The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848–1992 Alessandra Tarquini Editor The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848–1992 Between Zionism and Antisemitism Editor Alessandra Tarquini Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ISBN 978-3-030-56661-6 ISBN 978-3-030-56662-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In bringing this work to conclusion, I would frst of all like to thank Biancamaria Dematteis, Andrea Pinazzi and Gregorio Sorgonà, with whom I have shared the activities of the Seminario Permanente di Storia Contemporanea at the Sapienza University of Rome. Together, in January 2019, we organized “The European Left and the Jewish Question” con- ference that led to the compilation of this volume. A special thank-you goes to Maddalena Chiellini, who translated parts of the volume and edited it. Additionally, I would like to sincerely thank the colleagues and friends who took part to the seminar and to the conference, and to those who were not present but contributed to this volume. As we fnish this work, it is a diffcult time, as the Covid-19 pandemic spreads through the globe. We are not the only ones suffering and we do not know when this will end. Our way to endure this transformation and the crisis that the whole world and Europe are facing is to keep on work- ing, certain and hopeful that soon we will meet again to discuss and work on these important issues. v CONTENTS Introduction 1 Alessandra Tarquini Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective 13 Michel Dreyfus Part I The Theorists of Socialism 27 Religion et Politique: Saint-Simonians, Jews and the Jewish Paradigm 37 Alberto Scigliano Cesare Lombroso, the «Blast of Antisemitism» and «Socialist Neo-­Christianity» 53 Xavier Tabet Anarchists and Jews: Bernard Lazare’s Analysis of Antisemitism 67 Stefania Mazzone vii viii Contents Wilhelm Marr (1819–1904) and the Left in Germany: The Birth of Modern Antisemitism 81 Didier Musiedlak Sorel and the Jewish Question 95 Luca Basile Corrupter of the Working Class. Italian Revolutionary Syndicalism and Antisemitic Critics of Democracy 111 Enrico Serventi Longhi Antonio Gramsci and the Jewish Question 125 Andrea Pinazzi Part II The Representation of Antisemitism 137 Adorno’s Interpretation of Antisemitism and the Dialectics of Civilization 145 Stefano Petrucciani Left-Wing Intellectuals and the Representation of the Shoah in Italy: From the Second World War to the 1970s, Between Anti-Fascism and the Frankfurt School 157 Alessandra Tarquini Avanti! and the Memory of the Shoah (1961–1967) 175 Bianca Maria Dematteis Umberto Terracini: His Commitment to the Memory of the Shoah, His Relationship with Israel and His Fight Against Antisemitism 197 Marta Nicolo “A Nostalgia for Totality”: Cesare Cases Between Antisemitism, the Jewish Question and Israel 211 Simon Levis Sullam Contents ix Part III The Israel Question 221 The Italian Communist Party and the “Israel Question” During the First Years of the Cold War. Towards a Historical Semantics of Communist Anti-Zionism 229 Andrea Guiso The Italian Communists and Socialists’ Reading of the Six-­Day War and Its Consequences 243 Claudio Brillanti Jewish Left-Wing Intellectuals in Postwar Germany: The Case of Micha Brumlik and the Israeli Palestinian Conflict Between Antisemitism and Anti-Zionism 263 Anna Corsten The French Radical Left and the Jews: The Influence of the Arab-Israeli Conflict on Anti-Zionism Within the French Radical Left Between 1967 and the Early 1980s 283 Thomas Maineult The Italian Radical Left and the Arab-Israeli Question (1969–1977) 301 Gregorio Sorgonà The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as Seen by the Spanish Left from the Gulf War Until Today 319 Manuelle Peloille Name Index 331 Subject Index 343 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Luca Basile is a research fellow at the Faculty of Philosophy of the San Raffaele University of Milan. Among his recent books: Around the Problem of the Ruling Class in Moscow, Michels, Gramsci (2016), Subject and Politics—Essays on Italian Marxism (2020). Claudio Brillanti holds a PhD in Political Studies at the Department of Political Science, Sapienza University of Rome. His main research inter- ests include Italian politics and the Arab-Israeli confict. He is the author of Le sinistre italiane e il confitto arabo-israelo-palestinese (2018). Anna Corsten is a research assistant at the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich (IfZ). She is part of the project “Democratic Culture and the Nazi Past”. Her recent articles are: Immer wieder, wie ein Gespenst kommt sie zurück. Überlegungen zur Konfiktgeschichte von Hannah Arendt und Raul Hilberg (2019) and Marginalized Migrant Knowledge: The Reception of German-Speaking Refugee Historians in West Germany after 1945 (2019). Bianca Maria Dematteis holds a PhD in Contemporary History at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Her studies mainly focus on memory of the Holocaust, antisemitism and memory of Fascism in Italian political cultures. Michel Dreyfus is a historian and research director at CNRS-Université Paris I. He published several essays and books on the history of workers’ movement. He is the author of L’Antisémitisme à gauche. Histoire d’un paradoxe, de 1830 à nos jours (2009). xi xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Andrea Guiso is Associate Professor of Contemporary History at Sapienza University of Rome. His recent publications include The Long Goodbye. Politics and Economy in the Crisis of Entrepreunerial State in Tracing the Origins of Italian Modernity. The Transformation of the Public Sphere in Italy During the Seventies (2020), Italian Intellectuals and International Politics 1945–1992 (eds. with A. Tarquini, 2019), La Guerra di Atena. Il “luogo” della Grande Guerra nell’evoluzione delle forme liber- ali di governo: Regno Unito, Francia, Italia (2017). Simon Levis Sullam is Associate Professor of Modern History at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. He specializes in modern Italian history, his- tory of the Holocaust and of antisemitism. His books include Giuseppe Mazzini and the Origins of Fascism (Palgrave Macmillan) and The Italian Executioners. The Genocide of the Jews of Italy (2018). Thomas Maineult is holder of the agrégation in History and a PhD can- didate at the Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po (Paris) where he is fnishing his dissertation on the Palestinian cause in France. He has written on French communists and the Palestinian cause. Stefania Mazzone is Associate Professor of History of Political Doctrines at the Department of Political and Social Sciences and political thought at the University of Catania. She wrote many essays on the history of political thought. In recent years, her research interests focus on the relationship between ideologies and institutions. Didier Musiedlak is a former member of the École Française in Rome and Professor of History at the University of Paris-Ouest-­Nanterre-La Défense. He is the author of several works on Italian Fascism and authori- tarian and totalitarian regimes. Recent publications include Mussolini (2005), Il mito di Mussolini (2009), Parlementaires en chemise noire. Italie 1922–1943 (2007). He has edited Les expériences corporatives dans l’aire latine (2010). Marta Nicolo holds a PhD in History from the Department of Historical Studies at the University of Tourin. Her previous titles include: Un impegno controcorrente. Umberto Terracini e gli ebrei (1945–1983) (2018) and the recent Paul Sebag, un inizio in the volume L’integrazione degli ebrei: una tenace illusione? Scritti per Fabio Levi (2019). NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii Manuelle Peloille is full Professor in Spanish Studies at the University of Angers. Her interests are mainly on political posturing in Spain in the twentieth century. She is the editor of Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine and the author of L’indépendance catalane en ques- tion (2018). Stefano Petrucciani is Professor of Political Philosophy at the Sapienza University of Rome. His books include Introduzione a Habermas (2000), Introduzione a Adorno (2007), Modelli di flosofa politica (2003), Marx (2009), Democrazia (2014), Storia del marxismo (2015) and Marx cri- tique du libéralisme (2018). Andrea Pinazzi is PhD in Philosophy at Sapienza University of Rome. He was visiting research fellow at Paris Descartes University, in 2014–2015, post-doc at Sapienza University of Rome in 2019–2020. His research focuses on the theoretical origins of the European Union, with special attention to ethics, moral philosophy, political philosophy, philoso- phy of law. Alberto Scigliano is a research fellow on the History of Political Thought at the Department of Law and Political Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont.