Index

Note: Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

Acque Albule Albano town 156 basin structural map 217 Albano volcano tectonic structure 215 gravimetric stations and geodetic networks 300 travertine Alicarnasso 229 age 221, 224 Alluvial valley 357 body geometry 218 Aluminum dioxide discontinuous lateral aggradational growth 221 phase-equilibrium diagram 171 erosional surfaces 220 Amiata-Campi Flegrei fracture and joint systems 218 alkaline potassic volcanic districts spacing 20 radiometric analysis 221 Antiquitates Romanae (Alicarnasso) 229 rate of deposition 224 Apatite 157 schematic models for deposition 225 Apennine stratigraphic relationship 224 carbonate paleo-platform domain 30 structural map and cross-sections 219 Central 217 and tectonic structure 215 earthquake 10 Adria Plate 118 extensional Tyrrhenian margin 11 Adriatic coast fresh water 323 crustal-scale cross-section 9 range 142 Aeolian Islands 118 Tyrrhenian system 131 Albalonga unit 89, 155, 168 magmatism 12 Alban Hills volcano see Colli Albani volcano vertical section 36 Alban Hills wells Aprilia-Pomezia 204 gas blowouts 293 annual water budget values 205 Albano circuit water resources 204 height variations 301 Aquifer Albano crater lake 4 map of profiles 197 see also Lake Albano Ariccia maar 145 bathymetry 261 sedimentary substrate 145 dissolved carbon dioxide 266 shaded relief-DEM image 155 dissolved gas concentration in water 264, 265 Ariccia Region 164 geochemistry 259–266 Artemisio period 4 geochemical characterization 260–261 Artemisio succession 72–74 lake water and dissolved gases isotopic Artificial earthquakes 224 composition 260–261 Astronomical Observatory of Monteporzio Catone 302 lake water rollover 262–266 Avellino tephra 254 hydrogen–oxygen isotopic composition 265 hydrostatic pressure 266 Back-arc basin 11 location 260 Back-arc extensions 9 temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen 262 Benthonic foraminifera 146 vertical chemical variations 263 Bioclastic calcarenites 147 Albano Maar 86, 125, 145–147 Biotite schists 161 base 186 Bouguer gravimetry crater boundaries 284 anomalies 32 deposits 186 anomaly map 284 deposit volumes 181 Colli Albani volcano 312 historical topographic and bathymetric map 231 Breislak, Scipione 3 isopach map 186 Brocchi, G. B. 3 lake 78, 311 Bronze Age Villaggio delle Macine 238–241 panoramic view 335 Brown mica 121 tunnel drain 335 Bulgarini quarry polygenetic 85 Pozzolane Tuffs succession 54 products 155, 172 shaded relief-DEM image 155 Caffarella valley 340 Albano locality 145–147 Calabrian 8 Ciampino locality 146 Calcarenites Corcolle Formation 83–91 bioclastic 147 sedimentary substrate 145–147 Calcium minerals 165 succession base 184–186 Calcium oxide 165 Albano period 4 phase-equilibrium diagram 171 Albano Region 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 Calcium silicate 165 sedimentary substrate 145–147 Calcium silicophosphate 165

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Calderas 22 active faults and large earthquakes 11 Campi di Annibale Formation 80, 147 carbon dioxide map 11 Campi di Annibale volcanic edifice 208 heat flow and seismicity 10 Campi Flegrei volcano caldera 20 human-induced environmental change 245–255 Cantone unit 87, 155, 168 Pleistocene records from Lake Albano and Lake Nemi Capo di Bove lavas 245–255 olivine classification components diagram 122 chronology 247–254 Carbonate Holocene 251–254 properties 314 Lake Pleistocene 247–251 structural high and low sequence 315 sedimentation 246–247 Carbonatic xenoliths 167 synthesis 254–255 Carbon dioxide 313 reconstructing natural environmental change 245–255 activity at depth 317 Tyrrhenian margin air concentration 287, 291, 295 geological and structural scheme 280 circulation or flow modelling structural map and digital elevation model 216 axisymmetric computational domain and Central Mediterranean boundary conditions 315 sketch map 8 boundary conditions 318 Chemical precipitation processes Colli Albani 311–328 mathematical modelling 271 fluid source at depth 315–317 Ciampino 340 gas flow rate along surface 316 plains lahars 334 geological-hydrological framework 313 sedimentary substrate 146 numerical model and computational domain 313–315 Cisterna-Velletri 203–204 numerical simulations 313 annual water budget values 205 opening through impervious layers 317–320 water resources 203–204 partial pressure, temperature, volume gas fraction Clay 321, 327 properties 314 simulated times 327 structural high and low sequence 315 system perturbations 315–320 Clinopyroxene 112, 119 temperature distribution 317 classification diagrams 125 temperature distribution at steady state 325 idiomorph crystal 157 volumetric gas fraction and flow patterns 326 Clinopyroxenitic crystals 158 volumetric gas fraction distribution 320 Colle Iano succession 70 flux 285 Colli Albani 130 free gas phase 323 anomalous gas-emitting zones 279 groundwater 311, 323 Bouguer gravity anomalies 286 higher partial pressure 314 carbon dioxide circulation modelling 311–328 partial pressure 315, 328 fluid source at depth 315–317 simulations and distribution 318, 319 geological-hydrological framework 313 temperature and volume 318 numerical model and computational domain 313–315 partial pressure along symmetry axis 317 opening through impervious layers 317–320 phase-equilibrium diagram 171 system perturbations 315–320 rich fluids propagation through clay 328 deposit volume calculations 177–187 Carbon dioxide circulation modelling deposit volumes 181 Colli Albani 311–328 diffuse degassing 323 fluid source at depth 315–317 digital elevation model 341 geological-hydrological framework 313 digital elevation model and main structural features 281 numerical model and computational domain 313–315 earthquakes 331 opening through impervious layers 317–320 gases emitted 261 system perturbations 315–320 gas-pressurized aquifers 279 Casale del Cavaliere hydrogeological basins 207 ignimbrite 54 Hydrogeological Unit Casale del Cavaliere unit annual water budget values 205 Cave town 53 digital terrain model 191 Castiglione Maar 142 hydrogeological basins 204 Cava dei Selci system coverage 203 diffuse carbon dioxide soil flux maps 288 ignimbrite plateau 148 endogenous gas emissions hazard 285–287 ignimbrites computer-based reconstruction 177 gas emission zone 285–287, 287 lakes 207 gas manifestation 286 large caldera complex 335 hydrogen sulphide air concentration 290 panoramic view 332 time variation of soil carbon dioxide 289 radical drainage network 332 Centocelle plateau reconstruction of main unconformities 177–187 ditches criss-crossing 374 rocks 131 Centogocce post-plateau lava stratigraphy 177–187 alkali v. silica classification diagram 111 Albano maar succession base 184–186 Central Apennine 217 data analysis 179–180 Central Italy methodology 178–179

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Pisolitic Tuffs/base of Pozzolane Tuffs top 180–182 mantle under 36 Pisolitic Tuffs volcanic deposits/base 179–180 melilite crystals 125 Pozzolane inferiori top 182–184 Mesozoic–Cenozoic pre-orogenic carbonatic substratum subsurface data previous studies 178 underlying 31 Tufo Lionato ignimbrite base 182–184 metamorphic 153–173 Villa Senni Fm. 184 intra-telluric magmatic crystallization xenoliths strontium isotopic compositions 131 154–159 uplift and seismicity 282 magmatic cumulates 158–159 Colli Albani volcano 1–5, 2, 230, 260 magmatic intrusive holocrystalline xenoliths accidents 321–322 154–158 activity magmatic xenoliths 162–166 carbonate deposition chronology 103 and metasomatic and intrusive xenoliths 154 progressive reduction 33 metasomatized products of hornfelses and skarns base reconstruction 51 169–173 Bouguer gravimetry 312 methodology 154 caldera complex 246 previous Colli Albani xenoliths studies 153 carbon dioxide and hydrogen degassing 321–322 SE and BSE images 154 catchment basins discharge values 202 thermometamorphic xenoliths 166–167 chemistry 3 xenoliths chronology 101–102 biotite schists 159 classification components for olivine 122 classification 154 crustal structure 35 hornfelses 159–162 DEM 312 marbles 159 digital elevation model 32 originated by thermometamorphism 159 evolution 43–93 quartz-bearing hornfelses 159 evolution constraints 107–133 sanidinites 159 geochemistry 107–133 skarns 159–162 geochronology 99–104 mica analyses 128 chronology 100 mineral chemistry 107–133 previous research 99–100 morphostructural elements 48 problems related to geochronological methods 100–104 paleogeographic reconstruction 34 geodetic deformation 299–308 Pisolitic Tuffs succession 46–54 GPS data 301–302 Casale del Cavaliere ignimbrite 54 levelling surveys 300–301 Palatino ignimbrite 53 PSInSAR observation and data analysis 303–307 Poli ignimbrite 49–51 geological map 4,44 S. Cecilia Formation 49 geologic section 314 Tor de’ Cenci ignimbrite 51–53 hau¨yne analyses 128 Vallicelle Formation 49 hazards 279–295 plumbing system reconstruction 153–173 accidental gas blowout form wells hazard 287–292 Pozzolane Rosse ignimbrite 55–57 Cava dei Selci gas emission zone 285–287 Pozzolane Tuffs succession 54–67 endogenous gas emissions hazard 284–287 previous studies 3–5 future eruptions 279–281 products 181 gas geochemistry evidence 281 rocks 107–133 geochronological and geological evidence 280 clinopyroxene analyses 123–124 geophysical evidence 280–281 Faete intracaldera stratovolcano system 114 Lake Albano overflows hazard 283–284 genesis of compositional and isotopic variations Solforata di Pomezia gas emission zone 287 122–133 volcanic hazard 282–283 glasses analyses 116 hill-shaded DEM 48 hau¨yne and mica analyses 128 hydrogeology 189–213 lead isotope 116–119 aquifers conceptual model 189–191 leucite and nepheline analyses 127 aquifers physicochemical characteristics 207–209 melilite analyses 126 bedrock 189 mineral chemistry 119–122 groundwater-river water cross-flows 199–203 Monte Due Torri monogenetic volcanic system 115 piezometry 191–199 neodymium isotope 116–119 water resources 203–207 olivine crystals analyses 120–121 hydrogeological basin 1 203–204 Pantano Borghese system 112–114 hydrogeological basin 2 204 Pisolitic Tuffs succession 108–109 hydrogeological basin 3 204–206 post-caldera period 111–112 hydrogeological basin 4 206–207 Pozzolane Tuffs succession 109–111 ignimbrite plateau data points 178 Santa Maria della Mole system 112–114 isotopes 107–133 spinel crystals 129 isotopic methods 104 strontium isotope 116–119 location 29 Tuscolano-Artemisio peri-caldera monogenetic low-velocity zone 35 system 112 magma-fluid-rock interaction model 171 Via dei Laghi hydromagmatic activity 115 magma genesis 107–133 Vulcano Laziale caldera complex period 108–111

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Colli Albani volcano (Continued) Pozzolane Nere ignimbrite 58–59 schematic structural map 143 Villa Senni formation 61–67 sedimentary substrate 141–150 basal fallout 61 Albano locality 145–147 breccia lithofacies 66–67 Albano maar 145–147 crystal-rich lithofacies 66 Ariccia maar 145 Pozzolanelle 63–66 Castiglione Maar 142 Tufo Lionato 61–63 cave locality 147–148 Prata Porci maar 80 Ciampino locality 146 Prata Porci unit 80 Nemi maar 146–147 Tuscolano–Artemisio peri-caldera 70–77 other localities 147 Castiglione member 74 Pomezia locality 146 intracaldera stratovolcano volcano-tectonic Prata Porci maar 142–145 significance 75–77 S. Procula locality 146 Madonna degli Angeli Formation 70–71 Valle Marciana maar 142 Lava units 70–71 well data 148 Monte Due Torri succession 75 sedimentary successions reconstruction 145 Lava units 75 sedimentary xenoliths 31, 141 Piani di Maria lithofacies 75 stratigraphic succession 47 Scoria cones 75 stratigraphy 43–93 Pantano Borghese succession 74 structural map 30 Lava units 74 succession 108 Scoria cones 74 synthetic map 45 Pyroclastic units 71–72 three-dimensional structure 29–39 S. Maria delle Mole succession 75 plumbing system, bottom to top 35–39 Lava units 75 post-orogenic cycle 32–33 Scoria cones 75 pre- and syn-orogenic units 31–32 Scoria cones 72 sedimentary substratum geology 30–33 Tuscolo succession and Artemisio succession 72–74 seismological constraints 33–35 Lava units 73–74 shallow crust magma 38–39 Scoria and cinder cones 74 Vallerano formation 54–55 Valle Marciana maar 80–81 volcano-tectonics 43–93 Valle Marciana unit 81 Vulcano Laziale edifice 44–46 Via dei Laghi maar field 77–80 xenoliths 153–173 Campi d’Annibale Formation 80 Conglomerate del Tavolato formation 332 origin and significance 91–93 Conglomerato Giallo 58 Maar location, eruption style and hazard 92–93 Conglomerato Giallo lahar succession 57 volcano age and state of activity 92 Corcolle Formation 57, 110 Vulcano Laziale caldera history, structure and Albano maar 83–91 volcano-tectonics 67–69 Albalonga unit 89 Corcolle post-plateau lava Cantone unit 87 alkali v. silica classification diagram 111 Corona del Lago unit 84–87 Corcolle succession 61 Coste dei Laghi unit 84 Corona del Lago unit 84–87, 155, 168 Montagnaccio unit 84 Corroded mica crystal 157 Peperino Albano 87 Corsica Magmatic Province 12, 13 stratigraphy 83–84 Coste dei Laghi unit 84, 155 Tavolato Formation 89–91 Villa Doria unit 87–88 Dansgaard-Oeschger events 251 Ariccia maar 81–82 Degassing cessation 327 Ariccia unit 81–82 De la Condamine, Charles Marie 3 extracaldera fissure system 70–77 Delphic oracle 369 Faete intracaldera stratovolcano 69–70 Di Brozolo, Radicati 99 Rocca di Papa formation 69–70 Diffuse degassing 323 Colle Iano succession 70 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 232 Lava units 69–70 Ciampino 90 Scoria cones 70 Dionigi 229 Laghetto di Giuturna maar 82–83 Diopside 169 Pavona unit 83 DTM see Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Quarto Laghetto unit 82–83 Nemi maar Early Holocene 254 Nemi unit 81 Earthquakes 331 Pantano Secco maar 80 artificial 224 Pantano Secco unit 80 seismic swarm seismicity 38 Pozzolane Tuffs succession Vp and Vp/Vs models 37 Conglomerato Giallo 58 Elba Corcolle Formation 57 crustal-scale cross-section 9 Fontana Centogocce formation 59–61 Endogene travertine 215 Fosso Tre Rami lava 57–58 Extensional joints 225

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Faete edifice 69 IDW see Inverse distance weighting (IDW) Faete intracaldera stratovolcano 69–70 Ignimbrites system 114 alkali v. silica classification diagram 110 Tuscolano caldera wall 73 recurrence time 68 Faete Tuscolano Artemisio Impure metacarbonates 160 deposit volumes 181 INGR post-caldera deposits base 184 GPS data 303 Feldspar crystallization 130 INGV Observatory of Rocca di Papa 302 Ferber, J. J. 3 Intra-telluric magmatic crystallization xenoliths 154–159 Final Neolithic settlement of Quadrato di Torre Inverse distance weighting (IDW) 191 Spaccata 347 Iron copper sulphide 156 First World War 5 Iron nickel sulphide 156, 165 Fiumicino 291 Isopleths 211 Fluorcalciobritholite 157 map of 2006 201 Fontana Centogocce formation 59–61, 111 map of 1980s 200 fallout deposits 60 temperature values 212 lava unit 60 Italian Istituto Geografico Militare 300 Foraminifera Italian magnesium chromites benthonic 146 ternary classification 130 Fosso Tre Rami lava 57–58 Italian potassic and ultrapotassic rocks Fracture field diffusing 225 neodymium and strontium isotopic composition 20 Frascati Old Train Station 65 neodymium and strontium v. lead isotopic Frascati Region 164 composition 118 neodymium strontium isotopes 117 Gas blowouts 293 Italite 156 Gas exsolution 259 Italy Global Positioning System (GPS) 299, 300 see also Central Italy Gmelin, L. 3 Miocene to Holocene mantle-derived magmatism GPS see Global Positioning System (GPS) distribution 13 Gravimetric Bouguer anomalies 32 Greenwich Laghetto di Giuturna maar 82–83 lead isotopic variations 18 Laghetto maars neodymium isotopic variations 18 shaded relief-DEM image 155 Grotticella tombs 344, 345 Lago Grande di Monticchio 254 Groundwater 212 Lahar deposit 367 electrical conductivity values 211 pottery sherds 368, 372 Lake Albano 207, 230, 279, 301 Hau¨yne 157 bathymetric maps showing cores location 248 euhedral crystal 157 bathymetry and level changes 229–242 and mica analyses 128 lake floor maps and morphology 232–240 HFSE see High field strengths elements (HFSE) craters 235–236 High field strengths elements (HFSE) 18 lake level changes evidence 236–240 High Potassium Series 14 modern times 236–240 High-silica melts 125 past and historical times 236 Historia Romae (Livius) 229 multibeam bathymetry 232 Holocene extended section biological aspects 274–275 Lake Albano 251 carbon dioxide and nitrogen concentration 285 Holocene lahars from Lake Albano 281 carbon isotopic composition 250 Hornfelses cations and anions depth profiles 272 genesis 170 changes 237 Hydrate 169 characteristics 270 Hydrogen sulphide 311 chemical species saturation index 272 air concentration 287, 291, 295 cross-sectional depth profile 271 soil flux 285 cyanobacteria 273 Hydrogeological basin 1 diatoms 274 annual water budget values 205 dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH seasonal depth Hydrogeological basin 2 profiles 271 annual water budget values 205 environment affecting lake basin 238–241 water resources 204 geographical and morphometric characteristics 246 Hydrogeological basin 3 Holocene extended section 251 annual water budget values 206 Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes 252 water resources 204–206 hydrogeological profile 208 Hydrogeological basin 4 lake floor three-dimensional surface 233 annual water budget values 206 lake level 209 water resources 206–207 lake level changes evidence 238 Hydrogeological interest lithological changes 250 map of points 196 location 269 Hydrothermal system 173 lowering 283–284

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Lake Albano (Continued) Late Holocene 253 lutein profiles 252–253 Laterza 342 maar craters 295 Latian area volcanism 14 magnetic parameters 250 Latian District of Roman Magmatic Province 19 magnetic susceptibility 252 primordial mantle normalized 18 magnetic susceptibility profiles 249 Latium-Abruzzi carbonate platform domain 30 morphometric characteristics 269–270 Latium Volcano edifice 208 multibeam bathymetry of lake basin 234–235 Lava dell’ Acquacetosa multibeam images 233 hydrogeological profiles map 198 nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus 273 Lave di Vallerano oscillations 229 hydrogeological profiles map 198 overflow 255 LDEM see Lake Digital Elevation Models (LDEM) overflows hazard 283–284 Lepini Mountain 180 panoramic view 270 Leucite 120 physicochemical aspects 269–275 bearing ultrapotassic rocks 107 biological aspects 274–275 euhedral crystal 156 eutrophication 273–274 Levelling 299 water quality and stratification 270–273 and PS results comparison 307 physicochemical profiles 283–284 Liguro–Provenc¸al spreading 8 phytoplankton succession 274 LILE see Large ion lithophile elements (LILE) pigment concentrations 255 Limnographic station 240 pollen data 366 Lithosomes 44 seasonal secondary metabolites 275 Livius, Tito 229 sedimentary cores lithology and chronology 251 Livy 4 selected fossil pigment stratigraphies 253 Lower-Middle Pleistocene 34 three-dimensional reconstruction 237 Low-permeability formation water chemistry 269 isobaths map 195 water chemistry 269 Lucanian Magmatic Province 12, 14, 118 water quality 270 Lucrezia Romana water spill 246 grave goods 346 whole-core magnetic susceptibility profiles 247 necropolis with a grotticella tombs 349 Lake Albano Maar volcanic activity in Roman history and mythology 331–336 Maar sediments 245 archaeological findings 333–334 Madonna degli Angeli Formation 70–71 historical background 331–332 Lava units 70–71 literary portents 334–335 scoria fallout beds 71 Tavolta Formation 332–333 Magmatic cumulates 158, 166 Lake Digital Elevation Models (LDEM) 232, 235 Magmatic intrusive holocrystalline xenoliths 156 Lake Nemi 207, 230, 279, 301 missourites 157 bathymetric maps showing cores location 248 Magnesium oxide carbon isotopic composition 250 phase-equilibrium diagram 171 diatom floor 253 Marble 167 geographical and morphometric characteristics 246 Marino-Castel Porziano 206–207 Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes 252 annual water budget values 206 hydrogeological profile 210 water resources 206–207 lithological changes 250 Marrana dell’ Acqua Mariana 361 lutein profiles 252–253 Melilite 130 maar craters 295 Mesozoic–Cenozoic pre-orogenic carbonatic substratum magnetic parameters 250 underlying magnetic susceptibility 252 Colli Albani volcano 31 magnetic susceptibility profiles 249 Metacarbonates 159 pigment concentrations 255 Metadolostones 159, 160 pollen data 366 Metalimestones 159, 160 sedimentary cores lithology and chronology 251 Meta-pelites 159 selected fossil pigment stratigraphies 253 Middle Pleistocene 34 whole-core magnetic susceptibility profiles 247 Mineral assemblage 169 Lake Nyos 240 Mogi sources Lapi, G. Girolamo 3 modelling parameters comparison 304 Lapilli-rich fallout deposits stratified 82 observed and predicted vertical velocities 304 Lapis gabinus lithofacies Moho 36 stratified 79 Montagnaccio unit 84, 155 Lapis Tiburtinus travertine origin and deposition 215–226 Monte Alto 116 Acque Albule basin tectonics and fluid circulation 217–220 Monte Cavo period 4 Acque Albule travertine deposition 223 Monte delle Faete climate change triggering fault activity 223–226 lavas 125 geological background 215–217 post-caldera volcanic rocks travertine deposition structures and age 220–223 alkali v. silica classification diagram 114 Large ion lithophile elements (LILE) 18 volcano 114, 119

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Monte Due Torri Permanent scatterers (PS) 303 alignment 115, 117 ascending and descending analyses 305 monogenetic volcanic system 115 validation of levelling benchmarks 307 succession 75 velocity map 304 Lava units 75 vertical and ground velocities 304 Piani di Maria lithofacies 75 Pescosanosonesco-La Queglia 118 Scoria cones 75 Petrological and geochemical studies 107 MOSE Phlegrean Fields 39 GPS data 303 Phlogopite 158, 169 Mount Amiata 22 Physical and Lithological Journey in Campania Mount Pila 4 (Breislak) 3 Multibeams 232 Piscina di Torre Spaccata 342 Pisolitic Tuff layer 317, 318 Neapolitan district (Vesuvius) carbon dioxide accumulation 320 Roman Magmatic Province 19 Pisolitic Tuffs 49, 180–182, 182 Nemi 308 Aniene valley 53 GPS data 303 deposit volumes 181 Nemi crater lakes hydrogeological profiles map 198 location 260 isobaths map 194 Nemi maar 146–147 lava bodies 190 lake 78 properties 314 sedimentary substrate 146–147 stratigraphy 180–182 shaded relief-DEM image 155 structural high and low sequence 315 Neodymium 18, 19, 20, 116–119, 165 succession 46–54, 108–109, 190 Neo-Eneolithic site 341 alkali v. silica classification diagram 108 Neolithic settlement of Quadrato di Torre Spaccata Colli Albani volcano 46–54 plant macrofossils 342 rocks 108–109 Nepheline 120 volcanic deposits 179 Northern Apennines volcanic deposits/base 179–180 extensional tectonics 12 stratigraphy 179–180 Northern–Central Tyrrhenian margin 9 Pleistocene–Holocene volcanic belt 7 Northern Latium 323 Pleistocene records from Lake Albano and Lake Nemi Nuria-Velino ranges 142 245–255 chronology 247–254 On the Physical Structure of the Roman Plain Holocene 251–254 (von Buch) 3 Lake Pleistocene 247–251 Osteria del Curato–Via Cinquefrondi 339 sedimentation 246–247 bowl with stralucido decoration 348 synthesis 254–255 dog burial 348 Pliocene clay dwelling structure planimetry and location 346 joint systems 220 infant burial 348 Pliocene–Quaternary lahar deposit palaeosurface 345 postorogenic succession 313 pit graves and ritual pits 347 sedimentary and volcanic units 173 restored olla 348 xenoliths 173 ritual pit 348 Plio-Pleistocene Apennine 8 Plio-Pleistocene clay 195 Padri Verbiti monastery of Nemi 302 Plutarch 4, 334 Palaeoenvironmental Analysis of Italian Crater Lake and Poli ignimbrite 49–51, 51 Adriatic Sediments (PALICLAS) 245, 246, Pomezia locality 146 254, 333 sedimentary substrate 146 Palatino Ponte delle Sette Miglia ignimbrite 52, 53, 53 biconical vase 348–349 PALICLAS see Palaeoenvironmental Analysis of excavated tombs 345 Italian Crater Lake and Adriatic Sediments flask vase 348–349 (PALICLAS) funerary goods 348–349 Pantano Borghese lavas 113 a groticcella tomb 348–349 Pantano Borghese post-caldera volcanic rocks truncate-conical vase 348–349 alkali v. silica classification diagram 113 Ponza-Vulture volcano 20 Pantano Borghese volcanic successions 74, 132 Ponzi, G. 4 Lava units 74 Potassic rocks 18 Scoria cones 74 Potassium argon Pantano Borghese system 112–114 ages 103 rocks 112–114 analytical techniques 99 Pantano Secco maar 80 Potassium feldspar 169 Pavona unit 83 Pottery 362 Pelagic limestones 145, 146 Pozzolane ignimbrite 185, 190 Peperino Albano 87, 155, 168 juvenile types 66 xenolith types 88 lithofacies 65

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Pozzolane inferiori excavated necropolis 350 stratigraphy 182–184 GPS data 303 top 182–184 legendary king 331 volume 183–184 post-orogenic stratigraphic succession 33 Pozzolanelle skeletal remains and flask vase 350 ignimbrites 184 skyline 2, 332 Tufo Lionato 109 speleothems 100 Pozzolane Nere Unit Roman countryside hydrogeological profiles map 198 5000 BCE and 3000 BCE 352 Pozzolane Nere 59, 109, 110 vegetational landscapes 352 basal fallout 58 Roman harbour 235, 238–241 extracaldera deposit volumes 181 Romanina see Roma ignimbrite 58–59 Roman Magmatic Province 12, 13, 14, 131 basal fallout 58 characteristics 15–17 roof isobaths map 193 strontium and neodymium isotopes 19 Pozzolane Rosse 57, 109 volcanic districts and calderas localization and basal fallout 56 morphology 21 isopach map 55 volcanic structures 19–20 extracaldera deposit volumes 181 Roman tunnel drain 235, 238–241 ignimbrite 55–57, 56 Rome Pozzolane Rosse Unit Colli Albani northwestern slopes archaeological hydrogeological profiles map 198 findings 340–351 Pozzolane Tuffs 182 modified geological map 363 extracaldera deposit volumes 181 prehistorical sites distribution 366 stratigraphy 180–182 prospective research 352 top 180–182 reconstruction of landscape and peopling Pozzolane Tuffs succession 54–67, 56, 57, 339–352 109–111 Conglomerato Giallo 58 S. Cecilia Formation 49 Corcolle Formation 57 S. Maria delle Mole succession 75 rocks 109–111 Lava units 75 Prata Porci maar 80 Scoria cones 75 sedimentary substrate 142–145 S. Procula locality 146 Prenestini Mountain 180 sedimentary substrate 146 PS see Permanent scatterers (PS) Sabatini volcanoes Punta le Pietre Nere 118 volcanic activity progressive reduction 33 Pyroclastic units 71–72 Sabina carbonate platform-to-basin domain 30 Quadraro-Via Lucrezia Romana settlement 351 Sabina units 31 Quadrato di Torre Spaccata San Cesareo-Colonna 204–206 burial pit 344 annual water budget values 206 Eneolithic hut 344 water resources 204–206 Eneolithic hut excavated 342 Sand planimetry and huts 343 properties 314 Quarto Laghetto unit 82–83 structural high and low sequence 315 Quartz-bearing hornfelses 162 Sanidinites 161 Quaternary volcanoes genesis 169 contours 8 Santa Maria della Mole geological and structural scheme 280 rocks 112–114 systems 112–114 Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities 21 Santa Maria delle Mole RDPI 308 post-caldera volcanic rocks 113 GPS data 303 volcanic rocks 113 Receiver Functions studies 33 volcanic successions 132 Republican Age SAR see Synthetic aperture radar female burial 373 (SAR) Republican villas Schists TIN 374 biotite 161 Reworked volcaniclastic deposits 57 Scoria cones 70, 72 Riedel shear 225 Scrope, G. Poulett 3 RMPO 308 SDO see Sistema Direzionale Orientale GPS data 303 (SDO) residual and modelled GSP velocities 303 Second World War 5 Rocca di Papa formation 69–70, 155 Sedimentary materials Roccamonfina volcano 19 recycling in upper mantle 125 Rock-Eval pyrolysis 251 Sicily 8 Roma 1, 5, 177 Sicily Channel 118 biconical vases 351 Silicon minerals 165

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Silicon oxide crop farming 376 phase-equilibrium diagram 171 cross-stratification 364 Silicophosphate 165 Early Bronze Age 362 Sistema Direzionale Orientale (SDO) 355 environmental development of valley and human fluvial deposit 363 settlement 358–378 prehistoric finds 365 2006 excavation area 365, 376 sector of Centocelle archaeological finds 358 excavation surface 375 Skarns geological and geomorphological framework genesis 170 356–358 xenoliths parageneses 172 investigated area location 356 Sodium oxide 165 lahar deposit 369 Sodium silicate 165 lahar extensions 370 Solforata di Pomezia Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages 374–375 endogenous gas emissions hazard 287 Late Eneolithic 362 gas emission zone 287, 291 metal tools 377 Southern Apennines Middle Ages to recent times 377–378 extensional tectonics 12 Mid-Republican and Imperial times 372–374 Spanish lamproites 118 pottery 362 Stratovolcanoes 22 prehistoric activity about second millennium Strontium isotope 18, 19, 20, 116–119 359–367 compositions 131 prehistorical finds area excavation map 366 homogeneity 104 protohistoric and Early Roman activity 367 Surface deformation field components 306 Republican Albano lahar and correlated deposits Surface degassing 320, 325 367–372 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) soil map 362 interferometry 299–300 stratigraphic relations 364 satellite sensors 299 volcanic blocks curvilinear structure 371 Tor Vergata 65 Tavolato Formation 89–91, 91, 333, 335, 341 Total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes 253 cropping 254 Total-sample dissolution (TSD) technique 221 lahar deposits 333 TOUGH2 geothermal simulator 313 watershed 356–357 Travertine TDL see Tunable diode laser (TDL) age 222 Thermometamorphic xenoliths 150 age v. elevation 222 Thorium oxide 165 quarries 220 Thorium silicophosphate 165 uranium and thorium activity ratios 222 Tiber River 215 Triangulation 299 Tilt measurement 299 Trigoria valley 52 TOC see Total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes TSD see Total-sample dissolution (TSD) Tolfa domain 30 technique Tolfa units 150 Tufo Lionato 62 Tombs ignimbrite 182–184, 183, 184 structural elements 346 Pozzolane inferiori top 182–184 Tor de’ Cenci stratigraphy 182–184 ignimbrite 51–53, 52 Pozzolanelle 109 basal fallout 53 Tufo Lionato Unit Torre Spaccata 358 hydrogeological profiles map 198 archaeological data 367 Tunable diode laser (TDL) archaeological investigations 357 carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide air data interpretation 355 concentration 292 fluvial system 359 profile 285 geological map 360 Tuscan Magmatic Province 12, 13 lahar deposit identification 370 Tuscolano-Artemisio Republican dating 370 caldera rim 72 SDO excavations and Faete edifices 185 fluvial deposit 363 mafic rocks 112 prehistoric finds 365 and Monte Due Torri post-caldera volcanic spatial relationship 365 rocks 112 stream 356–357 peri-caldera fissure system 49, 77 water course 357 migration 76 watershed 361 peri-caldera monogenetic system 112 valley 355–379 rocks 112 alluvial deposits 372–375, 377–378 rock 132 animal tracks and human footprints 377 volcanic edifice 208 characteristics 361 Tuscolo locality colluvial deposits 372–374 basal scoria fallout 62 colluvial deposits during Early and Late Middle Tuscolo succession 72–74 Ages 375–377 Tyrrhenian haruspices 369

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Tyrrhenian margin 29 extracaldera deposit volumes 181 geological and structural scheme 280 ignimbrites 62 geological setting from the Apennine 9–22 stratigraphy 184 crustal structure, thermal flow and seismicity 9–11 structures construction 343 extensional basins structural architecture 12 Villa Senni Formation 61–67, 65, 111, 184 extensional tectonics age and evolution 11–12 basal fallout 61 Roman Magmatic Province magmas compositional breccia lithofacies 66–67 character 14–19 crystal-rich lithofacies 66 strontium and neodymium isotopes 19 isobaths map 192 volcanic structures 19–22 isopach map 63 volcanism, petrographic and geochemical features Pozzolanelle 63–66 12–14 Tufo Lionato 61–63 orogeny to K-rich volcanism 7–22 Villas v. farms 372 structural map and digital elevation model 216 Volcanic stratigraphy volcanoes 22 comparison 46 Tyrrhenian Sea Floor basalts 118 Volcano see also specific name Ultrapotassic melilite-bearing rocks 14 properties 314 Ultrapotassic rocks 18 structural high and low sequence 315 Upper Pleistocene 34–35 view 49 Uranium oxide 165 Von Buch, Leopold 3 Vulcano Laziale 3, 110, 114, 133, 357, 359 Valle Castiglioni 58 caldera 67–69, 108–111 Valle Cupella 293 main ignimbrites deposit volume 50 Valle di Castiglione dried-out lake Pisolitic Tuffs succession 108–109 palaeobotanical data 347 Pozzolane Tuffs succession 109–111 Valle Marciana maar 80–81, 142 reconstruction 67 sedimentary substrate 142 rocks 108–111 Vallerano and Acquacetosa plateau lavas edifice 44–46 alkali v. silica classification diagram 109 geological map 3 Vallerano formation 54–55 lavas 121 Colli Albani volcano 54–55 magmas 122 Vallerano lavas 125 structure and volcano-tectonics 67–69 Vallicelle Formation 49 Vanadinite 165 Water Via Appia 339, 340 phase-equilibrium diagram 171 Via Cinquefrondi 344, 346–347 rollover 259 Via dei Laghi temperature distribution 326 activity 115, 141 volumetric gas fraction and flow pattern 322–323, 324 edifice 229 Wells hydromagmatic activity 115 transmissivity values 199 maar field 77–80, 91, 100 Western Alps lamproites 118 sedimentological data 166–167 Wollastonite 167 xenoliths 172 period volcanic rocks 115 Xenoliths 145, 148, 160, 161, 163, 164 Via Prenestina 339, 340 genesis 169 Via Vervio siliciclastic 149 gas blowout 294 water well 293 Villa Doria unit 87–88, 155, 168 Zagarolo Villaggio delle Macine 235 lithofacies 64 Villa Senni 344 Zeolite microcrystals 156 burials 343 Zirconium silicate 165

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