DOCSLIB.ORG

LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE Capabilities Towards 5G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE Capabilities Towards 5G LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE capabilities towards 5G Page 1 Nokia Networks white paper LTE-Advanced Pro Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 Multi-Gbps data rates with carrier aggregation evolution .................................... 4 Using the 5 GHz band .................................................................................................. 6 Enhanced spectral efficiency with beamforming (3D MIMO) ................................. 8 Extreme local capacity with Ultra-dense network ................................................ 10 Millisecond latency with flexible frame and Mobile Edge Computing ............... 11 Internet of Things optimization for the Programmable World .......................... 13 Device-to-Device communications ........................................................................ 15 Cloud radio architecture for network scalability .................................................. 16 Evolution to 5G .......................................................................................................... 17 Summary .................................................................................................................... 19 Further reading .......................................................................................................... 20 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 21 Page 2 networks.nokia.com Introduction LTE and LTE-Advanced are practical and popular technologies, with more than 700 million subscribers, more than 420 commercial networks and a peak data rate of 450 Mbps. This highly capable technology is set to get even better with the latest enhancements. Improved radio capabilities will make mobile broadband services more efficient, providing higher quality and enabling new sets of services on top of LTE networks. These features, shown in Figure 1, are defined in 3GPP Releases 13/14 and are collectively known as ‘LTE-Advanced Pro’. The developments will enable the Programmable World for billions of connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices, vehicular communication for Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) and public safety/critical communications. LTE-Advanced Pro raises user data rates to several Gbps, cuts latency to just a few milliseconds, gives access to unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum and increases network efficiency. It also maintains backwards compatibility with existing LTE networks and devices. LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G can use similar technology components to enhance radio capabilities. 5G is a new non-backwards compatible radio technology that can operate both below and above 6 GHz frequencies and provide even higher data rates and lower latency. LTE-Advanced Pro operates below 6 GHz and evolves in parallel to development work on 5G. The evolutionary paths of LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G are shown in Figure 2. This white paper focuses on the key technical solutions in LTE-Advanced Pro, as well as on the features needed to optimize LTE networks to deliver new 5G services. Figure 1. LTE-Advanced Pro pushes LTE capabilities towards 5G Page 3 networks.nokia.com Figure 2. LTE-Advanced Pro evolves in parallel to 5G towards the programmable world Multi-Gbps data rates with carrier aggregation evolution LTE started with 150 Mbps peak rate and 20 MHz bandwidth. In Release 10, the peak data rates were upgraded by carrier aggregation. Mainstream carrier aggregation in 2015 delivers up to 300 Mbps on 2x20 MHz and the first networks with 3x20 MHz are about to go into commercial operation. Figure 3 shows live network measurements with three-carrier aggregation using 20 + 20 + 10 MHz, with peak data rates exceeding 370 Mbps. 3GPP Release 10 defines a maximum capability up to 5x20 MHz, which gives 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps) with 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM, and even 3.9 Gbps with 8x8 MIMO. Figure 3. Three carrier aggregation measurements in a live network showing peak rates above 370 Mbps Page 4 networks.nokia.com The data rate can be increased still further with more spectrum and more antennas. A higher number of antenna elements is feasible when using comparatively large base station antennas, however, it is more of a challenge to integrate further antennas into small devices. For these, data rates are more easily increased by using more spectrum. Release 13 makes this possible by enhancing carrier aggregation to enable up to 32 component carriers. In practice, the use of unlicensed spectrum enables LTE to benefit from even further carrier aggregation capabilities. Figure 4 illustrates carrier aggregation evolution and Figure 5 shows the evolution of peak data rates. Figure 4. Aggregation of up to 32 component carriers Figure 5. LTE-Advanced Pro data rate and bandwidth Nokia has already demonstrated the very high data rates possible with carrier aggregation. A throughput of 4.1 Gbps was achieved by aggregating ten LTE carriers, each of 20 MHz, including both FDD and TDD carriers. The total bandwidth used was 200 MHz. For more details see the related press release. Page 5 networks.nokia.com Using the 5 GHz band So far, LTE networks have been deployed using licensed spectrum between 450 and 3600 MHz. With ever increasing amounts of traffic, being able to use unlicensed as well as licensed bands will allow improvements in capacity and peak data rates for LTE-Advanced Pro. The unlicensed 5 GHz band has plenty of available spectrum, suitable in particular for small cell deployments. This large pool of spectrum allows mobile broadband operators to benefit from the carrier aggregation evolution provided by LTE-Advanced Pro. The evolution of LTE spectrum usage is shown in Figure 6, while the spectrum resources available in the unlicensed 5 GHz band are illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 6. LTE spectrum utilization Figure 7. Spectrum availability in the 5 GHz band Page 6 networks.nokia.com LTE-Advanced Pro can use unlicensed band spectrum either through Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or by integrating Wi-Fi more closely to the cellular network via LTE-Wi-Fi aggregation (LWA). The two solutions are shown in Figure 8. LAA combines the use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum for LTE using carrier aggregation technology. It is a highly efficient method of offloading traffic, since the data traffic can be split, with millisecond resolution, between licensed and unlicensed frequencies. Licensed bands can provide reliable connectivity, mobility, signaling and guaranteed data rate services, while the unlicensed band can give a significant boost in data rates. The technical solution for combining licensed and unlicensed spectrum is based on dual connectivity and carrier aggregation – the same solutions that have already been defined in LTE-Advanced and which can be reused for the 5 GHz band. Figure 8. Combined usage of licensed and unlicensed bands Figure 9. License Assisted Access (LAA) combines licensed and unlicensed spectrum Page 7 networks.nokia.com Refer to the Nokia press release about LAA for T-Mobile USA. LTE-Advanced Pro also allows the aggregation of LTE and Wi-Fi transmissions, offering a further way to make use of unlicensed bands. So far, LTE and Wi-Fi interworking has been implemented on the application layer. Under 3GPP Release 13, the data traffic can be split between LTE and Wi-Fi transmissions, allowing the user device to receive data simultaneously via both paths. This allows full use of Wi-Fi capacity while maintaining the LTE connection for reliable mobility and connectivity. Figure 10. LTE – Wi-Fi aggregation (LWA) Enhanced spectral efficiency with beamforming (3D MIMO) LTE has also provided high spectral efficiency since its introduction. The downlink efficiency of LTE has been boosted further using Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology, including 4x2 MIMO, 8x2 MIMO and 4x4 MIMO, a technique made more efficient with interference cancellation and the algorithms of the Nokia Smart Scheduler. LTE-Advanced Pro introduces the next step in spectral efficiency with 3-dimensional (3D) beamforming, also known as Full Dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO). Increasing the number of transceivers at the base station is the key to unlocking higher spectral efficiencies. Page 8 networks.nokia.com Figure 11. Downlink capacity gain from 3D MIMO Release 13 specifies MIMO modes for up to 16 transceivers at the base station, while Release 14 may allow as many 64. These will bring efficiency gains for downlink transmissions as shown in Figure 11: 16x2 provides a 2.5-fold gain in spectral efficiency compared to 2x2, while 64x2 shows a 3-fold gain. The gain available from 64x2 compared to 8x2 is 50 percent. Note that the 8x2, 16x2 and 64x2 transceiver configurations each have four columns of cross-polarized antenna elements of approximately the same physical dimensions, while the 2x2 transceiver configuration has only one column of cross-polarized antenna elements. The total transmission power is the same in all cases. The efficiency of the uplink can be improved by using a number of receiving antennas. This method has been widely deployed in the field by aggregating the signals received from 4, 8 or even more transceivers in the form of Centralized RAN (CRAN). These uplink improvements are mostly transparent to user devices supporting Release 8 and require no support for LTE-Advanced features. The introduction of a large number of transceivers is made possible with active antenna arrays. In addition to passive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEXT GENERATION MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS: 5G CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE JULY-SEPT 2020 the Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
    VOLUME 36, NUMBER 3 July-September 2020 Article Page 2 References Page 17 Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Authors Dr. Rendong Bai 5G Cellular Infrastructure Associate Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Vigs Chandra Professor and Coordinator Cyber Systems Technology Programs Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Ray Richardson Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Peter Ping Liu Professor and Interim Chair School of Technology Eastern Illinois University Keywords: The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering© is an official Mobile Networks; 5G Wireless; Internet of Things; publication of the Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Millimeter Waves; Beamforming; Small Cells; Wi-Fi 6 Engineering, Copyright 2020 ATMAE 701 Exposition Place Suite 206 SUBMITTED FOR PEER – REFEREED Raleigh, NC 27615 www. atmae.org JULY-SEPT 2020 The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Dr. Rendong Bai is an Associate 5G Cellular Infrastructure Professor in the Department of Applied Engineering and Technology at Eastern Kentucky University. From 2008 to 2018, ABSTRACT he served as an Assistant/ The requirement for wireless network speed and capacity is growing dramatically. A significant amount Associate Professor at Eastern of data will be mobile and transmitted among phones and Internet of things (IoT) devices. The current Illinois University. He received 4G wireless technology provides reasonably high data rates and video streaming capabilities. However, his B.S. degree in aircraft the incremental improvements on current 4G networks will not satisfy the ever-growing demands of manufacturing engineering users and applications.
    [Show full text]
  • 3G/UMTS an Evolutionary Path to Next Generation Networks
    3G/UMTS An evolutionary path to Next Generation Networks ITU/BDT Regional Seminar on Fixed Mobile Convergence and Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for Developing Countries for Africa Jean-Pierre Bienaimé …………………………………………………………………………… Chairman, UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org ITU/BDT Regional Seminar Nairobi 9-12 May 2005 Summary • What is the UMTS Forum? • What is the global status of 3G/UMTS launches? • What terminals, services and tariffs are available? • 3G/UMTS evolution from launch through to Release 6 • A look to the future • Viewpoint on spectrum • Lessons learned in Europe ITU/BDT Regional Seminar Nairobi 9-12 May 2005 1 About The UMTS Forum Who are we? An international, cross-sector industry body comprising operators, manufacturers, regulators, application developers, research organisations and IT industry players. Our mission… To promote a common vision of the development of 3G/UMTS and of its evolutions, and to ensure its worldwide commercial success. Our publications Since 1997, more than 40 reports on Spectrum & Regulation, 3G/UMTS vision, Customer behaviour, Market evolution & Forecasts, Technical studies & Implementation. Recent issues: Strategic Considerations for IMS – the 3G Evolution, Coverage Extension Bands for UMTS/IMT-2000 in the bands between 470-600 MHz, Magic Mobile Future 2010-2020… ITU/BDT Regional Seminar Nairobi 9-12 May 2005 UMTS Forum Key Areas of Activity in 2005 Spectrum & Regulation Studies and contributions on harmonisation of global spectrum and additional
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency in Cellular Networks
    Energy Efficiency in Cellular Networks Radha Krishna Ganti Indian Institute of Technology Madras [email protected] Millions 1G 2G:100Kbps2G: ~100Kb/s 3G:~1 Mb/s 4G: ~10 Mb/s Cellular Network will connect the IOT Source:Cisco Case Study: Mobile Networks in India • India has over 400,000 cell towers today • 70%+ sites have grid outages in excess of 8 hours a day; 10% are completely off-grid • Huge dependency on diesel generator sets for power backups – India imports 3 billion liters of diesel annually to support Cell Tower, DG Set, Grid these cell sites – CO2 emission exceeds 6 million metric tons a year – Energy accounts for ~25% of network opex for telcos • As mobile services expand to remote rural areas, enormity of this problem grows 4 Power consumption breakup Core network Radio access network Mobile devices 0.1 W x 7 B = 0.7 GW 2 kW x 5M = 10 GW 10 kW x 10K = 0.1 GW *Reference: Mid-size thermal plant output 0.5 GW Source: Peng Mobicomm 2011 Base station energy consumption 1500 W 60 W Signal processing 150 W 1000 W 100 W Air conditioning Power amplifier (PA) 200 W (10-20% efficiency) Power conversion 150 W Transmit power Circuit power Efficiency of PA Spectral Efficiency: bps/Hz (Shannon) Transmit power Distance Bandwidth Cellular Standard Spectral efficiency Noise power 1G (AMPS) 0.46 Spectral density 2G (GSM) 1.3 3G (WCDMA) 2.6 4G (LTE) 4.26 Energy Efficiency: Bits per Joule 1 Km 2 Km EE versus SE for PA efficiency of 20% Current status Source: IEEE Wireless Comm.
    [Show full text]
  • 1G 2G 3G LTE 4G What's Next
    What’s Next in the Cellular Evolution & How to Leverage it for New Business As you will come to see, this goal can 2006 only be accomplished by phasing out 3G and reallocating the extra bandwidth to 4G LTE. This task can only be described 2001 as daunting and challenging from not just 2018 our security perspective, but more so from theirs. 1989 Looking for more proof? First, because of demand it is necessary to upgrade all cellular networks on a regular basis. Two 2002 billion people on the planet use cellphones, according to James Katz, professor of com- munication at Rutgers University. In fact, as of 2011 there were more cellphone sub- 1999 scribers in the United States than people, ac- LTE cording to a study, underwritten by CTIA, a trade association representing the wireless 1983 1G 2G 3G 4G communications industry in the U.S., as re- ported by Bridget Kelly, author of “What Is Courtesy of Napco StarLink the Role of the Cell Phone in Communica- tion Today?” Ride the New Wave in Cellular for New RMR Society at large is becoming more mo- bile-oriented because of convenience, busi- There’s undeniably a lot of upside system control, remote video monitoring or ness and personal lifestyles. According to for savvy installing security contractors long-distance doorbells. We as an industry market research firm Statista of New York and fire/life-safety professionals whose are on the small screen to the tune of brand City, the number of smartphone users is billable offerings keep pace with the new relevance and new recurring revenue.
    [Show full text]
  • LTE-M Deployment Guide to Basic Feature Set Requirements
    LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS JUNE 2019 LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 2 INTRODUCTION 5 2.1 Overview 5 2.2 Scope 5 2.3 Definitions 6 2.4 Abbreviations 6 2.5 References 9 3 GSMA MINIMUM BAseLINE FOR LTE-M INTEROPERABILITY - PROBLEM STATEMENT 10 3.1 Problem Statement 10 3.2 Minimum Baseline for LTE-M Interoperability: Risks and Benefits 10 4 LTE-M DATA ARCHITECTURE 11 5 LTE-M DePLOYMENT BANDS 13 6 LTE-M FeATURE DePLOYMENT GUIDE 14 7 LTE-M ReLEAse 13 FeATURes 15 7.1 PSM Standalone Timers 15 7.2 eDRX Standalone 18 7.3 PSM and eDRX Combined Implementation 19 7.4 High Latency Communication 19 7.5 GTP-IDLE Timer on IPX Firewall 20 7.6 Long Periodic TAU 20 7.7 Support of category M1 20 7.7.1 Support of Half Duplex Mode in LTE-M 21 7.7.2 Extension of coverage features (CE Mode A / B) 21 7.8 SCEF 22 7.9 VoLTE 22 7.10 Connected Mode Mobility 23 7.11 SMS Support 23 7.12 Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD) 24 7.13 Connected-Mode (Extended) DRX Support 24 7.14 Control Plane CIoT Optimisations 25 7.15 User Plane CIoT Optimisations 25 7.16 UICC Deactivation During eDRX 25 7.17 Power Class 26 LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS 8 LTE-M ReLEAse 14 FeATURes 27 8.1 Positioning: E-CID and OTDOA 27 8.2 Higher data rate support 28 8.3 Improvements of VoLTE and other real-time services 29 8.4 Mobility enhancement in Connected Mode 29 8.5 Multicast transmission/Group messaging 29 8.6 Relaxed monitoring for cell reselection 30 8.7 Release Assistance Indication
    [Show full text]
  • Difference Between GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, WCDMA, HSDPA and 4G
    Difference between GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, WCDMA, HSDPA and 4G It's a very basic and non-technical comparison. GSM GSM, stands for Global Systems for Mobile Communications, is basic standard bearer of 2G technologies. It is mainly used in mobile communication. Short Messaging System (SMS) was introduced into GSM networks along with capability to download content from various service providers. The content could ring tone, logos and picture messages. It can support Voice telephony and data however the data rate is only 9.6Kb/s, that is very low bit rate for date communication. GPRS GPRS, stands for General Packet Radio Service, is used to give higher data speed over GSM. It is not the replacement of GSM. It is just an extension to the older GSM technology to gain faster speed. Multimedia Messaging System or MMS is the feature of GPRS. It allowed subscribers to send videos, pictures, or sound clips to each other just like text messages. GPRS also provided mobile handset the ability to surf the Internet at dial-up speeds through WAP enabled sites. GPRS offers higher bit rate (Up to 171kb/s) by usage of A packet-linked technology over GSM. EDGE EDGE stands for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. This technology, also termed as Enhanced GPRS. This is a technology that uses the same equipment as GSM with only a few minor modifications to provide faster data speeds and is often regarded as a stepping stone towards 3G thus it is called 2.5G. EDGE gives the users the inimitable chance to increase the throughput capacity and the data speed at least 3 to 4 times higher to what GPRS offers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Wireless Networks
    CHAPTER10 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETwORKS 10.1 Principles of Cellular Networks Cellular Network Organization Operation of Cellular Systems Mobile Radio Propagation Effects Fading in the Mobile Environment 10.2 Cellular Network Generations First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation 10.3 LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced Architecture LTE-Advanced Transission Characteristics 10.4 Recommended Reading 10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 302 10.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: ◆ Provide an overview of cellular network organization. ◆ Distinguish among four generations of mobile telephony. ◆ Understand the relative merits of time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) approaches to mobile telephony. ◆ Present an overview of LTE-Advanced. Of all the tremendous advances in data communications and telecommunica- tions, perhaps the most revolutionary is the development of cellular networks. Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web appli- cations, and much more. We begin this chapter with a look at the basic principles used in all cellular networks. Then we look at specific cellular technologies and stan- dards, which are conveniently grouped into four generations. Finally, we examine LTE-Advanced, which is the standard for the fourth generation, in more detail. 10.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS Cellular radio is a technique that was developed to increase the capacity available for mobile radio telephone service. Prior to the introduction of cellular radio, mobile radio telephone service was only provided by a high-power transmitter/ receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics
    NIST Special Publication 800-101 Revision 1 Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics Rick Ayers Sam Brothers Wayne Jansen http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-101r1 NIST Special Publication 800-101 Revision 1 Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics Rick Ayers Software and Systems Division Information Technology Laboratory Sam Brothers U.S. Customs and Border Protection Department of Homeland Security Springfield, VA Wayne Jansen Booz-Allen-Hamilton McLean, VA http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP. 800-101r1 May 2014 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director Authority This publication has been developed by NIST in accordance with its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA), 44 U.S.C. § 3541 et seq., Public Law (P.L.) 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for Federal information systems, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems without the express approval of appropriate Federal officials exercising policy authority over such systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), Securing Agency Information Systems, as analyzed in Circular A- 130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in Circular A- 130, Appendix III, Security of Federal Automated Information Resources. Nothing in this publication should be taken to contradict the standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on Federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority.
    [Show full text]
  • 4G to 5G Networks and Standard Releases
    4G to 5G networks and standard releases CoE Training on Traffic engineering and advanced wireless network planning Sami TABBANE 30 September -03 October 2019 Bangkok, Thailand 1 Objectives Provide an overview of various technologies and standards of 4G and future 5G 2 Agenda I. 4G and LTE networks II. LTE Release 10 to 14 III. 5G 3 Agenda I. 4G and LTE networks 4 LTE/SAE 1. 4G motivations 5 Introduction . Geneva, 18 January 2012 – Specifications for next-generation mobile technologies – IMT-Advanced – agreed at the ITU Radiocommunications Assembly in Geneva. ITU determined that "LTELTELTE----AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced" and "WirelessMANWirelessMANWirelessMAN----AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced" should be accorded the official designation of IMTIMT----AdvancedAdvanced : . Wireless MANMAN- ---AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced:::: Mobile WiMax 2, or IEEE 802. 16m; . 3GPPLTE AdvancedAdvanced: LTE Release 10, supporting both paired Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and unpaired Time Division Duplex (TDD) spectrum. 6 Needs for IMT-Advanced systems Need for higher data rates and greater spectral efficiency Need for a Packet Switched only optimized system Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly and reduce round trip delay) Need for cheaper infrastructure Simplify architecture of all network elements 7 Impact and requirements on LTE characteristics Architecture (flat) Frequencies (flexibility) Bitrates (higher) Latencies (lower) Cooperation with other technologies (all 3GPP and
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Mobile Wireless Networks Nirmal Lourdh Rayan, Chaitanya Krishna
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 685 ISSN 2229-5518 A Survey on Mobile Wireless Networks Nirmal Lourdh Rayan, Chaitanya Krishna Abstract— Wireless communication is a transfer of data without using wired environment. The distance may be short (Television) or long (radio transmission). The term wireless will be used by cellular telephones, PDA’s etc. In this paper we will concentrate on the evolution of various generations of wireless network. Index Terms— Wireless, Radio Transmission, Mobile Network, Generations, Communication. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION (TECHNOLOGY) er frequency of about 160MHz and up as it is transmitted be- tween radio antennas. The technique used for this is FDMA. In IRELESS telephone started with what you might call W terms of overall connection quality, 1G has low capacity, poor 0G if you can remember back that far. Just after the World War voice links, unreliable handoff, and no security since voice 2 mobile telephone service became available. In those days, calls were played back in radio antennas, making these calls you had a mobile operator to set up the calls and there were persuadable to unwanted monitoring by 3rd parties. First Gen- only a Few channels were available. 0G refers to radio tele- eration did maintain a few benefits over second generation. In phones that some had in cars before the advent of mobiles. comparison to 1G's AS (analog signals), 2G’s DS (digital sig- Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular nals) are very Similar on proximity and location. If a second mobile telephone technology. So they were the foregoer of the generation handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are called DS (digital signal) may not be strong enough to reach the tow- 0G (zero generation) itself, and other basic ancillary data such er.
    [Show full text]
  • Skywire Nano 4G LTE-M
    Skywire Nano 4G LTE-M NimbeLink, a global leader in embedded cellular modem technology and asset tracking solutions, has introduced the Skywire Nano NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160 modem. This new modem offers LTE-M (CAT M1) connectivity for global applications. The modem also includes an integrated GPS/GNSS receiver. The NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160-C is optimized for Verizon. Contact NimbeLink for versions of the NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160 that support other global networks. Features Part Number Description • No carrier certification required • Smallest embedded modem form factor NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160 Skywire Nano, LTE-M with • User accessible applications processor GNSS • Flexible antenna options • UART, SPI, I2C serial interfaces • Verizon soldered down SIM • Support for external SIM sockets • Supports Power Save Mode and eDRX About The Skywire Family • RoHS compliant Skywire cellular modems are designed to make cellular integration fast and easy. Advantages Exceptionally small, lowest power, and end- device certified, Skywire modems enable • Global LTE coverage LTE-M (CAT M1) developers to quickly and reliably connect • Simple Firmware over-the-air update system IoT products to cellular networks around • Easy GSMA back-off solution the world. Skywire modems are backed • AT command interface for UDP and TCP/IP socket dials by industry leading documentation and • GNSS support expert-level product support. NimbeLink.com/Skywire-Cellular-Modem/ 1002227 Rev G Technical Specifications (NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160) Target Region Global Compatible Carriers Verizon Only Cellular Technology
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Network Sunsetting
    Cellular Network Sunsetting By Dave Anderson, Senior IoCP Program Manager The use of acronyms by the cellular industry is extensive. 3GPP, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, CDMA, 1xRTT, HSPA, GPRS, EV-DO, GSM, NB-IoT, and many others are examples of the plethora of technologies and descriptions used to ultimately describe the actual hardware and service used by a device to connect to various networks to communicate information. This complexity pales in comparison to the FCC spectrum allocation chart shown in Fig 1. The chart depicts the frequency spectrums where toys, TV, radio, military, medical, marine radios, satellites, space telescopes and all the other frequency uses in the United States. Other countries have their own versions of this chart. Cellular technology utilizes a very small portion of this chart, yet occupies a large portion of everyday life in today’s connected society. Figure 1 Close examination of this chart will show that there are no open or available blocks of spectrum, so as new technologies are developed they must either layer on top of existing technologies, or aging technologies must be turned off or ‘sunset’ to free up spectrum for newer technologies. The cell phone industry has diligently worked to define a consumer market where the expectation is to replace this communication device with contract renewal type regularity. From a consumer point of view, the older technologies are usually long passed before a sunset event would force a phone upgrade. In parallel to the explosive cell phone market growth is the industrial usage of the cellular communication networks. The presence of a cellular network removes the necessity for wired connections and makes mobile monitoring possible for a number of industries.
    [Show full text]