LTE-Advanced Pro a Short Excursion

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LTE-Advanced Pro A Short Excursion

GRANDMETRIC GUIDEPAPER Executive summary

Everybody is currently talking about the upcoming 5G era but during this race to get to 5G, we should not forget about the evolution of LTE that’s taking place. One of the main reasons for this is the potential 5G requirement to have tight integration with the evolved LTE. With Rel-13 of 3GPP standards getting frozen a new step has been taken in the evolution of LTE, under the name of “LTE-Advanced Pro”. We provide an overview of this new “LTE creature” herein. This Guidepaper starts with the features covered under the umbrella of LTE-Advanced Pro and is divided into the ones standardized within Rel-13 and Rel-14. Further enhancements are also shortlisted and outlined in taking LTE-Advanced Pro to Rel-15. Next chapters elaborate some of the features in more details including: the integration of LTE-Advanced Pro with WiFi at the RAN level, LTE interface version for unlicensed spectrum access (Licensed Assisted Access), and LTE feature for massive MTC, namely Narrowband-IoT. Finally, the Guidepaper is summarized by showing the evolution of the system features, starting from LTE through LTE-Advan- ced Pro along with the changes in the theoretical peak throughput values.

2 Contents

2 Executive summary

4 LTE-Advanced Pro – What is it?

4 LTE-Advanced Pro Rel-13 features

5 LTE-Advanced Pro v.2 – enhancements within Rel-14

6 Rel-15 enhancements to LTE-Advanced Pro

7 LTE-Advanced Pro RAN level integration with WiFi

8 LTE access to unlicensed spectrum

9 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for massive MTC

10 The evolution of LTE: from LTE Rel-8 through LTE-Advanced to LTE-Advanced Pro

10 Timeline

10 Main features

12 Magic throughput values

14 Summary

16 Glossary

18 References

19 About the author

3 LTE-Advanced Pro What is it?

LTE-Advanced Pro is a new marker for LTE starting with Rel-13 onwards. According to 3GPP, “the new term is intended to mark the point in time where the LTE platform has been dramatically enhanced to address new markets as well as adding functionality to improve efficiency” [1]. Some of the main features for initial LTE-Advanced Pro release are summarized below followed by enhancements from the Rel-14 and Rel-15 Work Items.

LTE-Advanced Pro Rel-13 features The first release of LTE-Advanced Pro was frozen in March 2016. It was brought to reality with quite extensive set of new functionalities as compared to LTE-Advanced. They are summarized below.

Massive CA - extends carrier aggregation towards higher number of aggregated bands and towards the use of unlicensed spectrum for mobile networking. Massive CA enables up to 32CCs and thus theoretically provides up to 640MHz of aggregated bandwidth for a single device, while still fulfilling backwards compatibility with LTE Rel-8 channel bandwidths.

Dual Connectivity (DC) – spectrum aggregation in inter-site scenario, where a macro-cell serves as a mobility anchor, whereas the additional radio link provided by Small Cell acts as a local capacity booster. DC enables to switch User Plane links among available SCs, whereas the user’s context is maintained by the overlay macro-cell. In contrary to CA, DC scheme, instead of aggregating MAC layer transport blocks, the PDCP Packet Data Units are combined, thus omitting the requirement for low latency and allowing non-ideal backhaul for Small Cell connectivity.

Indoor positioning – improvements for location performance (especially for emergency calls) using WiFi, collabo- rative positioning and beacon systems.

LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA) - the Carrier Wi-Fi serves as a capacity booster, using radio level integration for uniform user experience provisioning over the Wi-Fi radio. In LWA, UE is configured by the eNB to utilize radio resources of both, LTE and WLAN.

4 Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) - aggregates the licensed LTE carrier (serving as a mobility and signaling anchor - PCell) with SCell using the new LTE frame format over the unlicensed 5GHz ISM band.

Device-to-device (D2D) - direct communication between devices assisted by network utilizing sidelink using new transport and physical channels.

MTC enhancements – addressing low complexity MTC with focus to define a low complexity UE category type that supports reduced bandwidth (operation with 1.4MHz), reduced transmit power, reduced support for downlink transmission modes, ultra-long battery life via power consumption reduction techniques and extended coverage operation (up to 15dB). Additionally, NB-IoT has been specified as a modified LTE interface for even lower channel bandwidth for the operation in 180kHz spectrum chunks.

3D/Full Dimension-MIMO - allows to use elevation beamforming enhancing the horizontal beam steering, and using up to 64 antenna ports with further outlook towards high frequencies for 5G.

LTE-Advanced Pro v.2 – enhancements within Rel-14 The work for Rel-14 has just been completed, with the new SI/WI targeting improvements and new features for LTE-Advanced Pro. Some of the interesting functionalities are summarized below. enhanced LAA (eLAA) - extends LAA scheme with UL consideration and forward compatibility to enable full DC-like capabilities for unlicensed spectrum. enhanced LWA (eLWA) - As LWA standardized within Rel-13, considered DL-only operation, an enhanced LWA (eLWA) is proposed within Rel-14 to overcome this limitation. The new features in this enhancement include: addition of UL transmission via WLAN, PDCP optimizations for increased data rates, and SON-related features for WLANs under eNB coverage.

Vehicluar-to-Vehicular (V2V) – specifies RAN support for V2V operation integrated with Uu interface within or without network coverage using sidelink including: PHY layer structure, RRM requirements, and L2/L3 protocol operation.

CP and UP latency enhancements - Shortening TTI down to a single OFDMA symbol and more resource efficient UL scheduling timing are some examples of the proposed improvements targeting latency reduction.

Light connection – discussion on new intermediate RRC state for keeping UE context alive during short active/inactive transitions (applicable for massive MTC use case with small data transmission);

Multi-connectivity - is expected to enhance DC, by providing multiple links for a UE in two options. First option considers configuration of multiple radio links per UE, where only limited, selected set of radio links is active at any given moment. Alternatively, all of the configured multiple radio links can be active.

5 Rel-15 enhancements to LTE-Advanced Pro Further enhancements for the LTE-Advanced Pro covered within the recently started Rel-15 include the following Work Items:

1024 QAM for LTE – targets improving the spectral efficiency for LTE small cell deployments using 10 bits per Resource Element. Some scenarios that can benefit from this high capacity links can be nomadic laptops or indoor / outdoor CPEs further delivering connectivity to end-devices via other links.

LAA/eLAA for CBRS at 3.5GHz – the original LAA/eLAA has been standardized within Rel-13 and Rel-14 respectively for purely unlicensed spectrum at 5GHz to ensure coexistence with (mostly) WiFi networks. As the CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service), specified by FCC for USA, allows for 3-tier spectrum usage model (with incumbent, licensees and unlicensed uses), the Rel-15 aims at adjusting the frame structure 3 to operate in 3500- -3700MHz band using the LAA and eLAA framework.

Enhancing LTE Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum – following the LAA feature specified within Rel-13 for DL operation in unlicensed spectrum and eLAA feature from Rel-14 to cover both DL and UL, Rel-15 is aiming at improving the performance of LTE in the unlicensed spectrum specifying e.g., the support of autonomous uplink access within frame structure 3 absorbing the knowledge from the latency reduction Work Item.

Enhancements to V2X – cover the support of advanced V2X services (like vehicle platooning, advanced/remote driving, extended sensors) still being backward compatible with Rel-14 V2X (for the delivery of safety messages). Some of the objectives include improvements for PC5 link, like: aggregation of up to 8 PC5 carriers under CA feature; 64QAM; transmit diversity; or short TTI.

Further Enhancements to NB-IoT – the NB-IoT baseline has been specified with the first release of LTE-Advanced Pro within Rel-13. Rel-14 defined the enhancements to the baseline including the NB-IoT support for positioning, multi-cast and non-anchor carrier operation. The interesting improvements within Rel-15 include: small-cell support for NB-IoT, and TDD support for in-band, guard-band and standalone operation modes.

6 LTE-Advanced Pro RAN level integration with WiFi

WiFi was considered as an offload mechanism for LTE from its introduction, within Rel-8. However, the initial interworking was very loose, with the WiFi connected to the EPC add on functions and a “deeply hidden” CN “suggests” to the UE for moving the traffic to the WLAN. As we progress with the standardization, the integration of the carrier-WiFi to the cellular is more and more tight, the Rel-13 specifies a RAN-level interworking within LTE-Advanced Pro.

The following mechanisms have been standardized within Rel-13 under the LTE-WiFi RAN-level integration framework [2]:

LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA): is basically an evolution of Dual Connectivity (as specified within Rel-12), where the secondary link is provided by the WiFi AP. This is very tight resource aggregation, where a single DRB can be either switched very fast between LTE and WiFi link or split and provided simultaneously by the two RATs. However, in order to be able to do that, the WiFi network needs to be upgraded with the WT logical entity and support Xw interface. Additionally, the UE needs to be upgraded with LWAAP protocol, to be able to properly route the PDCP PDUs coming from WiFi link.

RAN-Controlled LTE-WLAN Interworking (RCLWI): is also based on WT and Xw interface upgrade of the WiFi network for control signaling, however, the UP bearers are not going through the LTE eNB, but rather through a CN with WiFi legacy link. This is rather a bearer handover (or an offload) than an aggregation compared to LWA, however still the UE is controlled by the network to receive the data from WiFi link, instead of taking this decision by itself. Compared to LWA, this solution doesn’t require the UE upgrade with LWAAP.

LTE-WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel (LWIP): provides the possibility to aggregate resources from WiFi and LTE simultaneously (similar to LWA), but without the need to upgrade the WiFi network (i.e., enables use of the legacy WiFi networks). The WiFi link is managed by the LTE eNB, however instead of the LWA-like flow control and use of LWAAP, the IPsec tunnel is established between UE and eNB. The split bearer is not possible as the aggregation is done at IP level.

7 LTE access to unlicensed spectrum

LTE operation in unlicensed spectrum is not limited to its aggregation with WiFi (as mentioned in the previous chapter). The other approach to utilize the unlicensed spectrum combined with the MNO’s operated LTE networks is based on a specialized version of LTE system to cope with the unlicensed spectrum’s requirements. This is referred to as Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) and has been addressed with the introduction of LTE-Advanced Pro within Rel-13. There are however, two other technologies to achieve that, not-standardized by 3GPP, namely LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) and MuLTEfire. Those three “technologies” enabling the LTE system accessing unlicensed spectrum are shortly presented below.

Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA) [2], is a 3GPP Rel-13 feature, where the resources from unlicensed spectrum, handled by the modified version of the LTE radio interface, are aggregated utilizing Carrier Aggregation feature. For this, the legacy licensed LTE carrier serves as a Primary Component Carrier (PCC), and up to four DL Secondary Component Carriers (DL SCC) can be used from the 5GHz unlicensed band with the specialized Frame Type 3. The Rel-14 talks about enhanced LAA (eLAA) that deals with the addition of the UL LAA carriers. To assure “fairness” of using the unlicensed spectrum, LAA utilizes Listen Before Talk (LBT) mechanism, where the transmitter, prior to transmission, senses the channel to verify if it’s occupied or free. With this, it can be applied globally, whilst it fulfills the regulatory requirements.

LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) [3], is a proprietary technology (developed before the release of LTE-Advanced Pro), where the unlicensed spectrum is also aggregated with the licensed spectrum PCC by means of CA. However, the standard LTE frame type is used, not supporting the LBT scheme. Instead, it uses the Channel Selection and Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission (CSAT), where once the specific channel is empty, the regular LTE transmission is used. When there are no empty channels, the adaptive duty cycle is used, where the LTE is switched ON and OFF for specific periods of time with the durations, adapted to the channel occupancy by the other systems. However, due to no LBT support, it is not allowed in many countries.

8 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for massive MTC

LTE-Advanced Pro has touched the needs of the massive MTC use cases under the Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) [5] feature. To address the IoT requirements in this segment namely, support for: low throughput and sporadic transmission, limited mobility, large number of devices, low device cost, enhanced coverage – the PHY layer, protocol stack and signaling procedures has been simplified with respect to the LTE system design to support low-end devices and decrease signaling load.

The key aspects of NB-IoT to support low-end IoT devices and services, while reusing LTE infrastructure include [2]:

PHY layer has been modified for coverage enhancements and power consumption reduction by e.g., reducing system BW to 180 kHz, reduction of transmission modes and number of antenna ports, reduced TB size, improved DRX cycles for both connected and idle modes, and single HARQ process for both DL and UL. The three operation modes have been specified: standalone 180 kHz carrier, LTE guard-band usage, in-band LTE – using single LTE resource block. The DL supports multi-tone transmission with 12 subcarriers of 15kHz, while for UL both multi-tone and single-tone operation is possible with both 15kHz and 3.75kHz subcarrier separa- tion.

System aspects that have been modified with respect to LTE, include: lack of connected mobility support (assuming the majority of the NB-IoT applications being used by stationary UEs) and system optimizations for efficient data transmission (also called CP/UP CIoT EPS Optimization Solutions). The CP solution is based on the concept of UP data transmission over NAS signaling, without establishing of the Data Radio Bearer (DRBs) and is mandatory solution for NB-IoT UEs. The UP solution on the other end is built upon the idea of holding the UE context at the eNB when the UE moves to RRC IDLE state, thus decreasing the signaling overhead when the UE is switching between IDLE and CONNECTED mode with the use of Resume/Suspend procedure.

9 The evolution of LTE: from LTE Rel-8 through LTE-Advanced to LTE-Advanced Pro

After the description of selected LTE-Advanced Pro features, this chapter highlights an evolution path of LTE, starting with its introduction within 3GPP Release 8 back in early 2009, up to LTE-Advanced Pro finalized in March 2016 within Release 13.

Timeline LTE Rel-8 standard was frozen in March 2009. The goal for it was to prepare the system evolution for 4G requirements imposed by IMT-Advanced. From the technical point of view, it was not a full 4G system.

LTE-Advanced was specified within 3GPP Rel-10. The corresponding standard was frozen in June 2011. LTE-Advanced was defined to fulfill IMT-Advanced requirements, thus is a 4G technology.

LTE-Advanced Pro name was agreed by 3GPP in October 2015 as a marker for LTE from Rel-13 onwards. The Rel-13 was frozen March 2016. The new name is used to mark a point where significant improvements with regards to LTE-Advanced are made.

Main features Rel-8 LTE was initially standardized with the following main set of features:

OFDMA – to allow sharing and assigning resources in time and frequency domain;

MIMO – to natively use space dimension for capacity/coverage improvements;

eNB – a simplified RAN architecture with a single type of node encapsulating features from RNC and NodeB (from the 3G world);

Operation with FDD and TDD duplex modes;

10 Adaptive modulation and coding with QPSK/16QAM/64QAM and turbo codes with variable rates;

Use of flexible spectrum bandwidth with 1.4MHz to up to 20MHz.

LTE-Advanced is defined in 3GPP as Rel-10, but for simplicity, we assume it also incorporates Rel-9 characteristics. Thus, the combined set of features includes the following:

Carrier Aggregation (CA) – possibility to aggregate multiple Rel-8 Component Carriers (CC) on MAC level to increase system capacity or user throughput with the scheduling flexibility;

Enhanced MIMO with up to 8 antennas at eNB – to improve spectral efficiency;

Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) – a network with different types of nodes to allow home usage of LTE and increasing capacity in hotspots. This includes such concepts as HeNB and enhanced ICIC.

SON – introducing automation to network operation in the means of Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization and Self-Healing;

Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services – with the Single Frequency Network (SFN) to allow broadcasting the same service content within different cells using LTE radio;

Extending maximum combined spectrum bandwidth to up to 100MHz (i.e. the use of maximum of 5 CCs with 20MHz each).

LTE-Advanced Pro features set includes the following (similar to above reasoning, for the simplicity purposes, LTE-Advanced Pro features cover Rel-11 to up to Rel-13):

Enhanced MIMO

Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission/Reception (CoMP) – transmission/reception using different transmission points to address a single UE to improve cell edge users’ performance;

Full Dimension-MIMO – allow to use elevation beamforming enhancing the horizontal beam steering.

Enhanced PHY layer

Enhanced PDCCH – decreasing the dedicated PHY signaling resources by transmitting resource allocation messages within data resources;

256QAM – further increasing spectral efficiency to allow transmission of 8 bits per symbol;

Combined operation of FDD and TDD by the means of CA.

11 New connectivity methods

Dual Connectivity (DC) – possibility to combine different data links from macro cell and small cell. It uses the PDCP level aggregation;

Device-to-device (D2D) – direct communication between devices assisted by network by using side-link.

Usage of unlicensed spectrum

Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA) – LTE radio usage within unlicensed 5GHz band with new frame type to assure fair coexistence with WiFi;

LTE-WiFi Aggregation (LWA) – aggregation of links using both LTE and standard WiFi system where the data is split on PDCP level.

Magic throughput values To improve the attractiveness of each new system/release (but also to show the maximum capability of the technology) a maximum theoretical throughput in DL is provided as one of the Key Performance Indicators.

For LTE, the maximum throughput is ~320Mbps, for LTE-Advanced – 3Gbps, and LTE-Advanced Pro is expected to extend it further to 4Gbps. An interesting question is: where do these magic numbers come from?

Let’s take each of them and try to answer this question with simplified calculations:

LTE maximum throughput

Maximum DL spectral efficiency = 16bits/s/Hz (with 4 spatial streams using 4 antennas and 64QAM – i.e. 6bits/symbol)

Maximum BW size = 20MHz

Maximum throughput = 16bit/s/Hz * 20MHz = 320Mbit/s

LTE-Advanced maximum throughput

Maximum DL spectral efficiency = 30bits/s/Hz (increase in number of antennas by 2, i.e. to 8. However spectral efficiency is not improved exactly 2x, due to additional pilots needed)

Maximum BW size = 100MHz (5 x 20MHz - maximum of 5 component carriers)

Maximum throughput = 30bits/s/Hz * 100MHz = 3Gbps

12 LTE-Advanced Pro maximum throughput

Maximum DL spectral efficiency = 40bits/s/Hz (8/6 * 30bits/s/Hz, i.e. with the introduction of 256QAM, a maximum of 8bits/symbol can be transmitted instead of 6)

Maximum BW size = 100MHz (Note: further spectrum enhancements are not included here, e.g. 32CC and unlicensed spectrum usage)

Maximum throughput = 40bits/s/Hz * 100MHz = 4Gbps

13 Summary

LTE evolution is an exciting area where new features are added to improve current system’s performance and operability, but also to enable new services to be introduced. On the other side, the overall system’s complexity is increased with the new solutions.

What we can observe by looking at the presented features set, is that the initial macro-network-based LTE using OFDMA waveform and multi-antenna is evolving towards Heterogeneous Networks increasing used spectrum with the multi-point connectivity, unlicensed spectrum and automated network operation. In this Guidepaper we have focused on the 3 areas: LTE integration with WiFi, LTE access to unlicensed spectrum and LTE specialized interface for MTC application.

Rel-13 brought the different options for the very tight network controlled LTE-WiFi integration. This is to enable different level of integration and depending on the required WiFi network upgrade and / or UE side upgrade:

LWA is the tightest and most flexible resource aggregation, whereas requires highest level of upgrade.

LWIP allows to use legacy network, still enabling the resource aggregation on the RAN level.

RCLWI on the other hand requires similar upgrade at the network side, but doesn’t require UE upgrade, but doesn’t allow very tight resource aggregation as the WiFi link is anchored at the CN side.

Speaking of enhancing the LTE framework with the access to the unlicensed 5GHz spectrum there are 3 technologies to do that with slight differences:

LAA is standardized, globally usable technology with LBT scheme, requiring the anchor licensed carrier, supporting DL (and Rel-14 eLAA considering UL);

LTE-U is non-standardized, non-globally usable technology, but introduced earlier than LAA, and supporting only DL direction, requiring the anchor licensed carrier;

MuLTEfire is non-standardized, globally usable technology with LBT scheme, operating in standalone mode for both DL and UL.

Some of the 5G use case requirements are also heavily addressed with the use of legacy system support and infrastructure. In these considerations, mMTC edge of the “5G service triangle” is addressed by NB-IoT with:

14 Air interface simplifications for coverage improvements, device simplification, battery consumption reduction etc.,

System enhancements for (mostly) signaling reduction, UE operation simplification.

If we collect the individual enhancements from this Guidepaper, the evolved LTE moves towards a system with the following properties:

Use of licensed and unlicensed access;

Aggregation of large portions of spectrum;

Support for multiple links aggregation;

Truly heterogeneous networks with multi-RAT support with a RAN level integration;

Addressing IoT market and D2D support with initial works on V2V;

Enhancing legacy LTE with latency and “connection lightness” improvements

High spectral efficiency with the use of large number of antennas.

And if we take a closer look on these, and compare with some “5G” design concepts, we can notice they look very close to each other. In our opinion, the main difference comes from the fact that the evolution of LTE towards 5G design goals is achieved by improvements and enhancements and adding more features, whereas 5G targets a flexible design where all of the above should be brought together in a native manner.

Note: This guidepaper is based on our entries at Grandmetric blog.

15 Glossary

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project AP Access Point BW Bandwidth CA Carrier Aggregation CBRS Citizens Broadband Radio Service CC Component Carrier CIoT ellular Internet-of-Things CN Core Network CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission/Reception CP Control Plane CPE Customer Premises Equipment CSAT Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission D2D Device-to-Device DC Dual Connectivity DL Downlink DRB Data Radio Bearer DRX Discontinuous Reception EC-GSM Extended Coverage GSM eICIC enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination eLAA enhanced LAA eLWA enhanced LWA eNB evolved NodeB ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel EPS Evolved Packet Core FCC Federal Communications Commission FDD Frequency Division Duplex HeNB Home eNB HetNet Heterogeneous Network IMT International Mobile Telecommunications IP Internet Protocol ISM Industrial, Scientific, Medical L2/L3 Layer2 / Layer LAA Licensed Assisted Acces LBT Listen Before Talk LTE Long Term Evolution

16 LWA LTE-WLAN Aggregation LWAAP LWA Adaptation Protocol LWIP LTE-WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel MAC Medium Access Control MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output MNO Mobile Network Operator MTC Machine Type Communications NAS Non-Access Stratum NB-IoT Narrowband IoT OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access PCC Primary Component Carrier PCell Primary Cell PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDU Packet Data Unit QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RAN Radio Access Network RAT Radio Access Technology RCLWI RAN-Controlled LTE-WLAN Interworking RNC Radio Network Controller RRC Radio Resource Control RRM Radio Resource Management SC Small Cell SCC Secondary Component Carrier SFN Single Frequency Network SI Study Item SON Self-Organizing Network TB Transport Block TDD Time Division Duplex TTI Transmission Time Interval UE User Equimpent UL Uplink UP User Plane V2V Vehicular-to-Vehicular L2/L3 Layer2 / Layer3 LAA Licensed Assisted Access LBT Listen Before Talk V2X Vehicular-to-Anything WI Work Item WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

17 Air interface simplifications for coverage improvements, device simplification, battery consumption reduction etc.,

System enhancements for (mostly) signaling reduction, UE operation simplification.

If we collect the individual enhancements from this Guidepaper, the evolved LTE moves towards a system with the following properties:

Use of licensed and unlicensed access;

Aggregation of large portions of spectrum;

Support for multiple links aggregation;

Truly heterogeneous networks with multi-RAT support with a RAN level integration;

Addressing IoT market and D2D support with initial works on V2V;

Enhancing legacy LTE with latency and “connection lightness” improvements

High spectral efficiency with the use of large number of antennas.

Note: This guidepaper is based on our entries at Grandmetric blog.

References

[1] www.3gpp.org [2] 3GPP TS 36.300 [3] www.lteuforum.org [4] www.multefire.org [5] http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1785-nb_iot_complete

18 About the author

Marcin Dryjanski received his M.Sc. degree in telecommunications from the Poznan University of Technology in Poland in June 2008. During the past 10 years, Marcin has served as R&D Engineer, Lead Researcher, R&D Consultant, Technical Trainer and Technical Leader. He has been providing expert level courses in the area of LTE/LTE-Advanced for leading mobile operators and vendors. In addition to that, Marcin was a work-package leader in EU-funded research projects aiming at radio interface design for 5G including FP-7 5GNOW and FP-7 SOLDER. He co-authored a number of research papers targeting LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G radio interface design. Marcin is a co-founder of Grandmetric, heading the field of mobile wireless systems. In this role, Marcin provides consulting services and training courses in the area of 5G related topics.

Marcin is a co-author of a book entitled "From LTE to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G", (by M. Rahnema, M. Dryjanski, published by Artech House), where you can find more detailed info about the contents provided in this Guidepaper. The book is to be soon available for purchase at the publisher page: www.artechhouse.com.

To contact Marcin, please write to: [email protected]

19 NETWORK & WIRELESS... STAY CONNECTED.

[email protected] www.grandmetric.com Poznan | Poland | Europe

Grandmetric is an R&D and training company specializing in Next Generation Networks along with Wireless Systems based in Poznan, Poland. Our latest research is focused on 5G, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Network Security. We actively conduct technology trainings, are engaged in developing latest systems, and consulting network designs.

Shall you have any enquiries or to schedule a meeting with us, please write at: [email protected]

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