilization among the major achievements of humankind and yet people within these civilizations have often sought to escape the constraints, artificiality, hierarchies, and other discontents of city living. -
Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Precolumbian Andes Charles Ortloff [email protected]
Andean Past Volume 9 Article 15 11-1-2009 Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Precolumbian Andes Charles Ortloff [email protected] Michael E. Moseley University of Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Sustainability Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Ortloff, Charles and Moseley, Michael E. (2009) "Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Precolumbian Andes," Andean Past: Vol. 9 , Article 15. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol9/iss1/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIMATE, AGRICULTURAL STATEGIES, AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PRECOLUMBIAN ANDES CHARLES R. ORTLOFF University of Chicago and MICHAEL E. MOSELEY University of Florida INTRODUCTION allowed each society to design and manage complex water supply networks and to adapt Throughout ancient South America, mil- them as climate changed. While shifts to marine lions of hectares of abandoned farmland attest resources, pastoralism, and trade may have that much more terrain was cultivated in mitigated declines in agricultural production, precolumbian times than at present. For Peru damage to the sustainability of the main agricul- alone, the millions of hectares of abandoned tural system often led to societal changes and/or agricultural land show that in some regions 30 additional modifications to those systems. -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
Conquista-Dores E Coronistas: As Primeiras Narrativas Sobre O Novo Reino De Granada
1 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA CONQUISTA-DORES E CORONISTAS: AS PRIMEIRAS NARRATIVAS SOBRE O NOVO REINO DE GRANADA JUAN DAVID FIGUEROA CANCINO BRASÍLIA 2016 2 JUAN DAVID FIGUEROA CANCINO CONQUISTA-DORES E CORONISTAS: AS PRIMEIRAS NARRATIVAS SOBRE O NOVO REINO DE GRANADA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em História da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em História. Linha de pesquisa: História cultural, Memórias e Identidades. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jaime de Almeida BRASÍLIA 2016 3 Às minhas avós e meus avôs, que nasceram e viveram na região dos muíscas: Maria Cecilia, Nina, Miguel Antonio e José Ignacio 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Desejo expressar minha profunda gratidão a todas as pessoas e instituições que me ajudaram de mil e uma formas a completar satisfatoriamente o doutorado: A meu orientador, o prof. Dr. Jaime de Almeida, por ter recebido com entusiasmo desde o começo a iniciativa de desenvolver minha tese sob sua orientação; pela paciência e tolerância com as mudanças do tema; pela leitura cuidadosa, os valiosos comentários e sugestões; e também porque ele e sua querida esposa Marli se esforçaram para que minha estadia no Brasil fosse o mais agradável possível, tanto no DF como em sua linda casa de Ipameri. Aos membros da banca final pelas importantes contribuições para o aprimoramento da pesquisa: os profs. Drs. Anna Herron More, Susane Rodrigues de Oliveira, José Alves de Freitas Neto e Alberto Baena Zapatero. Aos profs. Drs. Estevão Chaves de Rezende e João Paulo Garrido Pimenta pela leitura cuidadosa e as sugestões durante o exame geral de qualificação, embora as partes do trabalho que eles examinaram tenham mudado em escopo e temática. -
Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas
PeoplesPeoples and and Civilizations Civilizations of of thethe Americas Americas 600600--15001500 TeotihuacanTeotihuacan TeotihuacanTeotihuacan waswas aa largelarge MesoamericanMesoamerican citycity atat thethe heightheight ofof itsits powerpower inin 450450––600600 c.ec.e.. TheThe citycity hadhad aa populationpopulation ofof 125,000125,000 toto 200,000200,000 inhabitantsinhabitants DominatedDominated byby religiousreligious structuresstructures PyramidsPyramids andand templestemples wherewhere humanhuman sacrificesacrifice waswas carriedcarried out.out. TheThe growth growth of of Teotihuacan Teotihuacan MadeMade possiblepossible byby forcedforced relocationrelocation ofof farmfarm familiesfamilies toto thethe citycity ByBy agriculturalagricultural innovationsinnovations includingincluding irrigationirrigation worksworks andand chinampaschinampas ((““floatingfloating gardensgardens””)) thatthat ThisThis increasedincreased foodfood productionproduction andand thusthus supportedsupported aa largerlarger populationpopulation ChinampasChinampas ApartmentApartment--likelike stonestone buildingsbuildings housedhoused commoners,commoners, includingincluding thethe artisansartisans whowho mademade potterypottery andand obsidianobsidian toolstools andand weaponsweapons forfor exportexport TheThe elite:elite: LivedLived inin separateseparate residentialresidential compoundscompounds ControlledControlled thethe statestate bureaucracy,bureaucracy, taxtax collection,collection, andand commerce.commerce. WhoWho controlled controlled Teotihuacan Teotihuacan -
Mesoamerican & Andean Civilizations
10/25/2011 Mesoamerican & Andean Civilizations MOST LIKELY THEORY First Americans originated in Gobi Desert Some migrated to Siberia around 15,000 years ago Crossed Bering Strait in Alaska Land bridge probably existed at the time Gradually dispersed throughout North and South America 1 10/25/2011 MESOAMERICA Mesoamerica In what is now southern Mexico and Central America Rain forests cover the region Fertile soil made this a good area for farming People first appeared in this area around 12,000 BC Maize (corn) being grown around 3500 BC 2 10/25/2011 The Olmec First urban civilization formed in Mesoamerica – around 1200 BC Built the first pyramids in the Americas Developed the first writing system in the Americas Traded with others from far away Civilization ended around 400 BC OLMEC ACHIEVEMENTS Talented engineers and architects Built sewer system Built pyramids and palaces from stone Also carved giant stone heads Largest is 9 feet tall and weighs 15 tons No one knows their exact function Writing system and a system to record calendar dates 3 10/25/2011 OLMEC RELIGION Polytheistic Most important god portrayed as half man/half jaguar Believed that certain people could turn into jaguars at will Variation of the “were-wolf” myth TEOTIHUACÁN Olmec civilization faded around 900 BCE. Teotihuacán 200-700 AD Giant city containing 200,000 people Two giant pyramids Pyramid of the Sun Pyramid of the Moon Hundreds of other buildings 4 10/25/2011 L a n d s o f t h e M a y a n s The Yucatan Peninsula 5 10/25/2011 Ch i c h e n - I t z a - P y r a mi -
Sayre Chapter Outline
Life Across the River: Agricultural, Ritual, and Production Practices at Chavín de Huántar, Perú. by Matthew Paul Sayre A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Christine A. Hastorf, Chair Professor Patrick Kirch Professor Miguel Altieri Curator Dolores Piperno Spring 2010 Abstract Life Across the River: Agricultural, Ritual, and Production Practices at Chavín de Huántar, Perú. by Matthew Paul Sayre Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology University of California, Berkeley Professor Christine A. Hastorf, Chair In this dissertation I examine domestic life in an early Andean highland community. While these peoples’ homes and material remains may evoke images of tranquil peasants living in quiet harmony with nature, I will challenge the assumptions inherent in that image. The community of La Banda was located directly across the river from a major ritual center. New data obtained by me and presented here reveal a community engaged in complex relationships with the temple of Chavín, the surrounding fields and communities, and the broader Andean world through the practices of trade, production, pilgrimage, and ceremony. There are four major themes presented in this dissertation: ritual, domestic life, trade and importation, and production and exchange practices. These themes are discussed in relation to activities that occurred in the monumental center, in the domestic La Banda sector, and when assessing the relations that the community of La Banda had with communities and peoples from outside the Central Andean region. Finally, the nature of local Chavín domestic life has been a long-standing concern of Andean archaeology. -
Rise of Andean Civilization October 13, 1999 T. D'altroy Early Horizon
G4210: Rise of Andean Civilization October 13, 1999 T. D'Altroy Early Horizon: Chavín 1. following the advent of ceramics: Andean prehistory somewhat misleadingly conceived as having constituted alternating periods a. large-scale integration: horizons b. and breakdown into regional systems: intermediate periods 2. first integrative period: termed Early Horizon a. broadly associated with crystallization of distinctive art style 1. called Chavín 2. after type site: Chavín de Huantar a. in Callejón de Huaylas b. its import is belied by the core site's modest scale 1. significance lies in the influence of the ideas that had their source at the center c. style most often considered religious iconography of an expansive or integrative cult 3. period begins with the first appearance of Chavín-style artifacts in the south coastal Ica Valley a. has become something of a straitjacket in terms of assessing chronological sequences b. no longer any reason why we should use a stylistic ceramic sequence from one valley peripheral to main developments 1. as focal point for describing Andean chronology 4. Tello: father of Peruvian archaeology a. began work in 1920s b. Chavín was the mother culture of all Andean civilizations 5. continued series of excavations throughout the decades: major focus of recent publication a. several recent volumes by archaeologists who have worked at the main site of Chavín de Huántar 1. and other contemporary sites b. Luis Lumbreras: two books [Early Horizon: Chavín] 1 c. Burger Outline and major questions 1. time period: about 800-200 B.C. a. period of major developments in social complexity 1. -
Inca Notes 1300 – 1541
Inca Notes 1300 – 1541 A. Inca Timeline (4000 BCE - 1541 CE) 4000 BCE - 400 BCE: Titicaca culture (Upper Peru and Bolivian highlands) 1800 BCE - 400 BCE: Chavín culture 400 BCE - 700 CE: Tiahuanaco culture 400 BCE - 800 CE: Nazca culture 200 CE - 800: Mochica culture 800 - 1100: Huari culture 1100 - 1400: Chimú culture, Cajamarca culture, Ica culture 1200: Manco Cápac organizes the kernel of the Inca people 1438 – 1533 (1541): Inca culture and empire (Tawantinsuyu) I. General Regarding the geographical context of the Andean civilizations—from the pre-Incas to the Incas themselves—Charles C. Mann says the following in his major work titled 1493 (Knopf, 2011): The altiplano (average altitude: about twelve thousand feet) holds most of the region’s arable land: it’s as if Europe had to support itself by farming the Alps. The sheer eastern face of the Andes catches the warm, humid winds from the Amazon, and consequently is beset by rain; the western, ocean-facing side, shrouded by the ―rain shadow‖ of the peaks, contains some of the earth’s driest lands. The altiplano between has a dry season and a wet season, with most of the rain coming between November and March. Left to its own devices, it would be covered by grasses in the classic plains pattern. From this unpromising terrain sprang, remarkably, one of the world’s great cultural traditions—one that by 1492 had reached, according to the University of Vermont geographer Daniel W. Gade, ―a higher level of sophistication‖ than any of the world’s other mountain cultures. Even as Egyptian kingdoms built the pyramids, Andean societies were erecting their own monumental temples and ceremonial plazas. -
Norte Chico Civilization
Norte Chico civilization Previous (Norse Mythology) (/entry/Norse_Mythology) Next (North Carolina) (/entry/North_Carolina) The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or CaralSupe civilization was a complex PreColumbian (/entry/PreColumbian_Civilization) society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of northcentral coastal Peru (/entry/Peru). It is the oldest known civilization (/entry/Civilization) in the Americas, having flourished between the thirtieth century B.C.E. and the eighteenth century B.C.E. The alternative name, CaralSupe, is derived from Caral in the Supe (/entry/File:LocationPeru.svg) Valley, a large and wellstudied Norte Chico site. Complex society in Norte Chico emerged just a Peru, where the ancient millennium after Sumer, was contemporaneous with the pyramids of Ancient Egypt Norte Chico civilization flourished. (/entry/Ancient_Egypt), and predated the Mesoamerican Olmec (/entry/Olmec) by nearly two millennia. In archaeological (/entry/Archaeology) nomenclature, Norte Chico is a Preceramic culture of the preColumbian Late Archaic; it completely lacked ceramics (/entry/Ceramic) and was largely without (archaeologically apparent) art. The most impressive achievement of the civilization was its monumental architecture, including large platform mounds and sunken circular plazas. Archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology (/entry/Technology) and, possibly, the worship of common god (/entry/God) symbols, both of which recur in preColumbian Andean cultures. -
Handbook of South American Indians
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 143 HANDBOOK OF SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS Julian H. Steward, Editor Volume 4 THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN TRIBES Prepared in Cooperation With the United States Department of State as a Project of the Interdepartmental Committee for Scientific and Cultural Cooperation ^s^^mm^w^ UNITED STATES GOVERNMEINT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1948 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN TRIBES: AN INTRODUCTION By Julian H. Steward The tribes described in the present volume are on the whole perhaps the least known ethnographically of any in the areas covered by the Handbook. Whether insular or on the mainland, they were readily accessible from the coast and were quickly overrun by the Spanish con- querors. The great majority of them have long been extinct culturally if not racially. Practically all that survive today were dislocated from their aboriginal habitats to new and often drastically different regions, and for 400 years they have been subject to influence not only from the Spaniards but from the descendants of Negro slaves who penetrated most of the Caribbean islands and coast. In the Colombian Highland and North Coast Lowland the tribes have entirely vanished as cultural entities, and the only peoples now classed as Indians are a few refugee groups in the low rain forests of the Atrato River and the Pacific coast regions, the much acculturated, cattle-raising Goajiro on the Goajira Peninsula, some scattered primitive groups in the llanos and jungle on the western tributaries of the upper Orinoco River in eastern Colombia, and various culturally modified tribes around Lake Maracaibo.