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Home , Black Southerners, Missouri Compromise, South, Southern Victory

Differences Between the and The Civil War South

Geography of the North Geography of the South • Climate – frozen winters; hot/humid summers • Climate – mild winters; long, hot, humid summers • Natural features: • Natural features: − coastline: bays and harbors – fishermen, − coastline: swamps and shipbuilding (i.e. Boston) marshes (rice & sugarcane, − inland: rocky soil – farming hard; turned fishing) to trade and crafts (timber for − inland: indigo, tobacco, & shipbuilding) corn − Towns follow rivers inland!

Economy of the North Economy of the South • MORE Cities & Factories • Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves • Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine − White Southerners made − products were made cheaper and faster living off the land − shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled − Cotton Kingdom – Eli laborers Whitney − Economy BOOST!!! •cotton made slavery more important •cotton spread , so slavery increases

1 Transportation of the North Transportation of the South • National Road – better roads; inexpensive way • WATER! Southern rivers made water travel to deliver products easy and cheap (i.e. ) • Ships & Canals – river travels fast; steamboat • Southern town sprang up along waterways (i.e. Erie Canal) • Railroad – steam-powered machine (fastest transportation and travels across land )

Society of the North – industrial, urban Society of the South – life agrarian, rural life • to Iowa • Black Northerners − free but not equal (i.e. segregation) • to & west to − worked as laborers & servants • Black Southerners • − small minority free (live separate, wear special White Northerners badges) – skilled crafts people or servants − most lived on farms − slaves – cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, nurse − children expected to help with maids/nannies, MOST field hands harvesting • White Southerners − measured wealth in terms of land & slaves − cities next to factories or RR tracks

Abolitionist Movement HOWEVER… Female abolitionists: • Abolitionists – wanted to end • tried to convince lawmakers to make slavery slavery illegal • both blacks & whites worked in • raised money for suffrage movement Abolition Movement − – • spoke out against slave beatings “Liberator ” (white) − –“North Star ” (black)

2 The Women’s Suffrage • a series of escape routes running • Fighting Slavery: Women get involved from South to North • Inspired by Second Great Awakening – • traveled by night; hid/rested in religious reform movement; good works stations get you to heaven • conductors – people who led runaways to freedom • Anti – slavery fight helped pave way for women ’s suffrage (right to vote) −

Seneca Falls: The Declaration of Sentiments The Legacy of Seneca Falls • 1848 – almost 300 people, including 40 men, • created organization among women arrived for the Convention • established awareness of women • People there: Abolitionists, Quakers, suffrage Housewives, etc. • Sojourner Truth –“Aint I a woman? ”– • Dec. of Sent. – proposal for women ’s rights – modeled after Dec. of Ind. awareness of black women − it listed acts of tyranny by men over women

The Legacy of Seneca Falls (cont.) Women (at this time) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized • Could not hold office; only white men Seneca Falls Convention, concerned • Could not practice professions (i.e. with voting rights medicine or law) • Susan B. Anthony – built movement into • Could not control their own money or national organization, concerned with property (fathers or husbands women getting equal treatment in work controlled it) place. • Would be disciplined by males

3 Intro to the Civil War: Immediate Causes SIDES • Election of Lincoln as President • NORTH: Union • of southern states • SOUTH: Confederacy

Issues Leading to the Civil War 1787 • Southerners threaten secession to get what they want!!! • All states North of Ohio River = FREE • Balance of Power in Congress: 1840’s Southerners want to • All states South of Ohio River = SLAVE extend slavery into new territories

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Missouri Compromise: attempt to keep equal number of slave & free states •Southern states threatened to break (secede) • California = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave state from Union if became a “free ” state • Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law – returning slaves to their owners when they would run away •So … Missouri = slave; Maine = free • Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not enforced •36 ’30 parallel – North of it free, South of it − wasn ’t enforced slave

•kept Union together; but no one happy # of slave and free states EQUAL!

4 Harriet Beecher Stowe • Uncle Tom ’s Cabin • book that turned many Northerners against slavery • author scorned by South

Kansas-Nebraska ACT Case • cancelled Missouri Compromise • slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free state) • allow settlers to decide issue of slavery state) − – rule by the people • sued to gain freedom when returning to Missouri − North = upset, South = happy • said he was made free in Wisconsin • struggle over slavery turned violent • Decision of case: − “ ”– violence between pro and anti slavery − 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to forces sue..) − 2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced − 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

5th Amendment Republican Party • slaves are property – Scott was a slave • new party formed • • Property cannot be taken away without due process believed no man can own another • South = happy; North = mad • nominated for Senator  he lost

5 Abraham Lincoln John Brown • did not want Union • Abolitionist (Radical) divided over slavery divided over slavery • Raided Harpers Ferry in , plan to seize guns • slavery is a moral issue, • wanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellion not a legal one • all men caught, tried, hanged • not an abolitionist but wanted to stop slavery • Northerners outraged from spreading into new • Southerners alarmed territories • increase tension between North & South

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858 Senate Campaign) Presidential Election of 1860 • Lincoln’s views on slavery: It • Stephen Douglas: believed • Lincoln won should not be allowed to each state should decide spread! for itself whether or not to • Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted allow slavery compromise • Now 18 free states, 15 slave states • South is upset!

Secession Fort Sumter • South saw Lincoln as an abolitionist • 1861 • – first state to break away from Union • Southerners captured federal fort for weapons • no one killed, but surrendered to South

6 Confederacy Established… Intro to the Civil War: Long Term Causes • 1861 • Conflict over slavery in territories • seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate • Compromise failure in Congress (i.e. Missouri States of America, with its president = Compromise) • Economic differences − South – needed slaves − North – want to end slavery

Emancipation Proclamation • During the Civil War, Lincoln freed all the slaves in states that were rebelling • exception: slaves in South Carolina remained slaves − political move

Effects of the Civil War Amendments from the Civil War • Abolition of slavery • 13 th – outlawed slavery • Devastation to the South • 14 th – made slaves (freedmen) citizens • Reconstruction of the South • 15 th – gave all citizens (freedmen) the right to vote • Nation reunited • Boom of Industry • Federal Authority dominant

7 CIVIL WAR: the bloodiest war in American History NORTH • NORTH: UNION • STRENGTHS • WEAKNESSES • President – Abraham • More people than South • Military Leaders Lincoln • 90% of nation’s − 1/3 of nation’s military manufacturing in North officers returned to the • Soldiers –“Yankees ” South • more RR tracks (will • Commanding General – become nation’s biggest − Many remaining officers too old for combat Ulysses S. Grant business post-civil war) • Must invade South

South: Confederacy SOUTH • President – Jefferson Davis • STRENGTHS • WEAKNESSES • Soldiers – Rebels • Fighting a defensive battle • Economy: − wealth in land & slaves • – • Great Military Leaders Commanding General Robert E. Lee − Few factories to produce guns and military supplies • Transportation Problem = − lacked RR network & transportation

Anaconda Plan • Capture Richmond, VA - capital of Confederacy; destroy rebel government • Gain control of = separates the Confederacy (can ’t travel or trade) • of Southern coastal ports − Northern strategy that prevented cotton & other products from being exported to Britain and − Weakened Southern economy

8 BATTLES of the Civil War BULL RUN (VA) • 1st major battle of the Civil War • stopped Union troops • • Rose Greenhow – spy for South − Union plan to capture Richmond

Fort Wagner (SC) Antietam (MD) • (Union) • Bloodiest day 54 th • 6000 died, Regiment – 1st 17000 injured black regiment • No one won (“Glory”) (but South will claim they did) • heavy losses • Southern Victory

Battle of Shiloh (TN) Vicksburg (MS) • Ulysses S. Grant led advance in south; he refused • Fought for control of Mississippi River to retreat & WON • Union Victory: captured the Mississippi River and • U.S. army = 13,000 losses managed to divide the Confederate states • C.S. army = 10,000 losses • Gave the Union access to Mississippi River & the eventual blockade

9 Sherman’s March • TOTAL WAR! • Goal: to destroy all supplies in the South

Gettysburg (PA) • *Turning point for Union − last Confederate attack on the North • Pickett’s charge – Northern most point reached by South • Such devastation that Lincoln addresses the nation (i.e. Gettysburg Address)

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or Appomatox (VA) any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are • Surrender of Confederacy (April 9, 1865) met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives • Lee surrendered to Grant that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. • Men treated very well (none murdered, all are soldiers)

But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but can never forgetPresident what they didAbraham here. Lincoln Figure It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the .

10 Consequences of the Civil WAR New realities of War: • New weaponry − rifles replaced muskets − improved cannons & artillery − infantry assaults more deadly • Medical care poor (no understanding of causes of infections) − More soldiers died of diseases than wounds − 220,000 Union died in hospital vs.140,000 died in battlefields

Outcomes of the War • Drafts − started during Civil War • Changed how Americans thought about their nation − union as a whole, not individual states • Helped federal govt. expand − federal govt. stronger than state govt. • Spurred industry − petroleum, steel, food processing, manufacturing

Reconstruction 1865-1877 • rebuilding the South • bringing the South back into the Union

11 Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln…Johnson’s Plan • April 14, 1865 (5 days after the war ended) • President Andrew Johnson granted amnesty to • Lincoln = first president to be assassinated all white southerners, except leaders • Assassinated at Ford ’s Theater in D.C. • Right to vote to all blacks who were educated • by John Wilkes Booth – Confederate supporter – who or served in military hoped this would create chaos within govt. and help Confed . win war! • 10% Plan − when 10% of voters of state took a loyalty oath, state could form a new govt. with new constitution ( without slavery )

Struggle for control of Reconstruction Struggle for control of Reconstruction • Battle between President Johnson and • Congress enacts bills to help freedmen Congress (14 th Amend., Freedmens ’ Bureau, and • Johnson ’s policy = easy on the south: Reconstruction Act of 1867) amnesty −Ex: black codes (control former slaves/restrict freedom)

Impeachment of Johnson Civil War Amendments • Johnson was 1 st • 13 th – freed the slaves President impeached by th Congress because of • 14 – gave all freed men citizenship his ideas on • 15 th – gave all citizens the right to vote (not Reconstruction & his women) “slap on the wrist ” actions • Not convicted & stayed in office

12 (KKK) • Laws enforcing segregation of blacks & whites in • White Supremacist South after Civil War organization set up in South to scare blacks away from voting & seeking equal rights • claimed to be “the Ghosts of the Confederate Soldiers ” • Segregation & Oppression continue

Freedmen’s Bureau • Govt. agency to help former enslaved • Southerners who sided with the people Republicans & their policies for Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers • Northerners who settled in the South after the • Debate on presidential election between Rutherford B. war Hayes (Republican) & Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) • Hayes would get presidency IF … • Supported the Republicans − Republicans agreed to withdraw remaining fed. troops from the south − Because they leave, Reconstruction comes to an end!

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