Lowel1%akefieldFisheries Symposittm

Proceedingsof the International Symposium on King and Tanner Crabs

November 28-30, 1989 Anchorage, Alaska USA

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Alaska Sea Grant College Program University of Alaska Fairbanks 138 Irving II Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040 907! 474-7086

AK-SG-90-04 Price: $14,00 1990 Elmer E, Rasmuson Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Symposium on King and Tanner Crabs 989: Anchorage, Alaska! Proceedingsof the International Symposium on King and Tanner Crabs, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, November 28-30, 1989. Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium; [8th]! AK-SG-90-04! 1, Alaskan king crab Congresses. 2. Tanner crabs Congresses. I. Alaska Sea Grant College Program. II. Title. III. Series: Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium series; 8th. IV. Series: Alaska sea grant report; no, 90-4.

SH380.4.1573 1989

About This Publication The International Symposium on King and Tanner Crabs is the eighth in the series of Lowell Wakefield fisheries symposia. The symposium was coordi- nated by Brenda Melteff of the University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program. Members of the program planning committee are: StevenK. Davis, North Pacific Fishery Management Council; Gordon H. Kruse, Alaska De- partment of Fish and Game; Robert S. Otto, National Marine Fisheries Service; and Thomas C, Shirley, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Symposium sponsors are: University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, National Marine Fisheries Service, and North Pacific Fishery Management Council. Although the majority of the contributions in this book were presented at the symposium, several papers were not. Most manuscripts were provided camera-ready by the authors. Sue Keller coinpiled the proceedings. Ken Coyle translated and edited papers submitted by authors from the USSR. The workshop was recorded and transcribed by Gemini Reporting Services, and edited by Doug Schneider. Ruth Olson formatted many of the manuscripts, and Ingrid Nelson typeset front matter and titles. Karen Lundquist designed the cover and title page. This book was produced by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program which is cooperatively supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Of- fice of Sea Grant and Extramural Programs, under grant number NA90AA- D-SG066, project A/75-01; and by the University of Alaska with funds appropriated by the state. Table of Contents

Our Coastal Environment: Science vs. Politics John Costlow An Overview of Eastern Bering Sea King and Tanner Crab Fisheries.....9 Robert S. Otto Tanner Crabs Chionoecetes opilio, C. bairdi! of the Northwest Pacific: Distribution, Biological Peculiarities, and Population Structure . ..27 A.G. Slizkin

Reproduction,...,,...,...... ,,35 Reproductive Successof Sublegal Size Male Red King Crab with Access to Multiple Mates. ..37 J.M. Paul and A.J. Paul Incubation Period, Molting and Growth of Female Red King Crabs; Effects of Temperature,...,...... , . 51 T.C. Shirley, S.M. Shirley, and S. Korn Fecundity and Other Reproductive Parametersof Female Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschatica! in Bristol Bay and Norton Sound, Alaska . 65 RobertS. Otto, RichardA, MacIntosh,and PeterA. Cummiskey Disorders of the Reproductive Cycle in Crab Females of the Genus Paralithodes .. 91 S.A. Nizyaev and V.Ya. Fedoseev The Size at the Onset of Maturity in Male Chionoecetesbairdi Decapoda, Majidae! . 95 A,J. Paul and J.M, Paul Size at Maturity of Female Red King Crabs Paralithodes camtschatica! in the Adak Managetnent Area, Alaska...... 105 S. Forrest Blau Life History. 117 The Utility of Artificial Substrate Collection Devices To Determine Time and Location of Red Kmg Crab Paralithodes camtschatica! Glaucothoe Settling in Auke Bay, Alaska 119 J. Lincoln Freese and Malin M. Babcock BehavioralEcology of PoddingRed King Crab, Parali thodes camtschati ca .. 131 C. Braxton Dew Population Biology of the King Crab Paralithodes camtschatica Tilesius in the North Pacific Ocean . 133 V.E. Rodin The Effect of Shell Condition on Male Snow Crab, Chionoecetesopilio, Weight-WidthRelationships 145 D.M. Taylor and W.G. Warren Life History Characteristics of Chionoecetestanneri off British Colutnbia 153 G.S, Jamieson, G.D. Heritage, and N. Noakes Review of Literature on Life Histories in the Genus Chionoecetes in Light of the RecentFindings on Growthand Maturity of C. opilio in Eastern Canada 163 G.Y. Conan, R.W. Elner, and M. Moriyasu Longevity of Red King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, Revealedby Long-Term Rearing Study, 181 S. Matsuura and K. Takeshita SeasonalMigration of Primiparousand MultiparousFemale Red King Crabs Paralithodes camtschatica! . .. 189 R.P. Stone and C.E, O'Clair OrientedMovements of TaggedMale SnowCrabs Chionoecetes opilio O. Fabr.! off the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ...... 193 Jean-Claude F. Breathes and Francis Coulombe

Feeding and Growth . Effects of Cohort Density and Habitat on Survival and Growth of Juvenile Red King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica...... 209 Patricia M. Rounds, Christine Brodersen, and Malin M. Babcock Food and Feeding Habits of Red King Crab from Northwestern Norton Sound, Alaska. 219 StephenC. Jewett, Lee Ann Gardner, and Paul M. Rusanowski Diel Feeding Periodicity of Larvae of the Red King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica . .233 S.M. Shirley and T.C. Shirley Growth of Adult Male Blue Crab Paralithodes platypus! ...... 245 Robert S. Otto and Peter A. Cummiskey Growth of Immature Southern King Crab, Lithodes santolla, in the Beagle Channel.. 259 Julio H. Vinuesa, Laura I, Comoglio, and Gustavo A. Lovrich Foodof Early BenthicStages of SnowCrab Chionoecetesopilio! in the Southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence 273 Louise Lefebvre and Jean-Claude F. Breathes

PhysiologicalEnergetics of the SnowCrab, Chionoecetesopilio,..... 283 R.J. Thompson and M. Hawryluk A Temperature-DependentGrowth Model for JuvenileRed King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, in Kodiak, Alaska...... 293 Bradley G. Stevensand J. Eric Munk Trophic Relationships of Crabs, Shrimps, and Fishes of the Western Bering Sea. 305 K.A. Zgurovsky,S.D. Bukin, A.G. Slizkin, and Ye.V. Lavrovsky Feeding Habits of Southern King Crab, Lithodes santolla Molina!, and the False King Crab, Paralomis granulosa Jacquinot, in the Beagle Channel 315 Laura I. Comoglio, Julio H, Vinuesa, and Gustavo A. Lovrich

Mortality ..327 Influenceof Cold Air Exposureson OvigerousRed King Crabs Paralithodes camtschatica! and Tanner Crabs Chionoecetes bairdi! and Their Offspring . 329 M,G, Carls and C.E. O'Clair Trace Metal Concentrations in Red King Crab from Norton Sound.....345 Paul C, Rusanowski, Lee Ann Gardner, Stephen C. Jewett, and Curtis A. King A Method for Estimating Survival Rate of Male Zuwai Crab Chionoecetesopilio! in the WesternJapan Sea . Atsushi Yamasaki, Masatosi Sinoda, and Akihiko Kuwahara Diet InfluencesCannibalism in Laboratory-HeldJuvenile Red King Crabs Paralithodes camtschatica!,,,...... ,,,377 Christine C. Brodersen, Patricia M. Rounds, and Maiin M. Babcock SomeImplications of Egg Mortality Causedby SymbioticNemerteans for DataAcquisition and ManagementStrategies of RedKing Crabs, Parali thodes camtschatica 383 Jeffrey D. Shields, Daniel E. Wickhatn, S. Forrest Bleu, and Armand Kuris BroodMortality Estimation and Role of Symbiontsin EggMortality of the Tanner Crab Chionoeceresbairdi in Alaskan Waters...,.... 397 Daniel E. Wickham and Armand Kuris Diseasesof King Crab Speciesin SoutheastAlaska T.R. Meyers and S. Short. 403 BitterCrab Dinoflagellate Disease: Overview of theCausative Agent and Its Importance and Distribution in the Alaskan Tanner Crab Chionoecetes bairdi, C. opilio} Fisheries. 405 T.R. Meyers, B. Eaton, S, Short, C. Botelho, T. Koeneman, A, Sparks, and F. Morado PreliminaryResults on the Seasonalityand Life Cycle of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Causing Bitter Crab Disease in Tanner Crabs...... B. Eaton,C. Botelho,K, Imamura,T.R. Meyers,and T, Koeneman

Population Structure and Dynamics 409 PopulationStructural Variation of the SouthernKing Crab, Lirhodes sanrolla,of the BeagleChannel, Argentina, from 1975to 1989.... D,A. Bertuche, J.G. Wyngaard, Carina E. Fischbach, and Enrique E. Boschi A Note on PopulationStructure in the EasternBering SeaAdult Red King Crab, Paralithodes camrscharica 427 K. Takeshita, Hitoshi Fujita, and Shuhei Matsuura Effect of HydrologicalConditions on Harvestof Populationsof the King Crab Paralithodes camtscharica! 435 S.A. Nizyaev,V.Ya. Fedoseev,V.I. Myasoedov,and V.E. Rodin Evaluationof SomeErrors in EstimatingRecruitment for the Bristol Bay RedKing Crab Stock-RecruitRelationship 447 J.E. Reeves AlternativeSpawner-Recruit Specifications for AlaskaRed King Crab An Empirical Comparison...... ,,...... 469 Scott C. Matulich, JoshuaA. Greenberg,Dave B. Willis, and Ron C. Mittelhammer GeneticStructure of RedKing Crab Populationsin Alaska Facilitates Enforcementof FishingRegulations 491 James E. Seeb, Gordon H. Kruse, Lisa W. Seeb, and Robert G. Week

Stock Assessmentand Management. 503 Snow Crab Growth and Stock Size Estimations Obtained with Coded Wire Tags in the St. Lawrence Estuary 505 R6jeanDufour and RichardBailey A Comparison of Trawl and Pot Surveys of Red King Crab Populations Parali thodes camtschatica! Near Kodiak, Alaska. 517 Jim Blackburn, B. Alan Johnson, and Dana Schmidt An Industry Perspective on Problems Facing the Rebuilding of King and Tanner Bairdi! Crab Stocks of the Eastern Bering Sea...... 533 Arni Thomson Standardized Effort for the Kodiak King Crab Fishing Fleet .. ..547 M.M. Johnson Alternative Red King Crab Fishery Management Practices: Modelling the Effects of Varying Size-Sex Restrictions and Harvest Rates...... 551 Dana Schmidt and Douglas Pengilly ResearchPerspectives on Northwest Pacific Bathyal Crustacean Resources . 567 K,A, Zgurovsky, V.E. Rodin, A.G. Slizkin, and S.D. Bukin Preserved Area To Effect Recovery of Overfished Zuwai Crab Stocks off Kyoto Prefecture...... ,...,, 575 Atsushi Yamasaki and Akihiko Kuwahara Development of a Fishery for Chionoecetestanneri on the Continental Slope off British Columbia: Management Considerations...... 587 Glen S. Jatnieson The Role of Japan in King Crab Price Determination...... 593 Joshua A. Greenberg and Scott C, Matulich Importance of Bioeconomic Analysis in Managing the King Crab Industry . .601 Scott C. Matulich

Workshop .611 Thomas Shirley and Scott Matulich, Moderators

Participants 627 Correct Spellingof the ScientificName of the Red King Crab Readers inay note variations in the spelling of the scientific name of the red king crab in this symposiuin proceedings. Most authors were not aware of recent judgments and used an older, technically incorrect spelling of the species name. The correct spelling is now accepted as Paralithodes camts- chaticus Tilesius, 1815!and should be used in all future publications. The species was first described as Afaja camtschatica by Tilesius 815! and nearly all subsequent crab systematists retained the original spelling of the specific epithet despite lack of gender agreement with new generic combina- tions, as the taxonomic placeinent of the species evolved to its present place- inent within the genus Paralithodes. family Lithodidae. For proper gender and number agreeinent, the spelling Paralithodes camts- chaticus should be used personal conununication, Dr. Austin B. Williams, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution!. The correct spelling has been used recently in several proininent publications Dawson, 1989; Williains et al1989!,

Literature Cited Dawson, E,W. 1989, King crabs of the world Crustacea: Lithodidae! and their fisheries: A comprehensive bibliography. Miscellaneous Publication 101, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Wellington. 338 pp.

Tilesius, W.C. 1815. De Cancris Camtschaticis, Oniscis, Entomostracis et Cancellis inarinis microscopicis noctilucentibus, Curn tabulis IV: Aenaeis et appendice adnexo de Acaris et Ricinis Camtschaticis. Auctore Tilesio. Con- ventui exhibuit die 3 Februarii 1813. Memoires de 1'Acadernie Imperiale de Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 5: 331-405, pls. V-VIII, Williams, A.B., L.G. Abele, D.L. Felder, H.H. Hobbs, Jr., R.B. Manning. P.A. McLaughlin and I.B. Farfante. 1989. Common and scientific namesof aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Decapod crusta ceans.American Fisheries Society Special Publication 17, Bethesda, Md.

T.C. Shirley Juneau Center for Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks 11120Glacier Highway Juneau, Alaska 99801