The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848–1992 Alessandra Tarquini Editor The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848–1992

Between Zionism and Antisemitism Editor Alessandra Tarquini Sapienza University of Rome,

ISBN 978-3-030-56661-6 ISBN 978-3-030-56662-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3

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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements

In bringing this work to conclusion, I would frst of all like to thank Biancamaria Dematteis, Andrea Pinazzi and Gregorio Sorgonà, with whom I have shared the activities of the Seminario Permanente di Storia Contemporanea at the Sapienza University of Rome. Together, in January 2019, we organized “The European Left and the Jewish Question” con- ference that led to the compilation of this volume. A special thank-you goes to Maddalena Chiellini, who translated parts of the volume and edited it. Additionally, I would like to sincerely thank the colleagues and friends who took part to the seminar and to the conference, and to those who were not present but contributed to this volume. As we fnish this work, it is a diffcult time, as the Covid-19 pandemic spreads through the globe. We are not the only ones suffering and we do not know when this will end. Our way to endure this transformation and the crisis that the whole world and Europe are facing is to keep on work- ing, certain and hopeful that soon we will meet again to discuss and work on these important issues.

v Contents

Introduction 1 Alessandra Tarquini

Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective 13 Michel Dreyfus

Part I The Theorists of Socialism 27

Religion et Politique: Saint-Simonians, and the Jewish Paradigm 37 Alberto Scigliano

Cesare Lombroso, the «Blast of Antisemitism» and «Socialist Neo-­Christianity» 53 Xavier Tabet

Anarchists and Jews: Bernard Lazare’s Analysis of Antisemitism 67 Stefania Mazzone

vii viii Contents

Wilhelm Marr (1819–1904) and the Left in Germany: The Birth of Modern Antisemitism 81 Didier Musiedlak

Sorel and the Jewish Question 95 Luca Basile

Corrupter of the Working Class. Italian Revolutionary Syndicalism and Antisemitic Critics of Democracy 111 Enrico Serventi Longhi

 and the Jewish Question 125 Andrea Pinazzi

Part II The Representation of Antisemitism 137

Adorno’s Interpretation of Antisemitism and the Dialectics of Civilization 145 Stefano Petrucciani

Left-Wing Intellectuals and the Representation of the Shoah in Italy: From the Second World War to the 1970s, Between Anti- and the Frankfurt School 157 Alessandra Tarquini

Avanti! and the Memory of the Shoah (1961–1967) 175 Bianca Maria Dematteis

Umberto Terracini: His Commitment to the Memory of the Shoah, His Relationship with and His Fight Against Antisemitism 197 Marta Nicolo

“A Nostalgia for Totality”: Cesare Cases Between Antisemitism, the Jewish Question and Israel 211 Simon Levis Sullam Contents ix

Part III The Israel Question 221

The and the “Israel Question” During the First Years of the Cold War. Towards a Historical Semantics of Communist Anti-Zionism 229 Andrea Guiso

The Italian Communists and Socialists’ Reading of the Six-­Day War and Its Consequences 243 Claudio Brillanti

Jewish Left-Wing Intellectuals in Postwar Germany: The Case of Micha Brumlik and the Israeli Palestinian Conflict Between Antisemitism and Anti-Zionism 263 Anna Corsten

The French Radical Left and the Jews: The Influence of the Arab-Israeli Conflict on Anti-Zionism Within the French Radical Left Between 1967 and the Early 1980s 283 Thomas Maineult

The Italian Radical Left and the Arab-Israeli Question (1969–1977) 301 Gregorio Sorgonà

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as Seen by the Spanish Left from the Gulf War Until Today 319 Manuelle Peloille

Name Index 331

Subject Index 343 Notes on Contributors

Luca Basile is a research fellow at the Faculty of Philosophy of the San Raffaele University of Milan. Among his recent books: Around the Problem of the Ruling Class in Moscow, Michels, Gramsci (2016), Subject and Politics—Essays on Italian Marxism (2020). Claudio Brillanti holds a PhD in Political Studies at the Department of Political Science, Sapienza University of Rome. His main research inter- ests include Italian politics and the Arab-Israeli confict. He is the author of Le sinistre italiane e il confitto arabo-israelo-palestinese (2018). Anna Corsten is a research assistant at the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich (IfZ). She is part of the project “Democratic Culture and the Nazi Past”. Her recent articles are: Immer wieder, wie ein Gespenst kommt sie zurück. Überlegungen zur Konfiktgeschichte von Hannah Arendt und Raul Hilberg (2019) and Marginalized Migrant Knowledge: The Reception of German-Speaking Refugee Historians in West Germany after 1945 (2019). Bianca Maria Dematteis holds a PhD in Contemporary History at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Her studies mainly focus on memory of the Holocaust, antisemitism and memory of Fascism in Italian political cultures. Michel Dreyfus is a historian and research director at CNRS-Université Paris I. He published several essays and books on the history of workers’ movement. He is the author of L’Antisémitisme à gauche. Histoire d’un paradoxe, de 1830 à nos jours (2009).

xi xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Andrea Guiso is Associate Professor of Contemporary History at Sapienza University of Rome. His recent publications include The Long Goodbye. Politics and Economy in the Crisis of Entrepreunerial State in Tracing the Origins of Italian Modernity. The Transformation of the Public Sphere in Italy During the Seventies (2020), Italian Intellectuals and International Politics 1945–1992 (eds. with A. Tarquini, 2019), La Guerra di Atena. Il “luogo” della Grande Guerra nell’evoluzione delle forme liber- ali di governo: Regno Unito, Francia, Italia (2017). Simon Levis Sullam is Associate Professor of Modern History at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. He specializes in modern Italian history, his- tory of the Holocaust and of antisemitism. His books include Giuseppe Mazzini and the Origins of Fascism (Palgrave Macmillan) and The Italian Executioners. The Genocide of the Jews of Italy (2018). Thomas Maineult is holder of the agrégation in History and a PhD can- didate at the Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po (Paris) where he is fnishing his dissertation on the Palestinian cause in France. He has written on French communists and the Palestinian cause. Stefania Mazzone is Associate Professor of History of Political Doctrines at the Department of Political and Social Sciences and political thought at the University of Catania. She wrote many essays on the history of political thought. In recent years, her research interests focus on the relationship between ideologies and institutions. Didier Musiedlak is a former member of the École Française in Rome and Professor of History at the University of Paris-Ouest-­Nanterre-La Défense. He is the author of several works on Italian Fascism and authori- tarian and totalitarian regimes. Recent publications include Mussolini (2005), Il mito di Mussolini (2009), Parlementaires en chemise noire. Italie 1922–1943 (2007). He has edited Les expériences corporatives dans l’aire latine (2010). Marta Nicolo holds a PhD in History from the Department of Historical Studies at the University of Tourin. Her previous titles include: Un impegno controcorrente. Umberto Terracini e gli ebrei (1945–1983) (2018) and the recent Paul Sebag, un inizio in the volume L’integrazione degli ebrei: una tenace illusione? Scritti per Fabio Levi (2019). NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Manuelle Peloille is full Professor in Spanish Studies at the University of Angers. Her interests are mainly on political posturing in Spain in the twentieth century. She is the editor of Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine and the author of L’indépendance catalane en ques- tion (2018). Stefano Petrucciani is Professor of Political Philosophy at the Sapienza University of Rome. His books include Introduzione a Habermas (2000), Introduzione a Adorno (2007), Modelli di flosofa politica (2003), Marx (2009), Democrazia (2014), Storia del marxismo (2015) and Marx cri- tique du libéralisme (2018). Andrea Pinazzi is PhD in Philosophy at Sapienza University of Rome. He was visiting research fellow at Paris Descartes University, in 2014–2015, post-doc at Sapienza University of Rome in 2019–2020. His research focuses on the theoretical origins of the European Union, with special attention to ethics, moral philosophy, political philosophy, philoso- phy of law. Alberto Scigliano is a research fellow on the History of Political Thought at the Department of Law and Political Sciences, University of Eastern . He deals with European Jewry and Hebraic Political Thought. His last published work is Simile di Solima ai fati. La grand narrative biblista nella cultura ottocentesca (2020). Enrico Serventi Longhi is a research fellow in Contemporary History at the Department of Social and Economic Sciences—Sapienza University of Rome. He is the author of books and articles on the relationship between syndicalist and revolutionary movements. Gregorio Sorgonà, PhD is the secretary of the Scientifc Advisory Board of Fondazione Gramsci, Rome, Italy. His studies mainly focus on Italian political history of the twentieth century. He is author of several articles and books, including La svolta incompiuta. Il gruppo dirigente del Pci dall’VIII all’XI Congresso (2011), Il presente come storia (2016), La scoperta della destra. Il Movimento sociale italiano e gli Stati Uniti d’America (2019). Xavier Tabet is Professor at Université Paris 8. His researches are on political and juridical Italian thought from the eighteen to the twentieth century. After his works on Cesare Beccaria and the birth of the modern criminal law, he is working on the links between politics, medicine and law during the time of Cesare Lombroso. xiv Notes on Contributors

Alessandra Tarquini is Associate Professor of Contemporary History at the Sapienza University of Rome. She is the author of several essays and books on Fascist regime, Intellectual history and antisemitism that include: Storia della cultura fascista (2016), Italian Intellectuals and International Politics (eds. with Andrea Guiso 2019), La sinistra italiana e gli ebrei (2019). She is the Scientifc Coordinator of the Permanent Seminar on Contemporary History at the Department of Social and Economical Sciences.