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Life History and Harvest Summaries for Selected Invertebrate Species Occurring Off the West Coast of North America. Volume 2, Ce

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Life History and Harvest Summaries for Selected Invertebrate Species Occurring Off the West Coast of North America. Volume 2, Ce 0 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-183 Life History and Harvest Summaries for Selected Invertebrate Species Occurring off the West Coast · 0 of North America Volume 2: Cephalopods and Crustacea by Robert J. WoJotira, Jr., M. James Allen, Terrance M. Sample, Rick L. Henry, Constance R. lten, and Sandra F. Noel 0 May 1990 0 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries SeJVice This TM series is used for doc:;umentation and timely communication of preliminary results, interim reports, or special purpose information, and has not received complete formal review, editorial control. or detailed editing. 0 0 0 LIFE HISTORY AND HARVEST SUMMARIES FOR SELECTED INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OCCURRING OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA VOLUME 2: CEPHALOPODS AND CRUSTACEA C) by 0 Robert J. Wolotira, Jr., M. James Allen, Terrance M. Sample, Rick L. Henry, Constance R. !ten, and Sandra F. Noel 0 Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 7600 Sand Point Way NE. 0 Bin C15700 Seattle, WA 98115-0070 May 1990 0 0 0 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 i i i 0 ABSTRACT 0 This report comprises synopses of the biology and human utilization of 15 species of cephalopods, crabs, shrimps, and one species of lobster that are found off the west coast of North America. Included in each species synopsis 0 is information on geographic range, habitat requirements, human utilization (commercial, recreational, and subsistence), management, migration and movements, population characteristics, growth and development, food and 0 feeding, biological interactions, and factors influencing populations. A gazetteer of place names mentioned in the report and a glossary of terms follow the synopses. 0 The following are the species addressed: Giant octopus, Octopus d~fleini Red squid, Berryteuthis magister Market squid, Loligo opalescens Bairdi Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi Dungeness crab, Cancer magister Golden king crab, Lithodes aequispina Red king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica Blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus Northern pink shrimp, Panda 1us berea 1 is 0 Ocean pink shrimp, Pandalus jordani Coonstripe shrimp, Pandalus hypsinotus Spot shrimp, Pandalus platyceras Sidestripe shrimp, Pandalopsis dispar Ridgeback prawn, Sicyonia ingentis California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus 0 0 0 v 0 CONTENTS Introduction .... .1 Procedures Followed in Development of Species Synopses. .2 Standard Format Followed In Species Synopses. .3 0 Species Synopses .............. .5 Giant octopus, Octopus dofleini .... .5 Red squid, Berryteuthis magister ... 13 Market squid, Loligo opalescens .... 19 Bairdi Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi. 27 Dungeness crab, Cancer magister ..... 37 C) Golden king crab, Lithodes aeguispina .. 47 Red king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica 55 Blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus .. 65 Northern pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis. 73 Ocean pink shrimp, Pandal us jordani .. 83 Coonstripe shrimp, Pandalus hypsinotus . 91 0 Spot shrimp, Pandalus olatyceros .... 97 Sidestripe shrimp, Pandalopsis dispar .. .105 Ridgeback prawn, Sicyonia ingentis ...... .111 California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus. .117 Acknowledgements. .125 () References. .127 Appendix A: Gazetteer .159 Appendix 8: Glossary. .171 () c 0 0 INTRODUCTION 0 From 1984 to 1988, members of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) helped the National Ocean Service's Strategic Assessment Branch develop a data atlas for marine resources off the west coast of North America. Entitled West Coast of North America Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas, the Data Atlas is a graphic and written summary of important characteristics of marine C) resources for the study region. It includes descriptions of how marine resources are utilized by humans and the impact of other human activities. A major component of the Data Atlas is the section on living marine resources, 0 which includes life history summaries and associated maps portraying temporal and spatial distributions of the marine resources at various life stages. This living marine resource section of the Atlas is the principal component ··0 that AFSC scientists developed. Over 100 species of marine mammals, birds, fishes, and invertebrates are addressed. Although the Data Atlas is a thorough condensation of the salient points 0 for each species, its format restricts the quantity of information that can be presented. Details on geographic distribution, seasonal movements, life history, or human utilization simply could not be incorporated. Consequently, members from the AFSC's Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering (RACE) Division, who compiled the information on fishes and invertebrates for the Data Atlas, decided to publish their findings in a less condensed form. 0 This second volume summarizes information on 15 species of cephalopods, crabs, shrimps, and one species of lobster. The first volume covers the she 11 ed mo 11 uses, the third will cover demersal fishes, and the fourth will cover anadromous and pelagic fishes. 2 PROCEDURES FOLLOWED IN DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES SYNOPSES The species in the Atlas were selected based on a combination of factors: economic importance, ecological significance, and richness of information. Representatives have been selected from a cross section of marine habitats-­ from the intertidal zone down to the depths of the continental slope and out into the open ocean. All synopses follow a standard format (Table 1). Among the topics addressed are regional and depth distribution, life history characteristics, human utilization (i.e., commercial, recreational and subsistence harvests), and resource management. The life history information summarizes historical material from the scientific literature through 1986, although more recent sources are occasionally included. References are primarily from original sources, with occasional use of synthesized material when other references were not available. Information on harvests was obtained from three sources: published literature, computer summaries from resource management agencies, and personal communications with resource managers. Harvest descriptions focus on a series of "baseline" years (1981-83) that were established during the initial drafting of the Data Atlas. Historic summaries are also included when appropriate and more recent catch statistics are provided when available. Catch values for U.S. landings are derived from fisheries statistics publications prepared by the NMFS National Fishery Statistics Program and from state or regional management agencies. Values for Canadian harvests are derived from Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans annual catch statistics documents and have been adjusted to U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated. Currency exchange rates for the baseline years are: 1.2000 for 1981, 1.2344 for 1982, and 1.2325 for 1983. Cl 3 Table 1.--Standard format followed in species synopses. () Common Name, Scientific Name Other Common Names CLASSIFICATION MANAGEMENT 0 VALUE Commercial Recreational Subsistence Ecological 0 RANGE Worldwide Within Study Area LIFE MODE () HABITAT IYQg Substrate Physical/Chemical MIGRATION AND MOVEMENTS POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS REPRODUCTION Mode () Spawning Fertilization Reproductive Potential Egg Size Embryonic Development Larval Size Range Juvenile Size Range Age and Size of Adults Release of Young (where appropriate) FOOD AND FEEDING Trophic Mode 0 Food Items Feeding Behavior BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS Predation Competition Symbiotic Relationships Social Interactions Community Associations and Interactions FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATIONS 0 4 Procedures were adopted to condense the text and improve its flow without lessening its content. The references in the synopses are combined into a master list that is numbered sequentially.· The number of the reference is cited in the text rather than the author and date. Personal communications are cited in the reference list to eliminate footnotes. Only common names for life forms are mentioned in the text unless they are unavailable. Common names used for fishes are those recognized by the American Fisheries Society, and common names for invertebrates are those used in extensive publications such as Abbott et al. (1968}, Smith and Carlton (1975}, and Morris et al. (1980). A gazetteer for all place names, geographic features, and marine areas is presented in Appendix A. It includes locations mentioned not only in this volume of species synopses, but in the first volume and the two subsequent volumes as well. Appendix B is a glossary of scientific terms. a 5 GIANT OCTOPUS, Octopus dofleini (Wulker, 1910) (271) (common devilfish, common Pacific, giant Pacific, North Pacific giant octopus 0 {2,124,132,268,271,295)) CLASSIFICATION 0 Phylum--Mollusca Class--Cephalopoda Order--Octopoda C) Family--Octopodidae {29,271) () MANAGEMENT Harvests of this species are monitored by the states and provinces where it is caught. Additionally, octopus has been identified as a prohibited species by the North Pacific and Pacific Fishery Management Councils. This species may 0 not be retained in catches of the groundfish fisheries (11,215,329,350). VALUE 0 Commercial--Giant octopus is fished commercially in the North Pacific
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