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Mesoamerican & Andean Civilizations

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10/25/2011 Mesoamerican & Andean Civilizations MOST LIKELY THEORY First Americans originated in Gobi Desert Some migrated to Siberia around 15,000 years ago Crossed Bering Strait in Alaska Land bridge probably existed at the time Gradually dispersed throughout North and South America 1 10/25/2011 MESOAMERICA Mesoamerica In what is now southern Mexico and Central America Rain forests cover the region Fertile soil made this a good area for farming People first appeared in this area around 12,000 BC Maize (corn) being grown around 3500 BC 2 10/25/2011 The Olmec First urban civilization formed in Mesoamerica – around 1200 BC Built the first pyramids in the Americas Developed the first writing system in the Americas Traded with others from far away Civilization ended around 400 BC OLMEC ACHIEVEMENTS Talented engineers and architects Built sewer system Built pyramids and palaces from stone Also carved giant stone heads Largest is 9 feet tall and weighs 15 tons No one knows their exact function Writing system and a system to record calendar dates 3 10/25/2011 OLMEC RELIGION Polytheistic Most important god portrayed as half man/half jaguar Believed that certain people could turn into jaguars at will Variation of the “were-wolf” myth TEOTIHUACÁN Olmec civilization faded around 900 BCE. Teotihuacán 200-700 AD Giant city containing 200,000 people Two giant pyramids Pyramid of the Sun Pyramid of the Moon Hundreds of other buildings 4 10/25/2011 L a n d s o f t h e M a y a n s The Yucatan Peninsula 5 10/25/2011 Ch i c h e n - I t z a - P y r a mi d MAYANS Located in Yucatan, Honduras, and Guatemala 300-900 AD Sophisticated agriculture Two to three harvests a year Supported population of 2 million people Divided into a number of small states Never a single united state 6 10/25/2011 MAYAN CITIES Built huge ceremonial centers that resembled cities Contained pyramids, plazas, wide streets Most Mayans lived in small villages that surrounded center Mayan Cities Pyramids Temples palaces Canals Large plazas built for public events 7 10/25/2011 Ch i c h e n - I t z a - Observa tory Ch i c h e n - I t z a - Ba l l Co u r t 8 10/25/2011 M a y a n Cultivation o f M a i z e Chac, God of Rain M a y a n Underground Gra na ries: Ch u l t u n e s 9 10/25/2011 Overview of T i kTemple a l of the Masks ( Gu a t e ma l a ) Tik al Jungle Vi e w a t Su n se t 10 10/25/2011 T i k a l - M a i n Co u r t T i k a l: T e mp l e o f t h e M a sk 11 s 10/25/2011 T i k a l - Wa l l Mask of the R a i n God MAYAN ACHIEVEMENTS Sophisticated mathematics Understood concept of zero Developed “place-value” system Developed elaborate but accurate calendar Literate but little of their writing survives 12 10/25/2011 M a y a n Gl y p h s sky king house child city M a y a n M a t h e ma t i c s M a y a n Gl y p h s 13 10/25/2011 M a y a n Dr i n k i n g Cu p f o r Ch o c o l a t e P a k a l : T h e M a y a Ast r o n a u t 14 10/25/2011 Qu e t z a l c o a t l : The God of Wi sd o m & L e a r n i n g MAYAN RELIGION Very complex Chief god was Itzamná 13 levels of heaven and 9 levels of hell People believed they had to please the gods by offering human blood 15 10/25/2011 COLLAPSE OF MAYAN STATES Mayan states collapsed around 900 AD Perhaps due to natural catastrophe Next the Aztecs 16 10/25/2011 THE AZTECS ARRIVE Also known as Mexicas Originally a nomadic tribe from north Found it in 1325 AD on island in middle of Lake Texcoco in central Mexico Built capital city on island Tenochtitlán L a n d s o f t h e Az t e c s 17 10/25/2011 Aztec Vi ew o f Tenochtitlan Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan 18 10/25/2011 Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas Quetzalcoatl God of peace Replaced the god of war The Toltecs overthrew Quetzalcoatl and returned to being warlike Quetzalcoatl promised to return and bring light and peace 19 10/25/2011 Az t e c Ch i n a mp a o r F l o a t i n g Ga r d e n : 1 5f t . t o 3 0 f t . wi d e T h e Az t e c s We r e F i e r c e Wa r r i o rs 20 10/25/2011 Az t e c s Sa c r i f i c e Neighboring Tribes to the Su n God He a r t Sa c r i f i c e on an Aztec T e mp l e P y r a mi d 21 10/25/2011 Wa l l o f Sk u l l s, Tenochtitlan Sacrificial St a t u e , Tenochtitlan 22 10/25/2011 Az t e c Gol d Traits of the Aztec Religious Beliefs and Theocracy United Culture, Loyalty to the King Many physical and human resources funneled into religious activities 23 10/25/2011 Traits of the Aztec Powerful Army Added land, power, and prisoners for religious sacrifices Need for prisoners changed warfare style to less deadly and less aggressive Traits of the Aztec Empire of Tribute States Provides wealth and power and prisoners for religious sacrifices Tribute states are rebellious and need to be controlled 24 10/25/2011 TENOCHTITLÁN Grew wealthy from tribute from conquered territory Turned city into magnificent place Canals served as arteries of transportation Aqueduct system Sewer System Huge temples and places Brightly colored art Aztec Society People divided into social classes Kings and nobles the most important Priests and warriors below kings Merchants and artisans next Farmers and slaves the lowest 25 10/25/2011 AZTEC RELIGION Two sets of gods Nature gods Worshipped by farmers Had shape of the item the god controlled Great gods of state Usually portrayed as half human/half animal or as monster Chief god was Huitzilopochtli God of the sun HUMAN SACRIFICE Believed that the world had passed through four previous stages (“suns”) Each one destroyed by catastrophe To prevent destruction of fifth “sun”, Huitzilopochtli had to be appeased By feeding him human hearts Aztecs therefore sacrificed victims by ripping out their hearts and holding them up for Huitzilopochtli to symbolically eat 26 10/25/2011 Aztec Achievements Studied astronomy and created a calendar Built bridges and canals Had a complex writing system Cortez and the Aztecs The End Spanish explorer Hernan Cortez arrived in 1519 Aztec emperor Moctezuma II thought Cortez was a god. Cortez took the emperor prisoner The Aztecs became angry and drove the Spanish out Cortez came back in 1521 and conquered the Aztecs 27 10/25/2011 L a n d s o f t h e I n c a s 28 10/25/2011 Cu z c o : An c i e n t Capital of the I n c a (11,000 ft. above sea level) M a c h u P i c c h u 29 10/25/2011 M a c h u P i c c h u I n c a n Su spe nsi on Br i d g e s 30 10/25/2011 I n c a n T e r r a c e F a r mi n g I n c a n Di g g i n g St i c k s 31 10/25/2011 The Inca Empire Began as a small tribe in the Andes in South America By the 1500’s empire stretched from Ecuador to Chile 12 million people in empire Government was centralized and controlled many aspects of life Incas paid the government in labor and goods M a i z e i n I n c a n P o t t e r y & Gold Work 32 10/25/2011 Ov e r 1 0 0 Di f f e r e n t T y p e s o f P o t a t o e s Cultivated by the Incans Produce from a T y p i c a l I n c a n M a r k e t 33 10/25/2011 I n c a n Ceramic Jars Peanut Potato Squash Cacao God Cacao Pod T h e Qu i p u : An I n c a n Da t a b a se 34 10/25/2011 I n c a n M u mmi e s I nca Gold & Si l v e r 35 10/25/2011 Inca Traits of Civilization Strength Leading to Weakness Leading to Power Decline Religious beliefs and United culture Many physical and theocracy Loyalty to the emperor human resources funneled into religious activities Major road systems Connected entire Enemy could also use empire and aided roads to move troops control Type of welfare state Care for entire People unable to care with huge bureaucracy population during good for themselves with the and bad times elimination of the welfare state Inca Society Most Incans farmers No merchants or markets in the empire Government officials gave people goods through the labor tax system 36 10/25/2011 Inca Achievements •Built massive buildings made of stone blocks •Produced art of gold and silver •No written language Capacocha Sacrifices Burials: Mummy Bundles Children sacrificed to the mountain gods.
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