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Construction of Tremie Concrete Cutoff Wall, Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky

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Construction of Tremie Concrete Cutoff Wall, Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky c / y (y ¥ f t D n a a n in_r uir D 0!ID§Ii I <__ -j M IS C E L L A N E O U S PAPER SL-80-10 CONSTRUCTION OF TREMIE CONCRETE CUTOFF WALL, WOLF CREEK DAM, KENTUCKY by Terence C. Holland, Joseph R. Turner Structures Laboratory U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station P. O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180 September 1980 Final Report Approved For Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Prepared for Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army TA Washington, D. C. 20314 7 .W34m Under C W IS 3 I5 5 3 SL-80-10 1980 », Ar ' \ 8 ;v ;>"* % * OCT 2 7 1980 Water & : as Service Denver, Colorado Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. SURÈAU OF RECLAMATrON DENVER u *W ff \& A /P 92059356 \y£ ,\s> , *c£p £ > b <0 Unclassified V * ie05*l35Ï.V SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) O' READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER Miscellaneous Paper SL-80-10 ' 4. T I T L E (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED V CONSTRUCTION OF TREMIE CONCRETE CUTOFF WALL, Final report WOLF CREEK DAM, KENTUCKY 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7; AUTHOR!» 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER!» Terence C. Holland Joseph R. Turner 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station CWIS 31553 Structures Laboratory P. 0. Box 631 Vicksburg, Miss. 39180 12. REPORT DATE 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS September 1980_ Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S Army 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Washington, D. C. 20314 85 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS!'// ditierent from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS, (of thia report) Unclassified 15«. DECL ASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thia Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Concrete placing Tremie concrete Cutoff walls Underwater construction Diaphragm wall construction Wolf Creek Dam Earth dams 2Qv ABSTRACT (Continue am reverse sitfe ft rmeeammey m od. identify by block number) Significant leakage was occurring at a Corps of Engineers dam. The cause of the leakage was postulated to be flow through the dam's cutoff trench or through solution cavities beneath the dam or through both. The repair technique selected was to construct a concrete cutoff wall through the earth-fill portion of the dam into the rock foundation using a modification of the diaphragm wall technique often used in foundation construction. Concrete was placed by tremie (Continued) FO RM EDITION O F f NOV 65 IS O BSO LETE DD ,JAN 73 1473 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) _________ Unclassified______________ SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEQWin Data Entered) 20. ABSTRACT (Continued). to construct the individual elements making up the wall. The construction methods, equipment, and materials are described in this report. The report emphasizes the effort to determine the cause of isolated area* of heterogeneities such as honeycomb and laitance which were found in the com­ pleted wall. The apparent cause was a combination of segregation occurring during the fall of the concrete through the tremie, the small diameter of the wall elements, the smooth walls of the casings being used for the elements, and the rapid rate of concrete placement. It is believed that these last three factors inhibited concrete remixing within the wall elements leading to the heterogeneities noted. Since the problems were confined to cased elements, no detrimental effects on the cutoff wall are anticipated. Overall, the procedure has proved to be an effective cure for the leakage at the structure. The problems identified also have bearing on other types of deep, con­ fined tremie concrete placements such as cast-in-place piles or piers or the filling of precast concrete elements. Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfWFien Data Entered) PREFACE This report was prepared at the Structures Laboratory (SL) of the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) under the sponsor­ ship of the Office, Chief of Engineers (OCE), U. S. Army, as a part of Civil Works Investigation Work Unit 31553, Maintenance and Preservation of Civil Works Structures. Mr. James A. Rhodes and Mr. Fred Anderson of the Structures Branch (DAEN-CWE-DC), Engineering Division, OCE, served as technical monitors. The study was conducted under the general supervision of Mr. Bryant Mather, Chief, SL, and Mr. John Scanlon, Chief, Concrete Technology Division, SL, and under the direct supervision of Mr. James E. McDonald, Chief, Evaluation and Montioring Group, SL. MAJ Terence C. Holland, Structures Branch, SL, prepared this report with the assistance of Mr. Joseph R. Turner, Huntington District, who was Resident Engineer during the majority of the construction. The assistance of Mr. Duane Dyer, Nashville District, initially Assistant and later Resident Engineer, is appreciated. The work covered by this report was initiated by MAJ Holland under a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) grant to the University of California, Berkeley. Professor Ben C. Gerwick oversaw the work there, and his comments and assistance on this work are also appreciated. Additional time and funding from the WES allowed the present report to cover several areas not completely covered in the FHWA effort. Commanders and Directors of the WES during this study and the preparation and publication of this report were COL John L. Cannon and COL Nelson P. Conover, CE. Technical Director was Mr. Fred R. Brown. 1 CONTENTS Page PREFACE .......................................................... 1 CONVERSION FACTORS, INCH-POUND TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT .................................................... 3 PART I: INTRODUCTION............................................. 4 Description of Dam.............................................. 4 Description of Problem.......................................... 5 Repair Procedures .............................................. 9 PART II: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS................................ 20 Quality of Tremie Concrete...................................... 20 Analysis of Tremie Procedure.................................... 23 PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................ 45 Conclusions.................................................... 45 Recommendations ................................................ 46 REFERENCES........................................................ 48 TABLES 1-6 APPENDIX A: SUMMARIES OF CORE LOGS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS........... A1 APPENDIX B: TREMIE CONCRETE PLACEMENT LOGS FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS............................................ B1 APPENDIX C: HYDROSTATIC BALANCE DATA FOR SELECTED ELEMENTS .... Cl APPENDIX D: EXCERPTS FROM WOLF CREEK CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS . D1 2 CONVERSION FACTORS, INCH-POUND TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Inch-pound units of measurement in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply By To Obtain acre-feet 1233.489 cubic metres cubic feet 0.02831685 cubic metres cubic feet per second 0.02831685 cubic metres per second cubic yards 0.7645549 cubic metres cubic yards per hour 0.7645549 cubic metres per hour Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvim feet 0.3048 metres feet per hour 0.3048 metres per hour feet per second 0.3048 metres per second inches 25.4 millimetres miles (U. S. statute) 1.609344 kilometres ounces (U. S. liquid) 38.6807 cubic centimetres per per cubic yard cubic metre pounds (force) per foot 14.59390 newtons per metre pounds (force) per 47.88026 pascals square foot pounds (force) per 6894.757 pascals square inch pounds (mass) per cubic 16.01846 kilograms per cubic metre foot pounds (mass) per cubic 0.05933 kilograms per cubic metre yard square inches 0.00064516 square metres * To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) read­ ings, use the following formula: C = (5/9) (F - 32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use: K = (5/9)(F - 32) + 273.15. 3 CONSTRUCTION OF TREMIE CONCRETE CUTOFF WALL WOLF CREEK DAM, KENTUCKY PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. The analysis described in this report was undertaken to iden­ tify and correct the cause or causes of limited but persistent problems with the quality of tremie concrete being placed at Wolf Creek Dam. Since this project represented one of the first cases where tremie concrete was used as it was here, since this type of construction may be expected to reoccur within the Corps, and due to the interest expressed in this project when it was described by Mr. Joseph R. Turner at the Corps1 General Concrete Conference,* decision was made to publish this information as part of the WES investigation of Maintenance and Preservation of Civil Works Structures. Description of Dam 2. Wolf Creek Dam is a multipurpose structure (power generation, flood control, recreation) located on the Cumberland River near Jamestown, Kentucky.
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