Carcinization in the Anomura–Fact Or Fiction? II. Evidence from Larval

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Carcinization in the Anomura–Fact Or Fiction? II. Evidence from Larval Contributions to Zoology, 73 (3) 165-205 (2004) SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague Carcinization in the Anomura - fact or fiction? II. Evidence from larval, megalopal and early juvenile morphology Patsy+A. McLaughlin Rafael Lemaitre² & Christopher+C. Tudge² ¹, 1 Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, 2 Washington 98221-908IB, U.S.A; Department ofSystematic Biology, NationalMuseum ofNatural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. Keywords: Carcinization, Anomura, Paguroidea, Lithodidae, Paguridae, Lomisidae, Porcellanidae, larval, megalopal and early juvenile morphology, pleonal tergites Abstract Existing hypotheses 169 Developmental data 170 Results 177 In this second carcinization in the Anomura ofa two-part series, From hermit to king, or king to hermit? 179 has been reviewed from early juvenile, megalopal, and larval Analysis by Richter & Scholtz 179 perspectives. Data from megalopal and early juvenile develop- Questions of asymmetry- 180 ment in ten ofthe Lithodidae have genera provided unequivo- Pleopod loss and gain 18! cal evidence that earlier hypotheses regarding evolution ofthe Uropod loss and transformation 182 king crab erroneous. of and pleon were A pattern sundering, - Polarity or what constitutes a primitive character decalcification has been traced from the megalopal stage through state? 182 several early crabs stages in species ofLithodes and Paralomis, Semaphoronts 184 with evidence from in other supplemental species eight genera. Megalopa/early juvenile characters and character Of major significance has been the attention directed to the states 185 inmarginallithodidsplatesareofnotthehomologoussecond pleomere,with thewhichadult whenso-calledseparated“mar- Cladistic analyses 189 Lomisoidea 192 ginal plates” ofthe three megalopal following tergites. Auxiliary Porcellanidae 193 and early juvenile lithodid data, aswell as equivalent data from Megalopal and early juvenile phase 193 other the direction indicated paguroids, support evolutionary Zoeal phase 194 by lithodid while car- pleonal plate development. Therefore, Conclusions 194 cinization, or of a crab-like form, has oc- development body Acknowledgements 196 curred the it has from hermit in Lithodidae, not proceeded a References 196 crab the data the thus ancestor. Rather suggest reverse, effec- tively refutingthe “hermit to king” myth. Brief reviews of data available from the Lomisidae and Porcellanidae support the Introduction Proposition of independent anomuran carcinization events in these taxa as well. Results of cladistic analysis of megalopal and juvenile somewhat do not In Part I of review of carcinization data, although unconventional, a (the process support the lithodid claim ofa sister-group relation of the gen- of developing a crab-like body form) in the Ano- era Lithodes and with the Paralithodes pagurid genus Pagurus. mura, McLaughlin & Lemaitre (1997) provided a Attempts to subject larval phase data to similar analysis were historical review of instances of this thwarted reported phe- by the tendency in paguroids, including lithodids, for nomenon andexamined evidence provided by adult lecithotrophic development.Additionally, presumed initial and terminal the stage deletions disallow the ontogenetic stage homologies morphology throughout Galatheoidea, Hippoi- required for meaningful phylogenetic results. dea, Lomisoidea, and Paguroidea (classification of Martin & Davis 2001), with particular emphasis & on the Paguroidea. McLaughlin Lemaitre (1997) Contents rejected the traditional concept ofpagurid carciniza- tion, which had consistently maintained that the Introduction 165 lithodid crab-like body form evolved from a typical Carcinization: an evolutionary reality? 169 shell-dwelling hermit crab ancestor (Boas 1880a, Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 10:07:18PM via free access 166 P.A. McLaughlin et al. - Carcinization in Anomura, Part II Bouvier Borradaile I The is followed series b, 1924; 1894a, b, 1895, 1897; c, g). megalopa directly by a 1916; Wolff 1961; Cunningham et al. 1992; Gould of juvenile stages (Figs. Id, h). 1992; Richter & Scholtz 1994). The conclusion There is ongoing debate among developmentalists the reached by McLaughlin & Lemaitre (1997) was that as to whether megalopa is correctly considered the ofthe larval although the acquisition of a crab-like body form last stage phase (Williamson 1969, had to be acknowledged, the hypothesis that the 1982; Gould 1992; Harvey 1998; Clark & Calazans such in had & Provenzano evolution of a form the Paguroidea pro- 1999), a single postlarval stage (Goy the ceeded from a shell-dwelling hermit was fallacious. 1978, 1979), or first stage of the postlarval phase, As an alternative hypothesis, they argued just the i.e., preceding the juvenile stages (Lebour 1934; reverse, i.e., the 1 ithodid crab-like body form had Gurney 1942; Gore 1985; Kaestner 1970; Felder given rise to the simple hermit crab body form et al. 1985; Paul et al. 1993). Zoeal morphology is calcium habitat and through loss, change conse- dramatically transformed with the molt to the me- quential morphological adaptations. Although their galopa. The animal assumes a body shape adapted based characters original hypothesis was on derived more for walking or crawling than for swimming, least still from adult morphology, they suggested that devel- although many megalopae at initially are opmental data would support their view. Borradaile quite capable of swimming. However, locomotor the and/or the (1916) had theorized that carcinization was not functions are transferred to pleopods simply “happen chance” but rather that certain de- thoracic ambulatory legs, while the maxillipeds, the converted capod crustaceans possessed the genetic constitu- swimming appendages of the zoea, are carcinizationwhile others did into ents for not. Similarly, feeding appendages. Morphologically, progres- al. evidence sion from to in- Cunningham et (1992), referring to put megalopa young adult, although of forward by MacDonald et al. (1957) stated that volving a series molts, is usually a relatively and molt heterochronic modifications did not appear until gradual, not always a controlled, transi- metamorphosis. McLaughlin & Lemaitre (1997) tion. rationalized that if such the For the how- was really case, one many viewing megalopa as larval, might expect that those anomurans destined to ex- ever, the metamorphic molt is interpreted as oc- hibit aspects of carcinization would exhibit corol- curring between the megalopa and the first juvenile lary larval, megalopal and early juvenile attributes stage (Dawirs et al. 1986; Anger 1996; Gebauer et possibly similar to those of true crabs. al. 2002; Charmantier et al. 2002). This phenom- If is carcinization perceived as the development enon would appear to represent a more physiolo- by an organism of a brachyuran crab-like body form, gical than morphological metamorphosis. Harvey only three major anomuran taxa need be investi- (1996) however, reported two metamorphic molts gated from the developmental view point, i.e., the in three species of hermit crabs, the first occurring monotypic Lomisoidea, the galatheid family Por- between the last zoea and the megalopa, and the cellanidae, and the superfamily Paguroidea. Like second occurring between the megalopa and first brachyurans, anomuran larvae most commonly hatch crab stage. Anger (2001) similarly defined the tran- from the parental egg as a zoea, a swimming larval sition from zoea to megalopa and from megalopa form with several For the of provided carapace, rostrum, pairs to juvenile as metamorphic. purposes of cephalothoracic appendages, antennules, anten- the present discussion, we consider the primary nae, mandibles, maxillules, maxillae, and first and metamorphosis occurring between the last zoea and second maxillipeds, elongate pleon of five pleomeres the megalopa as the focal point, and in our discus- of refer and a telson (Figs, la, b, e, f). These larvae usu- sion semaphoronts, we to stages subsequent zoeal this molt Addition- ally pass through one or more stages, during to metamorphic as “postlarval”. which time a sixth pleomere ordinarily is deline- ally, we have elected to use the currently more ated, uropods most frequently develop, and pleopod commonly recognized term megalopa, rather than buds appear, before a metamorphic molt to the ben- glaucothoe of numerous earlier authors (Gurney thonically adapted megalopa (decapodid of Kaest- 1942; MacDonald et al. 1957; Kurata 1956; Pro- ner 1970; Felder et al. 1985; Anger 2001) (Figs. venzano 1971, 1978; Bookhout 1972; Gore& Scotto Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 10:07:18PM via free access Contributions to Zoology, 73 (3) - 2004 167 Fig. I. Larval, and megalopal early juvenile stages of Paguridae (a-d) and Lithodidae (e-h). a-d, Pagurus kennerlyi (Stimpson, 1864): a, zoea 1, dorsal dorsal view; b, zoea IV, view; c, megalopa, dorsal view; d, first crab stage, dorsal view, e-h, Lopholithodes mandtii 1848: Brandt, zoea dorsal e, I, lateral view; b, zoea IV, lateral view; c, megalopa, view; d, first crab stage, dorsal view, (a-d, modified from al. & McLaughlin et 1989; e, f, modified from Crain McLaughlin 2000; g, h, specimens used by Crain & McLaughlin 2000, (USNM 1006124). Not to scale. 1983; Forest 1987; Nakasone 1988; Gould 1992), tensive; although the majority of these descriptions decapodid of Kaestncr (1970), Felder, et al. (1985), have been limited to zoeal and megalopal develop- and
Recommended publications
  • A Classification of Living and Fossil Genera of Decapod Crustaceans
    RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2009 Supplement No. 21: 1–109 Date of Publication: 15 Sep.2009 © National University of Singapore A CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING AND FOSSIL GENERA OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS Sammy De Grave1, N. Dean Pentcheff 2, Shane T. Ahyong3, Tin-Yam Chan4, Keith A. Crandall5, Peter C. Dworschak6, Darryl L. Felder7, Rodney M. Feldmann8, Charles H. J. M. Fransen9, Laura Y. D. Goulding1, Rafael Lemaitre10, Martyn E. Y. Low11, Joel W. Martin2, Peter K. L. Ng11, Carrie E. Schweitzer12, S. H. Tan11, Dale Tshudy13, Regina Wetzer2 1Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] 2Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 United States of America [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 3Marine Biodiversity and Biosecurity, NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie Wellington, New Zealand [email protected] 4Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China [email protected] 5Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 United States of America [email protected] 6Dritte Zoologische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria [email protected] 7Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504 United States of America [email protected] 8Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 United States of America [email protected] 9Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands [email protected] 10Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20560 United States of America [email protected] 11Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 12Department of Geology, Kent State University Stark Campus, 6000 Frank Ave.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of Anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) Inferred from Nuclear 18S Ribosomal DNA (18S Rdna) Sequences
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25 (2002) 535–544 www.academicpress.com Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences Peter H.H. Weekers,a,* Gopal Murugan,a,1 Jacques R. Vanfleteren,a Denton Belk,b and Henri J. Dumonta a Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium b Biology Department, Our Lady of the Lake University of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA Received 20 February 2001; received in revised form 18 June 2002 Abstract The nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) of 27 anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) belonging to 14 genera and eight out of nine traditionally recognized families has been sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The 18S rDNA phylogeny shows that the anostracans are monophyletic. The taxa under examination form two clades of subordinal level and eight clades of family level. Two families the Polyartemiidae and Linderiellidae are suppressed and merged with the Chirocephalidae, of which together they form a subfamily. In contrast, the Parartemiinae are removed from the Branchipodidae, raised to family level (Parartemiidae) and cluster as a sister group to the Artemiidae in a clade defined here as the Artemiina (new suborder). A number of morphological traits support this new suborder. The Branchipodidae are separated into two families, the Branchipodidae and Ta- nymastigidae (new family). The relationship between Dendrocephalus and Thamnocephalus requires further study and needs the addition of Branchinella sequences to decide whether the Thamnocephalidae are monophyletic. Surprisingly, Polyartemiella hazeni and Polyartemia forcipata (‘‘Family’’ Polyartemiidae), with 17 and 19 thoracic segments and pairs of trunk limb as opposed to all other anostracans with only 11 pairs, do not cluster but are separated by Linderiella santarosae (‘‘Family’’ Linderiellidae), which has 11 pairs of trunk limbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Spermatophore Morphology of the Endemic Hermit Crab Loxopagurus Loxochelis (Anomura, Diogenidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic - Brazil and Argentina
    Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 46:1 (2004) 1- 9 Balaban, Philadelphia/Rehovot 0168-8170/04/$05 .00 © 2004 Balaban Spermatophore morphology of the endemic hermit crab Loxopagurus loxochelis (Anomura, Diogenidae) from the southwestern Atlantic - Brazil and Argentina MARCELO A. SCELZ01*, FERNANDO L. MANTELATT02 and CHRISTOPHER C. TUDGE3 1Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata/CONICET, Funes 3350, (B7600AYL), Mar del Plata, Argentina Tel. +54 (223) 475-1107; Fax: +54 (223) 475-3150; email: [email protected] 2Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosojia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brasil 3Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Received 10 June 2003; Accepted 29 August 2003 Summary The spermatophore morphology of the endemic and monotypic hermit crab Loxopagurus loxochelis from the southwestern Atlantic is described. The spermatophores show similarities with those described for other members of the family Diogenidae (especially the genus Cliba­ narius), and are composed of three major regions: a sperm-filled, circular flat ampulla; a columnar stalk; and a pedestal. The morphology and size of the spermatophore of L. loxochelis, along with a distinguishable constriction or neck that penetrates almost halfway into the base of the ampulla, are characteristic of this species. The size of the spermatophore is related to hermit crab size. Direct relationships were found between the spermatophore ampulla width, total length, and peduncle length with carapace length of the hermit crab. These morphological characteristics and size of the spermatophore ofL.
    [Show full text]
  • Biennial Reproduction with Embryonic Diapause in Lopholithodes Foraminatus (Anomura: Lithodidae) from British Columbia Waters Author(S): William D
    Biennial reproduction with embryonic diapause in Lopholithodes foraminatus (Anomura: Lithodidae) from British Columbia waters Author(s): William D. P. Duguid and Louise R. Page Source: Invertebrate Biology, Vol. 130, No. 1 (2011), pp. 68-82 Published by: Wiley on behalf of American Microscopical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23016672 Accessed: 10-04-2017 18:37 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23016672?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Microscopical Society, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Invertebrate Biology This content downloaded from 205.225.241.126 on Mon, 10 Apr 2017 18:37:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Invertebrate Biology 130(1): 68-82. © 2011, The American Microscopical Society, Inc. DOI: 10.1111/j.l 744-7410.2011.00221 .x Biennial reproduction with embryonic diapause in Lopholithodes foraminatus (Anomura: Lithodidae) from British Columbia waters William D. P. DuguicT and Louise R. Page Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Sensitivity Index Guidelines Version 2.0
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 115 Environmental Sensitivity Index Guidelines Version 2.0 October 1997 Seattle, Washington noaa NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION National Ocean Service Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce The Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (ORCA) provides decisionmakers comprehensive, scientific information on characteristics of the oceans, coastal areas, and estuaries of the United States of America. The information ranges from strategic, national assessments of coastal and estuarine environmental quality to real-time information for navigation or hazardous materials spill response. Through its National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program, ORCA uses uniform techniques to monitor toxic chemical contamination of bottom-feeding fish, mussels and oysters, and sediments at about 300 locations throughout the United States. A related NS&T Program of directed research examines the relationships between contaminant exposure and indicators of biological responses in fish and shellfish. Through the Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division (HAZMAT) Scientific Support Coordination program, ORCA provides critical scientific support for planning and responding to spills of oil or hazardous materials into coastal environments. Technical guidance includes spill trajectory predictions, chemical hazard analyses, and assessments of the sensitivity of marine and estuarine environments to spills. To fulfill the responsibilities of the Secretary of Commerce as a trustee for living marine resources, HAZMAT’s Coastal Resource Coordination program provides technical support to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during all phases of the remedial process to protect the environment and restore natural resources at hundreds of waste sites each year.
    [Show full text]
  • 109 Annotated Checklist Of
    THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2010 Supplement No. 23: 109–129 Date of Publication: 31 Oct.2010 © National University of Singapore ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF ANOMURAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS OF THE WORLD (EXCLUSIVE OF THE KIWAOIDEA AND FAMILIES CHIROSTYLIDAE AND GALATHEIDAE OF THE GALATHEOIDEA) PART II – PORCELLANIDAE Masayuki Osawa Research Center for Coastal Lagoon and Environments, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan Email: [email protected] Patsy A. McLaughlin Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, WA 98221-4042, USA Email: hermit@fi dalgo.net INTRODUCTION Porcellanidae Haworth, 1825 = Porcellaniens H. Milne Edwards, 1837 Ng et al. (2008) and McLaughlin et al. (this volume) referred = Porcellaniadae Randall, 1840 to the “windows” to the literature and the “springboards” for = Porcellanodea Henderson 1888 associating species with their scientifi c names that provided = Porcellainea Holmes, 1900 the foundations for subsequent brachyuran, paguroid and lithodoid research. For the porcellanids, one treatise in particular has provided a similar base upon which virtually all DESCRIPTIVE TERMS AND CURRENT STATUS subsequent porcellanid reports have been patterned. Despite its regional focus, Haig’s (1960) monograph of eastern General morphology. – The general body shape is crab- Pacifi c species included 87 of the 225 species estimated to like and the carapace is well calcifi ed. Regions of the dorsal be present worldwide at the time (Chace, 1951). During the integument are not usually well defi ned. The anterior margin last half century the number of genera has increased from of the carapace is produced into a short rostrum or rostral 14 prior to Haig’s (1960) monograph to 30 and the number lobe.
    [Show full text]
  • Instituto De Biociências - Câmpus Botucatu
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - CÂMPUS BOTUCATU TESE DE DOUTORADO DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL E BIODIVERSIDADE DOS ERMITÕES (DECAPODA, ANOMURA) AO LONGO DO LITORAL SUDESTE DO BRASIL Gilson Stanski Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Leão Castilho BOTUCATU - SP 2019 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - CÂMPUS BOTUCATU TESE DE DOUTORADO DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL E BIODIVERSIDADE DOS ERMITÕES (DECAPODA, ANOMURA) AO LONGO DO LITORAL SUDESTE DO BRASIL Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP – Campus de Botucatu, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas – Zoologia. Gilson Stanski Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Leão Castilho BOTUCATU – SP 2019 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA SEÇÃO TÉC. AQUIS. TRATAMENTO DA INFORM. DIVISÃO TÉCNICA DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - CÂMPUS DE BOTUCATU - UNESP BIBLIOTECÁRIA RESPONSÁVEL: LUCIANA PIZZANI-CRB 8/6772 Stanski, Gilson. Dinâmica populacional e biodiversidade dos ermitões (Decapoda, Anomura) ao longo do litoral sudeste do Brasil / Gilson Stanski. - Botucatu, 2019 Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Orientador: Antonio Leão Castilho Capes: 20400004 1. Caranguejo. 2. Ecologia. 3. Habitat (Ecologia). 4. Decapode (Crustaceo). Palavras-chave: Anomura; Ecologia; Fauna acompanhante; Partilha de habitat; Recursos ambientais. Você não decide seu futuro. Você decide seus hábitos e seus hábitos decidem seu futuro (autor desconhecido) Dedico a presente Tese de Doutorado aos meus irmãos e em especial a meu pai Antonio e minha mãe Nair (in memorian), sem os quais seria impossível concretizar esse sonho. Agradecimentos 2019 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente a Deus. Ao professor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Become a Crab: Phenotypic Constraints on a Recurring Body Plan
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 25 December 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0664.v1 How to become a crab: Phenotypic constraints on a recurring body plan Joanna M. Wolfe1*, Javier Luque1,2,3, Heather D. Bracken-Grissom4 1 Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa–Ancon, 0843–03092, Panama, Panama 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA 4 Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA * E-mail: [email protected] Summary: A fundamental question in biology is whether phenotypes can be predicted by ecological or genomic rules. For over 140 years, convergent evolution of the crab-like body plan (with a wide and flattened shape, and a bent abdomen) at least five times in decapod crustaceans has been known as ‘carcinization’. The repeated loss of this body plan has been identified as ‘decarcinization’. We offer phylogenetic strategies to include poorly known groups, and direct evidence from fossils, that will resolve the pattern of crab evolution and the degree of phenotypic variation within crabs. Proposed ecological advantages of the crab body are summarized into a hypothesis of phenotypic integration suggesting correlated evolution of the carapace shape and abdomen. Our premise provides fertile ground for future studies of the genomic and developmental basis, and the predictability, of the crab-like body form. Keywords: Crustacea, Anomura, Brachyura, Carcinization, Phylogeny, Convergent evolution, Morphological integration 1 © 2020 by the author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Crabs and Their Relatives of British Columbia by Josephine Hart 1984 British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook 40
    Crabs and their relatives of British Columbia by Josephine Hart 1984 British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook 40. Victoria, British Columbia. 267 pp. Extracted from the publication (now out of print) SECTION MACRURA Superfamily Thalassinidea Key to Families 1. Shrimp-like. Integument soft and pleura on abdomen large. Live in burrows……………………………………………………………………………..……….……Axiidae 1. Shrimp-like. Integument soft and pleura small. Live in burrows………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 2. Rostrum distinct, ridged and setose. Eyestalks cylindrical and cornea terminal. Chelipeds subchelate and subequal…………………………………………………………………….Upogebiidae 2. Rostrum minute and smooth. Eyestalks flattened with mid-dorsal corneal pigment or cylindrical without dark pigment. Chelipeds chelate and unequal in size and shape.......Callianassidae Family AXIIDAE The thin-shelled shrimp-like animals in this family are all burrowers and are found from shallow subtidal habitats to great depths. Recently Pemberton, Risk and Buckley (1976) determined that one species found off Nova Scotia makes burrows more than 2.5 m into the substrate. Obviously in abyssal regions the collection of these animals under such circumstances in particularly haphazard. Thus the number of specimens obtained is few and often these are damaged. Four species of this family are known to occur in the waters off British Columbia. All have one or two small hollow knobs of apparently unknown function on the mid-dorsal ridge of the carapace. These species have been assigned to the genera Axiopsis, Calastacus and Calocaris. The definitions of these genera were made when few species had been studied and recent discoveries indicate that the criteria used are not satisfactory. New genera will have to be created and the taxonomy of the Family revised.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, And
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jonathon Harris Stillman for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology presented on December 4, 1998. Title: A Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Adaptation to Abiotic Stress in Intertidal Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: George N. Somero Organismal tolerance to abiotic environmental stresses contributes significantly to setting the distribution limits of organisms, as demonstrated by vertical zonation patterns in the marine intertidal zone. In this thesis, the ultimate (evolutionary) and proximate (mechanistic) causes of tolerance to temperature and emersion stresses associated with the intertidal zone were examined using porcelain crabs, genus Petrolisthes. Species of Petrolisthes from intertidal and subtidal microhabitats of four biogeographic regions of the Eastern Pacific were used in phylogenetically-based comparative analyses of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptation to environmental stress. A phylogenetic tree based on the sequence of the 16sRNA gene was developed to facilitate these analyses. Organismal thermal tolerance limits are adapted to match maximal microhabitat temperatures. Acclimation of thermal tolerance limits suggests that temperate intertidal zone species are living close to their thermal maximum in nature. Respiratory responses to emersion vary among species from different vertical zones. Experimental examination of oxygen consumption rates and lactate accumulation during emersion suggests that intertidal species are able to respire in air using thin membranous regions on the ventral meral segments of their legs (leg membranes). Leg membrane size is positively correlated with body size across species, but not within a single species. Evolutionary analyses indicate that leg membranes may not have evolved for purposes of aerial respiration, but their presence may have allowed intertidal and subtidal species to achieve larger body sizes and higher metabolic rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Bulletin/U S Dept of Commerce National Oceanic
    EARLY ZOEAL STAGES OF PLACETRON WOSNESSENSKII AND RHINOLITHODES WOSNESSENSKII (DECAPODA, ANOMURA, LITHODIDAE) AND REVIEW OF LITHODID LARVAE OF THE NORTHERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN EVAN B. HAYNES I ABSTRACT Stage I zoeae of Placetron wosnessenskii. and Stage I and Stage II zoeae of Rhinolithooes ",osnes­ senskii. which were reared in the laboratory. can be distinguished from other described zoeae of Lithodidae: P. wosnessenskii have long. blunt spines on posterior margins of abdominal somites 2-5 and sinuate curvature of long, blunt. posterolateral spines on abdominal somite 5; R. l<YJsnessenskii zoeae have a spine in the middorsal. posterior portion of the carapace. Zoeae of Lithodidae can be distinguished from zoeae of Pagurinae by body shape. size of the eyes. spines on the carapace. devel­ opment of uropods, and presence or absence of the anal spine. Stages of Iithodid zoeae can be distin­ guished by eye attachment. number of natatory setae on maxillipeds, and development of pleopods. uropods. and telson. Keys, based on spination of the carapace. rostrum. abdomen. and telson. distin­ guish between zoeae and glaucothoe of each described species of Lithodidae from the northern North Pacific Ocean. Crabs of the family Lithodidae constitute a major METHODS AND RESULTS component of the reptant decapod fauna of the northern North Pacific Ocean. Ofabout 25 species In March 1982, ovigerous females of Placetron ofLithodidae in the northern North Pacific Ocean. wosnessenskii and Rhinolithodes wosnessenskii larvae have been described. at least in part, were collected near Auke Bay, Alaska. in traps for eight species: Dermaturus mandtii Brandt, and by divers using scuba. The females were Cryptolithodes typicus Brandt.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Abundance of Some Epibenthic Invertebrates of the Northeastern Gulf of Alaska with Notes on the Feeding Biology of Selected Species
    DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF SOME EPIBENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OF THE NORTHEASTERN GULF OF ALASKA WITH NOTES ON THE FEEDING BIOLOGY OF SELECTED SPECIES by Howard M. Feder and Stephen C. Jewett Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 5 August 1978 357 We thank Max Hoberg, University of Alaska, and the research group from the Northwest Fisheries Center, Seattle, Washington, for assistance aboard the MV North Pucijk. We also thank Lael Ronholt, Northwest Fisheries Center, for data on commercially important invertebrates. Dr. D. P. Abbott, of the Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, identified the tunicate material. We appreciate the assistance of the Marine Sorting Center and Max Hoberg of the University of Alaska for taxonomic assistance. We also thank Rosemary Hobson, Data Processing, University of Alaska, for help with coding problems and ultimate resolution of those problems. This study was funded by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program. SUMMARY OF OBJEC!CIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT The objectives of this study were to obtain (1) a qualitative and quantitative inventory of dominant epibenthic species within the study area, (2) a description of spatial distribution patterns of selected benthic invertebrate species, and (3) preliminary observations of biological interrelationships between selected segments of the benthic biota. The trawl survey was effective, and excellent spatial coverage was obtained, One hundred and thirty-three stations were successfully occupied, yielding a mean epifaunal invertebrate biomass of 2.6 g/mz.
    [Show full text]