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Underwater Bridge Inspection Publication No Underwater Bridge Inspection Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-027 Pre-Publication Edition NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. The conduct of underwater bridge inspections may frequently require the use of divers. While this manual contains information on diving equipment and diver inspection techniques, it is neither intended to train personnel in diving nor enumerate all diving safety concerns and regulations. Actual diving inspections can be extremely hazardous and should be undertaken only by personnel adequately trained to cope with the conditions that may be encountered. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-NHI-10-027 4. Title and Subtitle 4. Report Date June 2010 Underwater Bridge Inspection 6. Performing Organization Code: 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Terence M. Browne, P.E.; Thomas J. Collins, S.E., P.E.; Michael J. Garlich, S.E., P.E.; John E. O’Leary, S.E., P.E.; Daniel G. Stromberg, S.E., P.E.; Katherine C. Heringhaus 9. Performing Organization on Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Collins Engineers, Inc. 11. Contract or Grant No. 123 North Wacker Drive, Suite 300 Chicago, Illinois 60606 DTFH61-09-T-70027 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report, April 2010 Office of Bridge Technology 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20590 15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR): Louisa Ward FHWA Technical Consultant: Gary Moss 16. Abstract: To ensure public safety and to protect the capital investment in bridges over water, underwater members must be inspected to the extent necessary to determine their structural condition with certainty. Underwater inspections must also include the streambed. In shallow water, underwater inspections may be accomplished visually or tactilely from above the water surface; in deep water, however, inspections will generally require diving or other appropriate techniques to determine conditions. The underwater inspector has a wide range of diving, inspection, and documentation equipment and techniques available. The purpose of this manual is to provide guidelines for underwater bridge inspection; acquaint those responsible for bridge safety with underwater inspection techniques and equipment; and present commonly found defects. It should be of interest to bridge and maintenance engineers, divers, and inspectors. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Bridge inspection, underwater inspection, scour, No restrictions. This document is available from the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Underwater Bridge Inspection Report No. FHWA-NHI-10-027 Prepared by Collins Engineers, Inc. 123 North Wacker Drive, Suite 300 Chicago, Illinois 60606 Prepared for Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20590 June 2010 Underwater Bridge Inspection Reference Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I MANAGING AN UNDERWATER INSPECTION PROGRAM ................. 1-1 SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES FOR UNDERWATER INSPECTION .......... 1-1 1-1.1 Need for Underwater Inspections .................................. 1-1 1-1.2 National Bridge Inspection Standards ............................. 1-2 SECTION 2. UNDERWATER INSPECTION .................................................. 1-4 1-2.1 Levels of Inspection .................................................. 1-4 1-2.2 Types of Inspection .................................................. 1-6 1-2.3 Frequency of Inspection ............................................. 1-9 1-2.4 Dive Safety ........................................................... 1-10 CHAPTER II THE UNDERWATER INSPECTION TEAM ................................... 2-1 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 2-1 2-1.1 General ................................................................ 2-1 2-1.2 Qualifications ......................................................... 2-1 SECTION 2. DIVE SAFETY STANDARDS .................................................... 2-5 2-2.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ........ 2-5 2-2.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract Diving Operations .... 2-6 2-2.3 Other Safety Standards .............................................. 2-7 SECTION 3. PLANNING UNDERWATER BRIDGE INSPECTION OPERATIONS ............ 2-7 CHAPTER III IDENTIFICATION OF UNDERWATER STRUCTURAL DEFECTS .......... 3-1 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 3-1 SECTION 2. TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURES LOCATED IN WATER ......................... 3-1 3-2.1 Pile Bents .............................................................. 3-1 3-2.2 Piers .................................................................... 3-5 3-2.3 Abutments ............................................................. 3-5 3-2.4 Caissons ................................................................ 3-6 3-2.4 Cofferdams and Foundation Seals .................................. 3-6 3-2.5 Protection Devices ................................................... 3-7 3-2.7 Culverts ................................................................ 3-8 i Underwater Bridge Inspection Reference Manual SECTION 3. DETERIORATION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ............................ 3-9 3-3.1 Concrete ............................................................... 3-9 3-3.2 Steel ................................................................... 3-14 3-3.3 Masonry ............................................................... 3-18 3-3.4 Timber ................................................................ 3-19 3-3.5 Composite Materials ................................................ 3-21 3-3.6 Vessel Damage ....................................................... 3-22 CHAPTER IV UNDERWATER INSPECTION EQUIPMENT ................................. 4-1 SECTION 1. THE DIVER’S ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 4-1 SECTION 2. MODES OF DIVING ............................................................. 4-3 4-2.1 General ................................................................ 4-3 SECTION 3. DIVER’S EQUIPMENT .......................................................... 4-7 4-3.1 Scuba ................................................................... 4-7 4-3.2 Lightweight Surface-Supplied Diving ............................. 4-10 SECTION 4. INSPECTION TOOLS .......................................................... 4-11 4-4.1 General ............................................................... 4-11 4-4.2 Tools ................................................................... 4-12 SECTION 5. UNDERWATER IMAGING ..................................................... 4-13 4-5.1 Photography and Video ............................................. 4-13 4-5.2 Underwater Imaging ................................................ 4-17 SECTION 6. DIVE PLATFORMS ............................................................. 4-18 4-6.1 General ............................................................... 4-18 CHAPTER V UNDERWATER INSPECTION TECHNIQUES ................................ 5-1 SECTION 1. PREPARATION AND SAFETY .................................................. 5-1 5-1.1 Site Reconnaissance and Data Collection ......................... 5-1 5-1.2 Hazard Analysis ....................................................... 5-2 SECTION 2. INSPECTION .................................................................... 5-3 5-2.1 General ................................................................ 5-3 5-2.2 Piers and Abutments ................................................. 5-4 5-2.3 Piles .................................................................... 5-5 ii Underwater Bridge Inspection Reference Manual 5-2.4 Cells, Cofferdams, and Bulkheads ................................. 5-5 SECTION 3. SPECIAL TESTING, LEVEL III INSPECTION .................................. 5-6 5-3.1 General ................................................................ 5-6 5-3.2 Steel .................................................................... 5-6 5-3.3 Concrete ............................................................... 5-8 5-3.4 Timber ................................................................ 5-10 CHAPTER VI SCOUR INVESTIGATIONS .................................................... 6-1 SECTION 1. BACKGROUND ................................................................. 6-1 SECTION 2. BASIC CONCEPTS
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