The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR

Additional services for The Classical Review:

Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here

The Greek Winds

D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson

The Classical Review / Volume 32 / Issue 3-4 / May 1918, pp 49 - 56 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00011276, Published online: 27 October 2009

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00011276

How to cite this article: D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1918). The Greek Winds. The Classical Review, 32, pp 49-56 doi:10.1017/S0009840X00011276

Request Permissions : Click here

Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 130.179.16.201 on 16 Feb 2015 The Review

MAY—JUNE, 1918

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

THE GREEK WINDS. IN the orientation ot the Greek Caecias, Eurus, Lips, and Argestes Winds—that is to say, in the interpre- (Z, A, F, E) are (on this interpretation) tation of the Greek ' wind-rose,' or set midway between the four cardinal compass - card — there lies a pretty problem, which to my thinking is but little understood by scholars. The sub- K ject has been touched on of late by Sir Arthur Hort in his translation of Theo- phrastus De Signis, and by Mr. E. S. Forster in his Oxford translation of the Ps. Aristotelian Ventorum Situs et Appel- lationes. Both writers borrow their statements and their diagrams from W. Capelle's paper on the treatise De Mundo ('Die Schrift von der Welt,' Neue Jahrb. xv. 1905), as Capelle in turn had followed for the most part in the steps of Kaibel ('Antike Windrosen,' Hermes, xx. pp. 579-624, 1885). Our T scholars, in short, have followed the Germans, and these Germans (as I hope M to show) are wrong. FIG. 1.—Capelle and Kaibel's interpretation of The wind-rose of the Greeks, as the Aristotelian wind-rose. interpreted by Kaibel and Capelle and copied by Forster and Hort, is unsym- winds. They are described as N.E., metrical, or has at best a curiously S.E., S.W., and N.W. winds respec- imperfect symmetry (Fig. 1). It shows tively ; and they are so defined in us (1) the four cardinal winds, N., S., Liddell and Scott, with no manner of E., and W.; (2) next, and midway in doubt or hesitation. the four quadrants, the N.E., S.E., S.W., Now Aristotle's account, as set forth and N.W. winds; and, lastly (3), four for instance in the Meteorologica (2, vi. more winds intercalated midway in the 363a), is very different from this ; more- two northern and two southern octants, over it is very plain and simple,1 and so that the whole circle is divided into all the more so if we be careful to read twelve sectors, of which four are large and interpret it in the light of Aris- and eight are small, the eight small ones being each just one-half the size of 1 Save only for a textual difficulty in a single the other four. In other words, our sentence (364a 13), pointed out by Salmasius circle of 3600 is divided into four sectors and by Idekr. Ideler's restoration of the text 0 {Arist. Meteor. 1834, vol. i., p. 576) was subse- of 45 , and eight sectors of 22^° each. quently rediscovered by Mr. F. H. Fobes, in The main point is that the four winds C.R. 1916, p. 48.] NO. CCLXIX. VOL. XXXII. THE CLASSICAL REVIEW totle's repeated statements that the ©F, ®A), so as to give four new points, winds are dependent on the sun (cf. I, K, M, N. Only, according to the e.g. op. cit. 2, v. 361b, o 8' tf\i,osunset and sunrise at the qualify this statement, and to suggest equinox (A, B): also at the winter solstice that, at the point N., opposite to (r, A), and at the summer solstice (E, Z), as Thrascias, there may be found a certain seen (approximately) from the latitude of wind, Phoenicias (Euronotus in Theo- Athens. (The dotted lines represent the tropic and arctic circles). phrastus and the De Mundo): el p,rj d-rr' avTov Kal eir' oKiyov irvel Tt? avefiof, place of sunset, and B of sunrise, at the bv KaXovaiv ol irepl TOV TOTTOV eicelvov equinox, the 8vcrp,if ical dvaroKrj Im/pe- dioiviKiav. We must go to other writers pivrj, when the sun rises and sets due (including the author of the De Mundo E. and W. (in accordance with the and the Ventorum Situs) for the denom- very definition of these terms); here we have what Milton, and the Italians, call ' the Levant and the Ponent winds.' A diameter H, cutting AB at right angles, then gives due north and due south; and our four cardinal points are thus determined. The next step is the remarkable one: [lore*] TO 8' i' ov Z dvaToXr) depivq, TO 8' «£' ov E Sva/iij Oepivrj ' TO 8' icp' ov A dvaToXi) xeifiepivi], TO 8' i points, are as follows: A, §e^>v/>09 • Xifiovo'ros B, aTrrj\iwTT)<: • T, \ty' A, eSpo?- E, voros dpyeo-Ti]? (6Xvfi7rCa] or translated the De Signis over again, Xeifiepivi], we may safely take it that he unaware that Wood had done it all means the midsummer or midwinter before, and had done it uncommonly sunrise, the rising of the tropical or well. But we shall come back in a solstitial sun, in direct relation and little while to these scholars. contrast to what he had said of the Another man of learning whose con- equinoctial sun immediately before. tribution must not be overlooked is Now, as Philemon Holland puts it Coray. In his French translation of (Pliny, 18, 34): ' The Levant varieth Hippocrates irepi deprnv K.T.X. (Paris, every day, for that the Sun never riseth 1800, Discours prelim, pp. lxviii-lxxxiii), the morrow morning from the same he gives a good account of the winds, point just that he rose the day before : and adds to it a still more admirable which I note lest haply any man should table, showing the various classifications take one certain line for to point out of the winds and divisions of the com- the Sun rising or the East, and make pass from Homer to the moderns. He his quadrant or compass therebye.' And does not say a word about the solar, or so, to understand the place where the astronomical, definitions of the winds; sun rises or sets at the tropic (or any he merely indicates in his text (p. lxix) other day of the year), we need the that to the four cardinal winds ' on help of a very little elementary astron- ajouta dans la suite quatre autres, qui omy, just such astronomy as our grand- sont le /ccu/das, Nord-est; l'eS/oo?, Sud- mothers learned from ' the use of the est,' etc.; and that 'Aristote ajoute.a globes.' For, by the way, that obsolete cette rose trois autres vents, qui sont le but time-honoured subject of feminine /uAat)';, plac6 entre le Nord-est,' etc. education was no laughing matter; it And then, without any further explana- harked back to the Middle Ages, it was tion, he seems to take it for granted a direct inheritance from the scholastic that, once the wind-rose of twelve winds astronomy of the days before the tele- was established, these twelve winds scope, the astronomy that Chaucer and would take equal shares in the division George Buchanan and Milton knew. THE CLASSICAL REVIEW We know that the ecliptic cuts the one-third of a quadrant on either side equator at an angle of about 23$°; and of east and west, and left therefore at precisely that angle, then, to the vacant sectors towards the north and north and south of East or West, does south of precisely twice this magnitude. the sun rise or set at its midsummer And finally, therefore, when these latter or midwinter solstices, as seen from the sectors came to be divided in half, the equator itself. But we also know that, compass-card was found to be equally in our northern latitudes, the mid- and symmetrically divided into twelve summer sun visibly rises and sets a very sectors, each of 300. great deal farther to the North, and Ideler, Genelli, and Wood all put that, when we reach the Arctic Circle, their finger on this simple explanation; 23J0 from the pole, the midsummer sun but Ideler seems to have fought shy of neither rises nor sets at all. it before he was done. Though he is Without attempting to explain the somewhat hard to follow, it seems plain trigonometrical reasoning by which the that Ideler comes at last to the con- formula is arrived at, let us take it from clusion that by Aristotle's midsummer the astronomers that the apparent sunrise we are to understand not the ap- direction (or angle of azimuth) of the parent sunrise at any particular locality, solstitial sunrise (or sunset) is given by but the theoretical angle of the ecliptic the expression (Fig. 4). And this he assumes definitely sin #= sin a>, cosec s, where to is the angle of the ecliptic (23i°),s is the co-latitude (or o.o°-X) of- the place in question, and x is the sol- stitial azimuth required. (If we under- stand ' the use of the globes/ we can do the whole thing practically in a minute or two ; and if we happen to be yachts- men we shall not calculate it at all, but shall look it all out in Birdwood's Azi- muth Tables.) Now Athens lies in lati- tude 380 N., almost exactly; and, working out our equation from this value, we find that the midsummer sun (pOIV. rises just about 300 24' to the North of East, or (in round numbers) has a 'north 0 FIG. 4.—A hypothetical wind-rose, as conceived amplitude' of 30 . And though we go (e.g.) by Ideler: in which the solstitial winds as far south as Northern Egypt or as blow from the theoretic angle of the ecliptic, Babylon (say 320 N. latitude), or as far that is to say from the solstitial sunrise and north as Thrace (say 400 N.), the sunset as seen from the equator. amplitude, or azimuth, of the mid- in his note on Meteor. 2, vi. 363b, where summer sun will not vary more than 0 0 Aristotle tells us that the points I, K from about 27J to 31J : it will still (the positions of the winds Thrascias be, very- approximately, one-third of the and Meses) coincide nearly, but not way round from East to North. (The precisely, with the Arctic Circle: 17 Be value for Rome is 32^°, for Greenwich 0 TOW IK oidfterpos fiovXerai fiev Kara rbv close on 40 , and for Dundee, where I Sia iravTos elvcu aiv6fievov, ov/c aiepifioi write, 46£°.) Si.—' Recte, nam ex nostra divisione So, coming back to our compass- Meses spirat ex puncto quod respondet card (Figs. 2, 3), we perceive that 0 when Aristotle (or whoever it may 23 +-£-=56° 30' lat. bor. Circulus have been) had found from the sun arctkus contra 670 lat. bor.' (Ideler, in the places of his four secondary (or Meteor. 1, p. 575-6). As a matter of as we may now call them solstitial) as fact, our symmetrical orientation of well as his four cardinal winds, these Meses, at 6o° N., brings it still nearer secondary or solstitial winds lay just to the Arctic Circle (Fig. 2), and into THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 53 still better harmony with Aristotle's the choice of the solstitial azimuth at statement. Athens (300) must lead naturally to a Mr. Wood wrote independently, with- division of the quadrant into three. out knowledge of Ideler's work or of We come, then, to the following Genelli's; and his conclusions are, in conclusions : (1) That the Aristotelian general, those which I here adopt and classification of the winds was based advocate. That is to say, after pointing originally and directly on a meteoro- out clearly that the ' secondary' winds logical theory of their connection with are denned by reference to the solstitial the sun. (2) That this same classifica- sunrise and sunset, he goes on to say tion, and the corresponding division of (p. 82) that there are reasons against the compass-card, was a duodecimal placing the supposed observer at the one—a method precisely akin to the equator, and that 'altogether it seems duodecimal or zodiacal division of the most reasonable to suppose that, writing ecliptic, and for that very reason (as we at Athens for Greeks, he (Aristotle) took may perhaps venture to say) more than Athens as his centre of observation.' a little suggestive of Babylonian origin This is the whole gist of the matter. or influence. (3) That this division The reader may be a little perplexed was a symmetrical one, into twelve (as I was) by the fact that, in the end co-equal sectors, an arrangement which, (p. 91), Mr. Wood sets forth the direc- in the latitude of Athens, happened to tion, or orientation, of the several winds harmonise precisely (or within a fraction according to Aristotle in a table of of a degree) with the solar hypothesis, which the following is a part: Boreas, o°; and which would still agree with it very Meses, 330 15'± ; Caecias, 66° 30'± ; approximately within any part of the Apeliotes, 900. But here Mr. Wood area of Hellenic or pre-Hellenic civili- (as he now tells me) was only giving sation. the benefit of the doubt to other possible This duodecimal classification of the alternatives: ' I did not think myself winds held the field, though not with- justified' (he says, in litt.) 'in putting out competition, for a very long time. down my own view as the only possible It was in all probability old, even solution of Aristotle's expression.' apart from our conjecture regarding While we may confidently dismiss its Babylonian origin. We seem to the current view, the view of Kaibel find in it (as Mr. J. G. Wood has told and Capelle and their followers, that us) the origin and meaning of the the four secondary winds, Caecias, etc., Homeric myth of the twelve colts, blew from the N.E. and so on, we begotten by Boreas of the mares of are bound to pay due respect to the Erichthonius {II. xx. 225): ai 8' V-JTO- other element of doubt, viz. whether /cvtrd/ievai ereicov hvoicaiheica irrnXovs | at Aristotle took them as blowing from 8' 8re fiev aKiprwev etrl gel&wpov apov- the theoretical, or from the actual pav, I aicpov iir' avOepiicwv /capirbv Oiov visible sunrise. I believe (just as Mr. oi8e Ka.Teic\o)v; and we have it again, in Wood believes) that Aristotle (or who- the Odyssey, in the six sons and six ever introduced the system) was think- daughters of Aeolus, though in the Iliad ing of the actual sunrise, just as he was Homer only mentions three winds by thinking of an actual wind; he was not name (II. ix. 5, xxi. 334, xxiii. 195, etc.),1 thinking of an observer at the equator, and in the Odyssey four (Od. v. 295). where no Greek had ever been; and We have the duodecimal classification moreover he would be the less apt to think in Aristotle and Theophrastus > and of, and guard against, the influence of again in Varro and Seneca,* both of locality, inasmuch as even considerable whom discussed and appreciated the differences of latitude make compara- tively little difference in the particular 1 In the Old Testament also we have but latitudes in question. Again, as a three winds, N., E., and S.; cf. C. Kassner, further argument, it seems to me that Meteorologie der Bibd, Das Wetter, xi. 1892, the choice of the ecliptic angle («3i°) PP- 25-37 ; Meteor. Zeitsck. 1894, p. 400. would have led naturally to a division * Q: also Veget. MiHt. 5, 8 ; Auct epigr. in of the quadrant into four coequal parts Anthol. Lat. 2, p. 381 ; Pfailarg. ad Virg. 0 G. iv. 2g&, omnesauiemventi,praeter enchorios, (for a quarter of 90 is 22^°), just as sunt duodecim. 54 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW underlying relations to the sun (cf. according to Eginhard (Vita Karoli Seneca, Nat. Q. v. 16: Quidam illos Imp., cap. 29, p. 92, ed. Theulet) gave duodecim faciunt: quatuor enim coeli paries distinguishing names to the twelve in ternas dividunt, et singulis ventis (i.e. winds, of which up to his time it was ventis quatuor cardinalibus) binos subprae- 'scarcely possible' to find [Frankish] fectos [or collaterales, as late writers, e.g. names for four. (Wood suggests, by the Isidore of Seville and Bartholomew the way, that this reform may have been Englishman call them] dant. Hac arte due to the learned Alcuin of York, Varro, vir diligens, illos ordinat, nee sine afterwards Abbot of St. Martin of causa. Non enim eodetn loco semper sol Tours.) These Old High German names oritur et occidit, sed alius est ortus occa- were such as the following: the east susque aequinoctialis, bis autem aequinoc- wind (subsolanus) is called Ostroni; the tium est, alius solstitialis, alius hibernus. next wind towards the north (? Vul- ... Ab oriente solstitiali excitatum turnus, i.e. Kaucias), Ostnordroni; the /cai/eia? Graeci adpellant, apud nos sine next again (i.e. peatj^), Nordostroni ; and nomine est, etc.). We have it in marble the north wind itself (Septentrio), Nor- in the ' Table of the Winds' on the droni. Now these Carlovingian names, Belvidere Terrace adjoining the Museo and their fellows, remind us that we Clementino of the Vatican—a monu- ourselves are still in a verbal difficulty ment of the second or perhaps third as to the naming of the winds under a century of our era, of which a photo- duodecimal system. Our Saxon fore- graph is to be found in Mr. Wood's fathers had a nomenclature precisely book. And it survived, through Aga- corresponding to that Frankish one themerus, Adamantius and Isidore of which has been ascribed to Charlemagne Seville, into and even beyond mediaeval (cf. the seventh century Corpus College times. Bartholomew (De Proprietati- Glossary, A 46 Ab Euro: eastansudan ; bus xi. 2) retains it; so does Joachim A 89, Ab Africo: sudanwestan, etc.; also Camerarius, in his Aeolia and Prognos- Abbot Alfric in Wright-Wulcker's AS. tica (Nuremberg, 1535); and, as Wood Vocab., 1884, p. 144; cf. also 'circius: tells us, we find it (together with the uuestnorduind,' etc., in C.G.L., v. 355, comparatively modern division of the 72); but we have no corresponding compass-card into thirty-two points1) in appellations, and the thirty-two points, Vincenzo Coronelli's Epitome Cosmo- or 'rhombs,' of the compass do not serve grafica (1693). In our own older school- our purpose. We cannot call (with books on ' The Use of the Globes' (for Liddell and Scott) the wind KCUKUK;, instance Moxon's, 1659, and probably whose bearing is 300 North of East, a in others much later still) we have the North-East wind. It actually lies be- very same thing: ' The two other circles tween E.N.E. (22J0) and N.E. by E. [on the wooden horizon of the Globe] (33I0 N.); a sailor would probably call are the Circles of the Winds: the inner- it N.E. by E., easterly. Charlemagne most bearing their Greek and Latin and Abbot Alfric called it an ' East- names; which by them were but twelve ; North ' wind, which is not the same as and the outermost having their English their ' North-East' wind; while our Names, which for more preciseness are North-East lies midway between their two and thirty.' two. We are reduced to periphrasis, or better to the retention of the un- A still .more interesting case is that translated classical names. of the Emperor Charlemagne, who, Let us note in passing that neither 1 The ' modern' compass-card of 32 points is the later Greeks nor the Romans, any of medieval origin ; it came first into use in the more than Homer himself, seem to have Mediterranean, where its history is involved with that of the compass itself. This subject thought of describing any particular or has a copious literature of its own. Cf. (e.g.) temporary wind in terms of the precise D'Avezac, Aperc.us historiques sur la Boussole, quarter from which it happened to blow. Bull. Soc. GSogr. Paris, (4) xix. i860; Ap. They still thought of the winds as a histor. sur la Rose des Vents, Bollet. Soc. Geogr. Ital., xi. 1874; P. Tim. Bertelli, Studi storici certain limited number of individualised int. alia Bussola nautica, Mem. Accad. d. N. things, each having its own particular Lincei, ix. 1893, etc. domicile in the heavens; and the primi- THE CLASSICAL REVIEW ' 55 tive state of mind which this betokens autem habent ob eandem causam unum.' is one which we ourselves have by no The foregoing paper is little more means got rid of. than a note on a particular though In addition to, but later than, the fundamental point, and is a very long duodecimal classification of the winds, way short of an attempt to discuss the we also find a well-established method whole subject of the Greek and Roman of octants, such as is the basis of our winds. Every point that I have touched own compass-card. The chief ancient might easily be enlarged upon, and monument on this plan is the cele- there are many interesting questions brated Tower of the Winds at Athens, which I have wholly omitted or to otherwise known as the Horologium of which I have scarcely referred. Thus, Andronicus Cyrrhestes, of the second for instance, we might make an attempt century A.D., which is described by to deal with the origin of the Aristotelian Vitruvius (i. 6) and elaborately drawn and Ps.-Aristotelian views (cf. e.g. to scale in Stuart and Revett's Antiqui- Eugen Oder, ' Antike Quellensucher,' ties of Athens (vol. i. pis. 1-19, 1762 ; cf. PhUol. Suppl. vii. p. 363 ; Genelli, also Le Roy, Ruines des plus beaux Kaibel, etc., op. citt.) • with what Posi- Monuments de la Grece, 1770, ii. pp. 7"1O» donius had to say on the matter, or 50-51; and G. Hellmann in Himmel u. what Timosthenes, or what Thrasyalces Erde, ii. 1890). Seneca, in the Aga- (Strabo, i. p. 26b). We might deal memnon (v. 469 £), likewise speaks of with the very complicated synonymy of eight winds, and so does Pliny (if JV. the winds, and the overlapping or con- ii. 46). But it by no means follows flicting nomenclature of some of them; that these eight are to be identified with why, for instance, Pliny and Seneca with the eight octants of the Tower of set Boreas or Aquilo to the eastward of the Winds. Rather may we take it Septentrio or Aparctias, or why ' Vi- that both by Seneca and Pliny, and truvius Solanum dicit qui aliis est certainly by the latter, the duodecimal Eurus, et Eurum qui aliis Volturnus,' classification was by no means aban- and with other kindred difficulties of doned, only that the four subordinate nomenclature and identification in very winds were left out of account. Thus many authors, from Herodotus (vii. Pliny's eight winds are clearly defined 188) onwards. Again, with the various {with a slight exception in the case of winds which do not come within the Aquilo) as blowing (1) from the north more general classification, such as the and south; (2) from the equinoctial Etesian and Ornithian winds; or the sunrise and sunset, i.e. from east and irpoSpofioi, the N.W. winds which west; and (3) from sunrise and sunset heralded the rising of the Dog-star; or at the solstices. He goes on to say that the land-breezes and sea-breezes (aurae, some persons add four others to this venti altani), the airoyeicu and rpoiraiai', list, viz. Thrascias, Caecias,1 Phoenicias, or the trade-winds and monsoons—such Libonotus, these being the remaining as the wind Hippalus, whereby men four of the full duodecimal or Aristo- ' navigant diebus quadraginta ad primum telian classification. And lastly, we Emporium Indiae Muzirim.' With the may perhaps supplement this brief vodoi dvefwi, ' venti enchorii,' or ' venti account of Pliny's classification by a locales et certarum tantum regionum quotation from Agellius (ii. 23; cit. peculiares, (Adamant, apud Aetium); Salmasius, p. 1245b) : ' Eae duae with these and other geographical regiones caeli Orientis Occidentalisque appellations, such as Olympias, Helles- inter se adversae sex habere ventos pontius, Strymonius, (cf., e.g., F. Um- videntur. Meridies autem, quoniam lauft, Ueber die Namen der Winde, certo atque fixo limite est, unum Meri- Meteor. Zeitschr., xxix. 1894); and with dialem ventum habet; Septentriones their bearing on the question of where the writers dwelt who make mention of them. With the interesting question 1 There is some confusion here, with which of the grouping of the winds, and we cannot stop to deal. Caecias is out of place; why, for instance, Aristotle brought and Pliny has no wind from sunrise at the them all down at length to two groups, summer solstice, where Caecias ought to be. THE CLASSICAL REVIEW of Northerly and Southerly winds Aristotle's Problems—why, for instance, {Meteor, ii. 6; cf. Strabo i. p. 29). at Cyrene and the Hellespont the North- With the endless folk-lore tales and wind, but in Lesbos the South-wind, is familiar epithets of the winds, in old the rain-bringer; or why a miser is Greece and in new: how the North said ' to gather gold as Caecias gathers Wind is BewrtXev? avi/uov in Pindar, and clouds.' In which inquiry some ques- Kir/9 fiopea to this day, and Tepo fiopea, tions would soon arise of a very technical the Old Man of the North, to sailor- kind; but in regard to others we should men ; how men raised altars to Boreas be content to recognise the faithful and to Zephyrus, and to these alone ;* witness of familiar lines. Then we how the Father, or the Mother, of the might call to mind ' Sirocco and Libec- Winds treated their blustering sons; chio': this, protervus, creber procellis, the and how Sirocco, cruellest of them all, * Sou'wester' of the mariner, decertans conies home calling, ' I smell the blood Aquilonibus: that, (with little doubt) of an [Englishman'—"Hx«, fivrepa, Horace's pestilens Africus, and (of a avBpcairivo yepea?.'2 A minor theme would certainty) Ovid's ' madidis Notus alls, be to inquire into the continued modern Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum.' usage of certain of the ancient names, It is ' il vento pellegrin, che l'aer turba'; of which we have an interesting case, or ' Afer, black with thunderous clouds as Ideler tells us, in the Provencal cers from Serraliona.' It penetrates to the (circius) for the Mistral (in Narbonensi Euxine, it drove Ovid to despair: ' Ter- provincia clarissimus ventorum, nee ullo ribilisque Notus j act at mea dicta, precesque, violentia inferior), of which Strabo Ad quos mittuntur, non sinit ire deos.' gives us a vigorous description. And, Here too Ovid felt the blind fury of lastly, there would still remain the Boreas 'romping from the North'— whole mass of meteorological considera- ' nunc gelidus sicca Boreas bacchatur ab tions connected with the seasons, Arcto': as it blows, harsh and cold, in characters and properties ascribed to the Tramontana of Piedmont and in the several winds,8 including the many the Bora of the Adriatic, and blew (as interesting and strictly scientific ques- some take it) in St. Paul's Euroclydon. tions raised in the twenty-sixth book of Or we might think again, in happier recollection, of the soft Atlantic winds 1 Od. xxiii. 195 ; cf. Maury, Hist, des Relig. of Portugal, (or of Galway), where atei de la Grice, i. p. 167. £evpoto \vyv Trvelovra? a?f | 2 N. G. Polites, ArjixcotScls fiercaipoXoyiKoi fivffoi, Athens, 1880, p. 32. f 3 Cf. {int. al.) A. Mommsen, Neugriechische Bauernregeln, Schleswig, 1873. D'ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON.

THREE PASSAGES IN HESIOD'S WORKS AND DAYS. I HAVE read with great interest Mr. heartedly. Still I submit it is hardly A. S. F. Gow's notes on The Works and right or possible to make Hesiod consign Days of Hesiod in the July number of the good Eris, or the bad one either, to the Classical Quarterly. He has discussed the same undesirable residential area. many passages with admirable candour Hesiod is far from doing so. He says and judgment, and if one could accept expressly (11): the tradition as perfect or even approxi- mately correct, which is far from being dXX' eirl yatav ttai Sim • the case, one might be disposed to agree However, I do not rely on this argu- with most, if not all, his conclusions. ment, good as it may seem. Let us look For example, I think he is quite success- at the whole sentence referring to the ful, when dealing with 18 L, in rescuing good Eris. It stands thus (Rzach) : Zeus from the suburbs of Tartarus, in spite of the scholiasts who would place TV 8" trim* Vfmipnfii piv iyd.rn.ro Nil ipepevyr), 0i)ice H pup Kponlgrjs tyyvyoi, alBtpi polar, him there, as does Paley rather half- y*b)t er Wfy iSi 6