Differences Between the North and The Civil War South Geography of the North Geography of the South • Climate – frozen winters; hot/humid summers • Climate – mild winters; long, hot, humid summers • Natural features: • Natural features: − coastline: bays and harbors – fishermen, − coastline: swamps and shipbuilding (i.e. Boston) marshes (rice & sugarcane, − inland: rocky soil – farming hard; turned fishing) to trade and crafts (timber for − inland: indigo, tobacco, & shipbuilding) corn − Towns follow rivers inland! Economy of the North Economy of the South • MORE Cities & Factories • Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves • Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine − White Southerners made − products were made cheaper and faster living off the land − shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled − Cotton Kingdom – Eli laborers Whitney − Economy BOOST!!! •cotton made slavery more important •cotton spread west, so slavery increases 1 Transportation of the North Transportation of the South • National Road – better roads; inexpensive way • WATER! Southern rivers made water travel to deliver products easy and cheap (i.e. Mississippi) • Ships & Canals – river travels fast; steamboat • Southern town sprang up along waterways (i.e. Erie Canal) • Railroad – steam-powered machine (fastest transportation and travels across land ) Society of the North – industrial, urban Society of the South – life agrarian, rural life • Maine to Iowa • Black Northerners − free but not equal (i.e. segregation) • Maryland to Florida & west to Texas − worked as laborers & servants • Black Southerners • − small minority free (live separate, wear special White Northerners badges) – skilled crafts people or servants − most lived on farms − slaves – cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, nurse − children expected to help with maids/nannies, MOST field hands harvesting • White Southerners − measured wealth in terms of land & slaves − cities next to factories or RR tracks Abolitionist Movement HOWEVER… Female abolitionists: • Abolitionists – wanted to end • tried to convince lawmakers to make slavery slavery illegal • both blacks & whites worked in • raised money for suffrage movement Abolition Movement − William Lloyd Garrison – • spoke out against slave beatings “Liberator ” (white) − Frederick Douglass –“North Star ” (black) 2 The Underground Railroad Women’s Suffrage • a series of escape routes running • Fighting Slavery: Women get involved from South to North • Inspired by Second Great Awakening – • traveled by night; hid/rested in religious reform movement; good works stations get you to heaven • conductors – people who led runaways to freedom • Anti – slavery fight helped pave way for women ’s suffrage (right to vote) − Harriet Tubman Seneca Falls: The Declaration of Sentiments The Legacy of Seneca Falls • 1848 – almost 300 people, including 40 men, • created organization among women arrived for the Convention • established awareness of women • People there: Abolitionists, Quakers, suffrage Housewives, etc. • Sojourner Truth –“Aint I a woman? ”– • Dec. of Sent. – proposal for women ’s rights – modeled after Dec. of Ind. awareness of black women − it listed acts of tyranny by men over women The Legacy of Seneca Falls (cont.) Women (at this time) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized • Could not hold office; only white men Seneca Falls Convention, concerned • Could not practice professions (i.e. with voting rights medicine or law) • Susan B. Anthony – built movement into • Could not control their own money or national organization, concerned with property (fathers or husbands women getting equal treatment in work controlled it) place. • Would be disciplined by males 3 Intro to the Civil War: Immediate Causes SIDES • Election of Lincoln as President • NORTH: Union • Secession of southern states • SOUTH: Confederacy Issues Leading to the Civil War Northwest Ordinance 1787 • Southerners threaten secession to get what they want!!! • All states North of Ohio River = FREE • Balance of Power in Congress: 1840’s Southerners want to • All states South of Ohio River = SLAVE extend slavery into new territories Add a picture here. Missouri Compromise: attempt to keep equal number of slave & free states Compromise of 1850 •Southern states threatened to break (secede) • California = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave state from Union if Missouri became a “free ” state • Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law – returning slaves to their owners when they would run away •So … Missouri = slave; Maine = free • Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not enforced •36 ’30 parallel – North of it free, South of it − wasn ’t enforced slave •kept Union together; but no one happy # of slave and free states EQUAL! 4 Harriet Beecher Stowe • Uncle Tom ’s Cabin • book that turned many Northerners against slavery • author scorned by South Kansas-Nebraska ACT Dred Scott Case • cancelled Missouri Compromise • slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free state) • allow settlers to decide issue of slavery state) − popular sovereignty – rule by the people • sued to gain freedom when returning to Missouri − North = upset, South = happy • said he was made free in Wisconsin • struggle over slavery turned violent • Decision of case: − “ ”– Bleeding Kansas violence between pro and anti slavery − 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to forces sue..) − 2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced − 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional 5th Amendment Republican Party • slaves are property – Scott was a slave • new party formed • • Property cannot be taken away without due process believed no man can own another • South = happy; North = mad • nominated Abraham Lincoln for Illinois Senator he lost 5 Abraham Lincoln John Brown • did not want Union • Abolitionist (Radical) divided over slavery divided over slavery • Raided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize guns • slavery is a moral issue, • wanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellion not a legal one • all men caught, tried, hanged • not an abolitionist but wanted to stop slavery • Northerners outraged from spreading into new • Southerners alarmed territories • increase tension between North & South Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858 Senate Campaign) Presidential Election of 1860 • Lincoln’s views on slavery: It • Stephen Douglas: believed • Lincoln won should not be allowed to each state should decide spread! for itself whether or not to • Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted allow slavery compromise • Now 18 free states, 15 slave states • South is upset! Secession Fort Sumter • South saw Lincoln as an abolitionist • 1861 • South Carolina – first state to break away from Union • Southerners captured federal fort for weapons • no one killed, but surrendered to South 6 Confederacy Established… Intro to the Civil War: Long Term Causes • 1861 • Conflict over slavery in territories • seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate • Compromise failure in Congress (i.e. Missouri States of America, with its president = Jefferson Davis Compromise) • Economic differences − South – needed slaves − North – want to end slavery Emancipation Proclamation • During the Civil War, Lincoln freed all the slaves in states that were rebelling • exception: slaves in South Carolina remained slaves − political move Effects of the Civil War Amendments from the Civil War • Abolition of slavery • 13 th – outlawed slavery • Devastation to the South • 14 th – made slaves (freedmen) citizens • Reconstruction of the South • 15 th – gave all citizens (freedmen) the right to vote • Nation reunited • Boom of Industry • Federal Authority dominant 7 CIVIL WAR: the bloodiest war in American History NORTH • NORTH: UNION • STRENGTHS • WEAKNESSES • President – Abraham • More people than South • Military Leaders Lincoln • 90% of nation’s − 1/3 of nation’s military manufacturing in North officers returned to the • Soldiers –“Yankees ” South • more RR tracks (will • Commanding General – become nation’s biggest − Many remaining officers too old for combat Ulysses S. Grant business post-civil war) • Must invade South South: Confederacy SOUTH • President – Jefferson Davis • STRENGTHS • WEAKNESSES • Soldiers – Rebels • Fighting a defensive battle • Economy: − wealth in land & slaves • – • Great Military Leaders Commanding General Robert E. Lee − Few factories to produce guns and military supplies • Transportation Problem = − lacked RR network & transportation Anaconda Plan • Capture Richmond, VA - capital of Confederacy; destroy rebel government • Gain control of Mississippi River = separates the Confederacy (can ’t travel or trade) • Union blockade of Southern coastal ports − Northern strategy that prevented cotton & other products from being exported to Britain and France − Weakened Southern economy 8 BATTLES of the Civil War BULL RUN (VA) • 1st major battle of the Civil War • Stonewall Jackson stopped Union troops • Southern Victory • Rose Greenhow – spy for South − Union plan to capture Richmond Fort Wagner (SC) Antietam (MD) • (Union) • Bloodiest day Massachusetts 54 th • 6000 died, Regiment – 1st 17000 injured black regiment • No one won (“Glory”) (but South will claim they did) • heavy losses • Southern Victory Battle of Shiloh (TN) Vicksburg (MS) • Ulysses S. Grant led advance in south; he refused • Fought for control of Mississippi River to retreat & WON • Union Victory: captured the Mississippi River and • U.S. army = 13,000 losses managed to divide the Confederate states • C.S. army = 10,000 losses • Gave the Union access