Introduction Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

Generative relationships between the experiments and concerns of GSD MATERIALS COLLECTION 2 contemporary design practice and innovations in materials science and engineering are driving the development of radically new COMPOSITION 3 material forms, properties, and processes. New demands for thermal, Each of the 5 compositional families – Biocomposites, Polymers, mechanical, and aesthetic performance, closed-loop cycling, resource Metals, Minerals, and Ceramics – are summarized. General and energy efficiency, and equitable production relations influence examples of types, processing, terminology, and materials in use material industries and become conceptual drivers of contemporary are also provided. work. These factors radically alter design and construction processes, as well as exert impacts from nanoscopic to global scales. FORM 14 Materials are classified into three broad categories – planar, This primer is an introduction for students investigating material linear and volumetric – which are then future defined by types topics in design and describes the organizational structure of the and subtypes. Materials Collection at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design (GSD). Basic material terms and definitions provide a point of PROPERTIES 15 departure for students seeking more advanced resources. The GSD Mostly derived from the material sciences, properties speak Materials Collection taxonomy was developed by drawing terminology to the abilities of each material to be fitted to the mechanical, from sources of design, materials science, and the construction hygro‑thermal, electrical, optical, acoustical, and durability task industry. This taxonomy provided the organizational structure to the asked of it. primer contents – Composition, Form, Properties, and Processes. PROCESSES 17 Processes classifies the manufacturing methods used to make the material. Processes can deform the original substance, be additive, or subtractive. They include: casting, molding, machining, deforming, surfacing, joining, and rapid prototyping.

CREDITS 19

frances loeb library harvard graduate school of design GSD MATERIALS COLLECTION

MATERIALS RESEARCH ABOUT

The Frances Loeb Design Library provides several resources The Harvard Graduate School of Design’s Materials Collection Material Ecology to support research of materials – the Materials Collection’s emerged in 2004 as a manifestation of the School’s evolving Materials that demonstrate the externalities and impacts of material online database, which provides access to the on-site collection, engagement in materials. It is a collection of material samples production and use both within and outside of designed installation. the Materials Collection Primer, written as an introduction for ranging from innovative new materials to those found everyday in students investigating materials topics in design, a subscription the built environment. The collection is one for designers, different Fabrication Materials to Materials ConneXion, a Materials Collection Research Guide than those for material scientists, yet it is not a typical material Materials that can be used in the GSD Fabrication Lab, as well as with several non-library material resources, and books focused sample library found at a design firm that is organized by project alternatives to those currently in use. on materials for research and practice – GSD faculty material use or application. The Materials Collection places emphasis on research, material catalogs, materials specific to architectural material composition and functional traits of the material samples, Bio-based Materials innovations, exploration of materials in architecture and landscape encouraging users to rethink conventional applications and promote Materials derived from plant and animal based renewable resources architecture, and fabrication and manufacturing of materials for material experimentation in design practice. These leading concepts and surplus stocks. architecture and landscape. are realized in the physical arrangement of the collection and data entry points of the online catalog. Recycled Materials Search the Materials Collection by using the online catalog Materials made from recycled material stocks including polymers, (http://materials.gsd.harvard.edu/materials) The GSD Materials Collection is a collection of objects which metals, and ceramics. Harvard University ID required visitors are encouraged to handle and study. The Visual + Materials Collections are two collections housed together in the Frances Loeb Urban Scale Materials Learn more about materials at Harvard and beyond with our Library, a space that functions as a teaching and display venue for Materials implemented and affecting climatic, aesthetic, and Research Guide (http://guides.library.harvard.edu/gsd/materials) ongoing research and course work. The Materials Collection has hydrological conditions at an urban scale – particularly ones been developed according to faculty and student research agendas, contributing to or mediating urban heat, such as roofing, surfacing, Visit and has been focused in these areas: infrastructural. Frances Loeb Library, Visual + Materials Collections, lower level, L12 Materials in Use Materials used in contemporary design projects.

2 composition

Green Wall Aramid Fiber Honeycomb Cores Galvalume Dichroic Glass Hydroton Clay Pebbles

BIOCOMPOSITES A POLYMERS B METALS C MINERALS D CERAMICS E

Biologically derived composites of Petroleum-derived, human-made, non- Pure metallic elements, compounds, Inorganic, crystalline solids, and Nonmetallic, inorganic solids formed by polymers and fibers that contain renewable materials comprised of long, and alloys characterized by metallic chemical compounds possessing the ionic bonding of mineral material mostly organic and sometimes repeating, molecular chains whose bonds whose atoms readily lose a characteristic crystalline structure through human based processes of inorganic compounds sourced from central atom is almost always carbon electrons to form positive ions (cations) and chemical composition, sometimes mixing and/or heating living organisms and/or formed by with restricted variations biochemical processes

PLANT A1 THERMOPLASTIC B1 FERROUS C1 GEOGENIC D1 CLAY-BASED E1 Inorganic, crystalline composites Derived from or produced by Synthetic or semi-synthetic, Ferrous pure metals and alloys, Inorganic, crystalline solids and made of fired clay, typically organisms associated with the organic polymers, whose polymer metals based on iron chemical compounds formed by aluminosilicate and kaolinite, biological kingdom Plantae chains are linear and not cross- geological processes resembling glass in brittleness linked

ANIMAL A2 THERMOSET B2 NON-FERROUS C2 ANTHROPOGENIC D2 CEMENTITIOUS E2

Synthetic or semi-synthetic, Derived from or produced by Non-Ferrous pure metals and Inorganic, crystalline solids Inorganic, crystalline composites organic polymers, whose polymer organisms associated with the alloys, metals with little or no iron and chemical compounds made of a combination chains have been irreversibly, biological kingdom Animalia content manufactured by humans of lime, alumina, and water densely cross-linked

FUNGI A3 ELASTOMER B3 GLASS E3

Derived from or produced by Synthetic or semi-synthetic, Inorganic, non-crystalline solids organisms associated with the organic polymers, whose polymer that are silica-based biological kingdom Fungi chains are networked and loosely cross-linked

3 biocomposites

Green Wall Ryno Board Mushroom Packaging (EcoCradle)

BIOCOMPOSITES A

Biologically derived composites of polymers are mostly harder in density than softwoods. (fungicidal, insecticidal, dampproofing, fire- lumber (SCL), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and fibers that contain mostly organic and Domestic hardwoods include: maple, beech, proofing), retification, lamination, rotary cut parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand sometimes inorganic compounds sourced from oak, poplar/aspen, and birch. Hardwoods, grown (veneers), slicing (veneers), pulped, digested, lumber (LSL), and oriented strand lumber (OSL). living organisms and/or formed by biochemical in tropical regions are typically valued for their Kraft process, coated, whitened, pressed, Engineered wood includes glued structural processes rot-resistance, and lustrous colors. They may foamed, printed members as well as finger-jointed lumber and have irregular grain or hard mineral deposits that I-Joists. Plywood is assembled of at least three PLANT A1 effect machining, and a few are endangered. APPLICATIONS veneer layers laid cross grain and glued together They include: teak, mahogany, ipe, wenge, Panel products, structural timber beam, coasters, under pressure. Construction and industrial Derived from or produced by organisms ebony, and rosewood. Leaves and stalk: flax, instruments, packaging, utensils, tool handles, plywood is usually made from domestic softwood. associated with the biological kingdom Plantae ramie (China grass), hemp, jute, piña (pineapple furniture, cladding, flooring, chop, dimensional Hardwood and decorative plywood is made from leaves), bamboo fiber/bamboo viscose, abaca lumber, structural timber, glue laminated timber hardwoods. Composite panels extend or modify PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES (Manila hemp), henequen, istle, paper (wood (glulam), plywood, structural veneer lumber, natural wood sizes or properties. Particleboard is The combination of cellulose, a crystalline pulp and cotton rag), cardboard, raffia, sisal blockboard, oriented strand board (OSB), assembled from particles of waste wood with an polymer, and hemicelluloses, an amorphous (agave leaf), kenaf, bagasse (byproduct of Particleboard, fiberboard, insulating boards, adhesive, cement, or gypsum binder. Waferboard polymer, make wood strong in tension. Lignin, sugarcane and sorghum production), rattan, plasterboard, cement fiberboard, structures, and oriented strand board (OSB) are made another organic polymer, provides resistance to thatch (reed), wicker (rattan, reed, rush), wheat, facades, furniture, insulating materials, sheathing from green roundwood. Fiber-based panels compression and makes wood an excellent fuel. straw, coconut timber, carnuba wax (palm paper, rope, geotextiles, flooring, filters, carpet, such as hardboard, medium density fiberboard leaves), papyrus, vegetable/natural tannin. mattresses, wall coverings, fiber, textiles, (MDF) and insulation board are assembled from TYPES Bark: cork, bark. Sap, pitch, or latex: cellophane, bioplastics, finishes, mulch, paper, small wood fibers with binders in a dry process Wood is the cellular tissue of the tree inside the natural rubber, plant-derived resins, rosin, amber, furniture, roofing, surfaces, natural dyes or without in a wet process. Heartwood is cambium and is composed of 40-50% cellulose, pine tar, turpentine. Seeds, nuts, fruit or from the central core of a mature tree and is 20-30% hemicellulose, and 20-30% lignin. Lignin drupe: kapok (seed pod), seeds, cotton (seed TERMINOLOGY typically both stronger and darker in color than makes timber strong in compression and tension. fiber), coir (coconut husk), bayberry wax, linseed Timber is wood in standing trees with the sapwood. Sapwood is from the outer growth Wood and wood products are often graded based oil (flax seeds), linoleum, guar gum. Cellulose: potential for lumber. Lumber is sawn or rings on a tree and is usually lighter in color on the quality of the feedstock. The common cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, viscose, processed wood that has been sawn to specified than heartwood. Greenwood is freshly cut, tree name usually differs from the commercial rayon, modal, lyocell, tall oil/tallol. Other: dimensions and dried. Veneer refers to a thin unseasoned (undried) wood. Grain is often used name for the lumber, listed here. The commercial bioplastics (PLA, PHB, PA11) (starch-based and layer of wood produced by slicing solid stock to describe a fine or coarse grain in reference to name for a lumber can include several botanical corn-based), vegetable dyes can come from the along the grain of the wood. Manufactured the annual rings but can also mean the direction species. Softwoods refer to woods derived from root, berries, bark, wood, or leaves of a plant wood products: Glued structural members of fibers on sawn lumber—spiral grain, straight coniferous/evergreen trees (gymnosperms). have an assembly of layers of wood glued under grain or curly grain. Figure is any distinctive They are mostly softer and easier to work than pressure. However, unlike plywood, the layers appearance on a wood surface resulting from hardwoods. They include: spruce, pine, fir, and PROCESSING Debarked, chipped, plainsawn, quartersawn, are thick and the product is usually only used for structure, irregular coloration, or abnormality. cedar. Hardwoods refer to woods derived from rough sawn, flat sawn, rift sawn, sanded, burned, weight-bearing members. Examples are: glue Knots in wood are the expression of where a deciduous/broad leaf trees (angiosperms). They kiln dried, air dried, dip coated, impregnation laminated timbers (Glulam), structural composite tree limb grew from the trunk. These are often

4 biocomposites

Reclaimed railroad tie wood Brazilian ipe Unbleached Kraft paper Gluelam Bamboo

MATERIALS IN USE harder than the surrounding wood and affect the knit, felted, hexagonal stitch, bonding, flared, mechanical properties of the wood. Wood free of bleached, treated Railroad tie wood, reclaimed knots is called “clear.” The homogeneity of clear, Biblioteca Municipal de Azkoitia straight-grained wood makes it the easiest wood APPLICATIONS Azkoitia, Basque Country, 2006 to work. Plaster additives, upholstery, paper, soil Estudio Beldarrain amendments, insulation, textiles, surface coverings, rope/cord, wax, natural dyes Brazilian Ipe hardwood ANIMAL A2 Yokohama Ferry Terminal Derived from or produced by organisms FUNGI A3 Yokohama, Japan, 2002 associated with the biological kingdom Animalia Foreign Office Architects Derived from or produced by organisms TYPES associated with the biological kingdom Fungi Unbleached kraft paper or tissue paper Hair: wool, cashmere (cashmere goats), Softwall TYPES pashmina (changthangi goat), mohair (angora Molo Design goat), angora (rabbit hair), camel hair, alpaca Saprophytic (a fungus that lives on dead (llama), horsehair, cow hair, human hair, yak organic matter), mycorrhizal (fungi that form a Gluelam Scotch Pine fiber, guanaco fiber, chiengora (dog hair), symbiotic relationship with a tree or other plant), Corolle: high tension electricity pylon possum fiber, qiviut (wool of the musk ox), endophytic/parasitic (a fungi that lives on France, 1994 vicuña wool. Skin, tissue: sinew (tendon), another living species, deriving its sustenance to Martin Szekely leather, hide, rawhide, catgut, parchment, vellum, the detriment of its host). sheepskin, pelt, fur, alligator, crocodile, snake, Bamboo fish, cow intestine Biomineralization: opal, APPLICATIONS Haesley Nine Bridges Golf Clubhouse egg shells, bone, horn/ivory, seashells, pearl, Packaging, insulation, mycoremediation, pest Yeoju, South Korea, 2010 hooves. Other: fertilizer/guano, sea sponges, control, natural dyes Shigeru Ban byssus fiber/sea, spider silk, beeswax, milk casein, natural dyes TERMINOLOGY Mycelium/ mycelia is a fungal network of PROCESSING threadlike cells. “Myceliated” describes the Salted, cured, brined, dried, tanned, soaked, condition where the mycelium has colonized or dehairing-lime treatment, defleshed, delimed, infused through a substrate. Mycology is the plumped, split, shaved, setting out, nourishing, study of fungi. Hyphae are individual fungal beat, staked, sleeked, ironed, plated, embossed, cells. A substrate such as straw, sawdust, dyed, glued, sewn, shaped, calendered, spun, compost, soil or other organic matter on which reeled, thrown, gimped, texturized, woven, mushroom mycelium will grow.

5 polymers

Aramid Fiber Honeycomb Cores Barricada ECOSurfaces Flooring

POLYMERS B

Petroleum-derived, human-made, non-renewable costs of the plastic. Can include kaolin, chalk, use include records, extruded window frames, THERMOPLASTIC B1 materials comprised of long, repeating, molecular glass beads and talc. Reinforcement doorframes, guttering, credit cards, medical chains whose central atom is almost always carbon materials are used to improve the mechanical Synthetic or semi-synthetic, organic polymers, tubing, as a coating for upholstery and wallpaper, properties of plastics with fibers and textiles. whose polymer chains are linear and not cross- and electrically insulating products. • Polyvinyl PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES Stabilizers are additives used to retard the linked • pliable or moldable when heated, returns chloride (PVC), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), The chainlike molecules of synthesized polymers degeneration of polymers caused by heat or to solid state when cool, can be remolded Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) Acrylics are used for form both amorphous and crystalline arrays photo-oxidation. Fire-retardants inhibit or applications where clarity, impact resistance and that allow easy formation into complex shapes, prevent combustion in plastics. They are added TYPES gloss are needed. They have a moderate cost low in heat conductance, and low softening during polymerization. Foaming agents Polyolefins make up half of total global and displays edge glow. Examples of materials temperatures. are additives that cause plastics to foam and polymer production. It is low cost and non- in use include Corian counters, sheets for produce a lighter weight and more insulative toxic. Examples of materials in use include laser cutting, and control panels. • Polymethyl PROCESSING product. Coupling agents are used to milk jugs, plastic corks, thin walled plastic methacrylate (PMMA, Acrylic Glass), Polyacrilate Injection molding, sandwich injection molding, facilitate the mixing of polymers or polymers packaging, toys, cups. • Polyethylene (PE), (Acrylic) Polycarbonate is the toughest extrusion, calendaring, compression molding, and other materials that are incompatible. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE/PE-HD), clear plastic but is prone to chemical and UV casting, foaming, direct digital manufacturing, Colorants are insoluble pigments or soluble Trade name: Tyvek, Low Density Polyethylene degradation. It is of moderate cost. Examples of pultrusion, blow molding, rotational molding, dyes used to color the plastic. Polymerization (LDPE/ PE-LD), Polypropylene (PP), Expanded materials in use include water bottles, spectacle thermoforming, gas-injection molding is the process of joining ethylene end to end Polypropylene (EPP), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate lenses, police riot shields, beakers and CDs to produce the long chain macromolecules. (EVA/EVAC), Lonomer resin Styrenes are and DVDs. • Polycarbonate (PC), Trade name: APPLICATIONS Plasticizers are incorporated into plastics easy to process and are low cost. They are Lexan Thermoplastic Polyesters have Adhesives, carpets, gaskets and to increase their flexibility. The addition of the categorized as general purpose (GPPS)--used a high dimensional stability and are resistant weatherstripping, laminates, coatings, pneumatic plasticizer separates the molecular chains, for disposable food packaging, CD cases, to chemicals. Examples of materials in use structures, roofing materials, vapor barriers and decreasing their mutual attraction. Commodity and lighting diffusers--expanded (EPS)—used include drink bottles, films for glass or plastic, waterproofing, waste piping and venting, water plastics (versus engineering plastics) are for electronics packaging foam, helmets, and light bulb housing, and mobile phone parts. • supply piping, fibers in fiber reinforced concrete, commonly used in low physical properties and thermal insulation--and high impact (HIPS)— Polyethylene terephthalate (Trevira, PET, PETG, pipework and fittings, drainage systems, are commonly used in the production of everyday used for product housing and toys. Trade PETE), Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT), underground services, window and door frames, low-cost products. Includes vinyls, polyolefins, name(s): EPS, Styrofoam. • Polystyrene (PS), Polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate cladding, tensile membrane structures, bathtubs, and styrenes. Engineering plastics (versus Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Styrene (PCT), Liquid crystal polymer (LCP), sinks, glazing, decorative laminates, seals, sheet commodity plastics) have superior physical, acrylonitrile (SAN), Styrene butadiene styrene Thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPC-ET) liners (water features and landfill sites), flooring chemical, and thermal characteristics and (SBS), Styrene ethylene butylene styrene Polyamides are commonly known as nylon are used in demanding environments. They (SEBS) Vinyls have a glossy appearance and are used in a wide range of applications. TERMINOLOGY include acetals, acrylics, polyamides, and and are low cost. Half of the global production Examples of materials in use include bearings, Fillers are added to improve the workability, polycarbonates. Resins are prepared by of vinyl is for the construction industry. They electrical equipment housing, sports equipment, weight, and volume expansion characteristics polymerization and used with fillers, stabilizers contain chlorine and dioxins that have been textiles, and rapid prototyping. • Polyamide (PA), of a material in order to reduce the material and other components to form plastics. shown to be toxic. Examples of materials in Nylons, Aromatic polyamides. Trade name:

6 polymers

Nylon fabric Polycarbonate panels Acrylic rods PET GRP, ETFE

MATERIALS IN USE

Kevlar Fluropolymers are well suited to (UF), Melamine-formaldehyde/ melamine- high heat stability. Examples of materials in use extreme environments. • Polytetrafluoroethylene formaldehyde resin (MF) (melamine), Phenolics: include weatherstripping, medical equipment, Nylon fabric (PTFE), Trade name: Teflon, Ethylene phenol-formaldehyde resins. Phenolic resin, lubricant, and kitchenware. • Silicone, Silicone Meet Wendy tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), Fluorinated ethylene Melamine phenol formaldehyde resin (MPF) resins Synthetic Rubbers are used in place P.S. 1, New York, NY, 2012 propylene (FEP) Thermoplastic Rubber Polyesters and composites Polyester of natural rubbers and have shape memory. HWKN Compounds combine the performance fiber (taffeta), Polyester resin Vinyl esters Examples of material in use include gaskets, of rubber with the processing advantages and composites are popular for laminating seals, and wetsuits. • Isoprene rubber (IR), Polycarbonate panels of thermoplastics. Examples of materials in materials. • Vinyl ester Epoxies and Synthetic version of natural rubber (Cured rubber, Model Workshop use include keypads, sportswear, and hot composites are applied as coatings and Vulcanized rubber), Chloroprene rubber (CR), Wolfratshausen, Germany, 2002 water tubing. • Melt-processed rubber (MPR), adhesives. Applications include laminating, Trade name: Neoprene, Ethylene propylene Allmann Sattler Wappner Architekten Thermoplastic vulcanizate (ETPV) Other casting and structural adhesives. • Polyepoxide rubbers (EPM and EPDM), most widely used Thermoplastics Acrylonitrile Styrene resin (EP) (Epoxy resin) Polyurethanes elastomer in construction, Trade names: Nordel, Acrylic rods Acrylate (ASA), Trade name(s): Luran S, are versatile and used as a solid cast material, Buna, Dutral, Keltan, Vistalon, Butyl rubber (IIR), Seed Cathedral Bitumin, Polyimide (PI), Polyacrylonitrile foam, adhesive and liquid coating. Examples of Butadiene rubber (BR), Acrylonitrile butadiene Shanghi, China, 2010 (PAN), Polyvinyl acetate (PVA/PVAC), Paraffin, materials in use include spray foam, upholstery rubber (ABR), Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR/ Heatherwick Studio Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU, PU), Acetal/ and mattress foam, sports equipment, Lycra, GR-S) Other Elastomers Modified bitumen, Polyoxymethylene/polyacetal resin (POM) Spandex, and as a bonding agent for wood. Elastane (Spandex, Lycra), Polyurethane gel, PET (acetal family) • Polyurethane/polyurethane resin (PUR) Other Polyurethane flexible foam, Styrene-butadiene Thermosets Unsaturated polyester (UP), Styrene (SBS), Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) United Bottle Aramid phenolic Glycol, Glass-reinforced plastics 2006 THERMOSET B2 (GRP) (fiberglass), Polymides, Renewable INSTANT Architects Synthetic or semi-synthetic, organic polymers, polyethylene Copolyesters whose polymer chains have been irreversibly, GRP, ETFE densely cross-linked • irreversibly cures, cure Chanel Mobile Art Pavillion ELASTOMER B3 induced by heat, chemical, or suitable irradiation Hong Kong, New York, Tokyo, 2008 Synthetic or semi-synthetic, organic polymers, Zaha Hadid Architects, ARUP TYPES whose polymer chains are networked and Formaldehyde condensation resins loosely cross-linked • polymer with viscoelasticity, have a hard and glossy finish and operate colloquially “elasticity” across a wide temperature range. Examples of materials in use include electrical housing, TYPES tableware, adhesives for laminating plywood, Silicones (SI) are low strength but versatile. and billiard balls. • Phenol formaldehyde resin They are used as adhesives, gels, rubbers, and (PF), Trade name: Bakelite, Urea formaldehyde rigid plastics. They have electrical resistance and

7 metals

Galvalume EverGreen

METALS C

Pure metallic elements, compounds, and alloys APPLICATIONS is a metal that returns to its original shape after NON-FERROUS C2 characterized by metallic bonds whose atoms Structural system, cladding, roofing, coating, deformation by heating or cooling. Nickel titanium Non-Ferrous pure metals and alloy. Metals with readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations) reinforcement in concrete, street furniture, and nickel iron are common. Superalloys are little or no iron content. drainage grates, railings, fasteners, pipes, alloys developed for use in gas-turbine engines PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES guttering that can operate at elevated temperatures. TYPES Metals are opaque, lustrous, strong, and Zinc forms a dull grey carbonate coating that comparatively heavy. They can be shaped and TERMINOLOGY FERROUS C1 makes it resistant to corrosion and weather. Zinc alloyed and are good conductors of heat and Alloys are metals combined with other metal is also used as a coating for galvanized steel. electricity. These properties follow from the close- or non-metals. Bronze, steel, and brass are Ferrous pure metals and alloy. Metals based Aluminum is the most widely used non-ferrous packed crystal structure of the metallic bond. examples of alloys. Corrosion, or rust, on iron. metal. It is light, strong, rust-resistant and easily is an irreversible reaction as a result of worked. It is energy intensive to produce, but can PROCESSING contact with oxygen. Cast iron and steel are TYPES be easily recycled. It is extracted from bauxite Annealing, anodizing, casting, drawing, especially vulnerable. Some metals create a Iron is plentiful and relatively cheap. It is ore. Lead is corrosion resistant, malleable, electrochemical deposition, extrusion, forging, passivation layer, a superficial corrosion that extracted as an oxide, smelted by heating, and resistant to acids, but toxic. Copper is an injection-molding, pressing, tempering, protects the core material. Galvanization poured into ingots of “pig iron”, 95% pure iron. excellent conductor and relatively non-toxic. It thermofusing/thermal welding, welding (oxy- (or galvanisation) is the process of applying Cast iron is re-heated pig iron, which can be weathers to a green patina, verdigris. Tin is a acetylene welding, arc welding, gas metal a protective zinc coating to steel or iron in toughened to make ductile iron and malleable soft metal that forms a self-protecting oxide layer welding, resistance welding), rolling (hot order to prevent rusting. Magnetism is cast iron. Wrought iron is iron hammered making it resistant to corrosion. Brass is an rolling, cold-rolling), stamping, thermal-arc a response to an applied magnetic field. under heat to improve tensile strength. Steel, alloy of copper and zinc. It is easily machinable spraying, electroplating, vapor deposition, Permanent magnets have magnetic fields an alloy of iron and other metals, is less brittle, and corrosion resistant. Bronze is an alloy of sintering, welding, quench hardening, bending, caused by ferromagnetism, the strongest easier to work, and stronger than cast iron. Mild copper and tin. Types include gun metal, bell cold forming, machining, riveting, soldering and most familiar type of magnetism. Non- steel and medium carbon steel are commonly metal, and phosphor bronze. Titanium is and brazing, laser sintering, panel beating, magnetic substances include copper, aluminum, used for structural applications, low carbon steel lightweight, very strong, corrosion resistant, and spinning, superforming, swaging, roll forming, gases, and plastic. A material may exhibit for wire and thin plating, and high carbon steel expensive. It is used in many alloys. Chromium electroforming, press braking, photochemical more than one form of magnetism depending for machines and tools. Stainless steel is an (chrome) is very hard, does not corrode in air machining, laser cutting, electrical discharge on its temperature. Magnetorestrictive alloy that becomes corrosion resistant with the and can be polished to a mirror finish. It is often machining, punching and blanking, water jet metals deform when exposed to a magnetic addition of a thin layer of oxidized chromium. electroplated onto other metals. Nickel, silver, cutting, die cutting, powder coating, galvanizing, field. Magnetorheological fluid suspends Types are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic; gold, mercury, and magnesium are other grinding, sanding, polishing, electropolishing, micron-sized particles that harden in response available polished or unpolished. Weathering non-ferrrous metals. sandblasting, acid etching, CNC engraving or to a magnetic field and soften when the field is Steel is a steel alloy containing copper. The iron milling, foil blocking and embossing removed. Metallurgy covers all the stages oxide rust does not flake off when in contact with in the transformation of ore into metal. Muntz air. The patina varies with exposure, aspect and metal/alpha-beta brass: a form of brass with climate. COR-TEN is an example. a high zinc content. Shape memory metal

8 metals

Steel structure and cables Steel shipping containers Stainless steel woven curtain Articulating aluminum panels Cast tombasil

MATERIALS IN USE

Steel structure and cables MFO Park Zurich, Switzerland, 2002 Burckhardt + Partner AG, Raderschall Landschaftsarchitekten AG

Repurposed steel shipping containers Nomadic Museum Santa Monica, CA, 2006 Shigeru Ban Architects

Stainless steel woven curtain Princeton Parking Garage Princeton, NJ, 2000 TEN Arquitectos

Articulating aluminum panels Technorama Facade The Swiss Science Center, Winterthur, Switzerland, 2002 Ned Kahn

Cast tombasil (white bronze) and copper panels American Folk Art Museum New York, NY, 2001 Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects

9 minerals

Dichroic Glass Duocel Silicon Carbide Foam

MINERALS D

Inorganic, crystalline solids, and chemical usually, rarity. Rock is a naturally occurring gneiss, serpentine/serpentinite, slate/clayey APPLICATIONS compounds possessing a characteristic solid aggregate of one or more minerals or shale, marble, soapstone/steatite, and quartzite. Minerals and Rock: cladding, floors, crystalline structure and chemical composition, mineraloids. It is often termed natural rock Disintegrated rocks and stones include lintels, columns, roofs, paving, treads, curbs, sometimes with restricted variations or stone in the construction industry. Rocks the unconsolidated material above bedrock: worktops, sculpture, hearths, gabions, terrazzo, like limestone are composed primarily of one boulders, cobble, sand, silt, clay, gravel, masonry grout, plaster, drainage, color additives, PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES mineral—calcite or aragonite. Other rocks crushed gravel, pea gravel, bank-run gravel, fertilizer, pavement base courses, concrete Mineral materials have a high density, hardness, can be defined by relative abundances of key crushed stone/rock, pebble, mineral aggregates, mixes, bituminous mixes, pervious pavements, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and minerals; a granite is defined by proportions of agricultural lime, and inorganic pigments landscape mulch, construction backfill resistance to weathering due to their crystalline quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar. consisting of colored earths and stone dust such Earth: cob, adobe/mud brick, pise/ rammed structure. The structure varies according to Igneous rock is formed from liquid magma. as chalk, ochre, and umber. Earth in the top- earth, cast earth, compressed earth block (CEB), geologic origin. Main constituents are feldspar, quartz, mica, most layer of the planet’s surface is composed Dutch brick, earthbag construction, Superadobe, augite, iron pyrites, and olivine. The three of various ratios of disintegrated rock, clay, wattle and daub, earth ball finishing, peat walls, GEOGENIC D1 types are plutonic, hypabyssal, and extrusive/ and decaying organic matter. These include: turf walls volcanic. Examples include obsidian, tuff, soil, loam, marl, clays (unfired), kaolin, topsoil, Inorganic, crystalline solids and chemical granite, trachyte, diorite, gabbro, basalt and subsoil, sediment, bentonite, loess, chunam, and TERMINOLOGY compounds formed by geological processes pumice. Sedimentary rock is formed Fuller’s earth. Natural stone is from a specific geographical by the weathering, erosion, and deposition region used for decorative purposes in TYPES of particles of older rocks with pressure. It PROCESSING construction and sculpture. There are 5,000 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance may contain plant or animal fossils. Main Minerals and Rock: sawing, cleaving, types of worldwide. Examples are Laurentide solid at room temperature, representable by constituents are feldspar, quartz, and mica. printing, abrading, drilling, water jet cutting. Green Granite (Quebec) or Carrara Marble (Italy) a chemical formula, and having an ordered Properties vary considerably depending on the Surface finishing (manual and industrial): pointed, This nomenclature is specific to the trade and atomic structure. Minerals are classed by their pressure and temperature in their formation, ground, chiseled, bush hammered, diamond differs from petrological classifications. Trade dominant chemistry into silicates (the most and type of binder--usually silica or calcite. sawn, chat-sawn, shot-sawn, honed, fine-pitched, nomenclature can mislead as to a stone’s true plentiful) and non-silicates: native elements, The two types of rock are clastic and chemical/ flamed, sandblasted, polished, raw stone, cloven/ properties. Dressed stone is stone worked sulfides, halides, oxides and hydroxides, precipitated. Examples include oolite/egg stone, split/cleft, embossed, planed, softened, quarry- to desired shape and smoothed on the face. A borates, sulfates, phosphates and carbonates brownstone, conglomerates, sandstones, faced/rock-faced, boasted, batted/tooled, quarry vein cut/cross cut is made to expose the and nitrates. Mineral examples include quartz, siltstones, “flagstone,” bluestone, limestone, rough, rough cut, vermiculated, rough-punched, stratified layers of a sedimentary deposit. A feldspar, mica, asbestos, tourmaline, aragonite, dolomite, travertine, alabaster, Portland stone, fair-picked, axed, sparrow pecked, fine-rubbed, fleuri cut is a cross cut across sedimentary calcite, gypsum, phosphate minerals, borax, talc, and onyx. Metamorphic rock is formed gritted, eggshell/honed, acid washed, hydro, layers exposing a cloudlike or mottled kaolinite, salt, vermiculite, and malachite. Ores from existing rocks though high pressure, high tumbled, plucked, broached, carborundum appearance. Cut stone/dimension stone is are minerals that have a high concentration of temperature, or chemical influences. Chemical Earth: molding, ramming, cobbing, sun-baking, wholly dressed and finished at a mill and ready a certain element, typically a metal. Gems are composition and appearance vary considerably. mixing, casting, filling, throwing to be set in the building in conformity to drawings minerals with ornamental value distinguished The two types are orthorock and pararock. and specifications. It is rarely used for structural from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and Examples include verd antique, asbestos, members, but common as masonry veneer or

10 minerals

Natural stone Earthen facades and floors Earth Rock-filled gabions Greek marble

MATERIALS IN USE stone cladding. Cast stone/reconstituted matter. Silt is composed of fine sand with fine stone is a hardened mix of concrete and fine decomposed organic material. The grains are Concave natural stone stone aggregate surfaced to simulate natural microscopic and have little or no plasticity. Sand Weather Garden (Stone Yard) stone. Rubble masonry is composed of is composed of small particulates of rock ranging Park Hyatt Hotel, Zurich, Switzerland, 2004 collected fieldstones or stones as they have from ¼” in diameter or less. It is predominantly Vogt Landschaftsarchitekten come from the quarry. Ashlar masonry is quartz with no binder. The grains are spherical constructed of squared stones set in random or or angular in shape. Topsoil is the fertile Earthen facades and floors uniform courses. Aggregates are the product surface layer of soil as distinct from the subsoil. Aomori Museum of Art of natural processes (fluvial, glacial) or machine It contains much organic matter which makes for Aomori, Japan, 2006 processes (crushed). They are typically a mix of poor load sustaining properties. Subsoil is the Jun Aoki & Associates different stone types. Graded aggregate contains layer beneath the topsoil. This is usually used for a range of specific sizes, ungraded aggregate earthwork construction. Earth contains a broader range of sizes. Lime is Storm King Wavefield calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide derived ANTHROPOGENIC D2 Mountainville, NY, 2009 from limestone or chalk composed primarily of Maya Lin calcium carbonate. Burning (calcination) converts Inorganic, crystalline solids and chemical them into quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and, compounds manufactured by humans Rock filled gabions through the addition of water slaked lime or hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2). TYPES Dominus Winery When the term is encountered in an agricultural Nitrogen in manufactured fertilizers, potassium Yountville, CA, 1998 context, it refers to agricultural lime. Hydraulic water glass/potassium silicate, synthetic Herzog and de Meuron lime will set underwater and non-hydraulic lime/ inorganic pigments made from oxides of titanium, Greek marble panels high calcium lime/ air lime cures by reaction iron, chromium and zinc, silicone resins (part with CO2 (carbonation). Soil types include inorganic and part organic), manufactured St. Pius Church grades and combinations of sand, clay, silt, potash, slag , expanded shale, clay and slate, Meggen, Switzerland, 1966 loam, and hardpan. Classifications are different and phosphogypsum (a by-product of potassium Franz Fueg for geotechnical engineering and agriculture. processing for fertilizer). In the U.S., engineers use the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), and soil scientists use the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s soil taxonomy. Clay consists of fine particles of feldspar and various impurities. Loam is a friable mixture of relatively even proportions of sand, silt and clay usually with some organic

11 ceramics

Hydroton Clay Pebbles LiTraCon Galaxy Fantasia

CERAMICS E

Nonmetallic, inorganic solids formed by the ionic APPLICATIONS CEMENTITIOUS E2 pumped, ferrocement, fiber, nailing, no-slump, bonding of mineral material through human Facades, walls, paths, roads, roofing tiles, porous, tremie, polymer impregnated, polymer Inorganic, crystalline composites made of a based processes of mixing and/ or heating drainage pipes, structural clay tiles Portland cement, polymer, sulphur, reinforced, combination of lime, alumina, and water and prestressed. PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES TERMINOLOGY TYPES Ceramics usually consist of metallic and non- Fat clay has a high loam content that increases PROCESSING Cement is a hydraulic binder. When mixed metallic atoms. The ionic and covalent bonds the its elasticity but makes it susceptible to Dying, Hatschek process, reinforcement, mixing, with water it begins an exothermic reaction that render ceramics hard, brittle and resistant to heat. shrinkage and cracking. It is used to create precasting, serilith procedure, shuttering, sets in both air and underwater to form a water- machine pressed bricks and ceramic roofing spraying, wellcrete method, wet-mix procedure, resistant hydrated cement. Portland cement is a tiles. Lean clay has a low loam content, low curing, surfacing (embossing, point tooling, CLAY-BASED E1 standardized formulation of cement named after plasticity, and is used to produce hand-molded bush hammering, comb chiseling, sawing, Portland stone, mined in Dorset, England. In the Inorganic, crystalline composites made of fired bricks and sanded facing bricks. Grog is a grinding, splitting, polishing, blasting, flame U.S. it has five compositional types set by ASTM clay, typically aluminosilicate and kaolinite, non-shrinking material that is added to clay to cleaning, brushing, washing, acid etching, C150: normal, moderate sulfate resistance, resembling glass in brittleness give dimensional stability. It can be sand, quartz photoengraving), coating high early strength, low heat of hydration, and dust, clay brick dust, slag, ash, or sawdust. high sulfate resistance. European standard EN TYPES Brick types include: hand molded, press- APPLICATIONS 197 divides Portland cements into five types Primary Clay fires to white, has the highest molded, extruded, and porous. Typical sizes are: Civil engineering construction, foundations, based on the additional constituents: ordinary, percentage of clay minerals, is the least Standard, Engineer, Elosure, Roman, Norman, building, pavers. Portland composite, blast furnace cement, contaminated, and is fired 1250°C-1400°C. Norwegian, Economy, Triple and Structural Clay pozzolanic cement, and composite cement. Suitable for heat-resistant applications. Research (SCR) brick. Glazes are mixtures of TERMINOLOGY Other types of cement are: limestone cement, Kaolin/China Clay is a fine white clay used to fine clay, pigments and water that melt at lower Formwork is a temporary mold to hold the pulverized fuel ash (PFA), bunt shale cement, manufacture porcelain, China, and white Portland temperatures than the base material. They give cementitious liquid in place while it cures. It white cement, flyash cement, and expansive cement. Secondary Clay fires to red, yellow, a clay product a vitreous surface after firing. can be composed of boards, plywood, plastic cement among others. The powder used to or white, contains less clay minerals and more Refractory means a material resists melting panels, silicone rubber, steel, or polystyrene make cement (erroneously called cement itself) feldspar, and is fired at 1150°C-1250°C. Used until high temperatures. Pure clay (hydrous foam. Solidification is the process of change is a combination of calcium carbonate plus the to make stoneware and earthenware. Tertiary aluminum silicate) is very refractory, most clays from liquid to solid cement. The three phases aluminum, silica, and iron necessary to make Clay fires to red or yellow, contains the least have impurities that allow the clay to melt at are initial set, solidifying, and final set. Curing is the chemical reaction. Concrete is a mixture of amount of clay minerals and more iron, lime and lower temperatures. Refractory ceramics include not a process of drying out. If water is removed, cement, water, and aggregates. Admixtures such feldspar, and is fired between 850°C and 1050°C. firebrick, used to line fireplaces. Terra cotta curing stops. The concrete continues to mature as plasticizers, air entrainers, water proofers, refers to earthenware or stoneware made of clay or afterharden even after a year, developing retarders, accelerators, and stabilizers can also PROCESSING and pre-fired clay or grog. It does not shrink or a higher strength. Mortar is a mixture of be added. It can either be pre-cast or cast in Coloring, printing, sanding, reduction, dry-pressed, distort during firing. Ceramic veneer is a type of binder, sand, and water used to bond masonry situ. Types include: normal weight, lightweight- extruding, wire-cut, firing, drying, hand molding terra-cotta. units. Grout is a type of mortar used for structural, lightweight insulating, heavyweight, filling recesses. Concrete masonry units cellular, gap graded, shotcrete/gunite, pre-placed,

12 ceramics

Tile, stone, ceramic rubble Dichroic, anti-reflective, clear glass Glazed terracotta rods Rammed concrete Pre-cast concrete pavers

MATERIALS IN USE

(CMU)/cinder blocks are mostly made with PROCESSING lime glass. Glass fiber is glass that has been lightweight concrete with lightweight aggregates. Lampworking, lost wax cast glass, sandblasting, processed into thin strands. Includes insulating Tile and stone, wapan tiling, ceramic rubble kiln casting, acid etching, ribbon machine glass, textile fibers, and optical fibers. Ningbo Historical Museum process, fusing, slumping, water-jet cutting, GLASS E3 Ningbo, China, 2009 pressed glass, handblowing, hand blowing Amateur Architecture Studio Inorganic, non-crystalline solids that are into molds, blow molding, press and blow silica-based process, silvering, brilliant-cutting, cold-working, Dichroic, anti-reflective, reflective, and clear glass enameling Harpa Facade TYPES Reykjavík, Iceland, 2011 Soda-lime glass allows a high level of light APPLICATIONS Studio Olafur Eliasson transmittance and is nominally colorless and Windows, glass wool (insulation), glazing, lighting therefore used for windows. This glass is inert fixtures, road marking, mirrors, glass brick, glass Glazed terracotta rods and used for food containers. Soda-lime glass block, tablewares, packaging, security glass, The New York Times Building Sunscreen has a relatively high thermal expansion, making bakeware, optical fibers, tubing New York, NY, 2007 it poor at withstanding sudden thermal changes. Renzo Piano Building Workshop & FXFOWLE It is the preferred glass in contemporary TERMINOLOGY Architects construction. Lead glass (Lead crystal or lead Float glass is sheet glass produced by heating alkali glass) has up to 30% lead oxide which molten glass and floating it over molten tin. A Rammed concrete gives the glass a sparkling brilliance and clarity ribbon is formed, rolled and cut into sheets. Bruder Klaus Kapelle not achievable with soda-lime glass. It is used for It is naturally tinted green. Rolled glass/ Mechernich, Germany, 2007 luxury tableware and radiation shielding. Glass patterned glass/cast glass is translucent Peter Zumthor containing less than 24% lead oxide is referred and made by melting glass and passing it to simply as crystal. Borosilicate glass is through rollers to give it texture. Toughened Pre-cast concrete pavers composed of silica (70-80%) and boric oxide glass is pre-stressed by heating and quenching (7-13%). It can withstand extreme temperature suddenly with cool air (tempered glass) or by ion Southeast Coastal Park changes, is lighter than soda-lime glass by exchange (chemical toughening). Laminated Barcelona, Spain, 2004 15% and is easy to work. Trade name: Pyrex. glass is stronger and will remain intact when FOA (Foreign Office Architects) Vitreous silica or silica glass, alumino- broken. Security glass/bullet-resistant glass silicate glass, and glass ceramics are other types and blast-proof glass are types that use a of less common glass. PVB (polyvinyl butyral) plastic film as the core. Hollowware accounts for most glass produced. It includes bottles, jars, tableware, tubular products, and hollow blocks used in the building industry. Most is made from soda-

13 form

Sensitile Terrazzo Tiles Bekitex TruStone (E-Crete)

PLANAR LINEAR VOLUMETRIC

FILM CORD BLOCK Sheeting with a thickness less than 0.1” Twisted or formed flexible linear pieces composed Volumetric, solid, dimensionally-stable units. of one or more single or plied filaments, strands, Thicker than 1”. SHEET or yarns. Ropes more than 0.15” diameter. Sheets between 0.01” - 0.25” thick. Rigid or Threads less than 0.15” diameter. Tapes flat, GRANULES Flexible thin and wide, more than 0.15” Solid, small particles or grains. Irregular variable size and shape, larger than 1/32” PANEL PROFILE diameter. Regular similar size and shape, larger 0.25” or more in thickness. Wider than 2’. Rigid Rigid linear pieces long in relation to their cross- than 1/32” diameter. Powder any solid, granular or Flexible section. material smaller than 1/32” diameter

TILE FLUID Modular, small, thin pieces. Narrower than 2’ on Fluids with a constant density. Liquid aqueous. all sides. Less than 1” thick. Spray liquid in suspension. Foam liquid with bubbles; it can flow, expand, and eventually TEXTILE solidify. Gas any substance in a gaseous state Flexible and thin, made of assembled fibers, with openings smaller than 0.25.” Fabric SEMISOLID woven, knotted or similar, and 1/16” thick or Any material in gaseous state, including less. Mats more than 1/16” thick, woven, compressed gases. Gel jelly-like semi-solids. knotted or similar. Felts matted fibers, neither Paste spreadable semi-solids that harden after woven, knotted, nor similar a defined procedure

MESH Thin with uniform, small rectilinear openings visible to the eye. Rigid or Flexible

HONEYCOMB Sheets formed into a hexagonal cell structure with openings visible to the eye. Rigid or Flexible

14 properties

Fortadur ShotBlocker HortiPerl

MECHANICAL HYGRO-THERMAL

DENSITY YOUNG’S MODULUS THERMAL RESISTIVITY FLAMMABILITY Mass per unit of volume (kg/m3) Ratio of the uniaxial stress over the uniaxial The reciprocal of the rate at which heat is Degree of difficulty required to cause ignition or strain. Used to measure the stiffness of an elastic conducted through a solid (m°C/W) burning COMPRESSION STRENGTH material. Stress at which it first suffers permanent THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT VAPOR PERMEABILITY (inelastic) deformation in compression (MPa) FATIGUE LIMIT The degree of change in volume in response to a Measure of the passage of water vapor through a Range of cyclic stress that can be applied to the change in temperature (ustrain/°C) substance TENSILE STRENGTH material without causing failure Stress at which a round bar of the material, MELTING POINT loaded in tension, separates (MPa) Temperature at which a material turns abruptly from solid to liquid (°C) YIELD STRENGTH Stress at which it first suffers permanent SPECIFIC HEAT (inelastic) deformation in tension (MPa) Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of material by 1°C (J/kg °C) BENDING STRENGTH Stress at which it first suffers permanent EMISSIVITY (inelastic) deformation in bending (MPa) Measure of the heat radiation emitted by a material SHEAR STRENGTH Stress at which it first suffers permanent WATER ABSORPTION (inelastic) deformation in shear Increase in mass as a result of moisture absorption when a major surface of a specimen ELONGATION is placed in contact with liquid water (%) Extension in the length of a tensile specimen at fracture (%) POROSITY Fraction of the volume of voids over the total HARDNESS volume Resistance to permanent fracture or plastic deformation due to a force applied with a sharp object (HV)

15 properties

TerraSkin VarioTrans Slate Basaltex Non Woven Mats EL (Electroluminescent) Wire

ELECTRICAL DURABILITY

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY FIRE RESISTANT RADIO FREQUENCY SHIELDING Capacity of a material to oppose to the flow Resists combustion for a specified time where Prohibits electromagnetic radiation from of electric current. The reciprocal of Electrical the material will not fail structurally or allow transit penetrating the material Conductivity (conductor, semiconductor, of heat insulator) ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) WATER RESISTANT SHIELDING Not easily harmed or affected by water or does Reduces the electromagnetic field with barriers OPTICAL not allow water to pass through easily made of conductive or magnetic materials

TRANSPARENCY FREEZE/THAW RESISTANT Capacity of a material to transmit light through it Solids that can resist cyclic freezing and melting (opaque, translucent, transparent) without disintegration

REFLECTANCE CHEMICAL RESISTANT Capacity of a material to reflect light incident on Resists damage by chemical reactivity or solvent its surface (specular (glossy), medium (satin), action diffuse (matte)) CORROSION RESISTANT The capacity of a metal or alloy to resist the ACOUSTICAL corrosive action of a medium. Determined by the rate of corrosion under given conditions SOUND ABSORPTION Capacity of a material to change the acoustic UV RESISTANT energy of sound waves into another form, Ability to withstand decay due to the damaging reducing the amount of reflected and transmitted effect of the ultraviolet rays of the sun sound (reflective, neutral, absorbent) FUNGAL / BACTERIA / ANIMAL RESISTANT SOUND ISOLATION Ability to resist fungal or bacterial growth, or Capacity of a material to prevent the transmission deter specific animal species on its surface of sound through it (insulator, neutral, conductor)

16 processes

Alusion Polli-Brick Art Diffusion Naltex

CASTING MOLDING MACHINING DEFORMING

Processes based on the pouring of curable fluids Processes based of the deformation of solid Processes based on the subtraction of material Processes based on the deformation of solid into molds and semisolid materials applying high pressure mainly by mechanical methods materials using mechanical devices against molds Centrifugal casting Blanking Bending Die casting Autoclave molding CNC cutting Blowing Investment casting Back-pressure forming Drilling Die cutting Sand casting Blow molding Electron-Beam Machining (EBM) Embossing Slip casting Bubble forming Grinding Extrusion Slumping Cavity forming Laser-beam cutting Forging Cold isostatic pressing (cip) Lathing Inflating Compression molding Milling Jiggering Contact molding Nibbling Jollying Diaphragm molding Oxyacetylene cutting Pressing Dip molding Plasma-arc cutting Pultrusion Electroforming Punching Rolling Explosive forming Water-jet cutting Rotary swaging Foam molding Water-jet abrasion Shearing Hot isostatic pressing (hip) Wire cutting Stamping Hydroforming or fluid forming Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (W-EDM) Injection molding Powder molding Rotational molding Thermoforming Transfer molding Vacuum forming Vacuum infusion process (vip)

17 processes

Aero Home Slicker Reapor

SURFACING JOINING RAPID PROTOTYPING

Processes based on the application of thin layers Processes based on the connection of two or Processes based on the automated fabrication of of fluids on the surface of a material more parts to form a single unit of form products using additive techniques

Anodizing Bonding 3D printing Calendering Doweling Contour crafting Coating Fastening Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Cubic printing Filament Winding Laminated object manufacturing Flame hardening Flexible adhesives Laser Sintering Galvanizing Knitting Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Inkjet printing Rigid adhesives Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Laser hardening Soldering Stereolithography (STL) Over-mold surfacing Weaving Pad printing Welding Photo-etching Silk screen printing Spray painting

18 credits

MATERIALS COLLECTION PRIMER Railroad tie wood, reclaimed GRP, ETFE Maya Lin Studio Biblioteca Municipal de Azkoitia, 2006 Chanel Mobile Art Pavilion, 2008 © Librado Romero AUTHORS Estudio Beldarrain Zaha Hadid Architects, ARUP http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/arts/design/07storm. Anya Domlesky + Jane Hutton © Jon Cazenave © Stefan Tuchila html?_r=0 http://places.designobserver.com/slideshow/rematerial-from- http://www.archdaily.com/144378/chanel-mobile-art-pavilion- accessed on 03/07/2014 DESIGNERS waste-to-architecture/13838/848/ zaha-hadid-architects/_k5_5077/ Anya Domlesky + Jacqueline Park accessed on 03/06/2014 accessed on 03/07/2014 Rock-filled gabions And assistance by Jina Kim + Ambrose Luk Dominus Winery, 1998 Brazilian Ipe hardwood Materials in Use, Metals, page 8 Herzog and de Meuron EDITORS Yokohama Ferry Terminal, 2002 © Jos Driessen Jane Hutton + Johanna Kasubowski FOA (Foreign Office Architects) Steel structure and cables http://www.fotopedia.com/items/NVzlgfk-DZM-AP00r4ljfRc © Lise Laurberg MFO Park, 2002 accessed on 03/07/2014 ADVISOR http://www.arcspace.com/image-library/yokohama- Burckhardt + Partner AG Alix Reiskind international-port-terminal/ © Burckhardt + Partner Greek marble accessed on 03/07/2014 http://www.burckhardtpartner.ch/en/references/items/new- St. Pius Church, 1966 BIBLIOGRAPHY mfo-park.html Franz Feug Unbleached Kraft paper or tissue paper accessed on 03/07/2014 © Frank Kaltenbach Softwall http://www.detail-online.com/inspiration/discussion-taking- A Green Vitruvius : Principles and Practice of Sustainable Architectural Design (London: James & James, 1999) Molo Design Steel shipping containers a-second-look-%E2%80%93-st-pius-catholic-church-in- © Molo Design Nomadic Museum, 2005 meggen-108891.html Amato, Ivan, Stuff : the Materials the World Is Made Of, 1st http://molodesign.com/products/softwall-softblock-modular- Shigeru Ban Architects accessed on 03/07/2014 edn (New York, NY: BasicBooks, 1997) system-%C2%B7-led-lighting/# © Shigeru Ban Architects accessed on 03/07/2014 http://www.dma-ny.com/site_sba/?page_id=307 Materials in Use, Ceramics, page 12 Ashby, M. F., Materials and the Environment : Eco-informed accessed on 03/07/2014 Material Choice (Amsterdam ;: Butterworth-Heinemann/ Elsevier, 2009) Gluelam scotch pine Tile and stone, wapan tiling, ceramic rubble Corolle: high tension electricity pylon, 1994 Stainless steel woven curtain Ningbo Historical Museum, 2009 Berge, Bjørn, The Ecology of Building Materials, Second Martin Szekely Princeton Parking Garage, 2000 Amateur Architecture Studio Edition, 2nd edn (taylor & francis, 2009) © Alain Dovifat TEN Arquitectos © Iwan Baan http://www.martinszekely.com/niveau4-industrie. © TEN Arquitectos http://www.iwan.com/photo_Wang_Shu_Ningbo_Historic_ Borch, Ine ter, Skins for Buildings : the Architect’s Materials Sample Book (Amsterdam: BIS, 2004) php?ty2=ma&ty=de&id=15&id2=52 http://www.ten-arquitectos.com/proyecto.php?ip=121 Museum.php?plaat=Wang-Shu-Ningbo-Museum-4405.jpg accessed on 03/07/2014 accessed on 03/07/2014 accessed on 03/07/2014 Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Environmental impact of materials. (London: Construction Materials in Use, Polymers, page 6 Articulating aluminum panels Bichroic, anti-reflective, clear glass Industry Research and Information Association, 1995) Technorama Façade, 2002 Harpa Concert Hall, 2011 Nylon fabric Ned Kahn Henning Larsen Architects Dent, Andrew, Anita Moryadas, and George M. Beylerian, Material ConneXion : the Global Resource of New and Wendy, 2012 © Ned Kahn Studios © Henning Larsen Architects Innovative Materials for Architects, Artists, and Designers HWKN http://nedkahn.com/portfolio/technorama-facade/ http://www.archdaily.com/153520/harpa-concert-hall-and- (Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley, 2005) © Michael Moran accessed on 03/07/2014 conference-centre-henning-larsen-architects/harpa-concert- http://www.architectmagazine.com/cultural-projects/ hall-and-conference-centre-in-reykjavik-11/ Deplazes, Andrea, ed., Constructing Architecture: Materials, construction-complete-on-hwkns-wendy-at-moma-ps1.aspx Cast tombasil (white bronze) and copper panels accessed on 03/07/2014 Processes, Structures, trans. by Gerd H. Söffker, 2nd ed. accessed on 03/07/2014 American Folk Art Museum, 2001 2008. 2nd printing (Birkhäuser Architecture, 2008) Todd Williams Billie Tsien Architects Glazed terracotta rods Polycarbonate panels © Michael Moran The New York Times Building Sunscreen, 2007 Harris, Charles W., Nicholas T. Dines, and Kyle D. Brown, Model Workshop, 2002 http://blog.archpaper.com/wordpress/archives/16891 Renzo Piano Building Workshop Time-saver Standards for Landscape Architecture : Design Almann Sattler Wappner Architekten accessed on 03/07/2014 © Renzo Piano Building Workshop, FXFOWLE and Construction Data, 2nd edn (New York: McGraw-Hill, © Florian Holzherr, Stefan Müller-Naumann http://www.iwan.com/photo_Wang_Shu_Ningbo_Historic_ 1998) http://www.allmannsattlerwappner.de/en/#/en/projects/ Materials in Use, Minerals, page 10 Museum.php?plaat=Wang-Shu-Ningbo-Museum-4405.jpg Jester, Thomas C., Twentieth-century Building Materials : detail/88/pics/?page=6 accessed on 03/07/2014 History and Conservation (New York]: McGraw-Hill, 1995) accessed on 03/07/2014 Concave natural stone Weather Garden (Stone Yard, Park Hyatt Hotel), 2004 Rammed concrete Rand, Patrick, and Victoria Ballard Bell, Materials for Acrylic rods Voft Landschaftsarchitekten Bruder Klaus Kapelle, 2007 Architectural Design (London: Laurence King, 2006) Seed Cathedral, 2002 © Vogt Peter Zumthor Schwedt, Georg, The Essential Guide to Environmental Heatherwick Studio http://www.vogt-la.com/en/project/hotel-park-hyatt © Samuel Ludwig Chemistry (Chichester ;: John Wiley, 2001) © Daniele Mattioli accessed on 03/07/2014 http://www.samueltludwig.com/peter-zumthor/ http://www.yatzer.com/2173_seed_cathedral_for_the_uk_ n0imxh2kzl54qc44obm671fxnwielt Sovinski, Rob W., Materials and Their Applications in shanghai_pavilion_by_heatherwick_studio Earthen facades and floors accessed on 03/07/2014 Landscape Design (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2009) accessed on 03/07/2014 Aomori Museum of Art, 2006 Jun Aoki & Associates Pre-cast concrete pavers PET © Daici Ano Southeast Coastal Park, 2007 IMAGE CREDITS United Bottle, 2006 http://www.archdaily.com/126728/aomori-museum-of-art-jun- FOA (Foreign Office Architects) Instant Architects aoki-associates/amoaano002/ © FOA Images used to represent materials in use are for © Van Alen Institute accessed on 03/07/2014 http://www.cyberarchi.com/dossier/zoom_article_v2.php?doss demonstration use only in an educational context. http://www.vanalen.org/fellowship/fellows/03_2008_ ier=75&article=13710&photo=37578&modal=true&keepThis=t hebelstollman#related_photos_content%3Dtrue Earth rue&height=900&width=800&TB_iframe=true Materials in Use, Biocomposites, page 4 accessed on 03/07/2014 Storm King Wavefield, 2009 accessed on 07/12/2013