DOCSLIB.ORG

1G 2G 3G LTE 4G What's Next

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1G 2G 3G LTE 4G What's Next What’s Next in the Cellular Evolution & How to Leverage it for New Business As you will come to see, this goal can 2006 only be accomplished by phasing out 3G and reallocating the extra bandwidth to 4G LTE. This task can only be described 2001 as daunting and challenging from not just 2018 our security perspective, but more so from theirs. 1989 Looking for more proof? First, because of demand it is necessary to upgrade all cellular networks on a regular basis. Two 2002 billion people on the planet use cellphones, according to James Katz, professor of com- munication at Rutgers University. In fact, as of 2011 there were more cellphone sub- 1999 scribers in the United States than people, ac- LTE cording to a study, underwritten by CTIA, a trade association representing the wireless 1983 1G 2G 3G 4G communications industry in the U.S., as re- ported by Bridget Kelly, author of “What Is Courtesy of Napco StarLink the Role of the Cell Phone in Communica- tion Today?” Ride the New Wave in Cellular for New RMR Society at large is becoming more mo- bile-oriented because of convenience, busi- There’s undeniably a lot of upside system control, remote video monitoring or ness and personal lifestyles. According to for savvy installing security contractors long-distance doorbells. We as an industry market research firm Statista of New York and fire/life-safety professionals whose are on the small screen to the tune of brand City, the number of smartphone users is billable offerings keep pace with the new relevance and new recurring revenue. forecast to increase from 2.1 billion in 2016 ongoing evolution of cellular technology, Indeed cellular-based alarm reporting to around 2.5 billion in 2019. Parks & Asso- i.e., the demise of older cellular networks and a variety of interactive services have ciates of Addison, Texas, finds that 19% of and the introduction of faster, more already become a tremendous source of young consumers engage in live streaming, robust LTE communications. ready, dependable recurring monthly reve- 35% of U.S. smartphone users use cellular The meteoric rise of cell phone technol- nue (RMR) for installing security and fire/ for social networking, and 29% of U.S. con- ogy and consumer adoption in the last 40 life-safety contractors. High-speed cellular sumers get their news via their smartphone. or so years, has been quite a wild ride. No translates into an extremely lucrative in- Cellular Carriers are forced to meet this longer are phones’ principle use for making come each and every month for thousands growing demand with faster, more connec- calls, and in place of the original 25-pound of companies worldwide, thus assuring an tive technologies and 4G LTE will help brick devices few lugged around in the ear- ample flow of cash. make that possible. ly 80’s, today virtually everyone, old and Ahead, we’ll take a look at the new sun- Some business professionals question young, has one handily in their pocket or set facing the security and fire/life-safety whether or not the current 3G sunset is wearable on their wrist. Likewise, the con- industry, the technologies that are replacing being premature, considering that Cellular nections they allow, SMS text, talk and so- 3G, as well as examine some of the new di- Carriers just phased out 2G no more than cial media, or interacting with all parts of the rections that 4G and LTE can be expected to two to three years ago. But, before we draw home or business, on-the-go, has proven one take the industry going forward. any conclusions, it’s important to know that of the greatest, most-addictive phenomena of our times. Today, it’s imperative we have The Need for Speed: Circumstances to stay in touch with all aspects of our lives Behind the Recent 3G Sunset 365/24/7, and the handheld pocket comput- The need for fast, efficient, enter- ers, or smart devices, we use to do so are prise-level mobile communications grows simply indispensable, as are the fortunate with each passing day. As the world around applications we choose to put on them. us teeters on the brink of becoming a fully The digital convenience factor and the wireless and mobile society, it has become scary place in which we live have combined, absolutely necessary for cellular service such that security too has a new starring role providers to create a technology that will in consumer’s wants and needs on those perform faster with more possible connec- very phones, whether it’s virtual security tions. 3G, in some way, shape or form, has been opportunity has not been lost on other Tech present that will handle the rapidly growing tion video, improvements in voice/audio ers, and those who service and inspect fire Be Smart Offering Smart Services, around since 2005. In fact, some cellular Giants, who in search of subscription-based demand for faster, more reliable cellular quality, longer lasting smartphone batteries systems, NFPA72-Compliant Universal including Business experts claim that 3G actually began to business models, have also entered this service. So it’s easy to see how retiring 3G (because of the low-powered nature of 4G Cellular Alarm Communicators are a real Many of the universal alarm commu- show up in some cellular systems as early dynamic market --like Google, Amazon & and moving valuable and essential band- LTE), GPS asset tracking, fleet telematic coup: For FACP system upgrade potential; nicators on the market also enable dealers as 2001. Generally, the effective life of any Apple, with their DIY or Pro. connected width to the 4G side provides an even fast- services, Internet of Things (IoT), a faster new customer service savings; new pro- to offer the homeowner or small- to medi- cellular communications generation is 13 to products. er cellular-to-Internet connection, which is pipeline for alarm signals, a host of interac- spective accounts for easy takeover; and um-sized business a number of home- or 15 years. There’s another good reason why 3G essential for the security and fire/life-safety tive services for smart buildings and homes, new-found Fire RMR --all great for month- business management interactive services, In brief, the primary reason for retiring must go, that directly pertains to security, markets that the alarm industry serves. and more. ly cash flow & business valuation. that connect to the user’s smartphone at 3G lies in the differences between it and too. Where 3G provides a typical data band- As to an end-of-life date, although Ver- One powerful benefit that 4G LTE cel- The original, underlying issue, as it re- the other end of the cellular connection. 4G LTE, along with an incessant need for width of 2Mbps to 21Mbps, 4G offers up izon, AT&T, T-Mobile and other carriers lular brings to the alarm industry is an op- lates to POTs now, is supply & demand. These include virtual keypads, SMS/MMS speed and effective bandwidth. Our under- a data bandwidth of 100Mbps to 1Gbps, have announced a sunset date for 3G, in portunity for security dealers to cash in on Today, it’s not always possible to get a notifications, lighting; video surveillance; standing of the issues behind it begins with which is up to 10x faster. There’s more. The reality these networks have been moving the service itself. Not only do alarm dealers telephone line when and where you need it. heating, refrigeration, ventilation and air a brief explanation as to the primary differ- upload data rate of 3G, which is extremely bandwidth from 3G to 4G for a number of provide the cellular communicator and cell Not only that but Telcos are no longer giv- conditioning (HVAC); arming/disarming; ence between the two. Note that the G in 4G crucial for alarm systems and other secu- years. Through “spectrum harvesting,” Cel- service, but they can also provide a host ing priority to their POTS network. Instead, status checks; and the control of interactive pertains to the “generation” of the cellular rity-related services, is 5Mbps, 500Mbps lular Carriers can effectively nudge users to of cell-based services delivered virtually their attention is on wireless where the heart deadbolts and locksets. These are only a few technology, which centers on data through- with 4G. In terms of downloading, 3G of- invest in 4G LTE devices by allocating less real-time to the consumer’s favorite smart of their bank account resides — wireless/ of the things that can be accomplished with put within the cell system itself. fers a download data rate of 21Mbps where- and less bandwidth to 3G. device, phone, tablet, etc. And, that speed cellular. So, even when you can get a POTS some of the products now on the market. LTE technology itself pertains to as 4G offers 1Gbps peak. The issue of operating frequency cen- and that multitasking mobile convenience, line or two, as for a commercial fire system, With a faster cellular system, plus players cell-to-Internet connectivity, which in turn 4G uses packet and message switching, ters on the penetration of cellular signals is precisely what today’s digital society has the quality of service is not always what it like Amazon & Google in the mix, there’s centers on IP networking. Together, 4G and in addition to LTE that offers full IP-based through construction materials. The lower come to expect and demand from all the ser- should be. And as of 2018, phone cos. are sure to be more.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEXT GENERATION MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS: 5G CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE JULY-SEPT 2020 the Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
    VOLUME 36, NUMBER 3 July-September 2020 Article Page 2 References Page 17 Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Authors Dr. Rendong Bai 5G Cellular Infrastructure Associate Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Vigs Chandra Professor and Coordinator Cyber Systems Technology Programs Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Ray Richardson Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Peter Ping Liu Professor and Interim Chair School of Technology Eastern Illinois University Keywords: The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering© is an official Mobile Networks; 5G Wireless; Internet of Things; publication of the Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Millimeter Waves; Beamforming; Small Cells; Wi-Fi 6 Engineering, Copyright 2020 ATMAE 701 Exposition Place Suite 206 SUBMITTED FOR PEER – REFEREED Raleigh, NC 27615 www. atmae.org JULY-SEPT 2020 The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Dr. Rendong Bai is an Associate 5G Cellular Infrastructure Professor in the Department of Applied Engineering and Technology at Eastern Kentucky University. From 2008 to 2018, ABSTRACT he served as an Assistant/ The requirement for wireless network speed and capacity is growing dramatically. A significant amount Associate Professor at Eastern of data will be mobile and transmitted among phones and Internet of things (IoT) devices. The current Illinois University. He received 4G wireless technology provides reasonably high data rates and video streaming capabilities. However, his B.S. degree in aircraft the incremental improvements on current 4G networks will not satisfy the ever-growing demands of manufacturing engineering users and applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency in Cellular Networks
    Energy Efficiency in Cellular Networks Radha Krishna Ganti Indian Institute of Technology Madras [email protected] Millions 1G 2G:100Kbps2G: ~100Kb/s 3G:~1 Mb/s 4G: ~10 Mb/s Cellular Network will connect the IOT Source:Cisco Case Study: Mobile Networks in India • India has over 400,000 cell towers today • 70%+ sites have grid outages in excess of 8 hours a day; 10% are completely off-grid • Huge dependency on diesel generator sets for power backups – India imports 3 billion liters of diesel annually to support Cell Tower, DG Set, Grid these cell sites – CO2 emission exceeds 6 million metric tons a year – Energy accounts for ~25% of network opex for telcos • As mobile services expand to remote rural areas, enormity of this problem grows 4 Power consumption breakup Core network Radio access network Mobile devices 0.1 W x 7 B = 0.7 GW 2 kW x 5M = 10 GW 10 kW x 10K = 0.1 GW *Reference: Mid-size thermal plant output 0.5 GW Source: Peng Mobicomm 2011 Base station energy consumption 1500 W 60 W Signal processing 150 W 1000 W 100 W Air conditioning Power amplifier (PA) 200 W (10-20% efficiency) Power conversion 150 W Transmit power Circuit power Efficiency of PA Spectral Efficiency: bps/Hz (Shannon) Transmit power Distance Bandwidth Cellular Standard Spectral efficiency Noise power 1G (AMPS) 0.46 Spectral density 2G (GSM) 1.3 3G (WCDMA) 2.6 4G (LTE) 4.26 Energy Efficiency: Bits per Joule 1 Km 2 Km EE versus SE for PA efficiency of 20% Current status Source: IEEE Wireless Comm.
    [Show full text]
  • LTE-M Deployment Guide to Basic Feature Set Requirements
    LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS JUNE 2019 LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 2 INTRODUCTION 5 2.1 Overview 5 2.2 Scope 5 2.3 Definitions 6 2.4 Abbreviations 6 2.5 References 9 3 GSMA MINIMUM BAseLINE FOR LTE-M INTEROPERABILITY - PROBLEM STATEMENT 10 3.1 Problem Statement 10 3.2 Minimum Baseline for LTE-M Interoperability: Risks and Benefits 10 4 LTE-M DATA ARCHITECTURE 11 5 LTE-M DePLOYMENT BANDS 13 6 LTE-M FeATURE DePLOYMENT GUIDE 14 7 LTE-M ReLEAse 13 FeATURes 15 7.1 PSM Standalone Timers 15 7.2 eDRX Standalone 18 7.3 PSM and eDRX Combined Implementation 19 7.4 High Latency Communication 19 7.5 GTP-IDLE Timer on IPX Firewall 20 7.6 Long Periodic TAU 20 7.7 Support of category M1 20 7.7.1 Support of Half Duplex Mode in LTE-M 21 7.7.2 Extension of coverage features (CE Mode A / B) 21 7.8 SCEF 22 7.9 VoLTE 22 7.10 Connected Mode Mobility 23 7.11 SMS Support 23 7.12 Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD) 24 7.13 Connected-Mode (Extended) DRX Support 24 7.14 Control Plane CIoT Optimisations 25 7.15 User Plane CIoT Optimisations 25 7.16 UICC Deactivation During eDRX 25 7.17 Power Class 26 LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS 8 LTE-M ReLEAse 14 FeATURes 27 8.1 Positioning: E-CID and OTDOA 27 8.2 Higher data rate support 28 8.3 Improvements of VoLTE and other real-time services 29 8.4 Mobility enhancement in Connected Mode 29 8.5 Multicast transmission/Group messaging 29 8.6 Relaxed monitoring for cell reselection 30 8.7 Release Assistance Indication
    [Show full text]
  • History of Wireless Communications (Key Milestones in the Development of Wireless Communications Are Listed)
    Lect4: History of Wireless Communications (key milestones in the development of wireless communications are listed) Dr. Yazid Khattabi Communication Systems Course EE Department University of Jordan 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 1 History of wireless communications Terrestrial fixed links (telephone services) ~ 1940s. Satellite intercontinental links ~1960s. Cellular mobile communications: The fastest growing industry. 1G, 2G. 2.5G, 3G, 3.9G, 4G,5G Number of subscribers increasing rapidly Financial investment More developments address challenges understanding the wireless channel characteristics 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 2 History of wireless communications . 1820: Oersted demonstrated that an electric current produces a magnetic field. 1831: Faraday showed that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. 1837: Samuel Morse invented Telegraph (not wireless). 1864: From that Maxwell predicted EM radiation existence. Formulated the basic theory of electromagnetics (which is basis of wireless comm.) [41]. 1876: Alexander Bell Invention of the telephone (not wireless). 1887: Hertz verified Maxwell’s theory experimentally. 1894: coherer invented by Lodge: a sensitive device that detects radio signals and was used to demonstrate wireless communication at a 150 yards distance. 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 4 History of wireless communications . 1895: Marconi has demonstrated first radio signal transmission ~ 2 km. • 1897: Marconi patented a radio telegraph system and founded the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company [42,43]. He demonstrated mobile wireless communication to ships. • 1898: Marconi experiments with a land ‘mobile’ radio system (LMR) – the apparatus is the size of a bus with a 7 m antenna. • 1916: The British Navy uses Marconi’s wireless apparatus in the Battle of Jutland to track and engage the enemy fleet.
    [Show full text]
  • 4G to 5G Networks and Standard Releases
    4G to 5G networks and standard releases CoE Training on Traffic engineering and advanced wireless network planning Sami TABBANE 30 September -03 October 2019 Bangkok, Thailand 1 Objectives Provide an overview of various technologies and standards of 4G and future 5G 2 Agenda I. 4G and LTE networks II. LTE Release 10 to 14 III. 5G 3 Agenda I. 4G and LTE networks 4 LTE/SAE 1. 4G motivations 5 Introduction . Geneva, 18 January 2012 – Specifications for next-generation mobile technologies – IMT-Advanced – agreed at the ITU Radiocommunications Assembly in Geneva. ITU determined that "LTELTELTE----AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced" and "WirelessMANWirelessMANWirelessMAN----AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced" should be accorded the official designation of IMTIMT----AdvancedAdvanced : . Wireless MANMAN- ---AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced:::: Mobile WiMax 2, or IEEE 802. 16m; . 3GPPLTE AdvancedAdvanced: LTE Release 10, supporting both paired Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and unpaired Time Division Duplex (TDD) spectrum. 6 Needs for IMT-Advanced systems Need for higher data rates and greater spectral efficiency Need for a Packet Switched only optimized system Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly and reduce round trip delay) Need for cheaper infrastructure Simplify architecture of all network elements 7 Impact and requirements on LTE characteristics Architecture (flat) Frequencies (flexibility) Bitrates (higher) Latencies (lower) Cooperation with other technologies (all 3GPP and
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Mobile Wireless Networks Nirmal Lourdh Rayan, Chaitanya Krishna
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 685 ISSN 2229-5518 A Survey on Mobile Wireless Networks Nirmal Lourdh Rayan, Chaitanya Krishna Abstract— Wireless communication is a transfer of data without using wired environment. The distance may be short (Television) or long (radio transmission). The term wireless will be used by cellular telephones, PDA’s etc. In this paper we will concentrate on the evolution of various generations of wireless network. Index Terms— Wireless, Radio Transmission, Mobile Network, Generations, Communication. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION (TECHNOLOGY) er frequency of about 160MHz and up as it is transmitted be- tween radio antennas. The technique used for this is FDMA. In IRELESS telephone started with what you might call W terms of overall connection quality, 1G has low capacity, poor 0G if you can remember back that far. Just after the World War voice links, unreliable handoff, and no security since voice 2 mobile telephone service became available. In those days, calls were played back in radio antennas, making these calls you had a mobile operator to set up the calls and there were persuadable to unwanted monitoring by 3rd parties. First Gen- only a Few channels were available. 0G refers to radio tele- eration did maintain a few benefits over second generation. In phones that some had in cars before the advent of mobiles. comparison to 1G's AS (analog signals), 2G’s DS (digital sig- Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular nals) are very Similar on proximity and location. If a second mobile telephone technology. So they were the foregoer of the generation handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are called DS (digital signal) may not be strong enough to reach the tow- 0G (zero generation) itself, and other basic ancillary data such er.
    [Show full text]
  • Skywire Nano 4G LTE-M
    Skywire Nano 4G LTE-M NimbeLink, a global leader in embedded cellular modem technology and asset tracking solutions, has introduced the Skywire Nano NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160 modem. This new modem offers LTE-M (CAT M1) connectivity for global applications. The modem also includes an integrated GPS/GNSS receiver. The NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160-C is optimized for Verizon. Contact NimbeLink for versions of the NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160 that support other global networks. Features Part Number Description • No carrier certification required • Smallest embedded modem form factor NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160 Skywire Nano, LTE-M with • User accessible applications processor GNSS • Flexible antenna options • UART, SPI, I2C serial interfaces • Verizon soldered down SIM • Support for external SIM sockets • Supports Power Save Mode and eDRX About The Skywire Family • RoHS compliant Skywire cellular modems are designed to make cellular integration fast and easy. Advantages Exceptionally small, lowest power, and end- device certified, Skywire modems enable • Global LTE coverage LTE-M (CAT M1) developers to quickly and reliably connect • Simple Firmware over-the-air update system IoT products to cellular networks around • Easy GSMA back-off solution the world. Skywire modems are backed • AT command interface for UDP and TCP/IP socket dials by industry leading documentation and • GNSS support expert-level product support. NimbeLink.com/Skywire-Cellular-Modem/ 1002227 Rev G Technical Specifications (NL-SWN-LTE-NRF9160) Target Region Global Compatible Carriers Verizon Only Cellular Technology
    [Show full text]
  • AT&T 3G Sunset
    Product Change Notification AT&T 3G Sunset - Impacts on 4G Devices LTE Category 1, Category 3 and Select Category 4 Models Date: March 9, 2021 I. Product Change Notification Number (PCN) PCN 03092021-02 II. Overview The purpose of this PCN is to avoid service interruption for certain MultiTech 4G products impacted by the impending AT&T 3G network sunset. 4G/LTE Category 1, 3 and 4 devices in the U.S. may no longer attach to the AT&T network after their 3G network sunset, scheduled for late February 2022. Voice-capable cellular modules integrated into several MultiTech products are configured for voice-centric signaling by default. These devices are likely to arrive at a No Service condition after 3G sunset -- even for data-only applications. This is a result of the module requiring a voice signal to connect to networks configured to leverage a combined attach (3G and LTE) for LTE device registration. The MultiTech products detailed in this PCN will be impacted by the 3G sunset. A software configuration change in the cellular module in these products is required in order to avoid a No Service condition. The only exception is for products with cellular modules supporting the IMS service Voice over LTE (VoLTE) and an accompanying VoLTE subscription from your service provider. MultiTech will immediately implement a software configuration change in our manufacturing process to include the required AT command to set a new permanent module default for its User Equipment (“UE”) settings. Note: future module firmware updates may impact this setting. Current default: CEMODE=1 (Voice centric) New default: CEMODE=2 (Data centric) For devices already deployed in the field, you must implement the above mentioned software- configuration change in each device to ensure continued service following the 3G sunset.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: a Survey
    future internet Review Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey Brandon Foubert * and Nathalie Mitton Inria Lille - Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2019; Accepted: 11 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology. Keywords: long-range; wireless; IoT; LPWAN; mobile; cellular; LoRa; Sigfox; LTE-M; NB-IoT 1. Introduction Wireless radio technologies, such as Wi-Fi, are used daily to enable inter-device communications. In the last few years, new kinds of wireless technologies have emerged. In opposition to standard wireless technologies referred to as “short-range”, long-range radio technologies allow devices to communicate over kilometers-wide distances at a low energy cost, but at the expense of a low data rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Steps from 1G to 4.5G
    ISSN (Online) : 2278-1021 ISSN (Print) : 2319-5940 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2014 Evolutionary steps from 1G to 4.5G Tondare S M1, Panchal S D2, Kushnure D T3 Assistant Professor, Electronics and Telecom Dept., Sandipani Technical Campus Faculty of Engg, Latur(MS), India 1,2 Assistant Professor, Electronics and Telecom Department, VPCOE, Baramati(MS), India 3 Abstract: The journey from analog based first generation service (1G) to today’s truly broadband-ready LTE advanced networks (now accepted as 4.5G), the wireless industry is on a path that promises some great innovation in our future. Technology from manufacturers is advancing at a stunning rate and the wireless networking is tying our gadgets together with the services we demand. Manufacturers are advancing technologies at a stunning rate and also evolution in wireless technology all impossible things possible as market requirement. Keywords: Mobile Wireless Communication Networks, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G,4.5G I. INTRODUCTION With rapid development of information and was replaced by Digital Access techniques such as TDMA communication technologies (ICT), particularly the (Time division multiple access), CDMA (code division wireless communication technology it is becoming very multiple access) having enhanced Spectrum efficiency, necessary to analyse the performance of different better data services and special feature as Roaming was generations of wireless technologies. In just the past 10 introduced. years, we have seen a great evolution of wireless services which we use every day. With the exponential evolution, B.Technology there has been equally exponential growth in use of the 2G cellular systems includes GSM, digital AMPS, code services, taking advantage of the recently available division multiple access(CDMA),personal digital bandwidth around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • 4G LTE Standards
    Standard of 4G LTE Jia SHEN CAICT 1 Course Objectives: Evolution of LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced pro 2 2 Evolution of LTE/LTE-A technology standard Peak rate LTE-Advanced 3Gbps R10 R11 R12 LTE • Distributed • D2D R9 antenna • TDD Flexible 300Mbps R8 • dual layer CoMP slot beamformi • Enhanced allocation ng • CA MIMO • 3D MIMO • Terminal • Enhanced • OFDM • Enhanced CA • … location MIMO • MIMO • … technology • Relay • … • HetNet 2008 2009 • … 2011 2012 2014 Terminal location technology dual layer3 beamforming CA Enhanced antenna Relay Course Objectives: Evolution of LTE-Advanced CA Enhanced MIMO CoMP eICIC Relay LTE-Advanced pro 4 4 Principle of carrier aggregation （CA） Carrier aggregation • In order to satisfy the design of LTE-A system with the maximum bandwidth of 100MHz, and to maintain the backward compatibility，3GPP proposed carrier aggregation. In the LTE-A system, the maximum bandwidth of a single carrier is 20MHz Participate in the aggregati on of the various LTE carrier is known as the LTE-A mem ber carrier (Component Car rier, CC) Standard Considering the backward compatibility of LTE system, the maximum bandwidth of a single carrier unit is 20M Hz in the LTE-A system. All carrier units will be designed to be compatible with LTE, but at this stage it does not exclude the considerati on of non - backward compatible carriers. In the LTE-A FDD system, the terminal can be configured to aggregate different bandwidth, different number o f carriers. For TDD LTE-A systems, the number of uplink and downlink carriers is the same in a typical scence. In the LTE-A system, CA supports up to 5 DL carriers.
    [Show full text]
  • DELL TECHNOLOGIES and 5G Analysis and Strategy to Capture the 5G Mobile Opportunity
    DELL TECHNOLOGIES AND 5G Analysis and strategy to capture the 5G mobile opportunity November 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................3 THE DELL TECHNOLOGIES 5G STRATEGY ..........................................................................................................................4 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 5G NEW DEMANDS ..............................................................................................................................................7 1.2 NEW TRAFFIC TYPES...........................................................................................................................................7 1.3 IOT ...........................................................................................................................................................................7 1.4 AR/VR .....................................................................................................................................................................9 1.5 MISSION-CRITICAL. ........................................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 ENHANCED MOBILE BROADBAND ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]