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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-53036-1 - Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830 Victor Lieberman Index More information

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Abbasid caliphate, 86, 130, 131, 134, 140 and n.68, 376–77, 491–92; in mainland absolutism, 318–19, 438 Southeast Asia, 205, 376; in Russia, 125, Abu-Lughod, Janet, 146, 159 205, 376. See also interregna Aceh: claims legacy of Melaka, 847;and Adolphson, Mikael, 406 Dutch, 843, 846, 857; early commercial Afghanistan, 97, 102, 109, 645, 657, 709, and territorial expansion of, 807, 839, 711, 722, 738, 749 845; external alliances of, 845–46;female Afghans, 637, 646, 673, 701, 710, 733, 749, rulers in, 811, 847; firearms at, 845–46; 754, 761 Malay and Muslim identity of, 847–48; Africa, 49, 97, 116, 188, 207, 684, 838, opposes Johor, 848–49; opposes 842 Portuguese, 825–26, 839, 840, 845–46, Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 798, 848; panglimas under, 847; political, 803, 820 commercial, and cultural centralization Age of Division in China, 94, 102, 499–500, at, 846–48;post-1650 shift to less 502, 504–509, 538–39, 557, 616, 623 mercantile, less Malay orientation in, Ageng, sultan of Banten, 850–51 849, 858, 864, 871; urban population of, Agra, 704, 732, 755 822 agrarian expansion and intensification: in Achaemenid empire, 107, 639, 656 China, 526–30, 550;inFrance,156–65, Adams, Julia, 841 333–34;inIberia,828;inisland administrative centralization: in China, Southeast Asia, 780–81, 783, 788–92, 797, 504–19, 524, 562; in France, 57–63, 824, 851, 870, 885–86; in Japan, 71, 169–70, 177–79, 251–56, 323–29, 340–41, 381–82, 395, 423–27, 449, 460;in 353–55; in island Southeast Asian mainland Southeast Asia, 16, 33–35, 42, realms, 832–37, 841–57, 861–63, 875–78, 46–48, 69, 71, 318, 335; in Russia, 69, 71, 886–87; in Japan, 57–63, 382–85, 134, 140–47, 187, 214, 218, 220, 239, 291, 404–406, 438–48, 467–68, 470–71;in 294–98, 317–18; in South Asia, 641–42, mainland Southeast Asian realms, 644, 681–91, 693–94, 702, 708 22–25, 240–41, 269, 274; in Russia, 57–63, agrarian tenures: in China, 568, 608, 224–28, 299–306; in South Asia, 639–55 615 n.296, 625;inEurope,160–61, 165, administrative cycles: 94–95; in Chinese 291, 330;inJapan,75, 424–25, 452–53;in and Southeast Asian historiography, 94, South Asia, 654; in Southeast Asia, 45, 118, 123;defined,55, 125 n.2;inFrance, 75, 423 94 n.131, 125, 205, 376; in Japan, 55–56 Agung, sultan of Mataram, 855, 856

909

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-53036-1 - Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830 Victor Lieberman Index More information

Index

Ahmadnagar Sultanate, 657, 724, 727, 730, Anjou, 168, 169, 201, 251 735 anticentralizing revolts: in China, 499, 500, ahmu-dans. See service systems in 529;inFrance,200–202, 268, 351–52, 363; Southeast Asia in Japan, 440;inmainlandSoutheast Ainu, 63, 390 n.43, 437, 440, 470, 485, Asia, 22, 42, 43, 46, 303–305, 363;in 485–86 n.367, 488, 489 Russia, 241, 303–306, 308; in Russia and Akbar, Mughal emperor, 648, 651, 674, Southeast Asia compared, 303–305;in 678, 733, 742, 750, 755, 757, 881 South Asia, 647, 652, 724, 733–37 Alam, Muzaffar, 675, 733, 751, 752, 754 Aoyama, Toru, 795 Alaung-hpaya, Burmese king, 352 Aquitaine, 153, 168, 178, 182, 200, 250 Albigensian crusade, 170, 180 Arabs, Arabia, Arabic, 677, 680, 729, 731, Albin, Roger, 34 n.40 749, 774, 805, 813, 814, 822, 847–48, 851, Albuquerque, Afonso de, 838 853, 869–70, 872 Alef, Gustave, 237 Aragon, 204, 208–209, 828 Alexander I, tsar, 293 Arakan, 20 Alexis, tsar, 307 Arcot, 658 Ali, Daud, 639, 661 Arctic Ocean, 191, 214, 236 “All Under Heaven” (tianxia), 525, 660 arid and semi-arid zones in South Asia. Allen, Robert, 574 See South Asia Alps, 50, 149, 157, 161, 165 Aryavarta (“Land of the Aryans”), 660, Altaic School of historiography, 598 662, 721 Amangkurat I, ruler of Mataram, 856–57, Aseev, Iu S., 134 861 Ashikaga Japan (1338–1467/1573): and Ambon, 843, 859, 865, 877 correlations with other protected Americans, 378, 469, 482, 487, 490, 564, rimlands, 416–30; debility and collapse 858, 871 of, 374, 377, 410–411, 491; departs from Amino Yoshihiko, 391 Kamakura practices, 408–409; economic An Lushan, Chinese general, 500, 507–509, and demographic expansion in, 416–30; 588 and founding of Ashikaga shogunate, ancien regime, 297, 344, 353, 367, 368, 469, 408; maritime trade in, 418–21; military 699. See also Bourbon France governors in, 409–411;popular Andaya, Barbara Watson, 803, 816, 880 Buddhism and vertical and horizontal Andaya, Leonard, 809, 816, 848 acculturation in, 431–36;riseoflocal Anderson, Benedict, 41, 42 n.49 military networks in, 377, 409–411; Andhra, Andhra Pradesh, 662, 718, 730, samurai adopt and modify court culture 753 in, 431–32; smallpox domestication in, Andrade, Tonio, 825 416–17; war between northern and Angkor: as charter state, 15–17;compared southern courts in, 377, 409, 423 to other charter states, 53–57, 82, 84, 135, Asoka, Maurya emperor, 640 147, 149–51, 177, 372, 374, 381, 384, Assam, 20, 93, 100, 272, 657 392–98, 580, 772, 775, 779–83, 792–93, Astrakhan, 214, 217 797; disintegration of, 17–18, 35, 55–56, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic trade, 176, 178, 86, 183–84, 190, 193, 199–200, 203, 691, 197, 209, 244, 329, 337, 368, 567, 825–26, 772, 775, 779–80, 793; formation of, 16, 837 33, 53, 77–78, 80, 548–49, 554, 683, 792; Atwell, William, 558, 561, 692 legacies of, 392; as protected zone polity, Augsburg settlement, 210 100; religious institutions at, 23, 34, 150, Aurangabad, 646 161, 165–66, 173; Smithian growth at, 8; Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor, 638, 652, territories controlled by, 15, 59 Fig. 1.5, 674, 696, 699–700, 734, 750–51, 755, 757 275 Austria, 135, 207, 214, 280–82, 288, 322. See Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, 875–76, 893 also Habsburgs

910

Index

Austroasiatic languages, 528, 530 Beik, William, 70 Ava, 45, 46, 442, 731–32, 818 Belarus, Belarussians, 292, 306, 313, 314, Avadhi language and literature, 731–32, 316–17 737 Bell, David, 348, 358–59, 362 Avignon, 322, 358 Bellah, Robert, 461–62 Awadh, 653, 655, 658, 701, 736–37, 755 Benedictow, Ole, 188, 197 Ayudhya, 17, 20, 28, 29, 43, 45, 46, 56, 59 Bengal: 678, 728–29; agriculture in, 693–94, Fig. 1.5, 96, 190, 250, 286, 295, 327, 392, 702; and British, 658, 701; and Delhi 416, 442, 818 Sultanate, 692, 723–24; and maritime trade, 658, 682, 684, 822; after Mughal Babur, Mughal emperor, 711 collapse, 652–54, 658, 701, 734, 736, 755; Babylonia, 76 under Mughals, 657, 732–33;in Bahmani Sultanate, 657, 693, 724, 729–30, pre-Delhi period, 656–57, 716;pre- 757 Muslim and Muslim identities in, Balabanlilar, Lisa, 712 662–63, 665, 671, 676, 731; textile Bali, 783–85, 812, 814, 862 n.288 production in, 695;fromc.1334 to 1560, Balkans, 102, 207 647, 714, 724, 727–28, 731 Baltic peoples, 64, 130, 236, 313 Bengali language and literature, 679, 680, Baltic Sea and coast, 69, 130, 131, 144, 148, 719, 726 187, 207, 209, 213, 214, 219–220, 239, 244, Bengkulu, 865, 869 288, 293, 298–99, 314, 337 Bernhardt, Kathryn, 547 Banda islands, 801, 811, 843, 859, 866, Berar Sultanate, 724 878 Berry, Mary Elizabeth, 41 n.46, 42 n.48, Bangkok, 20, 29, 45, 46, 375, 492 438, 439, 466, 467, 470, 479, 482, 484 Banjarmasin, 821, 855, 856 Bessarabia, 287–88, 313 Bankoff, Greg, 891 bhakti devotionalism, 96, 659, 663–66, 676, Banten: 809, 845; centralization at, 847, 680, 719, 722, 728, 760, 772 850–51; compared to Aceh and Johor, Bhutan, 93, 100 849–51, 892; under Dutch control, 860, Bidar Sultanate, 646, 724, 729 861, 864, 875; early history of, 807, 850; Bien, David, 347 Islamic identity of, 851; resists European Bihar, 638, 654, 660, 682 inroads, 825, 843, 844, 850–51, 857; trade Bijapur Sultanate, 657, 724, 727, 730, 735, at, 839, 850–51; urbanization in, 822 751 Barendse, R. J., 84 Black Death, bubonic plague (?): 79, 83, 86; Barﬁeld, Thomas, 97, 585, 588, 590 and China, 557–58; debates concerning, Bashkirs, 304 195–96 and, 195–96nn.173–174; early Basque language, 260, 261, 362, 366 visitations of, 161–62; in France and Bataks, 848, 850 western Europe, 56–57, 182, 195–97, 330, Batang Hari river, 775–77, 779, 794 417, 828–29; and Kipchak khanate, 216; Batavia, 807, 842–43, 849–50, 855–63, 867, mainland Southeast Asia and Japan’s 871–72, 875, 878, 880–81, 891 apparent escape from, 199, 417 n.122; Batten, Bruce, 397, 399–400 mortality estimates for, 86, 189, Bavaria, 149, 280 189 n.161, 195, 197, 203;originsof, Bay of Bengal, 770, 772, 804 86 n.114, 188, 196–97; in Russia and Bayin-naung, Burmese king, 90 n.125, eastern Europe, 188–90, 204, 217, 237–38; 439 transmission of, 83, 86, 188, 196–97 Bayly, C.A., 7, 571–73, 624, 653, 655, Black Sea, 132, 134, 190, 191, 288, 298–99, 677–79, 697, 704, 734, 736, 751 317 Bayly, Susan, 666 Bodin, Jean, 321 Beaune, Colette, 258 Bohemia, 134, 139, 204, 207, 212, 281 Beijing, 438, 596, 603, 605, 621, 646 Bois, Guy, 191, 198, 199

911

Index

Bol, Peter, 595 political order, 636, 640, 659–61;in Bolitho, Harold, 444 Southeast Asia, 771, 772 Bolotnikov, Russian rebel, 241 Brajbhasha language and literature, Bombay, 658, 701 731–32 Boomgaard, Peter, 790 Brantas river and basin, 783, 784, 788, 792 Bordeaux, 197, 260, 268, 351, 360 Braudel, Fernand, 243, 244 Borisenkov, Ye. P, 144 Brazil, 829, 842 Borneo, 768, 772, 800, 808, 812, 816, 821, Brenner, Robert, 6–7, 330, 568, 570, 574 849, 852, 871, 877 Breton language, 260, 261, 362, 366 Borobudur, 781 Brewer, John, 277 Bosch, Johannes van den, Dutch Britain, British Isles: 143; economic governor-general, 877 performance compared to China, 6–8, Boserup, Ester, 34 and 34 n.41 565–75; economic performance Bourbon France (1589–1792, 1814–1830): compared to South Asia, 704–705; 95, 201; and Bourbon accession, 268–69; medieval prosperity in, 158. See also competitiveness of vis-a-vis Britain, 350, England and Great Britain, British 366–67; cultural, social, and political British: create the Raj, 96, 114–17, 632, 638; currents sympathetic to central endorse caste, 660; inspire Indian regulation in, 319–21, 355–68; as early opposition, 733; introduce new cultural modern realm, 96–97, 359; economic and racial norms to South Asia, 654–55, trends c. 1620–1780 in, 329–39; 758–60; proﬁt from global trade, 18th-century centralization and 704–705; revive Dutch fortunes in standardization in, 340–41;expanding Southeast Asia, 875–76; trade in army size in, 322, 328–29;andthe Southeast Asia, 858, 865, 869, 871–76, Fronde, 324–25; hypertrophic nature of 888–89; weaken Indian regional the state vis-a-vis the economy in, 329ff.; identities, 737. See also country traders, legal reform in, 328; military stimuli to English East India Company administrative reform in, 321–24;new Brittany, 53, 153, 178, 182, 202, 251, 256, patronage and ﬁscal structures in, 260, 268, 351 324–28; reforms as encouragement and Broadberry, Stephen, 570 impediment to standardization in, Bronson, Bennet, 803 326–29;afterrestorationof1814, 353–54; bronze, bronze-age civilizations: in North 17th-century wars of, 322;socialand China, 107, 577–78, 771;inNorthIndia, cultural circulation in, 359–66; 107, 706–708, 771;inSoutheastAsia, socioeconomic change in compared to 765, 771; in Southwest Asia and Egypt, Southeast Asia, 341–51;and 107, 109 socioeconomic change as solvent of Brown, Percy, 727 royal authority, 341–51; standing army Brown, Philip, 424–25, 452 in, 325; state stimuli to economy in, Brunei, 795, 802, 808, 839 331–32, 334–35;taxationin,324–28, 330, Buddhism: and distinct Theravada 331, 340–41; territorial conquests by, cultural zone in Southeast Asia, 18, 273–74; Versailles’ role in, 325–26. See 19 n.27, 26–28, 31, 35, 37–39, 40, 42–43, also French Revolution, Henry IV, 45, 181, 264–65, 786, 836; Mahayana in Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XIV, China, 500, 509, 539; Mahayana in Louis XVI Japan, 63, 66, 132, 375, 383, 387–89, boyars, 172, 174, 191, 218, 226, 230, 231, 241, 411–12, 432–35, 444–45; Mahayana in 282, 293, 300 Inner Asia, 104, 589, 592–93, 602; brahmans: disseminate Gupta norms, Mahayana in Southeast Asia, 18, 19, 26, 641–42, 660–61; disseminate more 38, 349, 771–72, 777, 781, 786;inSouth orthodox notions of caste after c. 1650, Asia, 640 666–70; undergird Gupta social and Bug river, 134

912

Index

Bugis, 852, 859, 860, 865, 866, 869–72, 882 Burns, Susan, 484 Bulbeck, David, 820 bushi, 403, 404 n.93, 405–407, 432, 435, 438. Bulgaria, 132, 139 See also samurai bullion: Chinese production, export, and Bushkovitch, Paul, 292 import of, 88–89, 188, 335, 418–20, 517, Butler, Lee, 405, 436 558, 560–61, 564, 564 n.173, 822, 834, 838, Byzantium, 53, 101, 131–32, 141, 142, 207, 841; central European export of, 220, 214, 229 244, 695; Eurasian shortages of, 88, 188, 190, 198, 242, 558, 691–92, 695; European Cairo, 800, 848 import of, 191, 220, 244, 298, 336–37, Caitanya, Indian religious leader, 664–65 420, 826; exchanged for Chinese goods cakkavatti (World-Ruler) ideology, 40, 228 in Southeast Asia, 88, 419, 821–23, 834, Calais, 197 837, 884, 885, 834; global production Calcutta, 658, 701 cycles of, 88, 188, 198, 420, 561, 695–96; Calvinism, 71, 263, 264, 267, 281, 284–85, Japanese export of, 35, 88–89, 220, 335, 879–80 418–20, 453–54, 458–60, 561, 695, 822, Cambodia, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 44, 53, 272, 841; New World export of, 35, 88, 220, 286, 792. See also Angkor; Khmers, 244, 267, 276, 330, 335, 370, 420, 561, Khmer culture and polities 695–96, 821–23, 826, 834, 838;post-1470 Campbell, Peter, 327 rise in global supplies of, 88–89, 206, Candragupta I, Gupta ruler, 636 220, 244, 335, 419–20, 695–96, 821;South Candragupta II, Gupta ruler, 656 Asian import and uses of, 336, 647, Cape of Good Hope, 823, 839, 843, 876 691–92, 695–96, 701, 704;Southeast Capetian France (987–1328): apanages in, Asian import and re-export of, 35, 337, 178–79, 201; Capetian biological good 420, 821 fortune in, 177 n.136; and Capetian Burgundy, 53, 135, 153, 158, 179, 180, dynastic accession, 168;comparedto 201–202, 251, 256, 829 charter realms, 156, 161, 162, 170, 171, Burma: administrative centralization in, 176–77, 183–84, 372; cultural integration 23–25; and Anglo-Burmese wars, 272, in, 179–82; economic and cultural spurs 658, 893; anticentralizing revolts in, to centralization under, 166–70;five 303–305; charter era in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43, administrative zones of, 177–79, 201; 44, 53–57, 135, 772, 780–81, 792; cultural and 14th-century crisis, 183–84, 193ff.; integration in, 26–30, 41–43; as heir to Carolingians, 54, 150, 168, 169, demography of, 50, 68;dynamicsof 176; protopatriotic themes in, 179, integration in, 31–48 passim; 181–82; royal administration in, 169–70, 18th-century interregnum in, 20, 206, 177–79;royalrevenuesin,170;royal 341–54 passim; 14th–15th century succession in, 177; as second phase of interregnum in, 17–20, 23, 35, 55–57, French consolidation, 54, 125, 147; 206; interregnum of 1590 to 1613 in, struggles with Plantagenets, 168, 169, 19–20, 24, 206; literacy in, 27;as 182, 200; territorial consolidation in, 62 protected zone polity, 49–50; state Fig. 1.8, 169–70 influences on economics and culture in, Carey, Peter, 882 44–47; territorial expansion and extent Caribbean, 209, 322, 337 of, 15–22, 50 n.58, 58 Fig. 1.4, 273, Carolingian Dynasty. See Charlemagne, 286–87; and warfare, 20, 24–25, 43–44, Frankish/Carolingian kingdom 272, 286–87, 341, 349, 352–53. See also cartography, maps, 61, 92, 95, 248, 300, Toungoo Burma, Kon-baung Dynasty, 301, 320, 437, 470, 487, 524, 654 Pagan Caspian Sea, 214, 236, 707 Burmans, Burmese language and culture, caste: and bhakti, 664; as distinctive 18–19, 18 n.26, 26–28, 34–35, 37, 40, 48, South Asian feature, 681; influences 731–32 Muslims, 677; and literacy, 679;

913

Index

caste: (cont.) Charbonnier, Pierre, 193 post-1650 dissemination of brahmanic charity elementary schools, in China, 529, notions of, 96, 666–70, 680; as putative 534, 543 barrier to state power, 633, 659, 715, 743; Charlemagne, 76, 129, 150–52 in Sanskrit cosmopolis, 660–63; varnas Charles the Fat, Carolingian king, 152 and jatis in, 661, 666–68, 708, 743, 786 castellans, 154–55, 164, 166, 168, 169, 210 Charles VII, of France, 241 Castile, 203, 208–209, 828 charter polities/cultures: 896;inChina, Catalonia, 149, 153, 182, 203, 204, 212, 279 498–99;inFrance,49, 53–58, 126–30, Cathars, 75 147–54;inJapan,49, 53–58;inisland Catherine II, the Great, Russian empress, Southeast Asia, 115, 765, 770–797;in 106, 293, 301–303, 305, 310, 314–17, 752, mainland Southeast Asia, 16–17, 23, 26, 754 43, 44, 53–57, 135, 149; in protected Catholic church, Catholicism: and zone, 49, 53–58, 91, 110; in Russia, 49, secularism in 18th/19th-century France, 53–58, 125–47, 170–75;inSouthAsia, 347–49;in16th-century Wars of 635–36, 639–40 Religion, 267–69; and Spanish identity, Chartier, Roger, 345 209;insupportoffeudal Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, 641 transformation, 155. See also Cherniavsky, Michael, 221 Christianity, Counter-Reformation, Chernigov, 172–73 Latin Christianity Chiang Mai, 53 Caucasus, 287–88, 313, 316–17 China: administrative ideals in, 499; cavalry: 84–85; in France, 242, 246, 248; administrative integration in, 504–19; and Inner Asian power, 98, 100, 106, charter state in, 498–99; climatic 111, 584, 685;inJapan,84–85, 421;in inﬂuences on the economy of, 554–58, Russia, 91, 190, 215, 221–23, 227, 282–85, 560, 561, 563; cultural instruments of 289;inSouthAsia,102, 115–16, 645–46, imperial integration in, 534–37, 604, 629; 682, 685, 690;inSoutheastAsia,84 demography of, 79, 95, 501–502, 512, Cebu, 831, 888 518, 527–28; 532, 540, 549, 557, 559, Celtic languages, 721 559 n.159; diseases in, 553–54, 557–58; censuses and cadastres, 24, 61, 226, differs from protected zone, 576–630; 290–91, 354, 413, 424, 441, 470, 613–14, early modern elite consciousness in, 647, 648, 651, 652, 856 575; “early modern/late imperial” as cereal yields: in China, 87, 550, 566, 568;in historiographic category in, 512–14, 562, England, 568; in France, 148, 157, 575–76; and economic cycles correlated 164–65, 177, 329–30;inJapan,87, with those in the protected zone, 96, 378 n.12, 386, 396, 449, 460 n.272;in 548–65, 627; economic performance Russia, 145, 177, 218, 296;inSoutheast compared to Europe, 6–8, 563, 565–76; Asia, 33, 378 n.12, 460 n.272, 792 equal male inheritance and its Chaghatai, Mongol leader, 712 implications in, 506, 513, 536; ethnic Chakri Dynasty of Siam, 20, 31, 306 n.93 tensions between Inner Asians and Chamberlain, Michael, 84 Chinese in, 525, 591–601; evolving Champa, Chams, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27, 29, 32, provincial administration in, 517;ﬁrst 35, 42, 44, 53, 57, 75, 177, 274, 359, 398, commercial revolution/medieval 603, 748, 785, 812 economic revolution in, 512, 540, 551; Champagne, 158, 164, 198 frontier settlement/Sinicization in, Chandra, Satish, 750 526–31;gentryin,512–15; horizontal Chang, Michael, 597 cultural integration in, 95, 524–37;and Chang’an, 500 Inner Asians as agents of Chinese Chaophraya river and basin, 14, 21, 28, 29, imperial expansion, 522; limited 48, 372, 549 pressures to military innovation and

914

Index

fiscal maximization in, 112–13, 518, 355; with Japan, 87, 89, 397, 418–21, 613–22, 625–26, 629–30; lineage 453–54, 458, 548 organizations in, 541; literacy in, 94, 512, Chinggis Khan, Chingissid rulers, 184, 531, 533, 538–39, 542–44, 563;long-term 602, 712 Skinnerian devolutionary pressures in, Chishti sufi order, 723 112, 518, 605–15; mildly centripetal chonin (urban commoners) in Japan, geography in, 537, 604–605; as part of 447–48, 473–77, 482 exposed zone, 85, 93–114, 495, 497; Christianity: in Frankish/Carolingian princes in, 516; progressively shorter kingdom, 76, 110, 148, 150, 160;in interregna in, 497–504; resembles medieval and early modern France, 160, protected zone, 495, 497–576 passim, 179–81, 263, 347–49, 355–59;inisland esp., 497, 519, 526–27, 526 n.71, 548–65, Southeast Asia outside the Philippines, 575–76; rising social mobility in, 537–42; 840–41, 843–44, 879–80;inJapan,75, second commercial revolution in, 532, 359, 444, 453, 470;inKiev,110, 132, 133, 562–63, 822; and Sinicization vs. Altaic 135;inMuscovyandpost-1700 Russia, Schools of interpretation, 598; 228–36; in Philippines, 117, 764–65, 813, Sino-foreign regimes in, 103, 508, 833–37, 888–90; in Roman and post- 520–21, 591, 584; as site of primary Roman Gaul, 129, 150; and secularizing civilization/state, 576–81, 628; trends in, 18th–century France, 347–49, southward shift of economic center of 59. See also Catholic church, gravity in, 525–28, 549; and stronger Catholicism; Counter-Reformation; elite-mass and capital-local linkages Protestants/Protestantism after c. 1500, 512–15; technological and Church Slavonic, 132, 309, 720 economic implications of imperial size Cirebon, 807, 812, 862 in, 622–25; territorial expansion in, cities. See urbanization 519–24; unifying features in, compared civil service examinations: in China, 95, to Europe and South Asia, 534–37; 111, 502, 507, 510–511, 534–35, 595, 604, urbanization in, 550–551, 559–60, 607;inKorea,534; rising intake from in 563 n.171; vertical cultural exchange in, China, 510–12;607;inVietnam,38, 46 537–47; warlordism in, 516–17. See also civilite (politeness), 362, 364 civil service examinations; taxation; civilization: defined, 107 n.152; genesis in Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing exposed and protected zones, 107–108. China See also primary states/civilizations, Chinese cash coins, 87, 418–19, 335, 548, secondary states/civilizations 550, 558, 562, 564, 776, 788, 791, 799, 802, climate: as agency of Eurasian 821 coordination, 79–84, 144–46, 162–64, Chinese cultural influence: on Japan, 53, 182–84, 205, 240, 276, 334, 417–18, 78, 91, 107, 372, 374, 382–83, 387–89, 392, 554–58, 687–91; in China, 81–84, 146, 579; on Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 15, 554–58, 560, 561, 563; effects of masked 18–19, 25–28, 30, 31, 38–40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and modified by human action, 82–83, 65, 91, 265, 421. See also Neo- 146;inEurope,80–84, 162–64, 195, 240, Confucianism/Confucianism 276, 330; forcing mechanisms Chinese trade: 87–89, 276, 338, 419–20; governing, 79–80; in France 56, 162–64, with Europe, 89, 335–39 passim; with 195, 243, 267, 276, 329–30, 334; interacts Inner Asia, 523–24, 585–86; with island with disease, 143–44, 189–90;inisland Southeast Asia to 1511, 773–819 passim; Southeast Asia, 792, 795–96, 797, 864;in with island Southeast Asia, 1511 to c. Japan, 82, 378, 381–82, 394–95, 417–18, 1660, 821–22, 849, 850–52; with island 453, 459;inmainlandSoutheastAsia, Southeast Asia c. 1660 to 1830, 868–74, 33, 80–84, 146, 162, 240, 243, 276, 330, 882, 885, 888–89; with mainland 334, 417–18, 792; as possible spur to Southeast Asia, 25, 29, 32–33, 35, 37, 298, Mongol expansion, 185–86 n.150;

915

Index

climate: (cont.) consumer revolution/industrious in Russia and Siberia, 56, 81, 83, 143–47, revolution, 68, 331–333, 334, 337–38, 162, 163, 189–90, 217, 243, 294–96;in 344, 360, 462, 465, 545, 563, 572, 705 South Asia, 81, 146, 687–93, 703. See also Cook, Michael, 109 Little Ice Age, Medieval Climate Cornwallis, Charles, British administrator, Anomaly, Sporer Minimum 654 clove, nutmeg, and mace (fine spices), Coromandel coast, 658, 682, 684, 822, 849 800–802, 809, 820, 843, 852–54. See also Cossacks, 240, 241, 291, 304–305, 308 spice cultivation and trade cotton: in China and Japan, 87, 418, Clovis, Frankish king, 148, 150 428–29, 449, 460, 550, 557, 559; grown in Clunas, Craig, 545 and disseminated from India, 35, 87, coal, 6, 459, 567, 570 362, 682, 684, 694–95, 734, 822, 838, 841, Coedes, George, 773 869;inKorea,418, 427, 559;fromNew coffee, 332, 337, 860, 862, 872, 877, 886 World, 567; in Southeast Asia, 35, 87, Cohen, Paul, 262 559, 862, 869 coins, coinage: Chinese, 87, 418–19, 335, Counter-Reformation: 63, 66, 72, 91, 207, 548, 550, 558, 562, 564, 776, 788, 791, 799, 233, 264–65, 280, 321, 348–49, 355–59, 802, 821;inFrance,152, 166, 194, 201, 364; compared to Russian and Southeast 245;inislandSoutheastAsia,788, 791, Asian religious reforms, 359, 445 799, 802, 815, 821, 853; in Japan, 386, country traders, 701, 869–74, 883, 885 418–20, 423, 428, 430, 442, 452, 454, 456; courtoisie (refinement), 167, 181 in Russia, 131, 188, 220, 298;inSouth Crimea, 188, 196–97, 217–18, 288, 313 Asia, 647, 650, 684, 691–93, 695–97. See crisis: defined, 55 n.67 also Chinese cash coins Crusades, 180, 181 Colas, 636, 664, 716, 718, 730, 775, 791 culture: defined, 26 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, French minister, 74, cultural integration, horizontal: 899;in 331, 332 n.173 China, 95, 524–37; in diverse Eurasian Collins, James, 337 realms, 10, 65–66, 75, 274, 369, 431;in commercialization/monetization: in France, 64, 179–82, 258–66, 356–68 China, 87, 512, 523–24, 528, 532, 540–42, passim; in island Southeast Asia, 777–78, 550–51, 559–65, 607, 627; coordinated 812–19, 845–56; in Japan, 63–64, 74, 375, between Europe and Southeast Asia, 390–91, 436–38, 470–73, 479–82;in 334–39; in France, 51, 67–71, 74–75, mainland Southeast Asian realms, 165–66, 198, 244–48, 332–34, 354–55;in 26–30 passim, 36–47 passim, 274;in island Southeast Asia, 788–89, 796, Russia, 64–65, 235–36, 303–305, 313–18; 798–802, 802–819 passim, 820–24, 837–57 in Russia and France compared, 364–65; passim, 866–67, 870, 885–89;inJapan, in South Asia, 631, 658–81 67–71, 74–75, 423, 427–29, 450–56, 465; cultural integration, vertical: 899;in in mainland Southeast Asia, 35–37, China, 537–47;indiverseEurasian 44–47, 67–71;inRussia,67–71, 74–75, realms, 10, 65–66, 75, 274, 369, 431;in 219–22, 296–99; in South Asia, 6, 641, France, 64, 180, 262–63, 356–68 passim; 682–85, 691, 694–96, 700–705 in island Southeast Asia, 777–78, community compacts in China, 513, 518, 812–19, 845–56; in Japan, 63–64, 375, 541 377, 431–36, 473–82, 491; in mainland commutation. See taxation Southeast Asian realms, 26–30 passim, comparative history, 8–9 n.16 36–47 passim, 150, 309–310, 431;in compass, 89 Russia, 64, 228–32, 235–36, 306–312;in concentric ring systems, 58, 368, 443, 862 Russia and Vietnam compared, 309–310; connective history, 8–9 n.16 in South Asia, 658–81 passim Constantinople, 131–34, 139, 141, 148, 197, cultuurstelsel (“cultivation system”), in 207, 229 Java, 877, 886, 889

916

Index

da Gama, Vasco, 829 origins of, 645–46, 710–711;and Dai Viet, 15–19, 23, 26, 35, 43, 53, 56, 77–78, long-distance trade, 645–46, 682; 83, 86, 100, 183–84, 203, 216, 239, 264, Mideastern inﬂuences on, 645–46;as 275, 372, 374, 381, 384, 392–98 passim, new phase in South Asian state 548, 580. See also Vietnam formation, 645, 657; patronizes daimyo: economic policies of, 423–25;in, indigenous culture, 673; privileges 16th-century, 53, 60 n.72, 372, 374–75, Perso-Islamic culture, 671–72, 723–24, 377, 409–25 passim, 427, 429–30, 437, 489; 827–28; revives partially after c. 1450, under Tokugawa, 52, 438–57 passim, 637, 647; taxation under, 646–47, 684, 462–71 passim, 480–81, 485, 488 697, 723 Dakani language and literature, 677, 680, Demak, 796, 807–809, 811, 850, 854, 855 729–30 demography: in China, 79, 95, 501–502, Dali kingdom, 521–22, 531 512, 518, 527–28; 532, 540, 549, 557, 559, Daniilovich Dynasty in Russia, 213, 215, 559 n.159, 702–703, 739;inEuropeand 224, 229, 236, 237, 240, 318 China compared, 5, 604, 702–703;in Daoism, 500, 509, 539, 547 France, 50, 68, 137, 147, 165, 177, 197, Daoxue (Learning of the Way) 243–44, 329–30, 334, 379–80, 380 Fig. 4.2, Neo-Confucianism, 501, 502, 509, 541, 604, 702–703; in island Southeast Asia, 544, 609. See also Neo-Confucianism/ 764, 768, 788, 802, 824, 851–52, 856, 870, Confucianism 880;inJapan,50, 68, 378–80, 380 Fig. 4.2, Dardess, John, 522 382, 382, 387, 396, 425, 449–50, 461, 604; Dauphine, 256 in mainland Southeast Asia, 16, 34, 35, Day, Tony, 119 50, 68, 604, 764; in Russia, 50, 68, 113, de Tocqueville, Alexis, 361 217–18, 275, 286, 295, 306–318, 604;in de Vries, Jan, 74, 333, 337, 563, 572 South Asia, 111, 690, 694, 702, 739 Deccan: between c. 550 and, 1346, 642, 657, Denmark, Danes, 139, 851, 852 662–63, 681, 682, 684–85, 687, 690, Devagiri, 646 691–92, 716, 720–21, 723–24; between Devanagari script, 676, 680 1346 and c. 1600, 643–44, 657, 714, Dewald, Jonathan, 360 724–33; and British, 638, 654–55, 693; Di Cosmo, Nicola, 97, 99, 585, 587, 589, and Delhi Sultanate, 637, 647;ashome 598, 828 to Dakani patois, 677; linked to Persia, Dipanagara, Javanese prince, 876, 882 709; and material inferiority to North direct-taxation Inner Asian empires, 99, India, 635; and Mauryas, 656;and 589, 828 Mughals, 652, 657, 699–700, 745, 750–51; Directory, in France, 351, 353 trade and migration corridors in, 644, disciplinary revolutions: 39;inChina,95, 670, 682–85, 739 513, 541–42, 607; in diverse Eurasian Deccanis, 724, 747, 757, 805 realms compared, 89–90, 359;inEurope, Delhi, 645, 670, 672, 677, 683, 704, 714, 71–72, 167, 284–85, 359;inJapan, 731–32, 756 445–46;inSouthAsia,743 n.306;in Delhi Sultanate: 96; administrative and Southeast Asia, 39, 284–85, 59 cultural legacies of, 723–24, 726; disease: in China, 79, 79 n.96, 553–554, administrative innovations under, 557–58;inEurasia,78–79, 83, 146, 205, 645–47; anticipates Mughal empire, 637, 554; in France, 56–57, 182, 195–97, 331; 657, 761, 828; compared to Yuan interacts with climate, 143–44, 189–90, Dynasty in China, 710–711, 758, 761; 196, 395;inJapan,79, 378, 380, 382, conquests by, 657–58, 723–24, 729, 731; 385–86, 394–95, 416–17;inRussia,79, decline of, 112, 638, 647, 691–92, 753; 143–44, 188–90, 295; in South Asia, 79, destroys regional states, 723–24; ethnic 687, 690, 692, 707;inSoutheastAsia,16, proﬁle of ruling elite in, 749;founding 33–34, 79, 199–200, 791. See also Black of, 86, 102, 637–38, 710; Inner Asian Death, measles, smallpox, typhus

917

Index

Dnieper river basin, 126, 130, 131, 134, 143, 76–77, 206–207, 375, 897; in France, 144, 186, 190 Russia, and Europe, 70, 72, 77 n.93, 125 Dniester river basin, 134, 142 and, 125 n.3, 206–208, 256; Inner Asians Dong Kinh, 310, 342, 703, 768 as agents of, 102, 114, 597;inJapan, Don river basin, 65, 227, 295, 304 206–207, 375, 377;inSouthAsia,10 n.19, Dravidian languages, 680, 718, 721 96, 648, 698–99, 706, 760;inSoutheast Duby, George, 156, 160, 510 Asia, 10 n.19, 77 n.93, 206–207; Spanish Dunbabin, Jean, 153 and Dutch as agents of in island Dunstan, Helen, 622 Southeast Asia, 769–70 Duplessis, Robert, 244 early 17th-century administrative reforms: Dutch in Asia: compared to British in in France, 269, 274; in Japan, 438–48;in India, 860, 863, 867, 879, 883;compared Russia, 240–41, 269, 274, 282–86, to Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, 301–302;inSoutheastAsia,24, 240–41, 826–29, 878–79, 880–81, 893–94;extend 269, 274, 845–57 control in island Southeast Asia after East Francia, 151 VOC demise, 874–78; geographic reach Eaton, Richard, 657, 723, 726, 748 of, 843, 863, 877; in Japan, 421, 454, 843; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 538 and Java War, 876–77; lay foundation Edict of Nantes, 323, 357 for Indonesia, 877–78; “plural society” Edo (Tokyo), 75, 372, 375, 441–42, 450–52, elements under, 844, 883;inTaiwan, 460, 471, 474, 480–81 824. See also Dutch United East India Edo dialect, 471–72, 474, 680, 756 Company education: in China, 538, 542–44;in Dutch United East India Company (VOC): France, 64, 72, 167, 182, 249–50, 261, 263, 826–92 passim; advantages over Asian 265, 356–58, 361–62, 366; in Japan, 63, competitors, 825–26, 865–68; 431, 476–77;inRussia,292–94, 306, advantages over European competitors, 308–309;inSoutheastAsia,27, 28, 37, 841–42, 865–67; and adverse economic 38, 265. See also literacy, numeracy impact on Indonesians, 863; Batavia’s Edward III, of England, 200 role in, 861, 863;in,18th-century crisis Egypt, 87, 107–108, 791, 824 compared to other Eurasian states, 874; Eight Banners system in China, 516, 589, commercial and military strategies of to 597, 757 c.1660, 842–44, 852–54;comparedto El Nino Southern Oscillation, 33, 80, 238, English East India Company, 860, 863, 687, 792 865, 867; deforms archipelagic Elliott, Mark, 97, 103, 593, 596–98, 757 development, 862–63; 18th-century Elvin, Mark, 550, 551, 557, 568, 623, 624 decline and dissolution of, 857, 868, emishi “barbarians” in Japan, 390, 437 872–74; ethnic, cultural, and religious “engine science,” 3, 76, 573–74 policies of, 843–44, 878–81;and England and Great Britain: 49, 181, 210, 17th-century crisis, 864; territorial 211, 212; in competition/at war with advances by from c. 1660 to 1784, France, 66, 184, 200–202, 258, 259, 322, 858–64; unwittingly spurs centralization 346, 349–51, 366, 702; cultural of archipelagic kingdoms to c. 1660, integration in, 277–78; economic 848–57. See also Batavia, DutchinAsia performance compared to China, 6–8, Dutch War, in Philippines, 831–33, 836, 563, 565–75; economic performance 884 compared to France and the continent, Dvina rivers, 227 333–34 n.177, 574–75; feudalism in, 154; 14th/15th century upheavals in, early modernity: in China, 562, 575–76; 203–204; military and institutional chronological limits and deﬁnition of, strength between c. 1650 and 1815, 76–77, 206–207, 375, 895, 897; debates 277–78; as New Monarchy, 208;and concerning, 76–77; across Eurasia, 10, Plantagenet empire, 168, 182, 200;

918

Index

religious toleration in, 748. See also exceptionalism and idiosyncrasy,and Britain, British Isles; British individual countries English East India Company (EIC): European exceptionalism and compared to VOC, 860, 865, 867; idiosyncrasy, 2, 3–8, 11, 49–52, 119–20, conquests by, 638, 655, 658; 18th-century 896, 907–908; in naval and global advantages in South Asia, 701–705;as strategy, 825–26 heir to Indian and Mughal traditions, exposed zone: xxi–xxii; contrasted with 114, 638, 653–54, 758;asnovelforcein protected zone, 85, 97–114 passim, 495, South Asia, 115, 654–55, 701–702, 497, 576–632, 706–762, 901–904; defining 758–60; in Southeast Asia, 850, 865, 869 features of, 85, 93, 97–114, 900–904; Enlightenment, 92, 281, 310, 315–16, 348, extent of, 85, 93, 106 n.151, 108, 495; 353, 365, 367, 476, 573, 875, 881 similarities to protected zone, 93–97, Enryakuji temple in Japan, 394, 401 n.86 494, 497–576, 635–706, 900–903. See also Epstein, S.R., 70, 194, 220, 244, 245, 430 China, South Asia equal-field system in China, 551, extensive growth, 8 616 Ezo, 440, 486 Estado da India, 839, 842 Estates-General, 343–44, 347 Farris, William Wayne, 379, 394, 396, 399, “ethnic sovereignty,” 103, 597, 757 400, 416, 425, 428 ethnicity, politicized ethnicity: and Fatimid Egypt, 87, 791 anti-centralizing revolts, 303–305;in female roles: 359;inFrance,72, 344, 357, China, 103–104, 525–31, 581–91; 359; in Japan, 385, 396, 425, 434, 479;in compared to nationalism, 39–43, 488–90, Southeast Asia, 37–38, 121, 764, 815 897–98; fluidity of, 120–21; in France, Fennell, John, 171 151, 179–80, 241–43, 258–63; in Japan, feudalism: as basis for analogies between 52, 389, 390, 437; Latin Christianity as Tokugawa Japan and post- Carolingian equivalent to, 181; in mainland France, 415, n.119; 257; benefits Europe Southeast Asia, 26–29, 31, 39–43, 52, 151, economically, 160–61, 163; debates 303–304, 313; in Russia, 64–65, 104–106, concerning, 4, 154–55 n.69; decays 234–36, 274, 303–306, 311, 312–18;in under Valois Dynasty, 246–47, 257;and Russia and Southeast Asia compared, feudal transformation (revolution) in 313; weakness of in South Asia, 714–15 medieval France and western Europe, Eurasia: as interactive ecumene, 11, 122, 154–56, 163, 552; and French royal 895, 906–908; parallel consolidations claims, 156, 168–69;inGermany,210;in across, 1, 9–11, 49, 52–67, 76–77, 96, 121, Kiev, 185;andlawinEurope,256;in 895–908. See also synchronization of South Asia, 641, 681 political, economic, and cultural Fichtenau, Heinrich, 151 changes Finland, 287–88, 313–14 Europe: accelerating political and Finnic peoples, 130, 132, 141, 236, 304, 313 economic construction across c. 1650 to firearms: as agency of Eurasian 1830, 276–81; demographic regimes in, coordination, 90–91, 206, 249, 270, 276, 5; disorders across c.1240 to 1450, 422, 430, 898–99; artillery, 90, 91, 115, 203–204; economic and political 223, 248–49; 289, 291, 421–22, 524, 87, dynamism across c. 900 to 1250, 11, 653, 697–98, 865; in China, 524, 87, 135–39; economic and political revival 625–26; flintlocks, 33, 91, 289, 291, 305, in c. 1450 to 1560, 207–212;late16th- 653, 700, 865;inJapan,90–91, 374, and 17th-century disorders in, 212; 421–22; matchlocks, 33, 223, 289, 421, limited utility of as unit of comparative 698; and the “military revolution,” 73, analysis, 51–52, 907; as part of protected n.88, 90–91, 249, 653, 700;inRussia,206, zone, 85; territorial consolidation in, 220, 222–24, 237, 285, 289–91;inSouth 352–53. See also European Asia, 96, 652–53, 697–98, 700–701, 760;

919

Index

firearms: (cont.) religion” and ideologies tap provincial in Southeast Asia, 19, 24, 31, 33, 43, 44, loyalties in, 179, 242, 258–59, 264, 431; 46–47, 90–91, 223, 276, 288–89, 422, 700, “social centralization,” in, 319, 355–56; 811, 820, 845–46, 851, 853, 855, 865, 869, tension between universal and national 871, 883;inwesternEurope,90–91, 206, ideals in, 349, 358, 365, 367; territorial 248–49, 272, 276, 335 expansion and extent of, 50 n.58, 57, 62 five-family unit in Japan, 447 Fig. 1.8, 153, 169–70, 211, 249–51, Flanders, 87, 135, 153, 168, 178, 203–204 273–74, 321–22, 352, 604; urbanization Flemish, 260, 362 in, 67, 129, 165, 176–77, 245–46, 296, 332. Florence, 203, 211 See also Bourbon France, Capetian Flores, 812, 844, 852 France, Frankish/Carolingian Flier, Michael, 235 kingdom, French Revolution, Flynn, Dennis, 88, 420 Napoleon, taxation, Valois France Fossier, Robert, 156, 159, 160 Franche Comte, 209, 322, 356, 357 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 873 Francis I, of France, 249, 256, 261 France: administrative centralization in, Franco-Provencal language, 260 57–63; administrative cycles in, 54–56, Franke, Herbert, 595 125; advantageous geography of, 50, Frankish/Carolingian kingdom (c. 500– 210; charter era in, 49, 53–58, 126–30, 890): 147–54; administrative system in, 147–54; climate in, 56, 162–64, 195, 243, 151–54, 156;atapogeeunder 267, 276, 329–30, 334;commercial Charlemagne, 149; Carolingian Dynasty densities in, 51, 123–24, 129–30; cultural supplants Merovingian Dynasty in, integration in, 63–67, 179–81, 257–66, 148–49; as charter polity, 53–56, 125, 275, 355–68; demography of, 50, 68, 137, 147–54; Christianity in, 76, 110, 148, 150; 147, 165, 177, 197, 243–44, 329–30, 334; compared to other charter states, and developmental similarities to 125–26, 129, 149–51, 176–77, 372, 381, Vietnam, 129–30, 177, 203, 205, 255–56, 384–85, 580; dynastic succession in, 349; disciplinary revolution in, 72;and 148–49; ethnic/territorial legacies to early emergence of French later generations, 151;external political/cultural identity, 151, 168–70, challenges to, 153; fragmentation of, 179–80;and18th-century dislocations 54–56, 125, 152–54, 184;ashometo compared to Southeast Asia, 275, northern Europe’s first trans-Alpine 341–51;and18th-century global civilization, 150; poverty of, 148, 157; economy, 329–39; 14th/15th- century Roman influences on, 129, 147–50; interregnum in, 183–84, 193–205;asheir territorial conquests and consolidation to Frankish/Carolingian kingdom, 151, in, 62 Fig. 1.8, 149. See also charter 153, 269; large number of administrative polities/cultures, Charlemagne, cycles in, 54–55, 125–26;late Clovis, Merovingian Dynasty 16th-century interregnum in, 266–69; Franklin, Simon, 134, 142, 171, 173, 175 law codes in, 167, 176, 253, 256–57; Franks, 129, 148–51, 176, 180, 269, 599 linguistic unification in, 64, 179–81, Freeze, Gregory, 303, 310 259–64, 361–64, 366–67, 431, 680, 720, French, R.A., 218 731, 756; literacy in, 54, 63, 71, 167, 177, French East India Company, 638, 653, 180, 182; medieval prosperity in, 137–38, 701 156–66; as New Monarchy, 208; 9th-10th French languages and dialects, 179–80, century interregnum in, 152–54; 259–64, 362–68. See also Parisian French political and cultural trajectories in French Revolution: centralizing thrust of, compared to Russia and mainland 353–54, 445; compared to state Southeast Asia, 123–26, 269–70, 271–76, breakdowns in 18th-century Southeast 368–70; as protected zone realm, 49–50; Asia, 69, 275, 341–55 passim;compared royal domain in, 176, 251;“royal to earlier French interregna, 351–52;

920

Index

demographic and commercial tensions gold, 188, 209, 272, 418, 420, 452, 454, 458, leading to, 342–49; discursive and 684, 695–96, 775–76, 793, 801–802, institutional novelty of, 351, 353; 845–46, 858, 868, 871 international context of, 349–51; Goldsmith, James, 194 political and cultural legacies of, 353–55, Goldstone, Jack, 3, 9, 76, 164, 342–43, 468, 366–68; secularization and, 347–49, 445; 573–74 as spur to cultural integration, 366–67; Golkonda Sultanate, 646, 657, 724, 727, wars issuing from, 275, 352–53 729, 737, 846 French “royal religion,” 179, 242, 258–59, Gommans, Jos, 697 264, 431 Gondwana, 657 Friday, Karl, 404 Gorski, Philip, 39, 71–72, 167, 278, 359, Fronde rebellion in France, 321, 324–25, 445, 462, 513, 541, 627. See also 327–28 disciplinary revolutions fubing militia in China, 508–509, 616 Grand Canal in China, 95, 500, 549, 605, Fujian, 87, 526, 559, 773, 799, 868 625, 739 Fujiwara family in Japan, 398–401 Grand Princes: of Kiev, 133, 172–73, Fujufuse sect in Japan, 470 185–86, 190; of Vladimir and Moscow, Furet, Francois, 363 173, 186, 192, 213, 215, 224–27, 229 Fuzhou, 548 Great Russian ethnicity and Russiﬁcation of border peoples, 64–65, 105–106, Gajapatis, Indian dynasty, 644 235–36, 274, 306, 311, 313, 316–18 Galich/Galicia, 172, 184 GreatWallofChina,522–23, 589, 620 Gallicanism, 179, 259, 358, 365 Greeks, Greek inﬂuence, 131, 132, 174 Ganges river and basin. See Gresik, Giri, 808, 812, 854 Indo-Gangetic plain/North India Guangdong, 504, 526, 528, 535, 554, 559, Gansu, 517, 520, 534, 535, 577, 710 799, 868 Gantoli, 774 Guangxi, 504, 526, 528, 554 Gascony, 153 Guangzhou (Canton), 548, 869 Gaul, 129, 147–48, 153, 179, 269 Guizhou, 528, 559 Gellner, Ernest, 41 Gujarat, 637, 657, 665, 667, 682, 684, 714, general crisis of the 17th-century in 719, 723–24, 728, 732–33, 805, 822, Europe, 212 846 Genoa, 197 Gujarati language and culture, 680, Genpei War in Japan, 55 n.68, 377 n.10, 719 404, 409, 412 Gupta, Bishnupriya, 570 Georgia, Georgians, 315 Gupta empire (c. 320–550 c.e.), 96, German/Germanic languages, 151, 260, 107–108, 636–45, 656, 658–62, 664, 721, 744 681–82, 696, 710, 713, 715, 716, 721, 726, Germanic tribes, 105, 147, 148 740, 760 Germany, 168, 188, 203–204, 210–212, Gurjara Pratiharas, Indian dynasty, 636, 280–81, 352, 367. See also Austria, Holy 716 Roman Empire, Prussia Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, 276, 279 Ghaznavid Dynasty in Afghanistan, 645, Guyenne, 256 690, 710, 722 ghost acreage, 6, 273, 337, 458, 567, Habermas, Jurgen, 4, 483 571–72 Habib, Irfan, 745 Ghurid Dynasty in Afghanistan/India, Habsburgs: and Austria, 207, 280–81, 599; 645, 690, 710 and Holy Roman Empire, 280;and Giraldez, Arturo, 88, 420 Netherlands, 829–30; and Spain, 209;at Goa, 839 war with France, 249, 266, 322, 324 Go-Daigo, Japanese emperor, 408, 409 Hajnal, John, 5

921

Index

Hakata, 397, 412 origin of term, 642 n.16;post-Gupta Hall, John W., 398, 411, 422 precursors to and emergence of, 642, Han China (202 b.c.e. – 220 c.e.): 95, 110, 664 710; administration and centralizing “Hindus,” 672–74, 677–79, 726, 730, 750 precedents under, 504–506; as charter Hindustan, 678 realm, 498–99, 580; decline of, 499; Hittle, J. Michael, 311 ethnic assimilation under, 526; frontier Hodges, Richard, 160 settlement under, 526; and growing Hodgson, Marshall, 675, 697 aristocratic dominance in late Han, Hoffman, Philip, 244, 330, 574–75 504–505; Inner Asians and, 102, 581; Hokkaido, 372, 390, 437, 440, 450, 459, 485, socioeconomic trends in, 499, 537–38; 489 territorial extent of, 499, 520;as Holland, 212, 322, 365, 829–30, 865, universal empire and model for 872–75, 878–80. See also Netherlands adjacent realms, 107–108; vertical Holy Roman Empire, 151, 168, 179, 201, cultural integration and fissures in, 210–211, 269, 276, 280, 352, 721 537–58 Honshu, 372, 381–82, 385, 390, 396, 428–29, han domains. See daimyo 432, 435, 440–41, 450, 471 Han people. See ethnicity/politicized Hormuz, 805, 825, 839 ethnicity, in China horses: in China and adjacent steppe, 520, Hanley, Susan, 475 523, 578, 584, 586; in Eurasia and Inner Hansen, Valerie, 499, 545, 623 Asia generally, 84–85, 98, 102, 128;in Harappan civilization, (c. 3200–1750/1250 South Asia, 644, 652, 682, 684, 690;in b.c.e.) 107, 109, 706–709 western Europe and Russia, 126, 140, Harding, Robert, 319 157, 164, 166, 222, 295;inSoutheast Hardy, Peter, 672 Asia, 84. See also cavalry Harootunian, H. D., 483 Howell, David, 445, 480, 485, 489 Hayami, Akira, 452–53 Hoysalas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682, 685, Heian/Kyoto, 55, 56, 75, 372, 383–414 716–19, 724, 730 passim, 418, 419, 423, 427–44 passim, 450, Huai river, 605 454, 471–74 Huang Chao, Chinese rebel, 504 Heian period (794–1185), 389. See ritsuryo Huang, Philip, 6–7, 568–70 Japan and post-ritsuryo Japan Huang, Ray, 619–20 Hellie, Richard, 217, 223, 291, 301 Hudson, Mark, 484 Henan, 559, 577 Hue, 45, 46 Henley, David, 34 n.41, 791, 802, 824, Huguenots, 75, 265, 267–68, 291, 323, 359, 835 748 Henry II, of France, 249 Hunan, 528 Henry III, of France, 253, 268 Hundred Years War: administrative Henry IV, of France, 269, 323, 416 legacies of, 242–44, 613; burdens of, Hephthalites, 710 197–99; compared to contemporary Higounet-Nadal, Arlette, 159 disorders in other protected zone Hilton, R. H., 187 realms, 202–204, 243;comparedto Himalayas, 108, 622, 656–58, 689, 713 earlier and later French interregna, 266, Hindi, Hindavi languages and literature, 268, 351; contradictions generating, 184, 677, 680, 719, 726, 731–33, 754–56 200–202; course of fighting during, 202; Hindu-Buddhism in Southeast Asia, 781, emotional/political legacies of, 204, 209, 786, 796, 803, 807, 808, 812–15, 818, 848, 224, 241–43, 251, 258, 325; firearms in, 855, 893 248; as part of, 14th/15th-century Hinduism: as anachronistic construct, general French crisis, 55, 56, 73, 200–205; n.16, 747;inrelationtoIslam,672–78, and shift from dynastic to protopatriotic 680; and Maratha identity, 734–35; rationales, 241–42, 258

922

Index

Hungary, 134, 139, 181, 207, 280, 684 industrialization: in England and Europe, Hunt, Edwin, 198 5, 334, 567, 569–70, 573–75; in Japan, 5–6 Hunt, Robert, 790 Hyderabad, 653, 655, 677, 701, 736–37, Inland Sea, 50, 69, 372, 410, 412 755 Inner Asia: defined, 97–98 Inner Asians: as agents of early modern Iaroslav the Wise of Kiev, 173 integration, 102, 114, 597;asagentsof Iberians. See Portugal, Portuguese;Spain, Eurasian coordination, 85–87;as Spanish beneficiaries of Chinese economy, Ikegami, Eiko, 482 technology, administration, and IledeFrance,164, 169, 178–80, 182, ideology, 585–91; as catalysts of Chinese 260 state formation prior to the Song, 102, India: derivation of term, 660–61. See 109, 581–82; cavalry/martial superiority South Asia of, 98, 521–23, 584, 645–46, 722–23; Indian cultural influences: in mainland changing ratios to Chinese subjects, 583; Southeast Asia, 15, 26, 34, 37, 51, 53, 579, chronologies in China and South Asia 643;inislandSoutheastAsia,771–72, compared, 709–711; as conquest elites in 778, 781, 786–87 South Asia, 86, 102, 632, 637, 645–46, Indian Ocean, 32, 670, 684, 769, 772, 776, 671, 674, 685–86, 692, 698; creative 778, 793, 800–806 and 820–29 passim, cultural and political role of 839, 841–42, 846, 848, 850–51, 857 steppe-sown and dry zone- arable indigo, 670, 682, 860, 862, 877, 885, 886 interface among, 585, 588, 590–91, Indo-Aryan languages, 677, 680, 721, 628–29, 645–46; disconnect Confucian 727 culture from Chinese ethnicity, 589–90; Indo-Gangetic plain/North India: 638; distinguished from protected zone agrarian expansion in, 693–94; rulers, 599–603, 629, 748–54;dominate compared to North China plain, 635, South Asia from 13th to 18th centuries, 660, 707–709, 738–39; as center of major 710–757; “dual and plural systems” empires, 635, 639–40, 645–46, 656–58, under, 595–96; four-stage administrative 681, 713, 721, 723; compared to South evolution of, 99, 587–89; initiate new India, 635;ashometoand phase in South Asian political history, dissemination point for Perso-Islamic 645ff.; minor role in protected zone, 582; culture and Urdu, 670–78, 730, 731–32; as nonpareil agents of Chinese imperial as home to and dissemination point for conquest and reintegration, 522, 537, Sanskritic culture, 659–63; as Inner 581–82, 597–98, 605, 628;overwhelm Asian gateway, 632, 637, 645, 709; as site Song and Ming China, 521–22; pressure of “North Indian ecumene,” 678–80;as Tang China, 508–509; resemble site of primary civilization and charter Europeans in India and Southeast Asia, states, 108, 631, 635–36, 639–40, 706–709; 114–17, 582; segmentation of smallpox in, 687 China-based empire under, 601–603; Indo-Islamic culture. See Perso-Islamic and Sinicization vs. Altaic Schools of culture history, 598; and tension with Chinese Indonesia, 43, 117, 770, 774, 776, 793, 803, subjects, 591–601 passim; transformative 830, 843, 859, 863, 866, 877–80. See also role of in exposed zone, 85–87, 93, island Southeast Asia and individual 97–110, 581–603, 628; weaken Indian islands and kingdoms regionalism, 722–38. See also Jurchens, Indrapura, 845, 850 Khitans, Manchus, Mongols, Indus basin, 107, 109, 576, 578, 579, 707. See Mongol-Tatars, Turkic peoples also Indo-Gangetic plain/North India Innes, Robert, 456 Indus civilization. See Harappan intendants, 324, 327–28, 340, 357 civilization interest rates, 67, 165, 198, 272

923

Index

interregna: 900; in China, 94, 497–504; non-Muslim South Asian cultures, defined, 10; in France, 54–57, 55 n.67, 94, 671–72, 728–37, 750–57; Turkic 193–205, 206, 266–70, 341–55;inJapan, conversion to, 686, 710. See also 55–56, 376–77;inmainlandSoutheast Perso-Islamic culture; sufis, sufism Asia, 17–20, 23, 24, 35, 48, 55–57, 94, 206, “Islamicate culture,” 675 275, 305, 341–55 passim; in Russia, 55–57, island Southeast Asia: charter polities in, 94, 183–93, 206, 238–41;inSouthAsia, 115, 765, 770–797; charter polities in 96; synchronized across Eurasia, 1, 10, islands and other Eurasian regions 55–57, 58–62 Figs. 1.4 to, 1.9, 70, 121, compared, 772, 775, 779, 780–83, 792–93, 182–84, 206, 266, 269–70, 275, 341–55, 797, 891–92; climate in, 792, 795–96, 797, 369; synchronized across Europe, 864; demography of, 764, 768, 788, 802, 203–212, 275 824, 851–52, 856, 870, 880; differs from involutionary growth, 8 n.14, 569 mainland Southeast Asia, 115–17, iqtas in South Asia, 643, 646–47, 723 768–70, 857, 867–68, 874, 893–94; iron: and cannon, 223; in China, 107, 498, discontinuities in, 768–69, 862–63, 893; 538, 550, 578, 579, 771;inEurope, Europeans in, 1511 to c. 1670, 115–17, 158 n.75, 164, 579;inislandSoutheast 820, 824–44; Europeans in, c.1670 to Asia, 765, 771, 780, 791, 801, 803, 809;in 1830, 857–91 passim; firearms in, 811, Japan, 381–82, 394, 579–80;inSouth 820, 845–46, 851, 853, 855, 865, 869, 871, Asia, 107, 579, 708, 771;inSouthwest 883, 892; geography of, 764, 768–69; Asia, 107, 579;Swedishexportsof,209 Islam in, 769, 773, 786, 797–98, 803–19 and, 845–57 passim;lawcodesin,813, Irrawaddy river and basin, 12, 20, 21, 48, 815, 816, 836, 862 n.286, 887; literacy in, 295, 372, 549, 553 786, 813, 871–72 n.315;majorindigenous Isett, Christopher, 6–7, 568, 570, states in 1511 to c.1660, 45–57; 574 Malayo-Muslim acculturation in, Iskandar Muda, ruler of Aceh, 847, compared to other acculturation 849 processes, 798, 817–19; and maritime Islam: appeals and early progress of in trade to 1511, 772–80, 783–89, 791, Southeast Asia, 769, 797–98, 803–19 793–819 passim; and maritime trade 1511 passim; gains official patronage in India, to c. 1660, 820–23, 837–57 passim;and 671–74, 729–33, 750–57;and maritime trade c. 1660 to 1830, 864, historiography of Indian communalism, 868–76, 882, 884–89; as part of protected 746–48; linked to sedentarization in zone, 765, 768, 784, 788, 819; resembles Punjab and Bengal, 671, 819; Muslims as mainland Southeast Asia, 115, 764–68, percentage of Indian population, 671;in 793, 797, 798, 845–57, 874, 878, 891–93; Philippines, 808–809, 830–31;and shifts from protected to exposed zone, post-charter ruptures in island world, 769–70, 862–63, 894, 905; urbanization 769, 773, 786, 817, 893; in post-Mughal in, 803, 805, 821–22, 843, 845–52, 860, successor states, 735–37;inpost-1200 861, 863, 892. See also interaction with non-Muslim faiths in commercialization/monetization, South Asia, 670–78, 750–51; in Russian Dutch United East India Company, empire, 313; social and cultural impact Hindu-Buddhism, Islam, negeri, in Southeast Asia, 764–65, 814–19, pasisir, Portugal, Spain, taxation, 871–72 n.315; in Southeast Asia and territorial consolidation, and individual India compared, 818–19; and Southeast islands and kingdoms Asian state identities c. 1500–1830, Israel, Jonathan, 874 840–41, 845–55 passim; symbolizes and Italy: and Carolingians, 149; consolidation spurs pasisir independence, 796, 861; of local polities in, 210–212, 280;and synthesized with non-Muslim Indian Habsburgs/Holy Roman Empire, cultures, 672–81;intensionwith 209–211;inmedievalperiod,158–59,

924

Index

210;andNapoleon,352, 367;under arable in, 396, 426; unique pattern of Spanish control, 211–12 increasingly severe interregna in, 55–56, Ivan III, of Muscovy, 73, 213–14, 227, 444 377, 491–92; urbanization in, 67, 296, Ivan IV, of Muscovy, 226, 230, 232, 239, 428, 450, 450, 451, 460, 471;weak 240, 303 military pressures in, 377–78, 444, Iwahashi, Masaru, 452 457–58, 467. See also Ashikaga Japan, Iwai Shikegi, 585 Chinese cultural influence, Kamakura shogunate, post-ritsuryo Japan, ritsuryo Jackson, Peter, 638 Japan, taxation, Tokugawa Japan, Jacobins, 353, 366 Warring States period in Japan Jacquerie, 203 Jats, 735, 736, 754 jagirs, jagir-holders in South Asia, 648, 650, Jaunpur, 714, 724, 737 652, 697, 741, 744–45 Java: agricultural superiority of Central Jahangir, Mughal emperor, 674, 675 and East over West Java, 768, 772–73, Jains, 640, 662, 673, 708 780–81, 783; classical/charter era in, Jambi. See Malayu-Jambi 781–97; climate in, 792, 795–96, 797; dual Jansen, Marius, 482, 484 agrarian-mercantile strengths of, Jansenism, Jansenists, 346, 348 772–73, 780, 783, 789, 892; geography of, Japan: administrative integration in, 768, 781; growing Chinese insularity in, 57–63; charter civilization in, 372, 374, 881–82; Hindu-Buddhism in, 781, 796, 381–91; climate in, 378, 380, 381–82, 803, 807, 814, 855; Islam in, 796, 814, 819, 394–95; collective identities in, 378, 389, 848, 851, 861, 871–72 n.315, 882;late 436–38; corporate villages (so)in,72, 18th/early 19th-century crisis in, 874, 411, 425, 435; cultural integration in, 876; and maritime trade, 83–86, 788–89, 63–67, 375, 431–38, 469–81, 492; 791, 793–97, 850–51, 854–56; distinctive economic and demographic 19th-century Dutch reorganization of, rhythms in, 376, 378–81, 395–97, 439, 874–77; and pan-Javanese ethnic 448–49, 457–61, 491–93; early modernity consciousness, 882–83; population of, in, 206–207, 375, 377; firearms in, 374; 788, 802, 856, 861 n.285, 870, 880; European contacts with, 421, 436–37, regionalism in, compared to Vietnam, 440, 453–54, 458, 466, 469, 484–85, 868; and relations with Sumatra, 775, 487–90; foreign trade in, 397, 418–21, 783, 785, 793–95, 804;and16th-century 453–55; geography of, 50, 69, 372; shift from interior to pasisir, 796; gradual transitions in, 376, 491; imperial vernacular revolution in, 720–21, court in, 376, 387, 393, 398, 400–409, 411, 786–87; VOC conquest and 414, 438, 444, 480, 486, 490; literacy in, reorganization of, 860–63. See also Java 54, 58, 71, 389–91, 431–33; living War, Majapahit, Mataram, pasisir,and standards in, 396, 428, 449, 456, 461; individual port-cities population of, 50, 68, 378–80, 380 Fig. Java Sea, 804, 896 4.2, 382, 387, 396, 425, 449–50, 461; Java War, 875–76, 882 post-1500 unification synchronized with Javanese language and literative 720, other rimlands, 416–30; problems of 786–87, 795, 849, 855, 880, 882 periodization in, 376, 376 n.8, 392, Jayakerta, 807, 843 392 n.52; as protected zone polity, 49–50, Jepara, 809 85, 372, 375, 493; relative isolation of, Jesuits, 292, 306, 358, 416, 524, 625–26, 841 375–76, 397–98; religious heterogeneity Jews, 179, 181, 209, 232, 313, 805, 842 in, 378 n.11, 431, 481; smallpox and Jin Dynasty/state in China (1115–1234), other diseases in, 78–86 passim, 378, 380, 502, 521–22, 588, 590–91, 595–96, 617, 385–86, 394–95, 400, 416–17, 491;stem 626 families (ie)in,425, 452; territorial Joan of Arc, 259 extent of, 50 n.58, 62 Fig. 1.9, 604;total Johns, A. H., 813–14

925

Index

Johnson, David, 505, 540, 547 Kedah, 772, 774, 775, 793, 802, 820, 845, 871 Johor, Johor-Riau: 875, 892; Bugis alliance Kediri, 795, 796 and prosperity in 18th century, 858–59, Keenan, Edward, 230 870–72; and China trade, 839;asVOC Kerala, 100, 713 ally, 844, 858–59, 866; falls to Dutch Kettering, Sharon, 70, 325 1784, 859;asheirtoMelakaandrivalto Khaljis, 646, 749 Aceh, 848–49 Khanua, 698 Jones, E.L., 2, 4, 5 Khazar kingdom, 131, 132 Jones, Russell, 819 Khitans, 99, 111, 521–22, 583, 585–89 Jordan, William Chester, 193, 195 passim, 592–93, 599, 600, 618, 691, 710, Jurchens, 99, 111, 501–502, 521–22, 583–89 756–57, 761 passim, 592–600 passim, 685, 691, 710, Khmers, Khmer culture and polities, 16, 756–58, 761, 828 25, 27–29, 35, 40, 42, 48, 75, 274, 359, 553, 603, 685, 748, 752. See also Cambodia Kabir, Indian poet-saint, 663–65 Khodarkovsky, Michael, 316 Kaffa, 188 Khubilai Khan, 602 Kahan, Arcadius, 295 Khurasan, 672 Kaiser, Daniel, 175, 232 Kiev, 288. See Kievan Rus Kakatiyas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682, Kievan Rus (c. 930–1240): centrifugal 716–19, 723, 724, 729, 737 tendencies in, 55–56, 133–35, 176; Kalmyks, 314, 316 Christianity in, 132–33, 135, 174–75; Kalyana Calukyas, Indian rulers, 636, 716, compared to other charter realms, 125, 718–20, 729–30 126ff., 140, 173–77, 182–84, 372, 381, 384, Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333): 392–98, 580; cultural cohesion in, 171, Buddhism under, 389, 433–34;and 173–75; economy of, 132–34, 140–48, continuities with post-ritsuryo order, 775; geography of and territories under, 374, 377, 392, 405–406, 491;as 126, 131–34;GoldenAgeof,131–32; courtier-warrior dyarchy, 405, 491; Grand Princes in, 133, 173, 185, 186, 190; founding of, 377, 405; innovative historiography of, 171–72, 184–85, 392; political features of, 405; military low levels of literacy in, 173–174; governors and military land stewards Metropolitan in, 133, 171, 172; in, 405–406; and Mongols, 86, 376, 407; Mongol-Tatar conquest of, 101, 183–86; power blocs in, 405; samurai monumental construction in, 133–34, acculturation under, 431; shogun in, 405; 137;originsof,53, 77–78, 126, 128–31; strains leading to collapse of, 407–408 prosperity and population of, 132–33, kana script in Japan, 63, 375, 387, 432–33, 140–41, 177; and Rus/Vikings, 130–31; 478, 720 shifting regional alignments within, Kanauj, 645 133–35; spurs to charter ﬂorescence in, Kangxi, Qing emperor, 596, 614, 881 140–47, 683; and ties to Byzantium, 101, Kannada language and culture, 663, 680, 131–32, 141, 142; towns in, 134–35;weak 693, 718–20, 729–31, 737, 747 political integration in, 172–76 Kanto plain, 50, 56, 69, 372, 390, 403, 404, Kinai basin: along Japan’s chief east-west 406, 415, 427, 429–30, 440, 468 axis, 372, 468; commercialization and Karakhanid empire of Turkestan, 685 economic precocity of, 407, 424–29, 460, Karamzin, Nikolai, 315 468;ashometoritsuryo culture and Karnataka, 719, 737 preeminent cultural site, 381ff., 396, 403, Kashmir, 658, 671, 675, 728, 732 431–32; yields preeminence to Edo, 375, Kaveri river, 635, 675 430, 460, 471 Kazakhstan, Kazakhs, 288, 304, 313, 314, kingdom- and empire-speciﬁc pantheons: 645, 709 265, 533–34; in Burma, 40, 258–59;in Kazan, 214, 217, 223, 232 China, 533; in France, 179, 242, 258;

926

Index

in Russia, 234, 258–59;inVietnam,40, Latin: 853; continued prestige of in 258–59 16th-century France, 260; as universal, Kipchak khanate, 101, 184–90 passim; elite charter language comparable to 213–17, 229 Sanskrit or Chinese, 28, 149, 181, 372, Kivelson, Valerie, 51–52 n.61, 70, 283, 292, 760; yields to French and other local 301 vernacular languages, 64, 261–62, 265, Kliuchevsky, V.O., 140 478, 536, 543, 717, 720–21 kogi (public interest) in Japan, 413, Latin Christianity, 181, 191. See Catholic 448 church/Catholicism; Christianity kokugaku (nativist learning) in Japan, 66, laws, legal codiﬁcation. See individual 347, 378, 484, 486, 488, 489 countries and regions Kollmann, Nancy Shields, 213, 238, 292 Le Dynasty in Vietnam, 21, 60 Fig. 1.6 Kon-baung Dynasty in Burma, 20, 31, 58 Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 193, 243, 329 Fig. 1.4, 66, 118 LeDonne, 287, 301 Korea: as conduit for Chinese culture and Lee, James, 5, 566, 615 model for Japan, 53, 372, 375, 381–84, Legalist-Confucian thought, 499 387–88; Hideyoshi’s invasion of, 438, Leong, Sow-theng, 39 439, 489, 625; internal evolution of, 49, Lesser Sundas, 840 49–50 n.57; as protected zone realm, 93, Levine, David, 193 108; and relations with China, 520, 548, Lewis, Diane, 859 605, 620; trades with Japan, 418, 427 Lhasa, 603 Koziol, Geoffrey, 168 Li, Bozhong, 502–503, 557, 574 kraton (capital) in Java, 783, 785, 787, 789, Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel, 583 795, 797 Liao state in North China/steppe Krause, Keith, 626 (907–1125), 521–22, 583, 588, 590, 595, Krisna (deity), 664–65, 728, 731–32 617 Krisna river, 723, 724 lineage organizations in China, 541, 547, ksatriyas, 661, 668, 747 628 Kulke, Hermann, 15, 641, 645, 660, 772, Lingayats, bhakti sect, 663, 719 779, 782, 784 Lingnan, 420 Kumar, Ann, 882 literacy, numeracy: 63, 71, 76–77, 89, 122, Kumar, Sunil, 749 206; in charter era polities, 53–54, 57–58, Kurile islands, 440 91, 129–30; in China, 94, 512, 531, 533, Kusanas, in South Asia, 656, 710, 756 538–39, 542–44, 560, 563, 607, 679;in Kutai, 817 France, 71, 167, 177, 180, 182, 263, 345, Kwass, Michael, 326, 340 359–62, 365, 368, 678;inislandSoutheast Kyoto, see Heian/Kyoto Asia, 786, 813, 871–72 n.315; in Japan, Kyrgyzstan, 97 63, 71, 389–91, 431–33, 435, 476–77, 483, Kyushu, 381–82, 385, 397, 403, 404, 408, 677; in mainland Southeast Asia, 26–28, 419, 421, 432, 440–41 37, 46, 177, 309, 362, 543–44, 678;in Russia, 71, 173–74, 176, 226, 228, 231, Lahore, 670, 683 233, 266, 293–94, 309, 312, 365;inSouth LaMarre, Thomas, 388 Asia, 94, 659, 669, 678–79, 708, 742, 761 Lampung, 802, 850 Lithuania, Lithuanians, 53, 186, 190–93, Landes, David, 2, 4 213–14, 219–20, 230, 313–17. See also Langer, Lawrence, 189, 237 Poland, Poles langue d’oc, 260, 261, 362 Little Ice Age, 80, 83, 84, 267, 330, 688 langue d’oil, 179, 182, 362 Livesey, James, 367 Languedoc region, 170, 180, 182, 203, 256, Livonia, 239 263, 356–57 Lodi Dynasty in South Asia, 637, 647, 648, Laos/Lan Sang, 11, 19, 20, 21, 25, 272 724, 727, 732

927

Index

Loire river and region, 151, 157, 179, 202, Maine, 169, 251 261, 268 mainland Southeast Asia: administrative Lombard, Denys, 795 centralization in, 22–25; administrative long-distance trade (overland and cycles and interregna in, 17–20, 23, 24, maritime): as agency of Eurasian 35, 48, 55–57, 94, 205–206, 275, 305; coordination, 69, 87–90, 142–43 n.40, agrarian expansion and development 146, 206, 335–39; with China, 335–39, in, 16, 33–35, 42, 46–48, 69, 71, 318, 335; 548–50, 556, 560–61, 564; with France, anticentralizing revolts in, 22, 42, 43, 46; 158–60, 244, 330, 335–39, 418–21; with charter states in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43, 44, island Southeast Asia, 769, 772–80, 53–57, 135, 765;comparedtoother 783–86, 788–89, 791, 793–819, 820–23, protected zone realms, 49–77, 85; 837–57 passim, 864, 868–76, 882, 884–89; compared to maritime Southeast Asia, with Japan, 397, 418–21, 453–56, 458; 115–17, 764–70, 780–81, 786, 793, 797–98, with mainland Southeast Asia, 16, 817–18, 847, 867–68, 874, 878, 891–94, 32–33, 35, 46–47, 68, 338–39, 548, 691; 904; climate in, 33, 80–84, 146, 162, 240, with Russia, 134, 140–42, 219–20, 243, 276, 330, 334; cultural integration in 297–98; with South Asia, 635, 683–85, various realms of, 26–30, 309–310; 691, 694–96, 701–705;asspurtocharter diseases in, 16, 33–34, 78–79, 199–200; state growth, 32, 87, 140–42, 205, 773–83; dynamics of integration in, 31–48; uniquely proﬁtable for Atlantic ﬁrearms in, 19, 24, 31, 33, 43, 44, 46–47, Europeans, 273, 567, 570, 572. See also 90–91, 223, 276, 288–89; Indic-Sinic commercialization/monetization divide in, 15, 73; military stimuli to state Lopez, Robert, 159 formation in, 31–33, 39–40, 43–44, Lorraine, 179, 322 287–89; multistate system in, 19–22, 272; Lotus sect in Japan, 412, 434 social mobility in, 20, 25, 36, 70; Louis VI, of France, 169 territorial consolidation in, 12–22; urban Louis IX (Saint), of France, 179 levels in, 67. See also Burma, Cambodia, Louis XI, of France, 246, 247, 444 Laos/Lan Sang, Siam, Vietnam Louis XIII, of France, 323–24 Mair, Victor, 102, 109, 536, 581 Louis XIV, of France, 66, 73, 318–27 passim; maize, 35, 89, 298, 337–38, 528, 695 350, 355, 357, 363, 367, 471, 546, 603 Majapahit, 773, 784–97 passim, 804, Louis XV, of France, 351 807–808, 814, 819, 854–55, 857, 882, 892, Louis XVI, of France, 351 893 Low Countries. See Netherlands Makasar: 845; accepts Islam, 652; Lucknow, 732 agriculture in, 768, 802, 824, 851; Ludden, David, 640, 641, 643, 645, 640, cultural receptivity of, 853;earlygrowth 682, 684, 714 and conquests by, 851–52; falls to VOC, Lutherans, 210, 232, 313 859;populationof,852; resists VOC, Luzon, 808, 831, 833, 838, 883, 885–90 844, 852–53, 857; urbanization at, 822, Lyon, 197, 203, 261, 263, 360, 361, 360, 361 853, 863 Malay ethnicity: and Aceh-Johor rivalry Macaulay, Thomas Babington, English for Malay leadership, 847–49; writer, 759 boundaries of in late 1600s, 849;as Madhya Pradesh, 656, 689 embodied in concepts of “Malay world” Madhyadeshiya language, 726 and “land of the Malays,” 847–49; Madras, 654, 658, 701 expansion of under Melaka, 815–18; Madura, 785, 856, 861, 862 origins of, 777–78, 815–16; related to Madurai, 723, 724 Acehnese, Batak, and Minangkabau Magyars, 100, 139, 153 identities, 817 n.163 Mahanadi river, 644 Malay language and Malayo-Muslim Maharashtra, 719, 734–35, 745 culture: in areas subject to Siam, 20, 28;

928

Index

as commercial and regional lingua unique territorial conquests by, 523–24, franca, 777, 798, 816, 847, 849; 589; wed Inner Asian and Chinese dissemination of, 798, 816–19; features, 99, 503, 522–23. See also ethnic dissemination compared to other sovereignty, Qing China acculturation movements, 818–19, 892, Mandarin language, 531, 546, 680 904;earlydevelopmentof,774, 777–78, Manguin, Pierre-Yves, 777, 810 780, 817; and fusion of Malay culture Manila, 561, 811, 821, 823, 831–32, 834, 836, with Islam, 798, 815–18; Melaka’s 837, 884–88, 891, 893 patronage of, 798, 807, 816–18; political Manipur, Manipuris, 20, 42, 272, 304, 305, implications of, 810, 816–18, 847–49 341 Malay peninsula: 768, 772–74, 777, 779, Mann, Susan, 513 802, 805, 816–17, 821, 840, 845, 848–49, mansab system, mansabdars in Mughal 876;inrelationtoislandworld,763 n.1. empire, 650, 732, 742, 745, 749–51 See also Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Marathas, 648, 652, 655, 658, 700–701, Pahang, Pattani, Perak, Trengganu 729–30, 733–36, 740, 753, 754, 757 Malays. See Malay language and Malayo- Marathi language and culture, 663, 680, Muslim culture; Malay ethnicity; and 719–20, 727, 730, 734–36 individual Malay kingdoms maritime power as aid to European Malayu-Jambi, known later as Jambi, ascendancy, 7, 115–16, 273, 658, 701–702, 775–79, 793–94, 804, 811, 856, 858, 877 704–705, 824–44passim, 857–65 passim, Malthus, Thomas/Malthusian, 5, 193, 196, 884, 907 197, 206, 266–67, 566, 570, 574 Marco Polo, 531, 593, 812 Maluku (Spice Islands): development of Mardijkers, 843, 879 spice trade in, 800–809 passim, 819, 820, market mobility in conflict with social 850, 852–54; and Dutch, 843–44, 854, ascription: 899;inChina,539–40, 667; 863, 879; Islam in, 801, 812, 814, 853–54; and contrast between growing caste and Iberians, 831–32, 837–38, 840, 853; solidity in South Asia and rising in pre-Islamic period, 785, 791, 795 mobility elsewhere in Eurasia, 667;in Malwa Sultanate, 724, 732, 749 France, 70, 344–45, 347, 667;inJapan,70, Mamluks, 87, 97 347, 375, 465–66, 493, 667; in Russia, 70, Manchuria, 97, 103, 501, 523, 530, 531, 571, 311–12, 667; in Southeast Asia, 20, 25, 577, 618, 739 36, 70, 344–45, 667, 892 Manchus: as agents of early modern Marseilles, 197, 351 integration, 597; 901; assimilate to Martin, Janet, 171, 185, 187 Chinese culture, 595; benefit from Massif Central, 64, 260 Chinese expertise and trade, 585–89; Mataram charter polity (c. 700–930), compared to Mughals, 755–58;conquer 780–85, 783 n.50 Ming, 503, 522, 583, 586–87, 620; distinct Mataram polity from c. 1575 to 1755: from protected zone elites, 599–603; coastal ties in, 854–55; competes with early ecology of, 589; in Eight Banners VOC, 844; dismembered by VOC and system, 589, 597, 757; embrace and splits, 860–62; firearms at, 855;forsakes patronize Neo-Confucian and Chinese naval power, 825; as heir to Majapahit, culture, 518–19, 544–45, 590, 594–95; 773, 855; Islam in, 855, 861; maximum esprit de corps among, 598; ethnic power of, 855–56; urban population in, sovereignty under and tensions with 822; weak cultural integration in, 856, Chinese, 103, 593–601, 757; formation of, 882 586; as heirs to earlier Inner Asian Matossian, Mary, 164 polities, 522; Manchurian homeland of, Matsumae daimyo, 440, 485 530, 597 n.251; martial traditions of, 584; Maurya empire (c. 320–180 b.c.e.), 96, quasi-fortuitous nature of conquest by, 107–108, 635–36, 639–40, 643, 656, 658, 583; and ratio to Chinese subjects, 583; 708, 715

929

Index

Mazarin, Cardinal, Italian/French Merovingian Dynasty in Frankish statesman, 325 kingdom, 148–50 Mazumdar, Sucheta, 695 Mesopotamia, 98, 107, 108, 109, 576, 578, McCormick, Michael, 159 579, 685, 706–707, 709 McKnight, Brian, 608 mestnichestvo status system in Russia, 225, McNeill, J. R., 109 235, 300 McNeill, William, 109, 162, 188, 196–97 Metropolitans of Russia, 133, 192, 193, measles, 79, 143–44, 146, 162, 163, 385, 416, 228–30, 233 554 Miao-Yao languages, 528, 530 Mecca, 848, 851, 855 Michels, Georg, 307 Medieval Climate Anomaly: empirical middle service class in Russia, 227. See also and theoretical links between European pomest’e and South/Southeast Asian climate Mideast, 109, 139, 644–46, 684, 687, 691, change during, 80–82, 146, 369; 711, 727, 730, 800, 805 mechanisms governing, 79–82, 195; military revolution, 73 n.88, 90–91, 249, negative economic effects deriving from 272. See also firearms cessation of, 17, 83–84, 182–83, 189–90, military spurs to state/culture formation: 195, 556–58, 692; and possible benefits across Eurasia, 72–74, 90–91, 206, 270, to Javanese agriculture, 792;and 899–900; in France and western Europe, possible links to altered disease patterns 73 n.88, 166, 202, 211, 242–43, 248–49, and commercial expansion, 83, 143–44; 252, 321–23, 366–67, 825–26;inisland and potential boost to Chinese Southeast Asia, 845–57, 873–78, 884, 886; agriculture through enhanced monsoon in Japan, 74, 90, 411–15;inmainland flows and longer growing seasons, Southeast Asia, 31–33, 39–40, 43–44, 554–56; and potential boost to French 287–89;inRussia,222–24, 237, 285–91; and West European agriculture by in South Asia, 642–55, 700–702, 716; extending growing season and drying why such spurs were more insistent in bottomlands, 80, 162–63, 243;and Europe than in Southeast Asia, 73, 272, potential boost to mainland Southeast 288–89, 825–26 Asian agriculture by improving Miller, David B., 133, 142, 187 monsoon flows, 16, 33; and potential millet, 528, 549, 682 boost to Russian agriculture by Milner, A. C., 819 extending growing season, 80, 144–46; Minamoto clan in Japan, 404 and potential boost to South Asian Minamoto no Yoritomo, founder of agriculture and economies by Kamakura shogunate, 404–405 improving monsoon flows, 687–91, 706, Minangkabau, 775, 821, 858, 869, 870, 872, 760 877 Mediterranean, 107, 147, 153, 157, 161, 178, Mindanao, 808–809, 831, 871, 883 198, 260, 553, 681, 707 Ming China (1368–1644): administration Meiji era, 419, 469, 480 in compared to Song, 514–16; Mekong river and basin, 14, 19, 295, 549 commercial intensification and Melaka: Aceh and Johor Seek to supplant, urbanization in later Ming, 559–61; 846–49; and British, 876; commerce and compared to protected zone realms, 576; politics at in heyday to 1511, 797–98, continues Yuan legacies, 502;and 800, 804–807, 823; and Dutch, 844, 846, economic contraction in early Ming, 849;asheirtoSrivijaya,773, 780, 804, 557, 794; ethnic/racial hostility to Inner 806; helps to generate Malayo-Muslim Asians in, 592; falls to Manchus, 503, identity, 798, 807, 816–18; population of, 522, 583, 586–87, 620; firearms in, 586, 805, 837; Portuguese control of and post- 625; fiscal disarray in, 613–14, 619–20; 1511 commercial fragmentation at, 769, frontier settlement and Sinicization in, 807, 810, 821, 837, 839–40, 845–49, 852 528–29; gentry tax evasion in, 610;

930

Index

historiography of decline in, 561, n.164; model for Moscow, 212–17; Moscow’s horizontal cultural integration in, overthrow of, 101, 213–14, 216–17;and 532–34; imports Japanese and New political and demographic relations World silver, 418, 517, 561; literacy in, between Mongols and Tatars, 186, 542–43, 560; Neo-Confucianism in, 534, 186 n.151, 216. See also Mongols, Tatars 541, 544; occupies Dai Viet, 19, 183, 216, Mons, Mon culture, 18, 27, 28, 29, 35, 42, 224; and policies on Southeast Asian 48, 75, 303–305, 748, 752 and Indian Ocean trade, 794–95, 798–99, monsoons. See climate 824; printing in, 533, 543, 560; relatively Montpellier, 263 isolated rom steppe, 523; second Moore, R. I., 159, 160, 165, 552–53, 683 commercial revolution starts in, 562–65; Moriya, Katsuhisa, 482, 488 Single-Whip tax reform in, 517–18, 561; Morris, Dana, 394 Smithian growth in, 573; social mobility Moscow/Muscovite Russia in in, 540; territorial extent of, 103, 521–22; pre-Romanov period (c. 1300–1613): 75; vertical cultural exchange in, 539–47; administrative creativity in, 224–28; and vulnerability to Inner Asian power, administrative personnel in, 228; 521–23, 583, 620 climatic influences on, 189–90, 217–18, modern growth, 8 n.14, 573–74 240 economic and demographic trends modernization theory, 117–18 in, 217–22; factors promoting 15th/16th monasteries, monks: in France, 164, 169;in century rise of, 212–38; 15th-century Japan, 389, 434–35; in Russia, 54 n.66, 64, civil war as watershed in, 220, 224, 237; 132, 134, 173, 187, 189, 218, 220–21, 229, firearms and military spurs in, 222–24; 233, 282;inSoutheastAsia,23, 27, as heir to Kiev and Byzantium and 37–38, 71, 233, 284 history to c. 1453, 187, 190, 191, 213–17, Mongolia, 94, 97, 98, 103, 517, 523, 530, 220; horizontal cultural integration in, 602, 618, 710, 739 235–36; influence of Black Death on, Mongols: as agents of Black Death 188–89, 217, 237–38;lawcodesin, transmission, 83, 86, 184, 188, 196–97, 220–21, 228, 235; peasant religious 370;asagentsof13th–14th century conversion in, compared to Southeast Eurasian coordination, 85–87, 183–84, Asia and France, 233–35; as proponent 557–58, 627, 794, 896–97; attack of anti-Tatar, anti-Catholic ideology, Champa, 586; attack Japan, 86, 100, 376, 229–32, 236, 241; and relations with 407–408, 586; attack Java, 586, 784;and Mongol-Tatars, 215–17; as rival to critical role of cavalry, 523; and isolation Poland-Lithuania, 186, 213, 221, 236; from Chinese culture as source of synergies between state action and weakness, 591, 618; long-distance trade economic growth in, 220–222; territorial under, 685; in mainland Southeast Asia, acquisitions and cultural extension of, 17–18, 86, 100, 183, 370, 391; possible 61 Fig. 1.7, 213–14, 236; Time of Troubles effects of climate on, 185, n.150;in and xenophobia in, 238–41; trade in, pre-Qing China, 86, 99, 501–502, 521–23, 219–20; vertical acculturation in, 231–36. 527, 557–58, 583–86, 685, 691, 710–11, See also Daniilovich Dynasty; 756, 761, 828; in Qing empire, 530, 597, Mongol-Tatars; Poland, Poles; Russian 602–603; in Russia, 86, 101, 183–93, Orthodoxy; Tatars 215–17 passim; in South Asia, 646, 749;in Mstislav, Grand Prince of Kiev, 173 Southwest Asia, 86, 97;stagesin Mughal empire (c. 1560–1707): 96; imperial evolution of, 588–89. See also administration and revenues in, 648–52, Mongol-Tatars, Yuan China 696–97, 744–46; aids economy, 696–97; Mongol-Tatars: as conquerors and ambivalent attitudes to regional overlords of Rus, 184–92, 212–17 passim, languages and cultures in, 104, 673–75, 582; decline to settle in Rus lands, 101, 732–33; benefits from economic 215–16; as military and administrative growth, 697;comparedtoDelhi

931

Index

Mughal empire (cont.) Napoleon, 76, 273–74, 281, 288, 309, 310, Sultanate, 636–37, 648–50, 697, 738; 351, 368 compared to protected zone realms, Napoleonic Wars: 57, 73, 275, 278, 290, 494–95, 497, 631, 637, 650–51, 751–55; 352–54, 655, 758, 874–76, 884;compared compared to Qing, Safavid, Uzbek, and to contemporary wars in Southeast Ottoman states, 711–12, 738, 744–46, Asia, 352–54, 874 755–57; conquests by, 638, 657–58; Naqshbandi sufi order, 712 cultural and genealogical origins in Naquin, Susan, 594, 621, 628 Inner Asia, 711–12; disintegration of, Nara, 372, 383, 386 112, 113, 638, 651–53, 699–700; as early Narbonne, 263 modern formation, 96, 648, 698–99, 706, Narmada river, 635, 656 760; elite ethnic/religious profile in, nations/nationalism: compared to 749–50; firearms in, 652, 697–98; politicized ethnicity, 40–43, 488–89, endorses caste, 668;foundingof,102, n.378;inEurope,40–43, 119;asheirto 637–38; as heir to Indo-Muslim religious sensibilities in France, 348–49, administrative experiment, 647–48; 358–59;inJapan,42 n.48, 63–64, 347, imports bullion, 695–96; limited 484, 488–89, 489 n.378, 490;inmainland provincial acculturation to imperial Southeast Asia, 43; in Malaya and norms in, 733–37, 752–57; military Indonesia, 43;in,19th-century Russia, system and firearms under, 650, 697–98; 311; non-essentialist character of, 120–21 privileges Islam and Perso-Islamic Nayakas in South India, 668 culture, 104, 672, 732–33, 750–57, negeri (port polities), 802–19, 840 827–28; successor states to, 638, 653–55, Neo-Confucianism/Confucianism: 181;in 658, 700–704, 733–37;taxationunder, China, 104, 111, 499, 500, 501, 509, 649–50; territory and population of, 111, 512–13, 518, 534, 537, 541, 543–47, 584, 739; zamindars under, 649, 734 590–95 passim, 608, 615–16, 627, 742, multistate systems: in Europe, 72–73, 102, 756–57;inKorea,49–50 n.57; in Japan, 272, 276, 572–73, 629; relative 66, 91, 387, 432, 445, 468, 470, 474–77, infrequency in China, 103, 616–17, 622, 481, 484; in Vietnam, 25, 27–28, 31, 38–46 629;inSouthAsia,102, 632, 633, 653–55, passim, 91, 264–65, 346, 349, 786 715–37, 762; in Southeast Asia, 19–22, Nepal, 93, 94, 100–101 n.144, 636 272, 629, 820, 857 Nessel’rode, K. V., Russian minister, 315 Muromachi Optimum, 416 nested sovereignties in South and Muromachi shogunate. See Ashikaga Southeast Asia, 640, 740–41, 761 Japan Netherlands: disciplinary revolution in, Murray, James, 198 71–72; early modern political Muscovy. See Moscow/Muscovite Russia consolidation in, 278, 830; 18th-century in pre-Romanov period economic woes of, 874; and Habsburg Musi river, 773, 775–77, 779 Spain, 209, 278, 830, 841;medieval Myers, Ramon, 513, 571, 573 economic vigor of, 158–59, 210, 829;as Mysore, 653, 655, 658, 701, 736–37 model for Russia, 291; 17th-century prosperity of, 830, 842; two-phase Nadir Shah of Persia, 638 expansion of, likened to that of Inner Nagasaki, 420, 441, 450, 453–54, 456, 458, Asians, 828, 829–30. See also Dutch in 843 Asia, Dutch United East India namestniki governors in Russia: 225, 285; Company compared to French and Southeast new formation regiments in Russia, 285, Asian governors, 225, 252 289 Nan-yang (the Southern Ocean), 548, 554, New Monarchies of western Europe, 564, 799, 822 208–209, 211, 214 Naples, 204, 212 New Russia, 317

932

Index

New World: bullion from, 35, 88–89, 220, Old Believers in Russia, 307–308, 310, 312, 244, 267, 276, 330, 335, 370, 420, 561, 359 695–96, 821–23, 834, 838;cropsfrom,35, Old Malay, 774, 777 89, 95, 276, 297–98, 337–39, 454, 472, 528, Olivares, Count of, in Spain, 279 695; French acquisitions in, 57, 322; Oman, 824, 825 Spanish holdings in, 209, 828; wealth Onin War in Japan, 411 and raw materials from as spur to opium, 564, 801, 869, 872, 874 European growth, 2, 68, 209, 273, 567, Opium War, 593, 619, 626 570, 826 oprichnina terrorist regime, 239 Newton, Isaac/Newtonian, 3, 273, 574 orang asli (forest people), 816 Nguyen seigneury/Dynasty of Vietnam, orang kaya (port-polity elites), 809–11, 840, 21, 25, 31, 33, 60 Fig. 1.6 and n.72, 273, 846–47, 851, 858 274 n.10, 281, 289, 313, 353, 368–69, orang laut (sea-people), 777–78, 780, 806, 438 n.197, 603, 748 816 Nice, 322 Orissa, 643, 656, 724 Nihon, as term for Japan, 389 Oriya language and literature, 680, 719, Nikon, Russian Patriarch, 307 726 Nile valley, 108–109, 578 Orleans, 201 Nizhnii Novgorod, 187 Osaka, 429, 441, 450, 452, 454, 456, 471–74 Nobi basin, 372, 468 Ostrowski, Donald, 186, 215 nom scripts in Vietnam, 28, 63, 433 Ottoman empire: 216, 219, 824;compared Noonan, Thomas, 142 to Qing, Mughal, Russian, and Austrian Noorduyn, J., 795 empires, 9, 102, 106 n.151, 605, 712;on Normandy, 135, 168, 169, 179, 198, 199, defensive vis-a-vis Russia, 286, 288, 316, 250, 262, 268, 329 350; expansion of c. 1450–1600, 207, 214; Normans, 105, 599 as exposed zone realm and Inner Asian North, Douglass C., 45 conquest state, 97, 102, 207, 495;and North China, North China plain, 196, ﬁrearms, 697; Indian Ocean and 499–501, 512, 520–21, 525–28, 531, 549, Southeast Asian interests of, 823, 824, 553, 576–78, 685, 707, 738–39. See also 825, 845–46; as stage in Inner Asian Yellow River and basin evolution, 99, 589; territory and North India. See Indo-Gangetic population of, 111 n.161 plain/North India Ottonian empire, 151, 662 North Sea, 130, 146, 176, 198 Ouzouf, Jacques, 363 northeast Rus, as component of Kiev and oxen, 35, 164, 295, 538, 644, 682, 690 heir to Kiev, 134, 137, 140, 141, 186, 187, 190–93 Padri movement in Sumatra, 872, n.315, Northern War in Russia, 288–89 877 Northern Wei Dynasty in China, 509, 587, Pagan: as charter state, 15–17;compared 590, 616 to other charter states, 53–57, 82, 84, Northern Zhou Dynasty in China, 508, 616 135–39, 147, 149–51, 177, 372, 374, 381, Norway, 139 384, 392–98 passim, 580, 772, 785, 781, Novgorod, 126, 132, 134, 140–41, 173, 174, 783, 792–93, 797; disintegration of, 184, 187, 191–93, 213 17–18, 35, 55–56, 86, 184, 190, 193, 199–200, 203, 691, 793; ethnicity at, 151; O’Brien, Patrick, 7 legacies of, 391–92; as protected zone Occitan language (langue d’oc)and polity, 100; religious institutions at, 23, literature, 180, 260, 261, 473 34, 150, 161, 165–66, 173;spursto Oda Nobunaga, 414, 421, 429–30, 448 formation of, 16, 33, 53, 77–78, 80, O’Hanlon, Rosalind, 700 548–49, 554, 683, 792; territories oieryu calligraphy in Japan, 473, 536 controlled by, 15, 58 Fig. 1.4, 275

933

Index

Pahang, 802, 812, 820, 845, 849, 871 Persian language, script, and literature, Pajajaran, 807, 850 672, 675–80, 729–34, 751–55, 759, 815, Pakistan, 636, 645, 656, 688, 709, 747 844, 847–48. See also Perso-Islamic Palas, 636, 716 culture Palembang, 773, 775–79, 793–95, 804, 811, Persians, 646, 672, 674, 749, 753, 761, 772 816, 856, 858, 865, 866, 877 Perso-Islamic culture: as aid to imperial Pali, 26–28, 64, 265, 372, 543 uniﬁcation in South Asia, 96, 104, 633, Pallavas, 636 672, 723, 752; under Delhi Sultanate, Panipat, 698, 711 104, 671–72, 723–24, 752; in dialogue Pantiyas, 716, 730–31 with non-Muslim Indian cultures, papacy, 150, 167–68, 179, 210 672–81; embraced by non-Muslim elites, paper, “paper revolution”: in China, 507, 675–76, 726; horizontal and vertical 538, 550, 607;inFrance,167, 244, 248;in diffusion of across South Asia, 631, Japan, 456, 460;inRussia,226, 293, 298; 670–78, 680, 723, 726, 760; limited in South Asia, 647, 650, 684 provincial penetration of, 733–37, paper money, 517, 550, 558, 560, 562 752–57; under Mughals, 104, 117, 672, pariahs, 391, 445–46, 448, 539 750–57; under regional Muslim regimes, Paris, Paris basin, 56 n.70, 69, 75, 169, 178, 672–74; as second charter dispensation, 179, 181, 197, 202–203, 261, 319, 322, 325, 104, 670, 726, 751, 762, 903; Turko- 329, 332, 356, 360–61 Persian origins of, 672. See also Islam Parisian French, 64, 179–81, 259–64, Peter the Great, tsar, 73, 74, 226, 276, 94, 361–64, 366–67, 431, 680, 720, 731, 756 298–99, 301, 303, 307, 308, 315, 599 Parker, Geoffrey, 73 n.88, 249 Philip Augustus, of France, 169–70, 200 parlements, 178, 253, 256, 260, 324–25, 328, Philip the Fair, of France, 170 347 Philip of Valois, of France, 200 Parrott, David, 73 n.88, 321–22 n.139, 323 Philippines: 770, 777; Chinese mestizos in, Pasai, 803–805, 811, 813, 845 887–91; and Chinese-New World pasisir (north coast Java), 796, 797, 807, exchanges via the galleon trade, 88, 419, 810, 811, 852, 854–56, 861, 863, 866, 870 821, 823, 834, 837, 884, 885;inDutch patois, 262, 363, 364, 366 War, 831–33, 836, 884; impact of Pattani, 802, 811, 820, 839, 849 European wars on, 884; Islam in, Pattingalloang, chancellor of Makasar, 853 808–809, 830–31, 883; Latin American paulette system of ofﬁceholding in France, background to Spanish efforts in, 323 831–34, 837, 884; political, social, and pays d’elections, 59, 256–57, 324, 443 economic Hispanization in, 832–35;and pays d’etats, 59, 256, 324, 443 post-1750 effects of rising export Pegu, 17, 818 production, 884–89;pre-Hispanic Penang, 858 economy and society in, 797, 808–809, People’s Republic of China, 94, 103 816; religious Hispanization in, 833–37, pepper cultivation and trade, 769, 784, 888–90; Spanish in compared to Inner 791, 799–807, 820–23, 838–50 passim, 858, Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–30, 837, 860–72 passim, 893 893–94; self-Hispanization in, 888–89; Peppin III, of Frankish/Carolingian Spanish racial barriers in, 836–37, kingdom, 152 890–91; Spanish regime compared to Perak, 845 Burma and Siam, 832, 892; Spanish Perdue, Peter, 523, 563, 618, 624 compared to Dutch in Indies, 883–84, Perry, Matthew, 469 886, 889–91 Persia/Iran, 97, 98, 102, 107, 109, 219, Phnom Penh, 17, 18, 19, 190, 392 287–88, 670, 672, 690, 697, 709, 711–12, phrai luang. See service systems in 749, 761, 822 Southeast Asia Persian Gulf, 823, 824 Picardy, 164, 363

934

Index

Piggott, Joan, 383 Muslim states, 838–41; weak European Pinker, Steven, 70, 320 resource base of, 825 Pintner, Walter, 301 Possehl, Gregory, 109, 707 Pires, Tome, 801, 805, 810–12, 814, 831, Post, J.D., 164 845 post-charter peripheralization, 526–27 plague, 161, 295, 331, 459. See also Black post-ritsuryo Japan (c. 900–1280): Buddhist Death popularization and cultural integration Plantagenet kings and empire, 168, 169, in, 431–35; early Fujiwara dominance in, 200 400–401; “gates of power” (kenmon)in, Plavsic, Borivoj, 301 402; founding and early history of plows, 157–58, 161 n.88, 164, 187 Kamakura shogunate in, 404–406; “plural society,” 844, 883, 890 growth of shoen in, 399–407; problems of Poland, Poles: as Catholic power, 191, 241; periodization in, 376; privatization of country dismembered and occupied in ritsuryo functions in, 400–402; religious late 18th, early 19th centuries, 280, institutions in, 401–402; rising inﬂuence 287–88, 305–306, 313, 316, 350; growing of warriors in, 403–406;theoriesof weakness of vis-a-vis Russia, 286–88; post-900 devolution in, 398–400. See also and history to c. 1600, 134, 139, 190, 204, Kamakura shogunate 207, 214, 239; as Kingdom of Poland Potter, David, 250, 251 under Russian control, 288, 314;and Pounds,N.J.G.,142 Medieval Climate Anomaly, 146;in Powers, Martin, 537 Time of Troubles, 66, 207, 239–41;in Prambanan temples in Java, 781 union with Lithuania, 191, 207, 213. See predictable moral universe, 813 also Lithuania, Lithuanians Price, Barbara, 54, 108 Poland-Lithuania. See Poland, Poles, price movements: 87; in China, 558, 563, Pollock, Sheldon, 661–62, 714, 716–17, 722, 611, 620;inFrance,193, 198, 199, 267, 729, 753, 772, 786 350; and inﬂation, 70, 238–39, 267;in Polotsk, 132, 172–73 Japan, 450, 457, 463–64, 468; in Russia, Pomeranz, Kenneth, 6–7, 563, 565–71, 574, 239, 290 n.40, 296, 299; of silver, 88;in 624 South Asia, 649–50 n.40;inSoutheast pomest’e land grants and servitors in Asia, 238, 341 Russia: 218, 227, 228, 234, 237, 239, 241, primary states/civilizations, 54, 54 n.63, 282–83, 303, 613;comparedtoBurmese 108–109, 576, 576 n.205, 579, 707 service system, 227, 613 primogeniture: in China, 536 n.95;in population. See demography France among nobility and royalty, porcelain, ceramics, 337, 360, 418–19, 427, 154–55, 177, 224; in Germany among 775–76, 791, 799, 804, 806, 822 royalty, 211; in Russia among royalty, portfolio capitalists, 695 224, 226, 237, 299–300 Portugal, Portuguese: 421;advantages principales class in Philippines, 835, over Asians, 825–26; commercial impact 888 of, 838–39; compared to Inner Asians, printing/publishing: absent in India and 115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–29;compared Indic Southeast Asia, 679; in China to Spanish, 837–38; eclipsed by VOC, (woodblock), 89, 95, 507, 512, 533, 535, 844; and military, economic, and 543, 560; contrasted in China and proselytizing activities in Asia, 769, Europe, 535; in France, Russia, and 822–23, 825–26, 837–41, 853–54; political Europe (movable type), 71, 89, 206, 248, and cultural consolidation of within 261, 264–67, 270, 292–93, 306, 312, 320, Europe, 49, 209, 210, 212, 279–80;and 361–62; in Japan (woodblock), 71, 248, Reconquest as prelude to global 375, 378, 435, 477–79; spurs religious expansion, 828–29; unintentionally ferment in Europe, 248, 267; in Vietnam strengthen Southeast Asia Islam and (woodblock), 248, 265

935

Index

protected zone: xxi–xxii; also termed 566, 574; and Ming-Qing transition, 503, “protected rimlands,” 85; contrasted 504; 19th-century revolts in, 612;as with exposed zone, 85, 97–114 passim, pinnacle of Sinic and Inner Asian 495, 497, 576–632, 706–762, 901–904; statecraft, 95, 103, 515–16, 519, 524, 524, defining features of, 92–93, 370, 494, 589, 607; population of, 111, 562, 563, 895–900; extent of, 49–50, 85, 92–93, 108; 604, 739; and relations with Russia, 519, similarities to exposed zone, 93–97, 105, 523–24, 618–19; social mobility and 494, 497–576, 635–705, 900–903 cross-class acculturation in, 539–47, 562; Protestants/Protestantism, 209, 264–69, second commercial revolution in, 277, 278, 292, 323, 357, 363, 370, 462. See 562–65; segmented imperial structure also Calvinism, Huguenots, Lutherans of, 601–603; Smithian growth in, 8, 573; Provence, 179, 251, 256, 260, 356 state granaries in, 523–24, 565, 571, 611; Prussia, 71–72, 280–81, 288, 349–50, 353, territorial conquests and extent of, 94, 369 95, 103, 111, 519, 522–24, 589, 603–604, public sphere/civil society: in China, 4, 739; weak pressure for fiscal 346;inEurope,4, 272–72, 345–47, 573;in maximization in, 518, 614–22 passim; India, 4, 346;inJapan,346–47, 483–84;in weds steppe to Chinese traditions, Southeast Asia, 346 523–24, 586–87 Pugachev, Emelyan, Russian rebel, Qinghai, 103, 501, 517, 523, 602 304–305, 308, 599 Quanzhou, 548 Punjab, 647, 658, 662–63, 665, 671, 676, 678, 682, 693, 710, 734, 735, 745, 747 Rabb, Theodore, 274 Punjabi language and literature, 680, 726 Raeff, Marc, 292, 312 Pyrenees, 50, 149, 153, 176, 260, 828 Rafael, Vicente, 889 Raja Sulayman, in Philippines, 831 Qianlong, Qing emperor, 618 Rajasthan, 644, 656, 657, 681, 688, 690, 710, Qin Dynasty and empire, 102, 110, 498–99, 723, 736, 755 526, 581, 708 Rajputs, 648, 655, 668, 673, 674, 701, 724, Qing China (1644-c. 1860): administrative 737, 748–49, 754–55, 757, 758 and social strains in, 611–13; civil service Rama (deity), 665, 732, 737, 753 examinations and patronage of Chinese Ramanuja, Indian theologian, 665 culture in, 518–19, 544–45, 590, 594–95; Ranjit Singh, Sikh leader, 735 compared to protected zone realms, Rastrakutas, Indian dynasty, 636, 716, 718 494–95, 497, 519, 545–46, 575–76, 609–12; ratio of officials to subjects and/or to Court of Colonial Affairs (Lifan Yuan) territory: in Burma and mainland in, 516, 603; Daoxue Neo-Confucianism Southeast Asia, 52, 254–56, 300, 354, 609; in, 541, 544, 546–47, 594–95, 608; in China, 609, 629, 741; in France, 52, economic policy in, 564–65; economy of, 254–56, 354, 609; in Japan, 442;in compared to England, 565–74; ethnic Russia, 300, 609; in South Asia, 741;in sovereignty and ethnic tensions in, Vietnam, 609 103–106, 117, 346, 522, 593–601, 613, 621, Ratnagar, Shereen, 707 626–27; firearms in, 586–87, 625; frontier Rawski, Evelyn, 518, 594, 621, 628 settlement and Sinicization in, 524, Reconquest in Iberia, 209 528–32, 600; Grand Council in, 516, 524, Red Sea, 823, 845–46 607; and historiography of the high Reed, Bradly, 608 Qing economy, 565–75; and horizontal Reid, Anthony, 764, 768, 794, 798, 803, 809, cultural integration in China proper, 811, 813, 820, 834, 864 532–37; improves on Ming governance, regional patriotisms in 18th-century India, 515–16, 524, 607;lawcodesin,545, 547; 734–37 literacy in, 543–44, 563, 607; living religious institutions: in France, 54, 57, 61, standards in, compared to England, 563, 155, 161, 166, 179–81, 247, 267, 327, 444;

936

Index

in Japan, 54, 57, 61, 394, 401–402, 413, 170–73, 185; in post-Kievan era, 186, 444–45; in mainland Southeast Asia, 23, 190, 192, 213, 215, 220, 224, 229 24, 26, 34, 37–39, 61, 303, 445; in Russia, roads, 299, 332, 450 54, 61, 66, 64, 132–34, 173–74, 187, 189, robe nobility in France, 248 192–93, 218, 220–21, 228–30, 233, 303, Roberts, Michael, 73 n.88, 249 307, 445 Romance languages, 721, 744 Renaissance humanism and Italian Romanov, Mikhail, tsar, 241 cultural influence: 205, 249–50, 257, Romanov Russia (1613-c. 1850): changing 261–62; compared to cultural size and ethos of officialdom in, movements elsewhere, 249–50 300–302; church organization in, 303; Rhine river and valley, 153, 157, 162, 287, coherent geography of, 50–51, 286, 288; 605 control, ideology, and Russification of Rhone river, 178, 260, 351 imperial periphery in, 313–18;and Riau-Lingga archipelago, 777, 805, 859 correlations with other protected rice: Champa variety of, 87, 419–20, 427, rimlands, 282–89, 303–306, 416; as early 550;inChina,87, 527–28, 549–50, 559;in modern state, 96–97; early 19th-century Japan, 69, 381, 383, 386, 391, 394, 396, apogee of, 287; early and 420, 426–28, 438, 449, 455, 460, 463, 491; mid-17th-century political revival in, compared to other cereals, 378 n.12;and 282–85; economic and demographic new agrarian technologies, 394, 427, trends in, 294–99; economy compared to 449, 550, 553; in Southeast Asia, 29, 35, France and Southeast Asia, 297; 36, 80, 89, 378 n.12, 776, 780, 783, 788–92, elite-mass cultural splits in core 807, 851, 854, 885–86;inSouthAsia,671, compared to Southeast Asia, 306–310; 687, 693, 708. See also cereal yields ethnicity and religion in, 313–18, 599; Richards, John F., 8, 649 European cultural models in, 276, Richelieu, Cardinal, French statesman, 289–94, 301–302, 306–310; European 323–25, 651 technology in, 276, 285, 289–91;foreign Ricklefs,M.C.,814, 856, 860, 870, 881, and governmental spurs to economy in, 882 297–99;gentryin,283–85; military ritsuryo Japan (c. 600–900): administration finance in, 290; military incentives to in, 57–58, 374, 383–85; Chinese and social reorganization in, 282–85, 291; Korean cultural influence in, 381–84, military reforms in, 285, 288–91; nobility 387–89, 490; climate in, 378, 381–82, in, 302, 306–309, 317; Petrine Revolution 394–95; collective identities in, 389; in, 277, 289–94, 303, 308; population of, compared to other charter states, 381, 604; provincial governance in, 302;and 383, 388–98 passim, 490–91, 580; cultural relations with China, 523–24;royal and social elitism of, 372, 388–94; succession in, 241; and shift of capital to dispersed settlement in, 386, 396; St. Petersburg, 293; steppe colonization gradual decay of, 376;legaciesof,374; in, 291, 294–98, 317–18; territorial limited foreign trade in, 397; literacy in, expansion and extent of, 286–88, 604; 389–91; low economic productivity in, and trade with Europe, 98; vertical 386–87, 394–97;originsof,53, 77–78, cultural integration in core of, 310–312. 372, 381–83; produces Japan’s first See also Catherine II, Peter the Great genuine state, 383; regional, Rome, Roman legacies, 53, 76, 107–108, occupational, and ethnic diversity in, 129, 147–53, 167, 176, 205, 256, 257, 269, 390–91; religious systems in, 387–89; 384–85, 579 smallpox in, 78–79, 378, 380, 382, 385–86, Root, Hilton, 330 394–95, 400; stability and longevity of, Rouen, 197 391–98;taxesin,386, 387 n.32, 455, 491 Roussillon, 356 Riurikid Dynasty in Russia: in pre-Kievan Rowe, William, 551, 562, 564–65, 619, 622 and Kievan eras, 131–33, 135, 141, 143, Rowney, Don, 301

937

Index

Rozman, Gilbert, 67, 128–29, 176, 219, 246, Rybakov, B., 142 296–97, 428, 450, 484, 550–51, 560, 694, Ryukyu, Ryukyuans, 390, 419, 436, 440, 822 440 n.199, 485, 799, 804, 822 Ruch, Barbara, 63, 431, 435–36 Rus. See Vikings: in Russia Safavid state in Persia, 99, 102, 104 n.150, Russia: administrative 110–111 n.160, 111 n.161, 495, 672, 697, centralization/reform in, 57–63, 113–14, 712, 750, 753 224–28; apanage period in, 192; charter Saivas, 662–63, 730, 747, 772, 786–87 era in, 49, 53–58, 125–47, 170–75; Sakai, 412, 419, 429, 756 Christianity develops peasant base in, Sakas in South Asia, 709–710 232–36; class-based cultural cleavages in Sakhalin, 440 after c. 1650, 105–106, 230–31, 306–12; Sala river and basin, 783, 788 climate in, 56, 81, 83, 143–47, 162, 163, salt, salt monopolies, 290, 299, 391, 508, 189–90, 217, 243, 294–96; demography 518, 550, 571, 577, 791, 803 in, 50, 68, 113, 217–18, 275, 286, 295, samantas (Indian tributary rulers), 641, 306–318, 604; ethnicity in, 64–65, 643, 657 105–106, 228–36, 313–18; European Samarkand, 712 cultural and technical models replace samurai: compared to European nobles, Inner Asian models in, 276, 285, 289–94, 446–47; compared to Inner Asian 301, 306–310; as European power, conquest elites, 600; culture activities of 123–24 n.1, 276–277, 349–50; 15th–16th under Tokugawa, 63–64, 474–77, 481; century prosperity and centralization deﬁned, 404 n.93; family systems of, 410, in, correlated with other realms, 212–38; 425;incomeof,69; rising importance of foreign trade in, 131–32, 134, 140, 214, in post-ritsuryo era, 403–406;socialand 219–20; interregnum and economic political role in Tokugawa era, 446–47, difﬁculties of 14th–15th centuries in, 457, 464–66, 489; and transformation of correlated with Southeast Asia and elite culture, c. 1200–1600, 431–32 France, 182–93;interregnumof Sankara, Indian theologian, 665 1560–1613 in, correlated with Southeast sankin-kotai (alternate attendance) system Asia and France, 238–41, 266;lawcodes in Japan, 442, 451–52, 471 in, 220–21, 228, 235, 282; literacy in, 54, Sanskrit language and culture: 680;as 63, 71, 173–74, 176, 226, 228, 231, 233, charter forms comparable to Latin, Pali, 266, 293–94, 309, 312; Mongol- Tatars in, and Chinese, 26, 372, 662, 717; 101, 183–92, 212–17, 223–24, 228–30; reinvented in early c.e., 659;and Orthodox, tsarist ideology as aid to Sanskrit cosmopolis, 661, 664, 670, 680, political cohesion in, 228–36, 241, 310;as 710, 716, 717, 721, 731, 760, 772, 786; protected zone polity, 49–50, 215–16; spread from North to South India and surprisingly centripetal political Southeast Asia, 26, 96, 631, 660–63, 770, geography and demography in, 50–51, 772, 786; yield to local vernaculars, 28, 227–28; territorial conquests and extent 64, 265, 543, 633, 643, 679, 717–22, of empire in, 50 n.58, 61 Fig. 1.7, 113, 726–27, 786–87. 213–14, 236, 286–88, 604; urbanization Sanskrit cosmopolis. See Sanskrit in, 67, 128–29, 134, 176–77, 219, 246, language and culture 294–97. See also Daniilovich Dynasty, Sansom, George, 398 Kievan Rus, Moscow/Muscovite Russia Sants, South Asian poet-saints, 665, 735 in pre-Romanov period, Riurikid Sarai, 215, 216 Dynasty, Romanov Russia, taxation Satsuma, 440, 453 Russian Orthodoxy, 51, 64, 66, 132, 171, Savoy, 135, 179, 322 174–75, 181, 191, 228–36, 241, 274, sawah (wet rice) cultivation, 790, 790 n.79 292–93, 307, 310, 313, 315–17 Saxony, 135, 149, 280 Russo-Turkish wars, 286–88, 303–306 Scandinavia, Scandinavians, 143, 158, 599

938

Index

Schism (raskol), in Russia, 307 shoen estates in Japan, 399–407 passim Schneider, Robert, 360 shogun, shogunate: Ashikaga, 374 n.7, scientiﬁc revolution, 7, 273 408–11, 413, 418; Kamakura, 405–408; scripts: alphabetic, 130, 744;inChina, Tokugawa, 438, 448–71 passim, 481, 485, 535–36, 604; in Indic Southeast Asia, 487, 490 130, 815;inJapan,63, 375, 387, 432–33, Siak, 845, 871 478; political implications of alphabetic Siam: administrative centralization in, vs. nonalphabetic, 95, 111, 535–37, 604, 23–25, 43–44; cultural integration in, 744, 761;inSouthAsia,633, 744;in 26–30, 41–43; commercial pressures in Vietnam, 28, 63, 433 likened to France, 355; demography of, secondary states/civilizations, 54, 54 n.63, 50, 68; disorders in c. 1560–1600, 19–20, 78, 93, 576, 576 n.205, 579, 707 24, 206; dynamics of integration in, Sejarah Malayu chronicle, 816 31–48 passim; early modern era in, 375; Selangor, 870, 871 18th-century disorders in, 20, 206; Seljuk empire in Southwest Asia, 86, 97, European encroachments on, 272; 102, 685 literacy in, 27; as protected zone polity, Semarang, 878, 881 49–50; and regional disorders in, Senapati Ingalaga, Javanese ruler, 855 14th–15th centuries, 17–20, 23, 35, 55–57, Senas, Indian dynasty, 716, 731 206; state inﬂuences on economics and serfdom: in Austria and Prussia, 281, 353; culture in, 44–47; territorial expansion in France, 51, 160–61, 165, 246;inRussia, and extent of, 15–22, 48, 50 n.58, 59 Fig. 63, 276–77, 282, 305, 311, 613, 651;in 1.5, 273, 286–87; and warfare, 20, 24–25, Spain, 203 43–44, 286–87, 341, 349, 352–53. See also service systems in Southeast Asia: 24, 43, Ayudhya, Buddhism, Chakri Dynasty 613; compared to Russian serfdom, 51, Siamese, Siamese culture, 27–29, 34–35, 40, 63, 227, 282, 287 42, 42 n.48 Seven Years War, 276, 350, 366, 884 Siberia, 50, 65, 68, 95, 113, 217, 219, 224, Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor, 674, 675, 288, 313, 314, 317 750 Sichuan, 499, 501, 527–28, 531 shaikhzadas, Indian warriors, 750 Sicily, 203, 204, 211, 212 Shandong, 559, 577 Sikhs, 658, 701, 735–36, 754 sharia law, 673, 676, 748, 751, 848, 851 silk, 89, 336–38, 418–21, 454, 458, 527, 550, Shang Dynasty and civilization 559–60, 694–95, 791, 799, 822, 834, 838, (c. 1600–1050 b.c.e.), 102, 577, 580, 841 581, 706 silver: Chinese production and import of, Sheehan, Jonathan, 345 88–89, 188, 335, 418–20, 550, 558, 560–61, Shepard, Jonathan, 134, 142, 171, 173 564; in European economy, 130–31, 140, Sher Shah Sur, Indian ruler, 637, 647, 648, 220, 244, 298, 336–39, 420; Japanese 697, 711, 727, 732, 756 production, use, and export of, 35, Shiites, 679, 736–37, 747, 750 88–89, 220, 335, 418–20, 453–54, 695; shiki revenue rights in Japan, 402 New world production and export of, Shikoku, 381, 440–41 35, 88, 220, 244, 267, 335, 370, 420, 695;in Shinto, 66, 91, 387, 389, 413, 445, 481, South Asia, 684, 695–97;inSoutheast 486 Asian economies, 35, 337, 420. See also ships, shipbuilding, shipping: 87, 88;in bullion China, 548, 550, 586, 604, 623, 739;in sima grants in Java, 782, 788 Europe, 153, 197, 277, 290, 295, 323, 340; Sind, 657, 658, 671 in Japan, 419, 450, 454; in South Asia, Singapore, 875–76, 893 658, 696, 702, 703; in Southeast Asia, Singhasari, 784–85 338, 770, 774, 874 Single-Whip reform in China, 517–18, Shively, Donald, 474, 482 561

939

Index

Sinicization School of historiography, 598, and relative isolation from steppe-sown 628 frontier as source of weakness, 591; Sino-Burmese Wars, 626 Smithian growth in, 8, 573; state spurs Siva, 642, 643, 659, 663–64 to economic growth in, 551–552; Skinner, G. William, 518, 605–609, 615, 621, taxation in, 517; urbanization in, 550–51; 624, 738, 742 vulnerability to Inner Asian power, Slavic peoples, 130–32, 141, 142, 175, 304, 521–22 599 sorobun prose style in Japan, 473, 536 Small, Graeme, 201 South Asia: administrative culture in, smallpox: in China, 554; in France, Russia, compared to China, 740–43; arid- arable and Europe, 143–44, 162, 163, 295, 331; interface in, compared to steppe-arable general features of across Eurasia, 16, interface in China, 645; arid and 34 n.40, 78–79, 83, 146; in Japan, 378, semi-arid zones in, 642, 644–46, 380, 385–86, 394–95, 400, 416–17, 491;in 644–45 n.23, 682, 690–1, 739–40; charter South Asia, 687, 690; in Southeast Asia, civilization/states in, 108, 631, 635–36, 791 706–709; climate in, 687–93, 703; Smith, Paul Jakov, 519, 544, 608–609 commercialization in, 6, 641, 682–85, Smith,R.E.F.,187, 222 691, 694–96, 700–705; contrasted with Smithian growth, 8, 35, 68, 90, 95, 194, 270, protected zone, 706–61; as cultural 276, 331, 370, 566, 573, 691, 898 donor to Southeast Asia and Tibet, 15, Smolensk, 223, 287 107, 579, 643; cultural integration across, So, Billy K. L, 773, 776, 778–79 96, 631, 633, 658–81; demography in, solar polities, 22, 25, 52, 152, 764, 775 111, 690, 694, 702; as distinctive Asian Sommer, Matthew, 547 cultural region, 681; early modernity in, Song China (960–1276): 95, 500;and 10 n.19, 96, 648, 698–99; economic and administrative comparisons to demographic rhythms in synchronized protected zone realms, 510; civil service with other parts of Eurasia, 633, examinations in, 510–513, 623; 681–701; 18th-century crisis in, 638, compared to late imperial China, 651–53, 699–704; eras of polycentrism 512–15; disconnect between economic in, 631–33, 635–38, 640–43, 653–54, strength and military weakness of, 501, 656–58, 715–37; fragility of empire in 583; divided into Northern Song compared to China, 738–57; geography (960–1127) and Southern Song of compared to Europe, Southeast Asia, (1127–1276), 511; as era of technological and China, 713, 738–40; Inner Asian and cultural ferment, 623–24; ethnic dominance in, 86, 102, 632, 637, 645–46, hostility to Inner Asians in, 592–93; 671, 674, 685–86, 692, 698, 709–57; firearms in, 625; first commercial literacy and urban communications in, revolution in, 87, 512, 550–51, 623; 94, 659, 669, 678–79, 742;and frontier settlement and Sinicization in, long-distance trade, 635, 683–85, 691, 527; growing social mobility and 694–96, 701–705, 800–801, 803, 805, cross-class acculturation in, 540; 822–23, 845–49 passim, 864; and long- horizontal cultural integration in, 532, term improvements in administrative 534; and maritime trade, 548, 550–51, efficiency, 96, 633, 639–55;long-term 776, 778, 791, 793; military preparations territorial consolidation in, 633, 656–58; under, 617; Neo-Confucianism in, military revolution in, 653, 700;nested 501–502, 509, 511–13, 534, 584, 591–92, sovereignties in, 640, 740–41; as part of 623; new national and local elites in, exposed zone, 85, 97–114; and patterns 511–15; novel social and cultural intermediate between China and the practices under, 511–13;overviewof, protected zone, 631–32; and political 501; participates in competitive rhythms synchronized with other multistate system, 617; printing in, 533; sectors of Eurasia, 96–97, 631, 635–681

940

Index

passim (esp. 637–39, 643, 651), 698–99; Srivijaya, 773–83, 789–97, 804–807, 815, second urbanization in, 707–708; 817, 819, 874, 892–93 13th–15th-century disorders in, 691–93; St. Francis Xavier, 840 urbanization in, 635, 669, 681, 694, St. Petersburg, 75, 293, 313, 316, 365, 707–708; vernacular revolution in, 442 771–22; vertical cultural integration in, state: defined, 9 n.17 664–70 passim; weak ethnicities in, steam engine, 573–74 714–15, 728–37. See also bhakti Stein, Burton, 682 devotionalism, caste, English East steppe: and analogies to South Asian India Company, Gupta empire, Delhi drylands, 585, 588, 590–91, 645;and Sultanate, Maurya empire, Mughal creative role of steppe-sown interface in empire, Perso-Islamic culture, taxation China, 585–86, 590–91; divided between South China, 185, 505, 520–21, 530–32, 540, Romanovs and Qing, 313–14;east-west 549, 553–54, 556, 560, 579, 598, 604, cultural transmission across, 109;as 611–12, 776 ideal equine environment, 584;and South China Sea, 35, 146, 769, 770, 772, Inner Asian military power, 85–86, 776, 804, 839 97–101, 109–110, 141, 216–17;joinedto South India: diffusion of bhakti from, 659; China proper, 103; limited value of North Indian political and cultural firearms on, 626; protected zone influence over, 631, 635, 657, 707; shielded against, 97, 100; and Qing relation to other regions, 747; union of agrarian with steppe tradition, Vijayanagara as premier state in history 523–24;inrelationtoBlackDeath,86, of, 644. See also Deccan, Kannada, 188, 197, 216; Russian administration of, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil cultures and 313–14; Russian conquest and languages settlement of, 187, 214, 220, 239, 291, Southwest Asia, 85, 86, 93, 97, 101, 102, 294–98, 317–18; as site of 107, 110, 219, 686, 707, 710, 761, 904 n.3 anticentralizing revolts, 240, 304–305 Souyri, Pierre, 412 Straits of Melaka, 769, 772–77, 780, 784, sovereign territorial state, triumph of, 793–99, 804–807, 819, 840, 846, 849–50, 276 858–59, 870, 875 Spain, Spanish: 14, 49, 268;comparedto Strathern, Alan, 714 n.224 Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, Strayer, Joseph, 153–54 826–29, 837, 893–94;empireof,209, 279, strel’tsy musketeers in Russia, 223 828–29; and global trade, 336–37, 421; Stroganov family, 228 history to 1492, 158, 203–204; in Italy, Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 92, 693, 820, 211; as New Monarchy, 208–209;and 841 Reconquest as prelude to global subsidiary alliance system in South Asia, expansion, 828–29;in17th and 18th 654 centuries, 209, 279–80;and sufis, sufism:inSouthAsia,676, 712, 723, transformation of Philippines, 115–16, 726–28, 751; in Southeast Asia, 813–14, 769–70, 830–37. See also Philippines 817, 818, 848, 855 spice cultivation and trade, 769, 785, 789, sugar, sugarcane, 332, 336–38, 454, 458, 800–809, 822–24, 830, 838–46 passim, 850, 550, 559, 560, 564, 567, 682, 791, 860–62, 852–54, 857, 859–60, 863, 867, 872, 868, 872, 877, 885–87 893 Sugiyama Kiyohiko, 598 Sporer Minimum of solar radiation, Sui Dynasty and empire in China, 103, 217 500, 503, 507, 508, 520, 528 Spring and Autumn period in China, 498, Sulawesi, 768, 785, 791, 802, 812, 824, 708 851–52, 854, 859–60, 863–66, 869, 877–78, Sri Lanka, 37, 53, 101 n.144, 116 n.167, 658, 893. See also Bugis, Makasar 713, 714 n.224, 774, 876, 877 Sulu, 795, 808–809, 812, 830–31, 871, 883

941

Index

Sumatra: Acehnese empire in, 845; passim, 369–70, 416–30, 548–59, 683–701 geography of, 772, 776–77; extension of passim Dutch control over, 858, 877;and maritime trade, 773–80, 793–95, 797, Taaffe, Robert, 97 802–804, 845–48, 858; northern ports in, Taiping Rebellion in China, 593–94, 601, 775–76, 793, 797, 803–804, 845;produce 611, 612, 621 of, 774–76, 802, 803, 820–21, 839–40, Taira clan in Japan, 404 845–46; and relations with Java, 775, Tais: assimilate to Indic culture, 752; 783, 785, 793–95, 804. See also Aceh, compared to Inner Asians c. 1000–1300, Lampung, Malayu-Jambi, 100 n.141, 586, 686, 690–91; cultural and Minangkabau, Palembang, Pasai, political geography of, 26–29;enter Srivijaya lowland Southeast Asia, 17–18, 26, 86, Sumbawa, 802, 852 105, 183, 203, 370, 375, 586, 599;and sumptuary distinctions, 66, 344, 446, 464 vernacular revolution, 28, 720–21, 744 Sunda Kalapa, 807 Taiwan, 454, 523, 528, 605, 824, 825 Sunda Straits, 840, 846, 850 Tajikistan, Tajiks, 645, 646, 709, 710, Sunnis, 679, 736, 747, 750 761 Surabaya, 812 Takeda Sachiko, 388 Surakarta, 861–62, 866, 871, 875–76 Taksin, Siamese king, 352 Surat, 704 Talbot, Cynthia, 641, 662, 753 Sweden, Swedes, 49, 66, 139, 146, 209, 210, Tallon, Alain, 259 211, 239–40, 279, 287, 291, 350 Tamil country, culture, language, and sweet potatoes, 35, 89, 338, 454, 472, 528, people, 643, 656, 660, 663–65, 667, 680, 564 693, 718, 720, 729, 730–31, 737 swidden cultivation, 264, 790, 790 n.79, Tang China (618–907): 95; aristocratic 851 power in, 504–505; Buddhist institutions sword nobility in France, 247 and inﬂuence in, 500, 509; centralizing syahbandar (port-master), 809, 812 administrative reforms in, 507–509; synchronization of political, economic, Chinese vs. barbarian typologies in, 589; and cultural changes: across Eurasia, 1, cities in, 550; civil service examinations 9–11, 49–67, 76–77, 96–97, 121, 124, 214, in, 507; cosmopolitan orientation of 275, 369–70, 701, 705–706;across elites in, 500, 509, 592; decline of, 500, Europe, 135–39, 203–212, 275–81, 503–504; ﬁnancial commissions in, 297–98, 369; across mainland Southeast 507–508; and Inner Asian power, 102, Asia, 11–48 passim, 275–76; between 508–509, 588, 617–18; as inspiration for China and the protected zone, 497, 519, Japan, 107, 382–84, 387–88, 579; military 548ff., 575–76, 627–28; between Europe system of, 508–509;overviewof,500; and Southeast Asia, 124, 135–39, 147, and Sino- foreign origins of Tang 156–64, 182–84, 205–207, 214, 238–45, Dynasty as aid to success, 520–21, 584, 266–70, 273, 275, 282–89, 303–306, 591; territorial extent of, 520–21; two-tax 334–55 passim, 369–70, 416; between reform in, 517; waning economic exposed zone and protected zone regulation in, 551, 624 realms, 580–81; between France and Tanguts, 521–22, 585, 588, 592–93 Russia, 126, 130, 147, 182–84, 205–207, tanistry, 598, 712 274–75, 319–21, 581, 581 n.210; between Tanjore, 669, 717 Japan and other protected rimlands, Tarim basin, 587 416–31; between South Asia, protected Tatars, 51, 64, 66, 184, 184 n.148, 186–88, zone realms, and China, 96–97, 631, 186 n.51, 213–16, 223–24, 228–30, 237, 637–39, 643, 651, 681–701, 705–706; 294, 304, 315 Eurasian-wide factors promoting, tax farms, 36, 254, 324, 325, 328, 399, 613, 77–92, 276, 285–89, 295–99, 334–55 653, 785, 796, 867

942

Index

taxation: 61, 65, 69–70; in Britain, 614;in 838, 849, 852, 860, 864, 885. See also China, 112–13, 517–18, 561, 613–22; cotton, silk commutation of, 32, 69, 75, 246, 254, 300, Tha-lun, Burmese king, 651 561;inFrancetoc.1350, 60, 148, 152, Thang Long (Hanoi), 45, 818 154, 160, 166, 170, 177–78;inFrancec. Thirteen Years War in Russia, 287 1350 to 1450, 197, 199, 242; in France, c. Thirty Years War in Europe, 276, 280 1450 to 1790, 246–47, 252–53, 324–28, three-ﬁeld system of crop rotation and 330, 331, 340–41, 614;inisland prototypes: in France, 126, 157, 158, 164, Southeast Asia, 785, 847, 850, 856, 164 n.96, 218;inRussia,126, 218–20, 861–63, 866–67, 876–77, 886; in Japan, 295 383, 385, 396, 399, 401–403, 406, 409, 413, Tibet, 100–101 n.144, 103, 501, 517, 523, 418; 423–24, 455–56, 462–65;andlow 602, 618, 684 percentage of GNP captured by taxes in Tikhomirov, M., 134, 140, 142 China compared to other realms, Tilly, Charles, 51, 123, 124, 255, 277, 284 614–15; in mainland Southeast Asia, Time of Troubles in Russia, 66, 206, 238–41, 20–25 passim, 32, 33, 36–37, 45; in Russia 268, 282–87 passim, 294, 304, 306, 308 to c. 1400, 99, 172, 186, 187;inRussia,c. Timor, 812, 837, 852, 859 1400 to 1830, 219, 221–22, 282, 299, 300, Timur (Tamerlane), Inner Asian 614;inSouthAsia,113, 115, 221, 646–51, conqueror, 216, 522 n.58, 583, 637, 647, 653–55, 684, 696–97, 744–46 712 Tayson revolt in Vietnam, 60 Fig. 1.6, Timurid state, 99, 102, 712 303–305, 352 tin, 780, 821, 822, 842, 845, 848, 858, 866, tea, 336–38, 508, 527, 550, 564, 869, 872 868–71 Telugu culture, language, and people, 648, tobacco, 35, 332, 337, 884–87 680, 693, 718–20, 726–27, 729–30, 747, Toby, Ronald, 488 753 Tohoku region of Honshu, 390, 403, 404, Ternate and Tidore, 801, 809, 811, 815, 840, 408 843, 853–54, 859. See also Maluku Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of Tokugawa territorial consolidation: across Eurasia, shogunate, 414–15, 439–40, 444, 651 9–10, 57, 58–62 Figs. 1.4 to 1.9, 897;in Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868): China, 519–24; in France, 57, 62 Fig. 1.8, administrative and territorial structures 169–70, 250–51, 273–74, 321–22, 352;in of, 438–35; attitudes to China in, 486–88; island Southeast Asia, 774–75, 781–86, “boundaries” of, 439–40; changing 805–808, 830–63 passim, 876–78; in Japan, intellectual/aesthetic perspectives in, 53, 57, 62 Fig. 1.9, 251; in mainland 482–84; cities in, 450, 451, 460, 471, Southeast Asia, 12–22 incl. Figs. 1.1 and 473–75; compared to other early 1.2, 53–54, 58–60 Figs. 1.4 to 1.6, 273, modern states, 96–97, 375–77, 438–39, 287;inRussia,57, 61 Fig. 1.7, 213–14, 443–45, 456–58, 463, 467–69, 490, 492–93; 236, 286–88; in South Asia, 656–58 compared to post-Carolingian and textiles: production and export from Bourbon France, 415 n.119; continued China, 69, 89, 276, 336–37, 548, 550, 559, governmental vitality in after 1720, 564, 567, 569, 586, 804, 834, 838; 467–68; demographic trends in, Fig. 4.2, production and export from South Asia, 449–50, 461; Edo’s cultural role in, 35, 69, 89, 276, 336–37, 658, 684, 695, 701, 471–473; economic and ecological 704, 791, 801, 807, 808, 821, 823, 838, 846, strains in, c. 1720–1840, 457–64, 492–93; 849–52, 864, 869, 872, 874; production in economic vitality in to c. 1720 in, 8, Europe and import to Europe, 158, 165, 448–57; education, publishing, and 244, 291, 297–98, 332, 336–37, 350; literacy in, 476–79, 483; erosion of estate production in Southeast Asia and divisions in, 465–67;Europeansand, import to Southeast Asia, 35, 69, 788, 440, 453–54, 458, 466, 469, 484–85, 791, 801, 803, 804, 807, 808, 821–23, 834, 487–90;andforeigntrade,453–56, 458;

943

Index

Tokugawa Japan (cont.) 722–23, 749;inSouthwestAsia,102, 207, and founding of Tokugawa shogunate, 685–86, 710. See also Tatars 377, 415; horizontal cultural integration Turkmenistan, 98, 109 in, 63–64, 470–73, 479–825; living Turko-Mongols, 85–86, 102, 637, 712, 753. standards in, 449, 456, 471; manufacture See also Mongols, Turkic peoples and handicrafts in, 460; mercantilist Tver, 53, 191, 213 schemes in, 464; and mounting political Twitchett, Denis, 539 difﬁculties after 1720, 457–58, 462–69; types of growth. See extensive growth, politicized ethnicity and collective involutionary growth, modern growth, self-images in, 378, 437, 484–90; Smithian growth religious institutions in, 444–45;social typhus, 188, 189, 196, 331, 459 estates in, 445–48; state revenues, compared to earlier periods, 455–56, Ueda Akinari, 487 462–65; ukiyo culture in, 473–74; vertical Uighurs, 587–88, 618 cultural integration in, 63–64, 473–82; ukiyo (“ﬂoating world”) culture in Japan, village disturbances in, 466–67;weak 473–74, 476 military pressures in, 444, 457–58, 467, Ukraine, Ukrainians, 65, 212, 288, 292, 295, 492 303, 306, 312–17 Totman, Conrad, 410–411, 426–27, ulama (Muslim clerics), 750–51 454 Ulozhenie law code of 1649 in Russia, Toubert, Pierre, 160 282–83 Toulouse, 168, 260, 261, 360, 361 Uniates, 316 Toungoo Burma (1486–1752), 19, 20, 43, 48, Upton, A. F., 279 58 Fig. 1.4, 96, 118, 192, 239, 241, 250, urbanization: in England, 296;inFrance, 255, 375, 416, 468 67, 129, 176–77, 245–46, 296, 332; Gilbert Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 414–15, 429, 436–38, Rozman’s schema of, 67 and 67 n.78;in 439, 446, 448, 489, 651 Japan, 67, 296, 428, 450, 451, 460, 471, trade. See commercialization/ 478; in Russia, 67, 128–29, 134, 176–77, monetization, long-distance trade 219, 246, 294–97; in South Asia, 635, 669, (overland and maritime) 681, 694, 707–708; in Southeast Asia, 67, Transoxania, 97, 102, 670, 672, 685, 803, 805, 821–22, 843, 845–52, 860, 861, 709–712, 722, 744, 749 863, 892 Trautmann, Thomas, 758–59 Ural river basin, 65, 304 Treaty of Zaragoza, 838 Ural mountains, 191, 228, 287 Trengganu, 812, 871 Urdu, 677–80, 755–56 Trigger, Bruce, 108 Urga, 603 Trinh seigneury, 21, 60 Fig. 1.6, 274 n.10 Uzbek state, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 99, 102, True Pure Land sect, 411–12, 434 637, 645, 712, 757 tsars, 64, 229, 230 n.255, See also individual rulers Vaisnavas, 662–63, 665, 669, 676, 731, 747, Tsushima, 440, 453 772, 777, 786 Tuban, 796, 808 Valois France (1328–1589): 95, 118, 184, Tudor Dynasty in England, 208–209 650; centralized nature of Tulsidas, Indian religious poet, 732 administration in, compared to Southeast Asia, 254–56; commercial and Turkic peoples: and Byzantium, 133, 207; technological spurs to integration in, in China, 99, 520–21, 587–88, 602;and 246–48; compagnies d’ordonnances in, 242, Islam, 686, 710; military advantages of, 254; cultural integration in, compared to 722–23; in Russia, 101, 133 n.18, 141, 184, Southeast Asia, 249–50, 257–66, 355; 184 n.148, 185 n.150;inSouthAsia,86, decentralized nature of Renaissance 102, 632, 637, 646, 671, 674, 686, 710–711, monarchy in, compared to 19th-century

944

Index

France, 256–57;asearlymodernstate, France, 129–30, 177, 203, 205;and 96–97, 256; economic and demographic disorders of 14th–15th centuries, 17–20, revival in, 243–47; executive and judicial 35, 55–57; and disorders of 18th century, agencies in, 252–53; foreign trade in, 20–21, 206; divided authority in, 244; French “royal religion” and compared to Japan, 438 n.197;dynamics ideologies in, 241–42, 257–59, 264;in of integration in, 31–48 passim; elite- Hundred Years War, 200–202, 242;legal mass cultural splits in, compared to codification in, 256–57;lowpointof Russia, 309–310; escapes Chinese dynastic fortunes in, 202;provincial control, 16, 521;Frenchconquestof,272; governors in, compared to Russia and literacy in, 27–28; military stimuli in, Southeast Asia, 251–52, 257; parlements compared to Russia, 288–89; and provincial estates in, 256;royal north-south division in, 20–21, 25, 48, income in, 244, 252–53;spreadofFrench 52, 206; as protected zone polity, 49–50; language and ethnicity in, 259–64; regionalism in, compared to Java, 868; taxation in, 242, 246–47, 252–52; reunification of, 21–22, 48, 273; state territorial consolidation and extension influences on economics and culture in, of royal authority in, 247–48, 250–53, 44–47; territorial expansion and extent 255; urbanization in, 246; and Valois of, 15–22 passim, 35, 50 n.58, 60 Fig. 1.6, accession, 200; venality in, 247, 252–53, 273, 287; and warfare, 21, 44, 286–87, 257; at war with Habsburgs, 249, 266; 341, 349, 352–53. See also Chinese and Wars of Religion, 266–69 cultural influence, Dai Viet, Neo- Vaporis, Constantine, 472 Confucianism/Confucianism, Nguyen Varley, Paul, 421 seignury/Dynasty, Tayson revolt Vasa Dynasty in Sweden, 209 Vietnamese, Vietnamese culture, 27–30, vassalage, 154, 156, 169, 200, 227, 246, 249 34–35, 37, 40 Vedas (sacred Sanskrit texts), 639, 639 n.10, Vijayanagara, 643–44, 646, 657, 675, 693, 659, 665 724–25, 727, 729–31, 735 venality, 247, 252–53, 257, 327 Vikings: in Russia, 130–32, 149–50, 599;in Vendee, 351, 363 western Europe, 105, 153, 154, 158, 375, Venice, 197, 253, 259, 805, 839 398, 599 Verhulst, Adrian, 159 villages, village organization: in France, vernacular languages, literatures, and 160, 161, 165, 180;inJapan,72, 411, 425, scripts: across Eurasia, 64, 71;inChina, 435, 447, 462–63; in Russia, 283–84, 302 543;inJapan,63, 375, 387, 432–33, 478, Vilna, 190 720; replace Latin and universal Visayas, Visayans, 808, 831, 833, 837, 838, languages in Europe and France, 64, 883, 885, 886, 889, 890 179–81, 259–65, 361–64, 366–67, 719–20; Visnu, 642, 643, 659, 663–64, 786 in Southeast Asia, 27–28, 37, 265, 719–20; Vithoba (deity), 663, 719 and vernacular revolution in South and Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev, 132, 173 Southeast Asia, 677–79, 717–22, 786–87 Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Prince of vernacular revolution. See vernacular Kiev, 173 languages, literatures, and scripts. Vladimir-Suzdal principality, 172–73, Vernadsky, George, 171 191–92 Versailles, 75, 319, 325–28, 356, 442 Vlasov, V. G., 233 Verschuer, Charlotte von, 386 voevody governors in Russia, 225, 285; Vietnam: administrative centralization in, compared to Southeast Asian 25, 44; anticentralizing revolts in, governors, 285 303–305; charter era in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43, Volga river and basin, 64–65, 130–31, 134, 44, 53–57, 135, 149; cultural integration 187, 188, 219, 227, 236, 295, 304, 316 in, 26–30, 41–43; demography of, 50, 68; Volga-Oka interfluve, 64, 69, 191, 218, 372 and developmental similarities to Volynia, 184, 186

945

Index

Vos, Reinout, 873, 874 Wong,R.Bin,539 Vries, P. H. H., 9 Woodside, Alexander, 543 Wortman, Richard, 230 Wake,C.H.H.,820 Wakita, Osamu, 429 Xi Xia state in northwest China, 521–22, Wallerstein, Immanuel, 90, 244 588, 617 Walthall, Anne, 481 Xianbei, Inner Asian tribal confederation, Wang Anshi, Song statesman, 617 584, 587, 591, 756, 758 Wang Yang-ming, Ming philosopher, 529 Xining, 603 Wang, Yeh-chien, 571 Xinjiang, 97–98, 103, 517, 520, 523–24, 530, Warangal, 646 534, 565, 578, 602, 612, 618, 685, 709, 739 warhorse revolution, 84–85 Xiongnu, Inner Asian tribal confederation, Warring States period in China, 498–499, 99, 520, 587, 617, 710 708 Warring States period in Japan Yadavas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682, 685, (1467–1568): administrative innovation 716–17, 719, 723, 730, 735 during, 411–15; changing army size and Yamamura, Kozo, 424–25, 451 composition during, 413–14;compared Yamato polity in Honshu, 382, 580 to Genpei War and north-south war of Yangzi delta: compared to England, 6–8, 14th century, 412;comparedtounifying 563, 565–75;and14th-century crisis, eras in other protected rimlands c. 502–503, 557; as gentry heartland, 512; 1450–1600, 416–30 passim; economic handicraft manufacture in, 563;land growth and its implications during, and labor productivity in, 566, 568, 574 416–30; firearms in, 421–22; growth of Yangzi river and basin: 499; and efficient daimyo power during, 72, 74, 377, water transport, 95, 604–605, 739; 412–15; village, religious, and urban growing economic importance of organizations during, 411–12. See also vis-a-vis North China, 526–28, 549, 681; Ashikaga Japan, daimyo as Ming base, 523; as site of later Wars of Religion in France, 73, 76, 206, civilization than in North China, 577–79 266–69, 321, 323, 325, 351 Yellow river and basin: 107; and efficient Wars of the Roses in England, 204 water transport, 95, 604–605, 739;as Washbrook, D. A., 702, 704 home to early civilization, 107, 576–80. watek apanages in Java, 782, 784 See also North China,North China plain watermills, 157 Yemen, 825, 848 Weber, Max, 462 Yogyakarta, 780, 861–62, 866, 871, 875–76 Weberian bureaucracy, 51–52, 52 n.62 Yong Xue, 571 West Frankish kingdom, 151, 153, 156, 168, Yongzheng, Qing emperor, 594 170, 173 Yuan China (1276–1368): 501; West river, 605 administration in, 514 n.39;comparedto Western Ghat mountains, 635, 657 Delhi Sultanate, 710–711; conquests of, wheat, 528, 549, 578, 671, 682, 708 103, 521–22; Daoxue Neo-Confucianism White, James, 467 in, 544; ethnic/racial tensions and “white Inner Asians,” 769–70, 824–30, 894, segregation in, 593, 595–96, 601, 626; 904 demographic and economic losses White Lotus sect in Japan, 546, 547, 593, during, 501; epidemics in, 557–58; 612 founding of, 86; monetary disorders in, Wigen, Karen, 458 558; as stage in Inner Asian evolution, Wills, John, Jr., 535 99, 588; weakness of, 591, 618 Wink, Andre, 645, 671, 684, 690, 741 Yueh peoples of South China, 526 Wisseman Christie, Jan, 782, 783, 789, 791 Yun, Bartolome, 244 Wolters, O.W., 764, 772–74 Yunnan, 503, 528, 531–32, 534, 684, 812

946

Index

zabt revenue system in Mughal India, 648, Zhang, Pingzhong, 555 697 Zheng He, Chinese admiral, 795, 798, 802, zamindars, local landed authorities in 825 India, 649, 651–54, 658, 697, 699, 733, Zhou Dynasty and state, 109, 498, 525, 581 742, 745, 751 Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucian philosopher, 509 Zealots of Piety in Russia, 307 Zungharia, Zunghar Mongols, 523–24, Zelin, Madeleine, 621 618–19, 625 Zen Buddhism, 432, 434 Zlotnik, Marc, 222

947